Droughts in the United States

348:. The NIDIS Act calls for an interagency, multi-partner approach to drought monitoring, forecasting, and early warning, led by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NIDIS is being developed to consolidate data on drought's physical, hydrological and socio-economic impacts on an ongoing basis, to develop drought decision support and simulation tools for critical, drought-sensitive areas, and to enable proactive planning by those affected by drought. NIDIS (www.drought.gov) draws on the personnel, experience, and networks of the National Drought Mitigation Center, the NOAA Regional Climate Centers, and the Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments (RISAs), among others. Federal agencies and departments partnering in NIDIS include the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, the U.S. Geological Survey, NASA, the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National Science Foundation, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service. 294: 27: 411: 1182:. See above for additional information on this drought. In 2013 and early 2014, the California drought returned and intensified, expanding to much of the western US. In 2013, many places in California set all-time low precipitation records, with very little measurable rain falling across much of the state from January 2013 into mid-February 2014. San Francisco nearly halved its previous annual record low in 2013, receiving only 5.59 inches compared to a normal of 23.65. The 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 winter snowpacks were among the lowest recorded in the last 100 years. In January 2014, the state cut allocations from its 5003: 270: 19: 380: 1290:(23.6 °C)) in U.S. history after the Dust Bowl era of 1936 74.6 °F (23.7 °C) the summer of 2012 was the third-warmest at (74.4 °F (23.6 °C)). This intense heat wave contributed to the intensification of the drought particularly over the Midwest and the Northern Plains. Because the drought conditions were forcing American farmers to sell off livestock, the Department of Defense sought to buy up meat at "fire sale" prices in order to stockpile meals for the lean times ahead. 1191: 1410: 427: 183: 897:

regions of Colorado. The drought also affected Canada in certain divisions. The drought of 1988 became the worst drought since the Dust Bowl 50 years before in the United States; 2008 estimates put damages from the drought somewhere between $ 80 billion and almost $ 120 billion in damage (2008 USD). The drought of 1988 was so devastating that in later years it was compared against

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expectations of land productivity. The amount of land required to support a family in more arid regions was already larger than the amount that could realistically be irrigated by a family, but this fact was made more obvious by the drought, leading to emigration from recently settled lands. The Federal government started to assist with irrigation with the 1902 Reclamation Act.

877:. This drought was widespread, unusually intense and accompanied by heat waves which killed around 4,800 to 17,000 people across the United States and also killed livestock across the United States. One particular reason that the drought of 1988 became very damaging was farmers might have farmed on land which was marginally arable. Another reason was pumping 362:(NRCS). Models of the law were sent to each state where they were enacted. These were the first enduring practical programs to curtail future susceptibility to drought, creating agencies that first began to stress soil conservation measures to protect farm lands today. It was not until the 1950s that there was an importance placed on 610:, carried by prevailing winds which were in part created by the dry and bare soil conditions itself. These immense dust storms—given names such as "Black Blizzards" and "Black Rollers"—often reduced visibility to a few feet (around a meter). The Dust Bowl affected 100,000,000 acres (400,000 km), centered on the 518:, as droughts benefit locusts, making plants more nutritious and edible to locusts and reducing diseases that harm locusts. Locusts also grow more quickly during a drought and gather in small spots of lush vegetation, enabling them to swarm, facts which contributed to the ruin of much of the farmland in the 960:

were pummeled by extensive heat waves which killed almost 700 people across the Northeastern U.S. and unusually dry conditions caused billions of dollars in destruction during 1999. This unusually damaging drought was reminiscent of the Northeast United States drought of the 1960s considering it

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The conditions continued into 1989 and 1990, although the drought had ended in some states thanks to normal rainfalls returning to some portions of the United States. Dry conditions, however, increased again during 1989, affecting Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, much of Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota and some

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to zero percent (revised upwards to five percent in April), a record low, as reservoirs dropped to critical levels. Municipal districts in the northern and central parts of the state, including the capital, Sacramento, enacted water rationing while over half a million acres (2000 km) of Central

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and Midwest States during 1980 and 1983. The 1983 Midwestern States Drought was associated with very dry conditions, severe heat and substandard crop growth which affected prices and caused hardship for farmers. Multiple disaster declarations went out in Indiana and neighboring states because of the

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The earliest and longest drought discussed in the literature is the "Altithermal Long Drought", which some scholars now believe was in reality two severe shorter droughts (ca. 7000-6500 BP and 6000-5500 BP), separated by an interval. Other early notable droughts in North America include the Fairbank

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The 1890s drought, between 1890 and 1896, was the first to be widely and adequately recorded by rain gauges, with much of the American West having been settled. Railroads promised land to people willing to settle it, and the period between 1877 and 1890 was wetter than usual, leading to unrealistic

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aloft can prevent or restrict the developing of thunderstorm activity or rainfall over one certain region. Once a region is within drought, feedback mechanisms such as local arid air, hot conditions which can promote warm core ridging, and minimal evapotranspiration can worsen drought conditions.

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There were at least three major droughts in 19th-century North America: one from the mid-1850s to the mid-1860s, one in the 1870s, and one in the 1890s. There was also a drought around 1820; the periods from 1816 to 1844 and from 1849 to 1880 were rather dry, and the 19th century overall was a dry

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years of the 1930s. Most of the drought in Texas ended or had it impacts ease by spring and summer 2012 as precipitation returned to the region, while the New Mexican drought continued unbroken into 2014. The Texas and Southwest U.S. drought was also accompanied by a severe heat wave that brought

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Negative effects included bank closures and overburdened relief and health agencies. Economic migrants also had mixed success as native workers in many areas resented the intense competition for dwindling jobs. The National Drought Mitigation Center has reported that financial assistance from the

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Peterson, Thomas C.; Heim, Richard R.; Hirsch, Robert; Kaiser, Dale P.; Brooks, Harold; Diffenbaugh, Noah S.; Dole, Randall M.; Giovannettone, Jason P.; Guirguis, Kristen; Karl, Thomas R.; Katz, Richard W. (2013-06-01). "Monitoring and Understanding Changes in Heat Waves, Cold Waves, Floods, and

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Certain regions within the United States are more susceptible to droughts than others. Droughts can be more damaging than tornadoes, tropical cyclones, winter storms and flooding combined. Unlike a hurricane, tornado or flooding, the onset of droughts happen gradually over a long period of time.

