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of various studies on IPV, 19.7% of women were found to have experienced violence by their male partners at some point, while 16.8% of women experienced violence in the past year. Similarly, approximately 10% of women had experienced sexual violence at some point in their life, while 5.4% of women experienced sexual violence in the past year. Men are also more likely than women to acknowledge that the wife had suffered violence in their relationship, which attests to the general under reporting phenomenon with male-on-female violence. Domestic violence also increased with sexual jealousy, with male-on-female violence becoming more likely if the woman was jealous and mutual hitting was more likely if the man was jealous.
957:, dressed up as brides on streets in Beijing wearing wedding dresses with red stains to represent blood and wearing heavy make-up as if they were beaten. Some of them also held up signs with slogans against domestic violence. In December 2012, more young Chinese women's rights activists went on the street to protest against domestic violence in a similar fashion in five major Chinese cities: Hangzhou, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xi'an, and Dongguan. Later in 2013 and 2014, similar performances occurred on the street in other cities including Zhengzhou, Yunnan, and Shenzhen. Historically, they are collectively referred to as "The Bloody Brides" campaign.
1015:. Although a more common sentiment prior to the 1980s, the saying "beating is caring and scolding is intimacy" still holds traction for some families. A study of Hong Kong minors in May 1998 found that 52.9% of Chinese families experienced instances of minor violence (throwing objects, pushing, slapping) against children, and 46.1% of Chinese families experienced instances of severe violence (kicking, punching, threatening or beating with a weapon). A 2001 survey by the China Law Society corroborated these results, finding that 71.9% of the 3543 people surveyed had been beaten by their parents when they were children.
736:
683:) depicts a woman cleaning with a broom. Having only a reproductive role in the family, the wife was typically dependent on the husband and therefore unable to protest or leave when she was beaten. Moreover, the act of protesting against one's husband not only disrupted the social harmony of the family, but also demonstrated a lack of obedience and modesty—if a wife were to leave her husband, she would dishonor her family and provoke the disdain of the community.
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641:, and other domestic couples. Domestic violence is a prevalent issue throughout China, with rural areas being particularly affected. The majority of women enduring domestic violence, accounting for 40% of cases in China, reside in rural regions. Despite the government's ongoing initiatives to eliminate poverty, rural areas continue to grapple with elevated poverty rates, which consequently amplify the risk factors associated with domestic violence.
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interconnected relationship between abuse and discipline in
Chinese families—parents generally see sons and single children as the future of the household and are consequently more strict with their upbringing. Despite its prevalence, child abuse is taken relatively lightly in the Chinese legal system. In 1998, child maltreatment cases comprised 0.29% of all cases for the People's Court in Beijing.
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rates from 1.6% of women to approximately a quarter of women that were beaten by their husbands at some point. As no studies were available to compare these numbers to prior to the 1980s, it was difficult to make qualitative assessments on the varying results; however, researchers were doubtful that these figures were an accurate representation of the scale of domestic violence in China.
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Following the 1980s, a mixture of factors including China's increasing international presence, improved academic and employment opportunities for women, and a more open political climate led to strengthened efforts to address domestic violence and, in particular, violence against women. This included
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A 2004 International Family
Planning Perspectives survey found that, including mutual violence, 34% of respondents had experienced male-on-female violence and 18% had experienced female-on-male violence. In addition, 12% of women and 5% of men reported suffering severe violence. In a 2008 meta-study
636:
Domestic violence is legally defined in
Article 2 of the Domestic Violence Law of 2015 as "physical, psychological or other infractions between family members affected through the use of methods such as beatings, restraints, maiming, restrictions on physical liberty as well as recurrent verbal abuse
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report found that 1 out of 4 Chinese women had experienced physical violence from their partner in the past year. Although China acknowledged that domestic violence was a problem in the 1930s, it has only become a visible issue in the past few decades due to economic and social changes in the 1980s.
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and the Third Survey of Social Status of Women by the ACWF reported that in the year of 2010 alone, 24.7% of women aged between 24 and 60 experienced domestic violence in different forms and the ACWF received about 40,000 - 50,000 complaints about domestic violence. These incidents continue despite
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Compared to the 15% of women in urban settings, 28.3% of women in rural settings reported violence by a male partner. Moreover, while younger age increased the likelihood of abuse for women in urban settings, greater age was found to correlate with the likelihood of abuse for women in rural areas.
