552:
234:
361:
432:
247:
289:
33:
309:
544:
440:
204:
332:
452:
88:
465:
382:
and it is made in the shape of a disc made from cow or buffalo dung, with a diameter of 20–30 cm and a thickness of 2–5 cm. It is famous in its manufacture by the indigenous people of the marshes of Iraq in particular, and the residents of southern and Middle
Euphrates of Iraq in general.
259:
dry animal dung (from cows & buffaloes) is mixed with straw or crop residues to make dry fuel called "Gella" or "Jilla" dung cakes in modern times and ""khoroshtof"" in medieval times. Ancient
Egyptians used the dry animal dung as a source of fuel. Dung cakes and building crop residues were the
1111:
Picornell
Gelabert, Llorenç; Asouti, Eleni; Martí, Ethel Allué (2011). "The ethnoarchaeology of firewood management in the Fang villages of Equatorial Guinea, central Africa: Implications for the interpretation of wood fuel remains from archaeological sites".
404:) which is made by collecting dried animal dung on the steppe, wetting it in water then mixing it with straw then making it in discs which were then dried in the sun. It was used as a source of fuel for the winter and, throughout the summer.
1259:
Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Yunus, Siti S. M.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko; Mandal, Tuhin K.; Gadi, Ranu; Sahu, Lokesh K. (25 February 2021).
153:. These bitaudas are visible in parts of rural India albeit with different names. The size and shape of the cake might vary with region. Its also not uncommon to see these cakes directly used in earthen ovens.
1159:
Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Farren, Naomi J.; Hopkins, James R.; Ward, Martyn W.; Swift, Stefan J.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu (18 February 2021).
1209:
Stewart, Gareth J.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Nelson, Beth S.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu; Ahlawat, Sakshi; Yadav, Lokesh; Sharma, Sudhir K. (18 February 2021).
358:
dung is used as fuel and it is sometimes a sacred practice to use cow dung fuel in some areas in India. Cow dung is known as "Gomaya" or "Komaya" in India. Dry animal dung cakes are called upla in Hindi.
267:...a maximum of 640 °C in 12 minutes, falling to 240 °C after 25 minutes and 100 °C after 46 minutes. These temperatures were obtained without refueling and without bellows etc.
387:
bread and grilled fish, and also is used to burn and emit smoke for a day or more to protect humans, animals and plants from harmful insects. It is stored in the form of heaps, called
122:. They are made by hand by village women and are traditionally made from cow or buffalo dung. One dung cake of an average size gives 2100 kJ worth of energy. Dung cakes are also known as
260:
source of 76.4% of gross energy consumed in Egypt's rural areas during the 1980s. Temperatures of dung-fueled fires in an experiment on
Egyptian village-made dung cake fuel produced:
772:
804:
759:
1262:"Comprehensive organic emission profiles, secondary organic aerosol production potential, and OH reactivity of domestic fuel combustion in Delhi, India"
852:
179:
is supporting the development of such toilets as part of their "Reinvent the Toilet
Challenge" to promote safer, more effective ways to treat human
149:
molded by bare hands with a curvature to be able to keep stuck to the walls. Once dried they are put in a pile and covered with thatch called
1304:
207:
The M.N. Yavari, of Peru built by Thames Iron Works, London in 1861-62 had a Watt steam engine (powered by dried llama dung) until 1914
551:
1324:
555:
The burning of cow dung cake releases organic air pollutants over a wide range of volatilities into both gas and particle phases.
498:
Early
European settlers on the Great Plains of the United States used dried buffalo manure as a fuel, calling it "buffalo chips."
1021:
758:
Elisabeth von Muench, Dorothee
Spuhler, Trevor Surridge, Nelson Ekane, Kim Andersson, Emine Goekce Fidan, Arno Rosemarin (2013)
535:
archaeological evidence has been found of the practice and biblical records indicate animal and human dung were used as fuel.
383:
It is used in the bakery of rice bread, and in grilling fish to form the favorite food of the people of the marshes, which is
826:
156:
This biofuel has been used primarily for two reasons: for easy disposal of cow dung and as easily available and cheap fuel.