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California also experienced a multiyear drought, peaking in 2007–2009, when a statewide drought emergency was issued. Although reports of widespread agricultural losses were reduced in later analysis, large decreases were seen in many fish populations in the region, and additional reliance on

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was established for the purpose importing water from Canada in marine transport vessels formerly used for oil transport and converted to water carriers. The idea was commercially viable and Sun Belt Water Inc., was selected by the Goleta Water District to enter a long-term contract. When the

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since the late winter have all contributed to the drought and above average temperatures since February 2012. This further lead to the vicious cycle of reduced evaporation and decreased rainfall all through the spring of 2012. While the summer of 2011 was the second-warmest (74.5 °F

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rainfall. Convective processes involve strong vertical motions that can cause the overturning of the atmosphere in that location within an hour and cause heavy precipitation, while stratiform processes involve weaker upward motions and less intense precipitation over a longer duration.

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they depended upon on the Plains moved to river valleys in search of water, and those valleys were full of natives and settlers alike. The river valleys were also home to domestic livestock, which competed against the bison for food. The result was starvation for many of the bison.

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declared the 1983 drought their second-worst in the 20th century; 1983 was Ohio's driest calendar year. Los Angeles received more rainfall than Cleveland that year. The drought forced many trees and shrubs into dormancy and created water shortages in many towns. The associating

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and neighboring states. On August 29, 2024, the U.S. Drought Monitor highlighted an exceptional drought area over parts of West Virginia and Ohio; which was the first time in the Drought Monitor’s history that an exceptional drought had been highlighted over West Virginia.

621:", since so many of them came from Oklahoma) traveled to California and other states, where they found economic conditions little better than those they had left. Owning no land, many traveled from farm to farm picking fruit and other crops at starvation wages. Author 699:

was hit hard by drought in 1958–1959, badly straining water resources. A widespread, 1930s-style dust storm affected the Plains and beyond on 19 February 1954 driven by winds of up to 100 mph/161 km/h, drifting soil to 3 feet/a metre deep in some areas.

506:. While there was little rain-gauge data from the mid-19th century in the middle of the US, there were plenty of trees, and tree-ring data showed evidence of a major drought from around 1856 to around 1865. Native Americans were hard hit, as the 216:

If these factors do not support precipitation volumes sufficient to reach the surface over a sufficient period of time, the result is a drought. Drought can be triggered by a high level of reflected sunlight and above average prevalence of high

5124: 486:. Data from tree rings indicate that the megadroughts which occurred throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, exceeded anything which occurred within the twentieth century in both spatial extent and duration, including the 780:'s statewide snowpack reached an all-time low in 1977. Water resources and agriculture (especially livestock) suffered; negatively impacting the nation's economy. This drought reversed itself completely the following year. 1004:

had around 8 inches (200 mm) below average rainfall during 2002 (normal precipitation is 38.06 inches (967 mm) every year, during 2002 30.00 inches (762 mm) were recorded). The 2001–2002 rain season in

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was forced to impose mandatory limits regarding water for the first time in twenty-one years, as Colorado and other states in the Southwest were hit particularly hard by the severe drought conditions in 2002. The

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cities, and tree rings also document drought in the lower and central Mississippi River basin between the 14th and 16th century. The droughts of that period may have contributed to the decline and fall of the

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recorded only 2.99 inches (76 mm), compared to the annual average of 10.34 inches (263 mm). Records were broken in an even worse drought just five years later, during the 2006–07 rain season in

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associated caused the deaths of seventeen people and overall damage from the Southeastern-state drought of 1993 was somewhere between $ 1 billion and $ 3 billion in damage (1993 U.S. dollars).

2991: 2502:"DUST STORM RAGES OVER MANY STATES; from Midwest to Mexican Border Some Areas Have Gales, Snow and Rain SILT DEEP ON SIDEWALKS Federal Officials Hail Gains in Curbing Soil Blowing Since Dust Bowl Era" 816:

killed between 500 and 700 people in the United States. Similar spells during 1980 caused between 4000 and 12000 deaths in the United States along with $ 24 billion in damage 1980 USD.

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were so severe that lakes were actually drying out. Wildfires, forest fires, and brush fires were very prevalent in association with the 2000s (decade) drought in the Southeastern United States. The

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experienced the most severe drought in recorded history. By the time the drought ended, 244 of Texas's 254 counties had been declared federal disaster areas. Drought became particularly severe in

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The United States Drought Monitor observed "extreme drought" conditions in much of the eastern half of Massachusetts, southeastern New Hampshire and the southern part of Maine in September 2016.

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during 1950 and 1951; the drought was widespread through the Central Plains, Midwest and certain Rocky Mountain States, particularly between the years 1953 and 1957, and by 1956 parts of central

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were hit with severe droughts and heat during 2005. The conditions caused $ 1 billion in overall damage, there were no deaths attributed to the drought and associated heat spells. The

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The U.S. drought of 2002 was reminiscent of the 1988 drought and was compared to the droughts of the 1930s, the 1983 drought and the dry spells of the 1950s. The drought also affected

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in what is now the central and western United States, between 900 and 1300. A megadrought struck what is now the American Southwest 1276–1299 C.E., which severely affected the

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fell victim to wildfires that burned many trees and created exceptional destruction in the area. This drought was very catastrophic for multiple reasons; it continued across the

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This graph shows average drought conditions in the contiguous 48 states, according to the EPA, with yearly data going from 1895 to 2011. The curve is a nine-year weighted average.

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experienced one of the worst droughts in the last 100 years. Many towns in eastern Connecticut have water restrictions and regional agricultural has been extensively impacted.

249:. Overall, global warming will result in increased world rainfall. Along with drought in some areas, flooding and erosion will increase in others. Paradoxically, some proposed 5487: 5381: 333:

reversed its existing bulk water export policy, the change in government policy led to a claim by Sun Belt Water Inc. against Canada under the provisions of Chapter 11 of the

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Valley farmland were fallowed. In 2015, wildfires burned over 7 million acres, primarily in the western U.S. and Alaska, which is approaching the all-time national record.

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Perceptions differ along political lines, on whether climate change was a "major factor" contributing to various extreme weather events experienced by respondents.

