Knowledge

3693:, pp. 236–237: "Cupola, essentially a species of vault, constructed on a circular, elliptical, or polygonal plan, bulbous, segmental, semicircular, or pointed in vertical section. It can be built on top of a structure the plan of which is identical to that of the dome: if that structure's wall is circular or elliptical it is a drum (often pierced with windows) as in a rotunda. However, domes usually provide cover for a square- or rectangular-planned building or compartment, so adjustments are made to facilitate the transition from the square to the circular, elliptical, or polygonal base of the cupola or dome. This is achieved by means of pendentives (fragments of a sail-vault, resembling a species of concave, distorted, almost triangular spandrels, rising up from the corner at the top of the right-angled compartment to the circular or elliptical base of the drum or cupola) or squinches (small arch or series of parallel arches of increasing radius spanning the angle of the square compartment). Both the drum and cupola will have a diameter the same dimension as the side of the square on which the whole structure stands. Types of dome include: calotte: low cupola or saucer dome of segmental vertical section, like a skull-cap; cloister-vault: as domical vault; domical vault: cloister-vault, not a true dome, but formed of four or more (depending on the shape of the base) cells or webs forming groins where they touch vertically and rising to a point; melon: as parachute; Pantheon: low dome on the exterior, often stepped, resembling that of the Pantheon in Rome, and coffered on the interior, widely copied by Neo-Classical architects; parachute: melon, pumpkin, or umbrella dome standing on a scalloped circular base and formed of individual webs, segmental on plan, joined on groins or ribs. Each web has a concave interior and convex exterior so it resembles a parachute, rather than an umbrella; pumpkin: as parachute; sail dome: dome resembling a billowing sail over a square compartment with its diameter the same dimension as the diagonal instead of the side of the square below, enabling the structure to rise as though on pendentives but continuing without interruption. Pendentives are really part of a sail-dome and themselves are a species of sail-vault; umbrella: as parachute." 3308:, pp. 8–9: "The most primitive and natural shape, derived directly from a round hut made of pliable materials tied together at the top and covered with leaves, skins or thatch, was the pointed and slightly bulbous dome which is so common today among the backward tribes of Nubia and Africa (Fig. 93). This type of dome, resembling a truncated pine cone or beehive, is preserved in the tholos tombs of the Mediterranean (Fig. 63), the rock-cut tombs of Etruria and Sicily (Figs. 64, 65), in the Syrian qubab huts (Fig. 88), on the tomb of Bizzos (Fig. 61) and on many of the early Islamic mosques (Figs. 38-43). To distinguish this shape of dome from the geometric cone we will call it conoid, because of its recognized likeness to the actual pine cone. Other types of domical shapes, flatter and unpointed, were derived from the tent and preserved as tabernacles, ciboria and baldachins (Figs. 144-151). These tent forms, however, could be puffed-up and bulbous owing to the light framework of the roof, as is shown by the celestial baldachin above the great altar of Zeus at Pergamum (Fig. 106) and the Parthian dome among the reliefs of the arch of Septimius Severus at Rome (Fig. 228). There were also in Syria and other parts of the Roman Empire sacred rustic shelters whose ritualistic and domical coverings sometimes had an outward curving flange at the bottom of the dome as the thatch was bent out to form an overhang (Figs. 111-117). In other examples the curve of their light domical roof was broken by the horizontal bindings which held the thatch in place (Fig. 10). The hemispherical shape, which is today so commonly associated with the dome, undoubtedly acquired its geometric curve largely from the theoretical interests of the Greek mathematicians and the practical considerations of Roman mechanics. This Roman standardization of the domical shape, which made it easier to construct accurately in brick, stone and concrete, became the customary form of the antique domical vault." 3516:, pp. 126–127: "Dome. Vault of even curvature on a circular base. The section can be segmental, semicircular, pointed, or bulbous. If a dome is to be erected on a square base, members must be interpolated at the corners to mediate between the square and the circle. They can be pendentives of squinches. A pendentive is a spherical triangle; its curvature is that of a dome whose diameter is the diagonal is the diagonal of the initial square. The triangle is carried to the height which allows the erection on its top horizontal of the dome proper. A squinch is either an arch or arches of increasing radius projecting one in front of the other, or horizontal arches projecting in the same manner. If squinches are placed in the corners of the square and enough arches are erected on them they will result in a suitable base-line for the dome. In all these cases the dome will have the diameter of the length of one side of the square. It can be placed direct on the circular base-line, when this is achieved, or a drum, usually with windows, can be interpolated. If the dome has no drum and is segmental, it is called a saucer dome. If it has no drum and is semicircular, it is called a calotte. Another method of developing a dome out of a square is to take the diagonal of the square as the diameter of the dome. In this case the dome starts as if by pendentives, but their curvature is then continued without any break. Such domes are called sail vaults, because they resemble a sail with the four corners fixed and the wind blowing into it. A domical vault is not a dome proper. If on a square base, four webs (cells) rise to a point separated by groins (see vault). The same can be done on a polygonal base. An umbrella, parachute, pumpkin or melon dome is a dome on a circular base, but also divided into individual webs, each of which, however, has a base-line curved segmentally in plan and curved in elevation." 