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release reports on domestic violence issues revealing the number of cases and victims, there currently is no well-organized official database. News and related articles calling for more attention, even in official news reports by the ACWF use the same statistics repeatedly while up-to-date surveys
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According to the report published in 2017 on the implementation of the
Domestic Violence Law of 2015, there are more than 2,000 shelter locations provided for victims of domestic violence across the country. However, most of these shelters are not very well-equipped for providing assistance to the
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legally defined domestic violence as "behavior towards a family member that results in injurious consequences physically, emotionally, or in other ways by 'beating, tying up, injuring, forcibly restricting one's personal freedom, or by other means.'" The amendment included three important changes:
722:
As public awareness of the domestic violence issue grew, initial studies on domestic violence began to appear. Different studies by the ACWF, the
Beijing Institute of Marriage and Family, the Population Research Institute at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and other organizations reported
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hosted in China in 1995, in particular, allowed
Chinese activists to come in contact with numerous international women's organizations and openly discuss the issue of domestic violence. During this period, grassroots women's organizations such as the Women's Research Institute were being founded,
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The Hong Kong study further found that children aged 3–6 were most likely to suffer from child abuse, and boys were more likely to suffer from severe violence by their parents than girls. The likelihood of physical abuse also increased if a child had no siblings. These trends largely reflect the
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in 2022, where the reported filed cases related to domestic violence rose to 94,571. The proportion of families undertaking the influence of domestic violence still hovers at a level of 30%, among a total of 270 million families in China. Over 100 thousand families "have been destructed" due to
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on May 29, 2020. The civil code requires
Chinese couples filing for consensual divorce to wait 30 days in order to rethink their decision to apply. According to its creators, the purpose of the "cooling-off period" is to discourage impulsive divorces, especially for couples with young children.
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In 2022, China's highest court issued guidelines that make it easier for domestic violence victims to obtain personal protection orders. The guidelines broadens the definition of domestic violence to include additional conduct such as stalking, harassment, and verbal abuse; it also lowers the
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call for the wife to obey her father, husband, and son while maintaining a modest and moral lifestyle. While
Confucianism also advocates for social harmony and peace, beating one's wife was considered an appropriate way to discipline her. As the household was the man's domain, any violence he
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all contain provisions that prohibit the abuse of women and family members in general. Even though domestic violence had been implicitly and then officially illegal, in reality there were no mechanisms through which abused women could seek legal reparations in the 20th century.
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As a consequence of the hierarchical structure, the husband has traditionally been the main provider for the family while the wife has been the caretaker—this relationship was even apparent in the
Chinese language, as one of the traditional characters for a woman
908:
Although the "cooling-off period" does not apply to spouses seeking divorce due to domestic violence or extramarital affairs, it has received criticism for not protecting women from their husbands' domestic abuse. Prominent
Chinese feminist
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which called for the prevention of domestic violence to be a large priority. Although this was the first time in which domestic violence was explicitly mentioned, it had already been made implicitly illegal by various legal documents. The
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Domestic violence was also found to be more likely in central areas and the North than in the South, with rates of 22%, 14%, and 11% respectively. Female-on-male violence was found to be more prominent in the North than in other areas.
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proposed China's first domestic violence law. The law was passed by Parliament in July 2015, and took effect on March 1, 2016. The law reaffirms the advancements made in previous laws and offers a few novel provisions:
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Some social work service centers, women-rights organizations, and women and children legal support centers also provided shelter and legal support to victims and/or launched local campaigns against domestic violence.
520:
3612:
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Wang, X. (2004). ‘Domestic violence’ in China in T. Jie, Z. Bijun and S. L. Mow (eds), Holding up Half the Sky: Chinese Women Past, Present, and Future, New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York,
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While violence against women is the most common manifestation of domestic violence, it is not the only form. Domestic violence includes violence against any member within a household by a relative or partner.
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Article 19 calls for legal aid organizations to provide legal aid to victims of domestic violence and for courts to "delay, reduce, or waive litigation fees for victims of domestic violence in accordance with
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believes that the law has the potential to harm women's rights, as the rate of determination of domestic violence in divorce cases is low in judicial practice. Additionally, users online on platforms such as
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domestic violence each year over the past decade. In the filed cases, 70% of the victims combine both female member and the child who undertook violence from the male member in the family of three to four.
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Tang, Catherine So-Kum; Lai, Beatrice Pui-Yee (2008). "A Review of Empirical Literature on the Prevalence and Risk Markers of Male-on-Female Intimate Partner Violence in Contemporary China, 1987–2006".
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Article 43 calls on the neighborhood committee or villagers committee to mediate cases of family violence, take measures to stop the violence, and impose administrative penalties on the offender.
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on anti-domestic violence work revealed that the proportion of women suffering from both physical and mental impacts of domestic violence in marriage has dropped to 8.6%, from 13.8% in 2010.