5054: 4092: 2567: 5565: 5466: 5431: 5311: 5069: 4992: 4937: 4907: 4664: 4097: 4012: 3987: 1265:, the most destructive in Colorado history. Drought conditions have led to numerous firework show cancellations and voluntary water restrictions in much of the 493:

The 18th century seems to have been a relatively wet century in North America, but there were apparently droughts in Iowa in 1721, 1736, and from 1771 to 1773.

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Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice.

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Millions of acres of farmland became useless, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to leave their homes; many of these families (often known as "

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were hit with devastating drought which lasted almost four to five years in the 1960s, peaking in 1965. The drought affected multiple regional cities from

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in 1944 and continued through the entire rest of the decade; one of the longest recorded droughts observed there. This drought continued into the 1950s.

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are warmer and drier than average in the Northwest, northern Midwest, and northern Mideast United States, so those regions experience reduced snowfalls.

105:' years where relief and health agencies became overburdened and many local community banks had to close. The event also led to significant changes in 5508: 5441: 5396: 5296: 4952: 4877: 3962: 2612: 1214:

record setting heat to much of Texas, including but not limited to bringing a 40-day stretch of temperatures at or above 100 °F (38 °C) to

2501: 3654: 2754: 4724: 3070: 2713: 171: 344:(NIDIS) Act was signed into law in 2006 (Public Law 109-430). The Western Governors' Association described the need for NIDIS in a 2004 report, 4669: 823:, when annual rainfall was reduced by 5 to 35 percent below what was normal. Light precipitation continued into the spring of 1986, with 341: 5203: 3911: 1597: 1237:

In 2012, much of the U.S. had drought conditions develop through the late winter and spring months and lasting into the summer, creating the

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continued through 2010 and did not end until March 2011. The drought shifted east during the summer of 2011 to affect a large portion of the

909:), Hurricane Andrew coming in third. The drought of 1988 qualifies being the costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States. 2685: 1157: 1096: 3748: 1839: 4510: 2666: 293: 3708: 1896: 4684: 4649: 3632: 2302: 3420: 1303:

that persisted into the fall. While not as severe as other major, more well-known droughts in the south and west where the climate is

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Cleaveland, M.K., Duvick, D.N., 1992. Iowa climate reconstructed from tree rings, 1640–1982. Water Resources Research 28, 2607–2615.

1857:"Record rise in wheat price prompts UN official to warn that surge in food prices may trigger social unrest in developing countries" 838:

went through one of its longest observed droughts, from late 1986 through early 1991. Drought worsened in 1988–1989, as much of the

4812: 4797: 1674:; Choularton, T.W. (June 2006). "A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia". 1202: 671:

Other severe drought years in the United States happened through the 1950s. These droughts continued from the 1940s drought in the

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fell to a level expected to trigger federally mandated cuts to Arizona and Nevada's water supplies for the first time in history.

4500: 3525: 1319: 1153: 1068:. Droughts vary in severity and have potential for causing elevated to exceptional damage wherever they focus their area toward. 974: 167: 5640: 995:

and Midwest areas. The U.S. drought of 2002 turned a normal fire season into a very dangerous, treacherous and violent season.

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recording their driest first six months on record. High amounts of precipitation during the winter of 1987 ended the drought.

359: 3831: 3499: 846:, the five-year drought ended in late 1991 as a result of unusual persistent heavy rains, most likely caused by a significant 90:, modulate which areas are more prone to drought. Increased drought frequency and severity is also expected to be one of the 5645: 5556: 4603: 2697: 2224: 2051: 1807: 1780: 1753: 1720: 2790: 4679: 4568: 2726: 1161: 602:, and blew away eastward and southward in large dark clouds. At times the clouds blackened the sky reaching all the way to 2016: 905:; in addition, it would be the costliest of the three events: Hurricane Katrina comes second with $ 81 billion (2005 4654: 4190: 334: 885:

destroyed crops almost nationwide, residents' lawns went brown and water restrictions were declared in many cities. The

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High wheat prices caused by the drought have discouraged farmers from investing in alternative drought-tolerant crops.

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A severe drought struck the Southeast from 1985 through 1987. It began in 1985 from the Carolinas west-southwest into

789: 174:. Their standardized measurements track droughts on a severity scale from "Abnormally Dry" (D0) to "Exceptional" (D4). 162:

provides a national database to track the duration and severity of droughts in the United States. It is hosted by the

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and going with a more natural vegetation for the area can reduce the impact of drought, since a significant amount of

5196: 4563: 4543: 3904: 2738: 2411: 2244: 1995:"Partisans remain split on climate change contributing to more disasters, and on their weather becoming more extreme" 87: 3581: 2686:

American Society of Civil Engineers. Task Committee on Sustainability Criteria, Unesco/IHP-IV Project M-4.3 (1998).

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regions had a drought during 2002, which was accompanied by dry conditions, wildfires and hot temperatures over the

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Another significant drought in the United States occurred during 1988 and 1989. Following a milder drought in the

4258: 3813:"Lake Powell Just Hit Its Lowest Level On Record. Here's What That Means For Colorado And States That Rely On It" 1473: 1310:

Hydrologist Royce Fontenot said in 2019 that the impact of drought will linger according to the La Niña pattern.

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are most likely to be hit, droughts can also happen over the Upper Midwestern States, the Central Great Plains,

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Creating a Drought Early Warning System for the 21st Century: The National Integrated Drought Information System

75: 4719: 4714: 3473: 1629:"A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations" 1601: 1299:

In summer 2016, severe drought affected the temperate New England and New York area, including a Massachusetts

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Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to…

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meteorological events are generally associated with drier and hotter conditions and further exacerbation of

5189: 4790: 4674: 4199: 3897: 3215: 1922:"Is Water the New Oil? | Common Dreams | Breaking News & Views for the Progressive Community" 1423: 1144:

groundwater in farming may have set the precedent for further damages in the 2012–2015 California drought.

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During the drought of the 1930s, without natural anchors to keep the soil in place, it dried, turned to

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of the 1930s and drought in the 1950s, but was co-equal to the drought there in the early 21st century.

4538: 1175: 1072: 1061: 1041: 937: 918: 862: 793: 709: 672: 654: 444: 254: 141: 137: 79: 51: 3076: 1218:, Texas. Drought of severe magnitude also affected a large portion of the Southeastern US, especially 5549: 4618: 4553: 4490: 4408: 4373: 3268: 1104: 1079:. The Southeastern United States were affected by heavy droughts extending from the Carolinas toward 886: 321:, which calls for the planting of vegetation which is local in origin and more resistant to drought. 114: 91: 31: 2727:

Water Resources Support Center, Institute For Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1992).