17:
760:
Sustainable
Sanitation Alliance members take a closer look at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s sanitation grants
531:
Dry animal dung was used from prehistoric times, including in
Ancient Persia, Ancient Egypt and early modern England. In
176:
779:
1146:
The Bible
Ezekiel 4:12 And you shall eat it as barley cakes, and you shall bake it with dung that comes out of man.
1162:"Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India"
644:
735:
678:"Combustion of dried animal dung as biofuel results in the generation of highly redox active fine particulates"
676:
Mudway, Ian S; Duggan, Sean T; Venkataraman, Chandra; Habib, Gazala; Kelly, Frank J; Grigg, Jonathan (2005).
859:
547:
The burning of cow dung cake releases a range of organic and inorganic gases in both gas and particle phases
938:"The use of dung as fuel: an ethnographic example and an archaeological application | Naomi Miller"
1212:"Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds from combustion of domestic fuels in Delhi, India"
632:
600:
488:
in Maison du Marais poitevin in Coulon there is a demonstration of traditional usage of dry dung fuel.
999:
909:
640:
592:
567:
components into gas and aerosol phases, some of which are unique tracers of dung combustion such as
233:
435:
U.S. soldiers patrolling outside a qalat covered in caked and dried cow dung in an Afghani village
360:
54:
that has been dried in order to be used as a fuel source. It is used in many countries. Using dry
628:
188:
79:
more easily. Dry manure is typically defined as having a moisture content less than 30 percent.
974:
431:
246:
292:
Huts in a village near Maseru, Lesotho. The fuel being used on the fire is dried cattle dung
288:
167:
can in principle also be dried and used as a fuel source if they are collected in a type of
1223:
1173:
1095:
32:
8:
805:"Egyptian cities and markets: What's behind a name? - Street Smart - Folk - Ahram Online"
172:
1227:
1177:
391:, and is usually mixed with hay in storage, and used in times when there is little fuel.
1329:
712:
677:
656:
1334:
1283:
1241:
1191:
1129:
1076:
1028:
717:
699:
564:
532:
1211:
1161:
1055:"The materiality of dung: the manipulation of dung in Neolithic Mediterranean caves"
1344:
1273:
1231:
1181:
1121:
1066:
949:
707:
689:
624:
608:
543:
308:
107:
92:
59:
830:
407:
36:
607:
dung cake combustion have been shown to be significantly more reactive with the
1339:
1319:
887:
501:
439:
1125:
39:
powered with cow dung in the Technical Collection Hochhut in Frankfurt on Main
1313:
1287:
1245:
1236:
1195:
1186:
1133:
1080:
703:
512:
469:
355:
192:
184:
100:
96:
953:
721:
410:, dung is used in specially designed home stoves, which vent to the outside
694:
572:
568:
331:
317:
164:
1147:
62:. A disadvantage of using this kind of fuel is increased air pollution.
1278:
1261:
910:"Animal Dung As A Source of Energy in Remote Areas of Indian Himalayas"
616:
580:
560:
340:
323:
168:
87:
76:
639:
dung cake combustion have also been shown to result in 3-4 times more
203:
1071:
1054:
519:
27:
Animal feces that has been dried in order to be used as a fuel source
451:
937:
473:
424:
413:
146:
736:"Biomass Report, Yakima County Public Works Solid Waste Division"
394:
327:
281:
180:
1097:
Through England on a Side Saddle in the Time of William and Mary
563:
of dried dung cakes has been shown to release many thousands of
1022:"Health Costs of Dung-Cake Fuel Use by the Poor in Rural Nepal"
604:
485:
464:
444:
221:
Availability - short walking time required to collect dung fuel
119:
115:
55:
447:
Historical Field, India to gauge the direction of air currents
416:, dry cow dung and sheep dung cakes are commonly used as fuel.
1110:
773:"Pyrolysis Processing of Animal Manure to Produce Fuel Gases"
762:, Sustainable Sanitation Practice Journal, Issue 17, pp. 4–10
675:
620:
588:
584:
515:
steam ship was fueled by llama dung fuel for several decades.