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In the early 20th century, wife-beating was still a regularly occurring practice and deemed to be an acceptable tool to assert male dominance. Although there were organizations such as the
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A 2004 survey by the ACWF found that 16% of families experiences male-on-female violence, whereas 30% of families had experienced domestic violence in general. In more recent years, the
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Liu, Lydia; Karl, Rebecca; Ko, Dorothy (12 March 2013). The Birth of Chinese Feminism: Essential Texts in Transnational Theory (pp. 114). New York: Columbia University Press.
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Historically, Chinese families followed a hierarchical structure in which the husband had authority over most household decisions. This patriarchal ordering has its roots in
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victims often because they do not have the resources to the basic needs of victims or the staff is not knowledgeable enough about how to help domestic violence victims.
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Article 21 empowers courts to revoke guardianship and appoint another guardian in cases of child abuse (and requires offenders to continue to provide financial support).
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The first form of legal defense for victims of domestic violence appeared in the 2001 amendment to the Second Marriage Law. In a judicial interpretation of the law, the
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also expressed frustration with the government's involvement in private interpersonal relationships, using the hashtag "oppose the divorce cool-off period".
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If either party fails to apply for a divorce certificate within the 30 days after the "cooling-off period", the divorce application will be withdrawn.
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Zhang, Lu (21 June 2009). "Domestic violence network in China: Translating the transnational concept of violence against women into local action".
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Article 32(3)(2) holds that if mediation fails, divorce will be allowed if there are instances of family violence, maltreatment, or abandonment.
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With respect to children, domestic violence in China is a largely ignored issue due to the nebulous distinction between discipline and
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Consensual divorce is to be a five step process: application, acceptance, cooling-off period, review, and registration (certification).
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Article 23 allows victims of domestic violence to apply for a personal safety protection order (the equivalent of a restraining order).
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or intimidation." Although the legal definition is confined to family members, domestic violence can also occur between unmarried,
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Within 30 days after the end of the "cooling-off period", both parties must apply for the issuance of a divorce certificate.
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2707:
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2238:
1976:
Tang, Catherine So-kum (May 1998). "The Rate of Physical Child Abuse in Chinese Families: A Community Survey in Hong Kong"
883:) was implemented by the Chinese government on January 1, 2021. It is part of China's first ever civil code, passed by the
595:
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1990:
Qiao, D.P.; Chan, Y.C. (2005). "Child Abuse in China: a Yet-to-Be-Acknowledged 'Social Problem' in the Chinese Mainland".
2218:
1227:
Leggett, Angela (2016). "Online Civic Engagement and the Anti-Violence Movement in China: Shifting and Influencing Law".
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699:, these state-established organizations did not exert much effort on domestic violence issues in the mid 20th century.
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If one spouse changes their mind about divorce within the month-long period, the divorce application can be withdrawn.
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took it one step forward and explicitly stated in Article 46 that "Domestic violence against women is prohibited."
658:, which establishes codes of conduct for women that typically places them below their husbands. In particular, the
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3219:
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Palmer, Michael (2007). "On China's Slow Boat to Women's Rights: Revisions to the Women's Protection Law, 2005".
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Xu, Xiao; Zhu, Fengchuan; O'Campo, Patricia; Koenig, Michael A.; Mock, Victoria; Campbell, Jacquelyn (2005).
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committed against his wife was generally seen as his family's private matter and subsequently disregarded.
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450:
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Gilmartin, C. (1990). Violence against women in contemporary China. In J. Lipman & S. Harrell (Eds.),
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In an effort to combat the nation's increasing divorce rates, the mandatory divorce "cooling-off period" (
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Article 6 emphasizes the need for more publicity and education on the issue in schools and in the media.
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2047:"Intimate Partner Violence in China: National Prevalence, Risk Factors and Associated Health Problems"
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Article 37 expands the law to cover domestic violence between persons who are not family members.
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1762:"China: Couples rush for getting divorce after new law requiring 'cooling-off' period kicks in"
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affirmed the steps taken in the Marriage Law amendments. In particular, the amendments to the
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Article 46(3) and (4) grants the victim of domestic violence the right to claim compensation.
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707:, who campaigned against domestic violence, particularly in rural communities in the 1980s.
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laws against domestic violence due to deeply rooted patriarchal norms in Chinese society.
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1533:"In the Name of Harmony: The Erasure of Domestic Violence in China's Judicial Mediation"
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involves violence or abuse by intimate partners or family members against one another.
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2003:
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1324:"Enduring Violence and Staying in Marriage: Stories of Battered Women in Rural China"
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467:
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376:
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Violence or abuse by intimate partners or family members against one another in China
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Xu, Xiaohe (1997). "The Prevalence and Determination of Wife Abuse in Urban China".