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government alone may have been as high as $ 1 billion (in 1930s dollars) by the end of the drought.

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1983 drought. Readings of 100 °F (38 °C) or higher became prevalent in 1983 during these

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and a large portion of the Southwest bringing much of the region its worst drought seen since the

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reached a drought index of −7, three points below the extreme drought index. From 1950 to 1957,

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In 2008 and 2009, much of south and south-central Texas were in a state of exceptional drought.

5246: 4588: 4583: 4505: 4328: 4243: 3424: 2998: 1824: 274: 133: 106: 2728: 2687: 1900: 1743: 522:. The evidence for this drought is also primarily in tree-ring, rather than rain gauge, data. 144:. Meteorological scientists have observed that La Niñas have become more frequent over time. 5585: 5580: 5336: 4827: 4363: 4358: 4233: 3500:""Exceptional drought" covers 32 million acres in south Texas | Management content from" 3453: 2471: 2427: 1797: 1770: 1710: 1300: 992: 874: 831: 515: 483: 351: 67: 47: 3881:

Global Integrated Drought Monitoring and Prediction System, University of California, Irvine

3564:"With a stunning 7 million acres burned so far, the U.S. wildfire situation is looking dire" 2378: 5542: 4623: 4598: 4533: 4453: 4418: 4323: 4298: 3392: 3160: 2275: 1683: 1642: 1500: 1428: 1415: 1219: 906: 118: 8: 5610: 5605: 5011: 4734: 4729: 4438: 4388: 4343: 4333: 4318: 4308: 4293: 4273: 4248: 4238: 4228: 3503: 3335: 3313: 3048: 1489:"Large contribution from anthropogenic warming to an emerging North American megadrought" 1183: 1018:(3.21 inches (82 mm) compared to the annual average of 15.14 inches (385 mm)). 1006: 866: 761: 696: 666: 627: 611: 606:

cities such as New York and Washington, D.C. Much of the soil ended up deposited in the

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lands from 1930 to 1936 (in some areas until 1940). The phenomenon was caused by severe

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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When California suffered a severe drought from 1985 to 1991, a California company,

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themselves received only 17.88 inches (454 mm) of precipitation during 2005.

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experienced high temperatures and conditions of drought for extended periods. The

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that normally kept the soil in place and trapped moisture even during periods of

286: 218: 209: 5181: 3288: 3261: 3026: 1566: 4168: 2593:"California Drought of 1976 and 1977—Extent, Damage, and Governmental Response" 2212: 1943: 1443: 1274: 1231: 1223: 855: 632: 622: 614:

of Texas and Oklahoma, and adjacent parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas.

607: 282: 258: 238: 3794:"Lake Powell level about to hit a historic low as West's water crisis deepens" 3726: 2287: 1655: 1628: 893:

States and North Plains States during 1989, not officially ending until 1990.

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dropped to its lowest level since 1969 when the reservoir was first filling.

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https://www.droughtmonitor.unl.edu/data/narrativepdf/20240827_nar_usdm.pdf

3655:"Scenes From New England's Drought: Dry Wells, Dead Fish and Ailing Farms" 3585: 2592: 1379: 1368: 1246: 1194: 1134: 1080: 1065: 1053: 1015: 1001: 962: 729: 545: 474: 317:"cash for grass" program, the people are paid to remove grass and put in 278: 5534: 4720:

Weather records for Michigan, North Carolina, Connecticut, and Minnesota

4759: 3832:"Severe drought threatens Hoover dam reservoir – and water for US west" 1329: 1206: 1100: 1099:

drought caused over $ 1 billion in damage. The drought of 2006–2007 in

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https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/data/narrativepdf/20240618_nar_usdm.pdf

2117: 1897:"Nigerian Scholar Links Drought, Climate Change to Conflict in Africa" 1769:

Paepe, Roland; Fairbridge, Rhodes Whitmore; Jelgersma, Saskia (1990).

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There were extensive droughts through the 2000s (decade) all over the

847: 231: 129: 5016: 2043: 1969:"California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years" 1372: 1361: 1254: 1210: 1122: 1118: 1084: 1010: 922: 799: 749: 737: 535: 487: 478: 102: 3405: 3380: 2217:

Chaco Canyon: Archaeologists Explore the Lives of an Ancient Society

2068:"State Conservation District Laws Development and Variations – NRCS" 1549:. National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 225:

carrying continental, rather than oceanic air masses, and ridges of

5002: 4764: 3172: 2472:"Texas State Parks in the 1950s – Texas State Library | TSLAC" 2334:"Causes and consequences of 19th-century droughts in North America" 2109: 1972: 1357: 1353: 1345: 1333: 1258: 1130: 1114: 1110: 1088: 1026: 957: 941: 808: 753: 745: 713: 684: 122: 62:

leads to drought, and is caused by an above average persistence of

35: 1474:"Climate-driven megadrought is emerging in western US, study says" 159: 3449: 2769:

Billion Dollar Disasters (Northern Plains Drought in Summer 1989)

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Ajasa, Amudalat; Clement, Scott; Guskin, Emily (23 August 2023).

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Beginning in summer 2020, drought was widespread in the Dakotas,

1242: 1092: 1030: 984: 870: 820: 804: 733: 592: 580: 572: 560: 556: 191: 71: 55: 261:

for one, may also carry with them increased chances of drought.

245:

and increased social unrest throughout the world, especially in

22:

Percent Area in U.S. Drought Monitor Categories since year 2000.

3629:"Researchers Seek New Strains for Biofuels | Defense News" 2040:

Unnatural law: rethinking Canadian environmental law and policy

1349: 1266: 1215: 1034: 996: 961:

affected similar states within the Northeast United States and

443:

Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and

314: 101:

occurred during the 1930s and 1940s, periods of time known as '

3878: 2254:– via Digital Commons, University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 2245:"Drought in the United States: Causes and Issues for Congress" 2096:

Antevs, Ernst (1955). "Geologic-Climatic Dating in the West".

1241:. Meanwhile, severe to extreme drought developed in the lower 470:

Drought of 500 BC and the Whitewater Drought of 330 C.E.