419:
351:
346:
326:, Кизяк (kizyak) is used as fuel in mountain villages, e.g. *
256:
111:
51:
1104:
596:
576:
508:
375:
369:
297:
75:
Dry dung is more commonly used than moist dung, because it
853:"Biogas Technology Transfer To Rural Communities in Egypt"
1258:
1208:
1158:
1002:. Polishresettlementcampsintheuk.co.uk. 19 September 1936
636:
612:
643:
production than fuel wood and release many more toxic
187:
is another example of using human feces contained in
364:
Dungcakes at Village Bhraj, Sangrur District, Punjab
320:, Tapi (تپی ) and used in villages and countrysides
250:Egyptian women making "Gella" dry animal dung fuel
215:Potential for cost savings compared to other fuels
623:in India around 120 times more reactive with the
1311:
669:
211:Some aspects of using dry animal dung include:
1100:. Field & Tuer, The Leadenhall Press, E.C.
218:May alleviate local pressure on wood resources
575:. Dung cakes are generally a higher emission
931:
929:
583:of cow dung cake samples collected from the
1000:"Polish settlements in Russia during WW II"
273:Also, camel dung is used as fuel in Egypt.
106:"Dung cakes", made from the by-products of
1046:
827:"Al-Ahram Weekly | Chronicles |"
518:Dry dung can be used in the production of
468:Dung cakes being prepared for fuel on the
70:
1277:
1235:
1185:
1094:Fiennes, Celia (1888) . Griffiths (ed.).
1070:
926:
711:
693:
427:, dried cow/buffalo dung is used as fuel.
882:
880:
619:of cow dung cake samples collected from
550:
542:
463:
450:
438:
430:
378:, this kind of biofuel is named locally
359:
330:
307:
287:
245:
232:
202:
86:
31:
1093:
372:, since prehistoric time to modern eras
14:
1312:
1114:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
1052:
935:
455:Making Komaya (cow dung fuel in India)
224:No cash outlays necessary for purchase
1148:http://bibleapps.com/ezekiel/4-12.htm
877:
829:. Weekly.ahram.org.eg. Archived from
343:, dry cow dung fuel is called Ghunte.
280:is the cakes of dry cow dung fuel in
807:. English.ahram.org.eg. 28 June 2012
110:, are traditionally used as fuel in
91:A pile of dung cakes in the village
397:dry animal dung is known as "Кизяк"
177:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
24:
1266:Environmental Science: Atmospheres
58:as a fuel source is an example of
25:
1356:
1298:
1216:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1166:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
591:releasing around four times more
312:Dung cooking fire. Pushkar India.
936:Miller, Naomi (1 January 1984).
645:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
538:
1252:
1202:
1152:
1140:
1087:
1014:
992:
967:
492:
443:Cow dung fuel was burnt on the
114:for cooking food in a domestic
1325:Biodegradable waste management
902:
845:
819:
797:
765:
752:
728:
504:used dry animal dung as a fuel
159:
13:
1:
682:Particle and Fibre Toxicology
662:
477:
198:
82:
228:
7:
1305:Preparing Cow Dung For Fuel
650:
10:
1361:
948:(2). Academia.edu: 71–79.
633:volatile organic compounds
601:volatile organic compounds
593:volatile organic compounds
526:
1126:10.1016/j.jaa.2011.05.002
1053:Mlekuž, Dimitrij (2009).
641:secondary organic aerosol
459:
241:
1237:10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021
1187:10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021
627:than the emissions from
65:
1059:Documenta Praehistorica
888:"Dung & Archeology"
629:liquefied petroleum gas
303:
145:These are the cakes of
71:Dry dung and moist dung
954:10.3406/paleo.1984.941
556:
548:
481:
456:
448:
436:
365:
336:
313:
293:
251:
238:
208:
103:
40:
695:10.1186/1743-8977-2-6
554:
546:
467:
454:
442:
434:
363:
334:
311:
291:
249:
236:
206:
90:
35:
237:Drying cow dung fuel
18:Dry animal dung fuel
1228:2021ACP....21.2383S
1178:2021ACP....21.2407S
865:on 23 November 2011
833:on 17 December 2011
173:incinerating toilet
1279:10.1039/D0EA00009D
785:on 3 December 2012
615:released from the
557:
549:
482:
457:
449:
437:
366:
337:
314:
294:
252:
239:
209:
195:as a fuel source.