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1710:"China's divorce rates rise, govt mulls 30-day cooling-off period for couples"
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On Valentine's Day of 2012, a group of Chinese feminist activists, including
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breaking into a field of activism that only the ACWF historically occupied.
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2210:
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1653:"New law requires 30-day waiting period before Chinese couples can divorce"
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Articles 1076, 1077, and 1078 of the Civil Code stipulate the following:
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2012:
1088:"Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence in China"
85:
1138:"Activism Against Domestic Violence in the People's Republic of China"
992:
The ACWF released its latest data on domestic violence along with the
1635:"Year After Detentions, Chinese Feminists Mark Setbacks and Progress"
1500:"Domestic Violence in China: In Search of Legal and Social Responses"
921:
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General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China
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conferences geared towards women and family issues in the 1990s. The
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90:
70:
2113:
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2046:
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2455:
2393:
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Requests for divorce are not processed until the 30 days is over.
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A large factor for this change was China's involvement in various
2368:
415:
1572:
Xuejun, Zhang (2002). "Amendment of the Marriage Law in China".
1941:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006: China, (2007)"
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676:
456:
948:
2314:
2163:
935:
638:
158:
1814:"Domestic violence guideline provides enhanced safeguards"
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In terms of detailed statistics, though the ACWF and the
1385:(pp. 209). New York: State University of New York Press.
1838:
1836:
1834:
1808:
1806:
1383:
Violence in China: Essays in culture and counterculture
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Domestic Violence Law of the People's Republic of China
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Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO)
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Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests
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1574:
International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family
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International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family
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Post-assault treatment of victims of sexual assault
1980:22 (5): 381–391. dos:10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00010-6
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922:July 2022 Guidelines by the Supreme People's Court
770:Domestic violence was first mentioned in the 1995
796:
3663:
1917:"DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN CHINA | Facts and Details"
1264:"DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN CHINA | Facts and Details"
863:Divorce "Cooling-off Period" Restriction of 2021
831:
2957:Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America
1229:International Society for Third-Sector Research
3165:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
777:Constitution of the People's Republic of China
772:National Program for the Development of Women,
649:
3286:
3272:
2129:
596:
3210:National Coalition Against Domestic Violence
1738:"民政部关于贯彻落实《中华人民共和国民法典》中有关婚姻登记规定的通知_其他_中国政府网"
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1285:
1283:
622:(IPV) by the man is the most common type of
987:State Council of People's Republic of China
960:
949:Anti-domestic Violence Grassroots Campaigns
783:, the Second Marriage Law of 1980, and the
3279:
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2136:
2122:
2051:International Family Planning Perspectives
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2011:
1601:The International Journal of Human Rights
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2502:Effects of domestic violence on children
1989:
1844:"《中华人民共和国反对家庭暴力法》实施监测报告发布--人民网公益频道--人民网"
1317:
1315:
1313:
1205:
1203:
1134:
936:Legal Services and Governmental Entities
1414:"3.8妇女节 | 性别平等：撬动村庄变革的支点 - 三农议题 人民食物主权"
1321:
1226:
1217:
1178:
1128:
1037:
703:local initiatives, such as the work of
3664:
2784:Domestic violence in Christian culture
2088:
2044:
1954:"实用指南｜警惕那些"隐形"的家庭暴力，先识别，才能反击！-律师随笔|律图"
1598:
1571:
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994:National Bureau of Statistics of China
979:National Bureau of Statistics of China
971:National Bureau of Statistics of China
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1983:
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1677:
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1633:Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (7 March 2016).
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1445:
1443:
1310:
1292:Journal of Comparative Family Studies
1200:
1022:
644:
537:Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes
2789:Domestic violence in Islamic culture
2239:Sexual violence by intimate partners
1892:"五城市女青年以"染血的婚纱"行为艺术反对家庭暴力-浙江新闻-浙江在线"
1530:
1497:
730:
2219:Genital modification and mutilation
1488:
1452:Women's Studies International Forum
1406:
1169:
726:
13:
3215:National Domestic Violence Hotline
1754:
1727:
1670:
1640:
1440:
1289:
974:are conducted with joint efforts.
14:
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3158:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
1214:, unofficial English translation.
1092:American Journal of Public Health
686:
660:Three Obediences and Four Virtues
629:American Journal of Public Health
3645:
3636:
3635:
2004:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2005.00347.x
1914:
1322:Liu, Meng; Chan, Cecila (1999).
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930:
734:
2552:Management of domestic violence
2436:Domestic violence and pregnancy
2267:Domestic violence and pregnancy
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2079:
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2020:
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1933:
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1702:
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1531:He, Xin; Ng, Kwai Hang (2013).