1269:, Mid-Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys. Lagging effects of 1179: 1076: 688: 680: 588: 507: 3582:"U.S. Wildfire Statistics - Fire Count, Acres Burned, Costs" 1307:, it was among the most severe for the northeastern region. 3873: 3749:"Increasing Dry Conditions are Concerning for North Dakota" 3102: 1394: 1341: 1126: 741: 618: 599: 540:

The Dust Bowl or the Dirty Thirties was a period of severe

306: 222: 199: 3884: 2379:"Drought: A Paleo Perspective – 20th Century Drought" 1669: 1573:"Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up" 204:

Mechanisms of producing precipitation include convective,

3526:"The California Drought (2007–2009): Myth versus Reality" 2336:. Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University 807:

across the Midwest, Ohio Valley Regions and Great Lakes.

3381:"United States drought of 2007: historical perspectives" 2264: 1768: 764:

recorded its worst drought of the 20th century in 1961.

695:, with some natural lakes drying up completely in 1953. 3810: 2730:

Lessons learned from the California Drought (1987–1992)

1825:"Drought and Climate Change: Implications for the West" 933:

damage amounting to an estimated $ 40 billion in 1998.

514:

The 1870–1877 drought brought with it a major swarm of

1670:

Dore, A.J.; Mousavi-Baygi, M.; Smith, R.I.; Hall, J.;

2542:

Plight of Farmers in State Deepening in Worst Drought

2219:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 55–57. 2156: 2017:"U.S. firm sues Canada for $ 10.5 billion over water" 1775:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 22. 2303:"What tree rings reveal about America's megadrought" 2266:

Droughts in the United States: State of Knowledge".

1405: 1367:

In July 2021, after two more extremely dry winters,

756:

and the Great Plains. Drought continued in parts of

2327: 2325: 1944:"'Sunshade' for global warming could cause drought" 3681:"Despite all the rain, the drought got much worse" 3075:, Utah Division of Water Resources, archived from 2689:Sustainability criteria for water resource systems 2615:. Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Archived from 2522:. New England Historical Society. 5 September 2016 1992: 563:coupled with decades of extensive farming without 5211: 2243:Folger, Peter; Cody, Betsy A.; Carter, Nicole T. 1986: 834:experienced a lengthy drought in the late 1980s. 354:on April 27, 1935, signed documents creating the 66:over the affected area. Changes in the track of 30:A farmer and his two sons during a dust storm in 5632: 4198: 3678: 2791:"Drought Stricken Areas Find Relief after Rains" 2322: 2190: 772:Short term droughts hit particular spots of the 2331: 2268:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 1816: 1795: 1197:reservoir during the California drought in 2015 172:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 97:Drought having an acute economic impact in the 3874:National Integrated Drought Information System 3709:"Hydrologist says drought impacts will linger" 2904:"The September 1990 Drought Index in Nebraska" 1879:"Fuel costs, drought influence price increase" 1799:The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña 865:the year before, this drought spread from the 342:National Integrated Drought Information System 5550: 5197: 4791: 4184: 3919: 3905: 3829: 3608:"DOD to Review Meat Purchases During Drought" 2404:A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz 2205: 1966: 1487:Williams, A. Park; et al. (2020-04-17). 5125:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4805: 3791: 3771:Nearly all of Iowa Seeing Drought Conditions 3652: 3542: 3378: 2970:"December 1990 Drought Indexes in Minnesota" 2753:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2520:"The 1965 Drought, New England's Worst Ever" 2512: 2242: 1935: 1823:Adams, Richard M.; Peck, Dannele E. (2002). 1796:D'Aleo, Joseph S.; Grube, Pamela G. (2002). 1598:"U.S. Drought Monitor Classification Scheme" 1009:was the driest since records began in 1877. 366:was put into the existing laws (NRCS 2014). 4650:Cities by sunshine duration § North America 2926:"November 1990 Drought Indexes in Nebraska" 2712:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2332:Seager, Richard; Herweijer, Celine (2011). 2089: 1103:contributed to the extreme severity of the 5557: 5543: 5204: 5190: 4798: 4784: 4191: 4177: 3912: 3898: 3672: 3446:"The Quad Cities is under Extreme Drought" 1641:(4). Cambridge University Press: 291–300. 1626: 5564: 3605: 3497: 3404: 2948:"The May 1990 Drought Index in Minnesota" 2238: 2236: 1822: 1702: 1654: 1590: 798:Droughts also affected the Northeast US, 277:in 2009, which is experiencing its worst 119:water storage and delivery infrastructure 3423:. The Brownfield Network. Archived from 3149:"Drought under global warming: a review" 2882:"March 1990 Drought Indexes in Nebraska" 2860:"September 1989 Drought Indexes in Iowa" 2816:"The January 1989 Drought Index in Iowa" 2177: 1899:. US Department of State. Archived from 1772:Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought 1486: 1234:had contributed to the intense drought. 1189: 1158:2010–2013 Southern United States drought 409: 292: 268: 241:are expected to trigger droughts with a 181: 25: 17: 2789:Robbins, William (September 16, 1989). 2788: 2639:"U.S. Drought Disaster Declared by U.S" 2636: 2371: 1471: 1320:Southwestern North American megadrought 1226:. It is believed that a combination of 1154:Southwestern North American megadrought 1040:Although the Western United States and 975:Southwestern North American megadrought 940:during 1999 – the Northeast, including 264: 168:United States Department of Agriculture 125:, and influenced other social changes. 5633: 3811:Michael Elizabeth Sakas (2021-07-24). 3706: 3679:Dylan McGuinness (November 17, 2016). 3561: 3545:"California farmers to get more water" 3523: 3502:. Southwest Farm Press. Archived from 3379:Maxwell, Justin; Soule, Peter (2009). 2613:"Oilseeds: situation and outlook 1984" 2233: 2150: 2138: 2095: 1941: 1876: 1708: 1540: 1538: 1385:Beginning in June of 2024; a historic 842:also suffered from severe drought. In 360:Natural Resources Conservation Service 253:that focus on more active techniques, 5538: 5185: 4779: 4172: 3893: 2406:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2401: 2355:"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology" 2300: 2211: 1741: 58:since about year 2000. Below normal 2196: 2162: 2037: 2005:from the original on 23 August 2023. 1877:Sherer, Dennis (14 September 2007). 1544: 1249:as well as the southern and central 732:; the drought also affected certain 420: 373: 313:is used to keep lawns green. In the 3653:Jess Bidgood (September 26, 2016). 3146: 3029:(Report). Christian Science Monitor 2928:. The Palmer Modified Drought Index 2906:. The Palmer Modified Drought Index 2884:. The Palmer Modified Drought Index 2862:. The Palmer Modified Drought Index 2840:. The Palmer Modified Drought Index 2818:. The Palmer Modified Drought Index 1942:Brahic, Catherine (2 August 2007). 1535: 936:Similar drought conditions hit the 335:North American Free Trade Agreement 13: 3338:(Report). National Weather Service 3316:(Report). National Weather Service 2838:"May 1989 Drought Indexes in Iowa" 2733:. ASCE Publications. p. 122. 2692:. ASCE Publications. p. 204. 2180:"Tree rings reveal 'megadroughts'" 1845:from the original on 24 July 2020. 1439:United States rainfall climatology 1434:National Drought Policy Commission 186:La Niña's impact on global climate 154:United States rainfall climatology 117:, inspired further growth in U.S. 54:region has experienced widespread 14: 5657: 3867: 3631:. defensenews.com. Archived from 2637:Malcolm, Andrew H. (1983-09-03). 2568:"Drought Ripples through Economy" 2178:Erickson, Jim (11 October 2004). 1627:Anagnostou, Emmanouil N. (2004). 273:A typical dry lakebed is seen in 243:substantial impact on agriculture 88:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation 5001: 4968:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4033:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3707:Grover, Hannah (April 2, 2019). 3474:Iowa Annual Weather Summary 2005 3421:"U.S. drought conditions worsen" 3314:Los Angeles Climate Data/Records 3105:, 28 August 2000, archived from 3027:Spotty Rains Define 1989 Drought 2247:. Congressional Research Service 1408: 1162:2012–2013 North American drought 1075:, continuing as far westward as 425: 378: 281:in 1,200 years, precipitated by 3853: 3842: 3823: 3804: 3785: 3763: 3741: 3719: 3700: 3646: 3621: 3599: 3574: 3555: 3536: 3517: 3491: 3466: 3438: 3413: 3372: 3350: 3328: 3306: 3281: 3262:The Drought of 2002 in Colorado 3254: 3229: 3208: 3187: 3140: 3119: 3089: 3063: 3041: 3019: 2984: 2972:. Palmer Modified Drought Index 2962: 2950:. Palmer Modified Drought Index 2940: 2918: 2896: 2874: 2852: 2830: 2808: 2782: 2761: 2720: 2679: 2655: 2630: 2605: 2585: 2560: 2534: 2494: 2485: 2464: 2442: 2420: 2395: 2347: 2313: 2294: 2258: 2171: 2144: 2132: 2060: 2031: 2009: 1960: 1914: 1889: 1870: 1849: 1789: 1762: 1748:. Academic Press. p. 348. 1709:Pearce, Robert Penrose (2002). 1571:science writer (May 28, 2022). 1378:Between 2020 and 2022, eastern 571:or other techniques to prevent 496: 237:Activities resulting in global 4660:Derecho events § North America 3336:San Diego Climate Data/Records 2186:. Scripps Howard News Service. 1967:Irina Ivanova (June 2, 2022). 1735: 1715:. Academic Press. p. 66. 1696:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043 1663: 1620: 1602:University of Nebraska-Lincoln 1560: 1480: 1465: 1324:2020–22 North American drought 1277:, and also a large persistent 881:near the depletion mark. The 790:1988–90 North American drought 164:University of Nebraska-Lincoln 46:The United States' contiguous 1: 5641:Droughts in the United States 5213:Droughts in the United States 3885:United States Drought Monitor 3269:The Colorado State University 2474:. Tsl.state.tx.us. 2014-02-28 2451:Water Issues during the 1950s 2383:National Climatic Data Center 2301:Chang, Alvin (17 June 2021). 1802:. Greenwood. pp. 48–49. 1742:Houze, Robert A. Jr. (1994). 1712:Meteorology at the Millennium 1472:Krajick, Kevin (2020-04-16). 1459: 1261:including the record setting 544:causing major ecological and 447:related to non-recent events. 438:slanted towards recent events 5646:Climate of the United States 4200:Climate of the United States 4158:United States Virgin Islands 3830:Oliver Milman (2021-07-13). 3562:Mooney, Chris (2015-08-19). 3524:Gleick, Peter (2011-06-16). 2992:Improving Drought Management 2038:Boyd, David Richard (2003). 