175:. Since 2011, the
104:
41:
533:Equatorial Guinea
400:
171:, for example an
16:(Redirected from
1352:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1222:(4): 2383–2406.
1206:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1172:(4): 2407–2426.
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1072:10.4312/dp.36.14
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1027:. Archived from
1026:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
971:
965:
964:
962:
960:
933:
924:
923:
921:
919:
914:
906:
900:
899:
897:
895:
884:
875:
874:
872:
870:
864:
858:. Archived from
857:
849:
843:
842:
840:
838:
823:
817:
816:
814:
812:
801:
795:
794:
792:
790:
784:
778:. Archived from
777:
769:
763:
756:
750:
749:
747:
745:
740:
732:
726:
725:
715:
697:
673:
625:hydroxyl radical
609:hydroxyl radical
479:
398:
108:animal husbandry
93:Nihal Singh Wala
60:reuse of excreta
21:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1257:
1253:
1207:
1203:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1109:
1105:
1092:
1088:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1034:on 14 July 2014
1031:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1003:
998:
997:
993:
983:
981:
973:
972:
968:
958:
956:
934:
927:
917:
915:
912:
908:
907:
903:
893:
891:
890:. Sas.upenn.edu
886:
885:
878:
868:
866:
862:
855:
851:
850:
846:
836:
834:
825:
824:
820:
810:
808:
803:
802:
798:
788:
786:
782:
775:
771:
770:
766:
757:
753:
743:
741:
738:
734:
733:
729:
674:
670:
665:
653:
541:
529:
495:
462:
408:Kyrgyz Republic
306:
244:
231:
201:
162:
85:
73:
68:
48:dry manure fuel
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1299:External links
1297:
1294:
1293:
1272:(2): 104–117.
1251:
1201:
1151:
1139:
1120:(3): 375–384.
1103:
1086:
1045:
1013:
991:
975:"www.areq.net"
966:
925:
901:
876:
844:
818:
796:
764:
751:
727:
667:
666:
664:
661:
660:
659:
652:
649:
603:released from
540:
537:
528:
525:
524:
523:
516:
505:
502:Pueblo Indians
499:
494:
491:
490:
489:
461:
458:
429:
428:
422:
417:
411:
405:
392:
373:
367:
349:
344:
338:
335:кизяк (kizyak)
321:
305:
302:
301:
300:
286:
285:
271:
270:
269:
268:
262:
261:
243:
240:
230:
227:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
200:
197:
185:omni-processor
161:
158:
84:
81:
72:
69:
67:
64:
37:Stirling-Motor
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1357:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1001:
995:
980:
976:
970:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
930:
911:
905:
889:
883:
881:
861:
854:
848:
832:
828:
822:
806:
800:
781:
774:
768:
761:
755:
737:
731:
723:
719:
714:
709:
705:
701:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
668:
658:
655:
654:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
599:samples. The
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
553:
545:
539:Air pollution
536:
534:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
503:
500:
497:
496:
487:
484:
483:
475:
471:
470:Ile de Brehat
466:
453:
446:
441:
433:
426:
423:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
396:
393:
390:
386:
381:
377:
374:
371:
368:
362:
357:
353:
350:
348:
345:
342:
339:
333:
329:
325:
322:
319:
316:
315:
310:
299:
296:
295:
290:
283:
279:
276:
275:
274:
266:
265:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
248:
235:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
212:
205:
196:
194:
193:sewage sludge
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
157:
154:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
102:
98:
94:
89:
80:
78:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:Dry dung fuel
38:
34:
30:
19:
1269:
1265:
1254:
1219:
1215:
1204:
1169:
1165:
1154:
1142:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1096:
1089:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1029:the original
1016:
1004:. Retrieved
994:
982:. Retrieved
978:
969:
957:. Retrieved
945:
941:
916:. Retrieved
904:
892:. Retrieved
867:. Retrieved
860:the original
847:
835:. Retrieved
831:the original
821:
809:. Retrieved
799:
787:. Retrieved
780:the original
767:
754:
742:. Retrieved
730:
685:
681:
671:
558:
530:
493:The Americas
401:
388:
384:
379:
277:
272:
210:
189:fecal sludge
163:
155:
150:
144:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
105:
95:of District
74:
50:) is animal
47:
43:
42:
29:
1065:: 219–225.