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1479:
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1431:
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1182:Aggression and Violent Behavior
3603:British Indian Ocean Territory
1992:Child & Family Social Work
1868:"北京女大学生情人节发起行为艺术反对伴侣暴力 - 中文国际"
1504:UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal
1255:
1079:
797:Marriage Law Amendment of 2001
1:
3172:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
3080:What's Love Got to Do with It
2512:Parental bullying of children
2492:Adverse childhood experiences
2431:Domestic violence against men
1073:
1029:Domestic violence against men
832:Domestic Violence Law of 2015
765:
482:International legal framework
3682:Domestic violence by country
2476:Social emotional development
1943:. (accessed on May 12, 2016)
1816:. 2022-07-18. Archived from
1788:. 2022-07-18. Archived from
1416:. 2021-03-07. Archived from
693:All-China Women's Federation
577:Violence against LGBT people
451:Online gender-based violence
147:Violence against prostitutes
7:
3130:Contemporary Family Therapy
2379:Passive-aggressive behavior
2292:Situational couple violence
2045:Parish, William L. (2004).
1155:10.1177/1077801203009006002
1046:
1000:
820:The 2005 amendments to the
650:Traditional family dynamics
10:
3703:
2542:Domestic violence hotlines
2466:Parental abuse by children
2099:Parish et al. 2004, p. 177
1939:U.S. Department of State.
1464:10.1016/j.wsif.2009.05.017
1135:Milwertz, Cecilia (2003).
1026:
1004:
885:National People's Congress
695:(ACWF) established by the
616:Domestic violence in China
117:Sexual violence statistics
3631:
3590:
3550:
3292:
3287:Domestic violence in Asia
3233:
3192:
3121:
3089:
2980:
2943:The Conspiracy of Silence
2927:
2920:
2860:
2804:
2797:
2776:
2570:
2534:
2522:Stress in early childhood
2484:
2446:Intimate partner violence
2418:
2411:
2359:Major depressive disorder
2300:
2247:
2209:
2202:
2169:Abusive power and control
2151:
1978:Child Abuse & Neglect
1613:10.1080/13642980601176316
1340:10.1177/10778019922183471
1241:10.1007/s11266-016-9680-9
1194:10.1016/j.avb.2007.06.001
1068:Intimate partner violence
716:World Conference on Women
620:Intimate partner violence
436:Intimate partner violence
329:Female genital mutilation
107:Causes of sexual violence
3352:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3151:Journal of Family Issues
2282:Murder of pregnant women
1657:South China Morning Post
1104:10.2105/AJPH.2003.023978
961:Incidence and statistics
3672:Women's rights in China
3613:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3246:Domestic violence court
3066:Sleeping with the Enemy
2108:Tang et al. 2008, p. 23
2085:Tang et al. 2008, p. 22
1691:(in Simplified Chinese)
1586:10.1093/lawfam/16.3.399
1403:Tang et al. 2008, p. 12
985:A 2021 report from the
697:Chinese Communist Party
288:Secondary victimisation
112:Child sexual initiation
99:Sexual assault and rape
3241:Battered woman defense
3179:Violence Against Women
2562:Prevention initiatives
2471:Same-sex relationships
2229:Birth control sabotage
2174:Conflict tactics scale
2035:Qiao et al. 2005, p.23
1786:"权威发布 - 中华人民共和国最高人民法院"
1476:Tang et al 2008, p. 14
1328:Violence Against Women
1143:Violence Against Women
826:Women's Protection Law
822:Women's Protection Law
803:Supreme People's Court
791:
743:This section is empty.
572:Violence against women
32:Violence against women
2234:Reproductive coercion
1872:www.chinadaily.com.cn
1549:10.1093/lawfam/ebs014
1498:Zhao, Yuhong (2000).
1485:Milwertz 2003, p. 637
1437:Milwertz 2003, p. 636
1394:Milwertz 2003, p. 630
1363:Xu et al. 2005, p. 78
927:threshold for proof.