1424:Climate of the United States 1166:2011–2017 California drought 929:drought has caused over the 873:, Northern Great Plains and 99:history of the United States 76:El Niño-Southern Oscillation 7: 3792:Brian Maffly (2021-07-22). 3543:Smith, Scott (2014-04-19). 3530:The San Francisco Chronicle 3147:Dai, Aiguo (January 2011). 1924:. Common Dreams. 2008-11-02 1634:Meteorological Applications 1449:Atmospheric water generator 1401: 1239:2012 North American drought 979:2002 North American drought 464: 251:solutions to global warming 196:Precipitation (meteorology) 84:Pacific Decadal Oscillation 10: 5662: 4725:Weather-related fatalities 4685:Hailstorms § North America 3920:Droughts in North America 3479:(Report). Iowa Agriculture 3098:Earth Observatory/Droughts 2999:The University of Nebraska 2201:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2167:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1317: 1151: 1073:Southeastern United States 1062:Northeastern United States 972: 919:Southeastern United States 863:Southeastern United States 794:1983 United States drought 787: 710:Northeastern United States 673:Southwestern United States 664: 655:Southwestern United States 587:had displaced the natural 533: 255:solar radiation management 189: 151: 147: 142:Southeastern United States 80:North Atlantic Oscillation 78:, or ENSO, as well as the 5572: 5494: 5480: 5219: 5143: 5110:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5010: 4999: 4811: 4642: 4519: 4481: 4467: 4206: 4133:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4051: 3925: 3072:Drought Condition in Utah 2663:"The Top Ten Heat Events" 2548:(Report). October 1, 1964 2288:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00066.1 2197:Pallardy, Richard (ed.). 2163:Pallardy, Richard (ed.). 1656:10.1017/S1350482704001409 1105:2007 California wildfires 887:Yellowstone National Park 387:This section needs to be 369: 177: 166:with assistance from the 115:water resource management 92:effects of global warming 70:, which can occur during 5514:Northern Mariana Islands 5130:Turks and Caicos Islands 4806:Droughts in the Americas 4710:Snowiest places by state 4501:Northern Mariana Islands 4153:Turks and Caicos Islands 3751:. Cattle Business Weekly 3606:John Pike (2012-08-13). 3498:Ron Smith (2009-08-03). 3216:"The US Drought of 2002" 3127:Billion Dollar Disasters 2104:(4): 317–335, page 320. 1547:"Drought: The Dust Bowl" 1313: 1147: 1097:2006-2008 Southeast U.S. 968: 912: 783: 767: 703: 660: 648: 529: 4665:Extremely critical days 1832:Western Economics Forum 1676:Atmospheric Environment 1513:10.1126/science.aaz9600 1046:Southeast United States 938:Northeast United States 305:In dry areas, removing 5045:British Virgin Islands 4604:Minneapolis–Saint Paul 4083:British Virgin Islands 3713:Farmington Daily Times 3358:Canada Drought of 2002 3239:. NOAA. Archived from 3237:"NOAA Drought Monitor" 3129:(Report). Live Science 2771:(Report). Live Science 1545:Egan, Timothy (2005). 1352:; as well as parts of 1205:struck much of Texas, 1198: 776:during 1976 and 1977. 516:Rocky Mountain Locusts 484:Mississippian cultures 415: 358:Service (SCS)—now the 298: 290: 187: 134:droughts in California 68:extratropical cyclones 43: 23: 5566:Droughts in the World 4958:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4023:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3817:Colorado Public Radio 3727:"The Drought of 2020" 3454:Rock Island, Illinois 3109:on September 16, 2008 2454:, Living History Farm 1318:Further information: 1285:present over much of 1193: 1152:Further information: 1091:. Droughts affecting 973:Further information: 907:United States dollars 875:Western United States 832:Western United States 653:Drought began in the 413: 296: 272: 257:through the use of a 185: 29: 21: 3610:. Globalsecurity.org 3153:WIREs Climate Change 2165:"Whitewater Drought" 1429:Drought in Australia 1416:United States portal 1301:and New York drought 1253:. This led to large 901:in 1992 and against 854:and the eruption of 760:in the early 1960s. 265:Government responses 160:U.S. Drought Monitor 128:Furthermore, global 5524:U.S. Virgin Islands 5135:U.S. Virgin Islands 4978:Trinidad and Tobago 4823:Antigua and Barbuda 4735:North American High 4730:Backdoor cold front 4695:Snow and ice events 4511:U.S. Virgin Islands 4038:Trinidad and Tobago 3933:Antigua and Barbuda 3635:on January 21, 2013 3568:The Washington Post 3397:2009ClRes..38...95M 3289:The Drought of 2002 3195:The Climate of 1999 3165:2011WIRCC...2...45D 2508:. 20 February 1954. 2402:Hakim, Joy (1995). 2280:2013BAMS...94..821P 2213:Fagan, Brian Murray 2141:, p. figure 93 1999:The Washington Post 1885:on 16 October 2007. 1688:2006AtmEn..40.3316D 1647:2004MeApp..11..291A 1505:2020Sci...368..314W 1184:State Water Project 1007:Southern California 762:Southern California 697:Southern California 667:1950s Texas drought 641:about such people. 628:The Grapes of Wrath 352:President Roosevelt 326:Sun Belt Water Inc. 285:, and is therefore 227:high pressure areas 140:and to some extent 74:cycles such as the 4888:Dominican Republic 4745:Atlantic hurricane 4740:North Pacific High 3973:Dominican Republic 3659:The New York Times 3360:(Report). CDC News 2795:The New York Times 2643:The New York Times 2546:The New York Times 2506:The New York Times 2360:. Web.missouri.edu 2098:American Antiquity 1199: 1172:California drought 736:States, including 416: 364:water conservation 319:desert landscaping 299: 291: 247:developing nations 188: 44: 24: 5628: 5627: 5532: 5531: 5179: 5178: 4773: 4772: 4705:Snow in Louisiana 4166: 4165: 4055:other territories 3798:Salt Lake Tribune 2699:978-0-7844-0331-0 2226:978-0-19-517043-6 2053:978-0-7748-1049-4 1809:978-1-57356-378-9 1782:978-0-7923-1017-4 1755:978-0-08-050210-6 1722:978-0-12-548035-2 1682:(18): 3316–3326. 1608:on 21 August 2014 1567:Seth Borenstein, 1499:(6488): 314–318. 1389:impacted much of 1279:upper level ridge 1263:Waldo Canyon fire 1058:Ohio River Valley 1042:Southwestern U.S. 903:Hurricane Katrina 567:, fallow fields, 462: 461: 408: 407: 356:Soil Conservation 111:soil conservation 107:farming practices 5653: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5536: 5535: 5488:Washington, D.C. 5482:Federal district 5206: 5199: 5192: 5183: 5182: 5100:Saint Barthélemy 5060:Falkland Islands 5005: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4777: 4776: 4520:By city, county, 4475:Washington, D.C. 4469:Federal district 4193: 4186: 4179: 4170: 4169: 4123:Saint Barthélemy 4053:Dependencies and 3926:Sovereign states 3914: 3907: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3862: 3857: 3851: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3640: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3584:. 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Archived from 2996: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2752: 2744: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2711: 2703: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2359: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2329: 2320: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2240: 2231: 2230: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2074:. Archived from 2064: 2058: 2057: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1954: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1881:. Archived from 1874: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1864: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1829: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1729: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1604:. Archived from 1594: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1569:Associated Press 1564: 1558: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1542: 1533: 1532: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1469: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1117:, (portions of) 917:During 1993 the 899:Hurricane Andrew 825:Atlanta, Georgia 631:, which won the 595:and high winds. 