611:, with the
579:, with the
573:coprostanol
569:cholestanol
399:(romanized:
318:Afghanistan
284:(see photo)
165:Human feces
160:Human feces
1314:Categories
1038:11 October
1006:11 October
959:11 October
942:Paléorient
918:11 October
894:11 October
869:11 October
837:11 October
811:11 October
789:11 October
744:11 October
663:References
657:Cook stove
617:combustion
595:than fuel
581:combustion
561:combustion
476:, France,
341:Bangladesh
324:Azerbaijan
199:Attributes
169:dry toilet
83:Dung cakes
1330:Bioenergy
1288:2634-3606
1246:1680-7316
1196:1680-7316
1134:0278-4165
1081:1854-2492
704:1743-8977
522:for film.
520:celluloid
445:Gauchar's
229:Countries
118:called a
1335:Biofuels
984:10 March
722:16202154
688:(1): 6.
651:See also
587:area of
474:Brittany
425:Pakistan
414:Mongolia
147:cow dung
1345:Biomass
1224:Bibcode
1174:Bibcode
713:1262769
565:organic
527:History
395:Kazakhs
380:Muttal,
356:buffalo
328:Xinaliq
282:Lesotho
181:excreta
151:bitauda
1286:
1244:
1194:
1132:
1079:
720:
710:
702:
631:. The
513:Yavari
511:, the
486:France
460:Europe
402:kizyak
389:Gubbah
354:, dry
242:Africa
183:. The
140:thepdi
124:goitha
120:Chulha
116:hearth
101:Punjab
56:manure
1340:Fuels
1320:Feces
1032:(PDF)
1025:(PDF)
913:(PDF)
863:(PDF)
856:(PDF)
783:(PDF)
776:(PDF)
739:(PDF)
635:from
621:Delhi
613:gases
589:India
585:Delhi
420:Nepal
385:Tabag
352:India
347:China
257:Egypt
136:gosse
132:kande
112:India
77:burns
66:Types
52:feces
1284:ISSN
1242:ISSN
1192:ISSN
1130:ISSN
1077:ISSN
1040:2012
1008:2012
986:2023
979:عريق
961:2012
920:2012
896:2012
871:2012
839:2012
813:2012
791:2012
746:2012
718:PMID
700:ISSN
597:wood
577:fuel
571:and
559:The
509:Peru
480:1900
376:Iraq
370:Iran
304:Asia
298:Mali
278:Lisu
128:uple
97:Moga
46:(or
1274:doi
1232:doi
1182:doi
1122:doi
1067:doi
950:doi
708:PMC
690:doi
637:cow
605:cow
507:In
255:In
191:or
138:or
99:in
1316::
1282:.
1268:.
1264:.
1240:.
1230:.
1220:21
1218:.
1214:.
1190:.
1180:.
1170:21
1168:.
1164:.
1128:.
1118:30
1116:.
1075:.
1063:36
1061:.
1057:.
977:.
946:10
944:.
940:.
928:^
879:^
716:.
706:.
698:.
684:.
680:.
647:.
478:c.
472:,
142:.
134:,
130:,
126:,
1290:.
1276::
1270:1
1248:.
1234::
1226::
1198:.
1184::
1176::
1136:.
1124::
1083:.
1069::
1042:.
1010:.
988:.
963:.
952::
922:.
898:.
873:.
841:.
815:.
793:.
748:.
724:.
692::
686:2
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
.jpg)