446:Marry-your-rapist law
441:Marriage by abduction
298:Virgin cleansing myth
3527:United Arab Emirates
3038:Looking for Angelina
1848:gongyi.people.com.cn
1685:"中国设立"离婚冷静期" 为何引发争议"
1038:Regional differences
873:Traditional Chinese:
673:Traditional Chinese:
431:Forced sterilisation
127:Cybersex trafficking
3554:limited recognition
2950:Defending Our Lives
2837:Nicola Graham-Kevan
2507:Narcissistic parent
2334:Emotional blackmail
1921:factsanddetails.com
1517:10.5070/P8182022139
1268:factsanddetails.com
869:Simplified Chinese:
669:Simplified Chinese:
122:Forced prostitution
3205:ManKind Initiative
3052:One Minute to Nine
3045:Once Were Warriors
2812:Jacquelyn Campbell
2384:Setting up to fail
2374:Narcissistic abuse
1896:zjnews.zjol.com.cn
1023:Gender differences
836:In November 2014,
645:History and causes
362:Narcissistic abuse
3659:
3658:
3596:other territories
3254:
3253:
3188:
3187:
2916:
2915:
2530:
2529:
2407:
2406:
2194:Traumatic bonding
2184:Cycle of violence
2145:Domestic violence
2026:Tang 1998, p. 388
1334:(12): 1469–1492.
1063:Domestic violence
838:the State Council
763:
762:
626:in China; a 2005
624:domestic violence
613:
612:
468:Toxic masculinity
400:Droit du seigneur
377:Domestic violence
132:Human trafficking
3694:
3649:
3639:
3638:
3608:Christmas Island
3294:Sovereign states
3281:
3274:
3267:
3258:
3257:
3144:Family Relations
3112:The War on Women
2989:American Tragedy
2925:
2924:
2802:
2801:
2416:
2415:
2389:Silent treatment
2339:False accusation
2207:
2206:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1840:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1706:
1700:
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1697:
1696:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1649:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1607:(1–2): 151–177.
1596:
1590:
1589:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1495:
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1477:
1474:
1468:
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1447:
1438:
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1198:
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1176:
1167:
1166:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1083:
758:
755:
745:You can help by
738:
731:
727:Form and effects
605:
598:
591:
426:Forced pregnancy
19:
18:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3687:Family in China
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3627:
3595:
3586:
3567:Northern Cyprus
3553:
3546:
3288:
3285:
3255:
3250:
3229:
3184:
3117:
3098:Life with Billy
3085:
3017:The Burning Bed
2976:
2912:
2856:
2832:David Finkelhor
2793:
2772:
2566:
2557:Women's shelter
2526:
2480:
2403:
2296:
2243:
2198:
2147:
2142:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2064:10.1363/3017404
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1958:wenji.64365.com
1952:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1915:Hays, Jeffrey.
1913:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1714:Hindustan Times
1708:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1662:
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1650:
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1525:
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1489:
1484:
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1475:
1471:
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1407:
1402:
1398:
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1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1320:
1311:
1288:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1262:Hays, Jeffrey.
1260:
1256:
1225:
1218:
1208:
1201:
1177:
1170:
1133:
1129:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1009:
1003:
963:
951:
938:
933:
924:
865:
834:
799:
794:
768:
759:
753:
750:
729:
689:
652:
647:
609:
562:Sex and the law
542:Women's shelter
463:Sexual bullying
421:Forced marriage
411:Forced abortion
334:Gishiri cutting
303:Widow cleansing
293:Sexual violence
17:
12:
11:
5:
3700:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3677:Crime in China
3674:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
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3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
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3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3137:Family Process
3133:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3105:Mommie Dearest
3101:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2996:Black and Blue
2992:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2971:Sin by Silence
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2929:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2908:Deborah Tucker
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2883:Elizabeth Celi
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:Ruahine Albert
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2847:Linda Saltzman
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2763:United Kingdom
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2322:
2320:Economic abuse
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:Cycle of abuse
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2101:
2087:
2078:
2057:(4): 174–181.
2037:
2028:
2019:
1982:
1969:
1945:
1932:
1907:
1883:
1859:
1830:
1802:
1777:
1753:
1726:
1701:
1669:
1639:
1626:
1591:
1580:(3): 399–499.
1564:
1554:
1523:
1510:(2): 211–251.
1487:
1478:
1469:
1458:(3): 227–239.
1439:
1430:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1374:
1365:
1353:
1309:
1298:(3): 280–303.
1279:
1254:
1216:
1199:
1168:
1149:(6): 630–654.