502:century for the 457: 454: 448: 445:add more content 429: 428: 421: 403: 400: 394: 382: 381: 374: 331:British Columbia 219:pressure systems 40:Arthur Rothstein 5661: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5568: 5563: 5533: 5528: 5490: 5476: 5215: 5210: 5180: 5175: 5153:Central America 5139: 5014: 5006: 4997: 4814: 4807: 4804: 4774: 4769: 4750:Santa Ana winds 4700:Snow in Florida 4638: 4521: 4515: 4477: 4463: 4202: 4197: 4167: 4162: 4056: 4054: 4047: 3921: 3918: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3843: 3828: 3824: 3809: 3805: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3651: 3647: 3638: 3636: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3613: 3611: 3604: 3600: 3591: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3560: 3556: 3549:Washington Post 3541: 3537: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3507: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3458: 3456: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3430: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3406:10.3354/cr00772 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3221: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3200: 3198: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3145: 3141: 3132: 3130: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3110: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3080: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3049:Drought of 1989 3047: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3011: 3009: 3005: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2772: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2725: 2721: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2669: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2647: 2645: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2572:Washington Post 2566: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2455: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2433: 2429:Climatestations 2426: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2400: 2396: 2387: 2385: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2339: 2337: 2330: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2299: 2295: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2248: 2241: 2234: 2227: 2210: 2206: 2199:"Great Drought" 2195: 2191: 2176: 2172: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2094: 2090: 2081: 2079: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2010: 1991: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1965: 1961: 1952: 1950: 1940: 1936: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1906: 1904: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1875: 1871: 1862: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1827: 1821: 1817: 1810: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1740: 1736: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1707: 1703: 1668: 1664: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1578: 1576: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1550: 1543: 1536: 1485: 1481: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1326: 1316: 1203:intense drought 1168: 1150: 1050:Middle Atlantic 981: 971: 915: 883:drought of 1988 796: 786: 770: 706: 669: 663: 651: 638:Of Mice and Men 538: 532: 499: 467: 458: 452: 449: 442: 430: 426: 418: 404: 398: 395: 392: 383: 379: 372: 287:rationing water 267: 230:Winters during 202: 180: 156: 150: 121:as part of the 50:and especially 38:, 1936. Photo: 32:Cimarron County 12: 11: 5: 5659: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5562: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5504:American Samoa 5500: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5422:South Carolina 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5387:North Carolina 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5186: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5115:Sint Eustatius 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5050:Cayman Islands 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5008: 5007: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4670:High risk days 4667: 4662: 4657: 4655:Climate change 4652: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4634:Tampa Bay area 4631: 4626: 4621: 4619:Salt Lake City 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4491:American Samoa 4487: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4409:South Carolina 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4374:North Carolina 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4173: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4143:Sint Eustatius 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4088:Cayman Islands 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3876: 3869: 3868:External links 3866: 3864: 3863: 3852: 3841: 3822: 3803: 3784: 3773:(Report). KHAK 3762: 3740: 3718: 3699: 3671: 3645: 3620: 3598: 3573: 3554: 3535: 3516: 3490: 3465: 3437: 3412: 3371: 3349: 3327: 3305: 3280: 3253: 3228: 3207: 3197:(Report). NCDC 3186: 3173:10.1002/wcc.81 3139: 3118: 3088: 3062: 3051:(Report). NOAA 3040: 3018: 2983: 2961: 2939: 2917: 2895: 2873: 2851: 2829: 2807: 2781: 2760: 2739: 2719: 2698: 2678: 2654: 2629: 2604: 2584: 2559: 2533: 2511: 2493: 2491:Hurt 1956 Ch 9 2484: 2463: 2441: 2432:, Charles Fisk 2419: 2412: 2394: 2370: 2346: 2321: 2312: 2293: 2274:(6): 821–834. 2257: 2232: 2225: 2204: 2189: 2170: 2155: 2143: 2131: 2110:10.2307/277066 2088: 2059: 2052: 2046:. p. 56. 2030: 2008: 1985: 1959: 1934: 1913: 1888: 1869: 1848: 1815: 1808: 1788: 1781: 1761: 1754: 1745:Cloud Dynamics 1734: 1721: 1701: 1662: 1619: 1589: 1559: 1534: 1479: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1444:Water scarcity 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1403: 1400: 1315: 1312: 1275:climate change 1232:climate change 1224:South Carolina 1149: 1146: 1083:and even into 989:Rocky Mountain 970: 967: 914: 911: 858:in June 1991. 856:Mount Pinatubo 785: 782: 769: 766: 705: 702: 662: 659: 650: 647: 633:Pulitzer Prize 623:John Steinbeck 608:Atlantic Ocean 579:of the virgin 534:Main article: 531: 528: 498: 495: 466: 463: 460: 459: 436:appears to be 433: 431: 424: 406: 405: 386: 384: 377: 371: 368: 329:government of 283:climate change 266: 263: 259:space sunshade 239:climate change 179: 176: 149: 146: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5658: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5622: 5621:United States 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5555: 5553: 5548: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5462:West Virginia 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5367:New Hampshire 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5327:Massachusetts 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5195: 5193: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5172: 5171: 5170:South America 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5148:North America 5146: 5145: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5065:French Guiana 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5004: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4983:United States 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4810: 4801: 4796: 4794: 4789: 4787: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4614:Oklahoma City 4612: 4610: 4609:New York City 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4449:West Virginia 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4354:New Hampshire 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4314:Massachusetts 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4050: 4044: 4043:United States 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3861: 3856: 3850: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3772: 3766: 3750: 3744: 3728: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3675: 3664:September 27, 3660: 3656: 3649: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3609: 3602: 3588:on 2015-09-12 3587: 3583: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3506:on 2012-07-19 3505: 3501: 3494: 3475: 3469: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3427:on 2009-05-06 3426: 3422: 3416: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3359: 3353: 3337: 3331: 3315: 3309: 3290: 3284: 3270: 3263: 3257: 3243:on 2008-09-05 3242: 3238: 3232: 3217: 3211: 3196: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3128: 3122: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3079:on 2009-03-31 3078: 3074: 3073: 3066: 3050: 3044: 3028: 3022: 3008:on 2010-06-15 3004: 3000: 2993: 2987: 2971: 2965: 2949: 2943: 2927: 2921: 2905: 2899: 2883: 2877: 2861: 2855: 2839: 2833: 2817: 2811: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2770: 2764: 2756: 2750: 2742: 2740:9780788141638 2736: 2732: 2731: 2723: 2715: 2709: 2701: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2682: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2619:on 2011-07-25 2618: 2614: 2608: 2594: 2588: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2521: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2488: 2473: 2467: 2453: 2452: 2445: 2431: 2430: 2423: 2415: 2413:0-19-509514-6 2409: 2405: 2398: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2356: 2350: 2335: 2328: 2326: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2246: 2239: 2237: 2228: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2200: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2166: 2159: 2153:, p. 330 2152: 2147: 2140: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2078:on 2021-01-26 2077: 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