1127:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:Crime in China
1055:
1053:Women in China
1048:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1024:
1021:
1002:
999:
962:
959:
950:
947:
937:
934:
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923:
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906:
905:
902:
899:
896:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
853:
850:
846:
833:
830:
818:
817:
814:
811:
798:
795:
793:
790:
767:
764:
761:
760:
741:
739:
728:
725:
712:United Nations
688:
687:Recent history
685:
651:
648:
646:
643:
611:
610:
608:
607:
600:
593:
585:
582:
581:
580:
579:
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564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
531:
530:
529:Related topics
526:
525:
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523:
518:
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503:
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493:
485:
484:
478:
477:
476:
475:
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460:
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396:
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389:
384:
374:
369:
364:
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355:
351:
350:
349:
348:
343:
342:
341:
336:
326:
324:Breast ironing
321:
313:
312:
308:
307:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
284:
283:
278:
273:
268:
261:Sexual assault
258:
257:
256:
251:
249:Unacknowledged
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
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176:
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151:
150:
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144:
142:Sexual slavery
139:
134:
129:
119:
114:
109:
101:
100:
96:
95:
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93:
88:
83:
78:
76:Pregnant women
73:
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63:
58:
53:
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40:
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35:
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28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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3577:South Ossetia
3575:
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3560:
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3557:
3555:
3549:
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3213:
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3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:Organizations
3191:
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3141:
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2964:Silent Voices
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2827:Mary Ellsberg
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2517:Sibling abuse
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2500:
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2325:Embarrassment
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2318:
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2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2302:Psychological
2299:
2293:
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2283:
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2278:
2277:Honor killing
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2265:
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2262:Bride burning
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2014:
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1986:
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1911:
1897:
1893:
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1849:
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1820:on 2022-07-18
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1420:on 2021-03-07
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931:Other Efforts
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754:December 2023
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511:Belém do Pará
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416:Force-feeding
414:
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397:
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392:and pregnancy
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311:Disfigurement
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137:Fetish slaves
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59:
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56:Honor killing
54:
52:
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47:
46:Bride burning
44:
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42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
3592:Dependencies
3522:Turkmenistan
3487:Saudi Arabia
3341:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3110:
3103:
3096:
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3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2936:A Better Man
2934:
2842:Denise Hines
2733:South Africa
2728:Saudi Arabia
2617:
2547:Duluth model
2426:Bride-buying
2399:Verbal abuse
2349:Intimidation
2224:Marital rape
2189:Epidemiology
2104:
2081:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2031:
2022:
1998:(1): 21–27.
1995:
1991:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1961:. Retrieved
1957:
1948:
1935:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:
1910:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1871:
1862:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:the original
1794:. Retrieved
1790:the original
1780:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:
1756:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:
1718:. Retrieved
1716:. 2020-01-01
1713:
1704:
1693:. Retrieved
1688:
1661:. Retrieved
1659:. 2020-05-31
1656:
1629:
1604:
1600:
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1557:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1507:
1503:
1481:
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1455:
1451:
1433:
1422:. Retrieved
1418:the original
1408:
1399:
1390:
1377:
1368:
1331:
1327:
1295:
1291:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:
1257:
1232:
1228:
1210:
1188:(1): 10–28.
1185:
1181:
1146:
1142:
1130:
1098:(1): 78–85.
1095:
1091:
1081:
1041:
1032:
1017:
1010:
991:
984:
976:
968:
964:
952:
943:
939:
925:
907:
890:
881:lěng jìng qī
880:
866:
835:
825:
821:
819:
800:
784:
771:
769:
751:
747:adding to it
742:
721:
709:
701:
690:
680:
665:
656:Confucianism
653:
635:
627:
615:
614:
473:Witch trials
455:
398:
372:Dating abuse
354:Other issues
346:Foot binding
339:Infibulation
169:By Deception
164:Acquaintance
3651:Asia portal
3552:States with
3472:Philippines
3412:South Korea
3407:North Korea
3302:Afghanistan
3200:Gulabi Gang
3122:Periodicals
2981:Other films
2903:Erin Pizzey
2898:Ellen Pence
2738:South Korea
2708:Philippines
2668:New Zealand
2497:Child abuse
2441:Elder abuse
2344:Gaslighting
2329:Humiliation
2272:Dowry death
2257:Acid attack
2013:10397/29677
1689:BBC News 中文
1543:(1): 1–19.
1235:(5): 1–27.
1013:child abuse
1007:Child abuse
955:Li Tingting
911:Li Tingting
567:Victimology
547:25 November
406:Eve teasing
367:Gaslighting
319:Acid attack
66:Infanticide
51:Dowry death
3666:Categories
3532:Uzbekistan
3507:Tajikistan
3422:Kyrgyzstan
3402:Kazakhstan
3322:Bangladesh
3312:Azerbaijan
3073:Submission
3010:Bordertown
2888:Anne Cools
2878:Sarah Buel
2743:Tajikistan
2598:Bangladesh
2535:Prevention
2364:Mind games
1963:2023-11-02
1926:2023-09-06
1901:2019-03-30
1877:2019-03-30
1853:2019-03-30
1824:2022-07-18
1796:2022-07-18
1771:2021-04-25
1747:2021-04-25
1742:www.gov.cn
1720:2021-04-26
1695:2021-04-25
1663:2021-04-25
1424:2022-04-13
1273:2023-06-13
1074:References
1027:See also:
1005:See also:
766:Prevention
557:By country
552:6 February
387:management
276:In Service
234:Statistics
224:Prevention
174:Corrective
86:Sororicide
3618:Hong Kong
3572:Palestine
3497:Sri Lanka
3492:Singapore
3372:Indonesia
3024:Daughters
2861:Activists
2805:Academics
2663:Lithuania
2593:Australia
2578:Argentina
2354:Isolation
1621:144624902
1348:145693992
1249:147194751
705:Liang Jun
239:Statutory
219:Pregnancy
199:Genocidal
91:Uxoricide
71:Matricide
3641:Category
3562:Abkhazia
3512:Thailand
3467:Pakistan
3447:Mongolia
3442:Maldives
3437:Malaysia
3337:Cambodia
3059:Provoked
2777:Religion
2748:Thailand
2698:Paraguay
2688:Pakistan
2623:Colombia
2485:Children
2461:Misogyny
2456:Misandry
2394:Stalking
2310:Bullying
2249:Physical
2073:15590383
1562:179–192.
1304:41603520
1163:73158161
1122:15623864
1047:See also
1001:Children
521:Istanbul
61:Femicide
24:a series
22:Part of
3537:Vietnam
3452:Myanmar
3432:Lebanon
3362:Georgia
3317:Bahrain
3307:Armenia
3225:Respect
3003:Blinded
2798:Experts
2713:Romania
2678:Nigeria
2628:Ecuador
2603:Bolivia
2588:Albania
2583:Armenia
2571:Country
2451:Lesbian
2412:Victims
2369:Nagging
2159:Outline
2152:General
1113:1449856
382:outline
254:Wartime
214:Marital
204:History
189:Factors
184:Effects
38:Killing
3582:Taiwan
3517:Turkey
3482:Russia
3417:Kuwait
3397:Jordan
3387:Israel
3347:Cyprus
3332:Brunei
3327:Bhutan
3220:Refuge
3031:Enough
2758:Uganda
2753:Turkey
2718:Russia
2693:Panama
2683:Norway
2673:Norway
2653:Mexico
2638:Guyana
2608:Brazil
2419:Adults
2211:Sexual
2071:
1619:
1346:
1302:
1247:
1161:
1120:
1110:
877:Pinyin
779:, the
677:Pinyin
516:Maputo
457:Raptio
266:Campus
244:Threat
229:Prison
3623:Macau
3542:Yemen
3502:Syria
3477:Qatar
3457:Nepal
3392:Japan
3367:India
3357:Egypt
3342:China
3234:Legal
3090:Books
2921:Media
2723:Samoa
2658:Kenya
2643:India
2633:Ghana
2618:China
2613:Chile
2203:Forms
2164:Abuse
1617:S2CID
1344:S2CID
1300:JSTOR
1245:S2CID
1159:S2CID
916:Weibo
875:冷靜期;
871:冷静期;
849:law."
681:fù nǚ
506:DEVAW
496:CEDAW
491:DEDAW
271:Child
3462:Oman
3427:Laos
3382:Iraq
3377:Iran
2703:Peru
2648:Iran
2287:Sati
2069:PMID
1766:WION
1118:PMID
675:婦女;
671:妇女;
639:LGBT
501:VDPA
281:Mass
209:Laws
194:Gang
179:Date
159:Rape
81:Sati
3594:and
2059:doi
2008:hdl
2000:doi
1609:doi
1582:doi
1545:doi
1512:doi
1460:doi
1336:doi
1237:doi
1190:doi
1151:doi
1108:PMC
1100:doi
792:Law
749:.
3668::
2090:^
2067:.
2055:30
2053:.
2049:.
2006:.
1996:10
1994:.
1956:.
1919:.
1894:.
1870:.
1846:.
1833:^
1805:^
1764:.
1740:.
1729:^
1712:.
1687:.
1672:^
1655:.
1642:^
1615:.
1605:11
1603:.
1578:16
1576:.
1541:30
1539:.
1535:.
1508:18
1506:.
1502:.
1490:^
1456:32
1454:.
1442:^
1356:^
1342:.
1330:.
1326:.
1312:^
1296:28
1294:.
1282:^
1266:.
1243:.
1233:28
1231:.
1219:^
1202:^
1186:13
1184:.
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1157:.
1145:.
1141:.
1116:.
1106:.
1096:95
1094:.
1090:.
879::
679::
26:on
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2327:/
2137:e
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2075:.
2061::
2016:.
2010::
2002::
1966:.
1929:.
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1856:.
1827:.
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1723:.
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1192::
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1153::
1147:9
1124:.
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752:(
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590:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.