3828:, pp. 745–746: "A funicular masonry dome experiences no hoop stresses, whether tensile or compressive, so it is always on the verge of bursting. Shallow spheric domes maintain compressive stresses in each course and are therefore more stable than the "ideal" funicular form. Viable non-funicular domes also include Herrero's flat vault at the Escorial, and Mackenzie's 1840 concept of an inverted fan vault." "Masonry domes are often explained as free-standing arches rotated around a central axis, or as half-arches swept between a tension ring at the base and an ocular compression ring at the top. Such concepts aren't entirely inaccurate, but they are far from complete. They undervalue or ignore the circumferential compression in each course upon which the rising dome depends and which remains active in many completed structures. They also tend to ignore the vertical shear resistance that prevents inner and upper portions of the dome from crashing vertically down through outer and lower portions, and the horizontal shear resistance that allows lower parts of the dome to contain the thrust of upper parts. Visualizing the dome as a rotated arch implies that the bedding faces between subsequent courses of masonry need to be more or less normal to the section, which is the case in an arch, but not the case in a dome. Lastly, free-standing arches must be thick enough to contain their funicular. This is not true of domes. That the arch and funicular don't really explain of the structural behavior of domes should be clear from real world examples. The conical domes at Pisa and elsewhere, for example, the shallow domes of Byzantium, and the circular vaults at the Escorial are far from funicular. None of them would succeed if "un-rotated" into arches." 3368: 3801:, p. 519: "The absence of a common language is one of the reasons why nowadays there is a very big gap between the Architect and the Engineer. The introduction of new materials and techniques during the Industrial Revolution and the born of the first polytechnics in the 18th century, led to a different cultural approach to the design causing the born of different languages between Architects and Engineers. Nowadays, with the widespread of very complicated works of the architecture there is a huge need to bridge the gap between Architects and Engineers. In this context, focusing the attention on masonry domes, this paper aims at highlighting that Load Path Method seems to open new prospects in the search for a common language between engineers and architects to give voice, in harmony and in a single design, to formal, aesthetical, functional and structural aspects. According to LPM, a dome can be seen as a system of meridian arches joined by the parallel circles. The arches draw the paths of the vertical loads while the parallel circles draw the paths of the unbalanced thrusts. In fact, differently from the arches, in dome the equilibrium of the thrusts in every node is always possible because of the presence of the parallels." 3209:, p. 6: "The domical shape must be distinguished from domical vaulting because the dome, both as idea and as method of roofing, originated in pliable materials upon a primitive shelter and was later preserved, venerated, and translated into more permanent materials, largely for symbolic and traditional reasons. 1. At the primitive level the most prevalent and usually the earliest type of constructed shelter, whether a tent, pit house, earth lodge, or thatched cabin, was more or less circular in plan and covered by necessity with a curved roof. Therefore, in many parts of the ancient world the domical shape became habitually associated in men's memories with a central type of structure which was venerated as a tribal and ancestral shelter, a cosmic symbol, a house of appearances and a ritualistic abode. 2. Hence many widely separate cultures, whose architecture evolved from primitive methods of construction, had some tradition of an ancient and revered shelter which was distinguished by a curved roof, usually more or less domical in appearance, but sometimes hoop-shaped or conical." 3759:, p. 301: "Rounded vault covering an interior space. A very small dome roof, for example a lantern mounted on the eye of a dome proper (e.g. St Paul's Cathedral, London), is known as a cupola. In Italian cupola is used for a monumental dome." "A dome can either be composed of curved segments or be a shell of revolution. The dome at Florence Cathedral by Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) is segmental, octangular at every section. A shell of revolution is generated by rotating an arch about a vertical central axis. To produce a hemispherical surface the arch will be semicircular, but and shape of arch, similarly rotated, will give rise to a shell of revolution; and every horizontal cross-section is still circular. The simplest form of dome is that of such a shell of revolution: for example, the inner masonry dome of St Paul's Cathedral is roughly hemispherical, and has an open eye, while the main dome is conical; but both are shells of revolution, as is the surface of the timber outer dome. A dome can have either a single or a double shell." 523: 3323:, pp. 265–267: "Domes have been the subject of controversy for more than a century. The origins of dome construction and the ways in which it was applied have both been heatedly debated In the light of this, two questions arise. Have some scholars made too much of these matters, thereby creating unnecessary problems and a false controversy? And was there really any 'problem' as regards the dome and the square bay? The underlying issue, however, is that of terminology. Respected scholars have plunged into the debate, only to confuse the situation further by the omission of an adequate definition of terms. Where definitions are given, they are either inconsistent through the text, or do not correspond to those in general use. This leads to confusion, misunderstanding and 'problems with domes'. One thing that most scholars agree upon is that the dome is a kind of vault. R. J. Mainstone defines a dome as 1880: 3816:, p. 143: "Although the name 'dome' was appropriately applied (in the strict engineering sense) to historical long-span structures of synclastic form, working in compression and using heavy materials with little tensile strength, this is not correct for many of the new lightweight structural systems. However, the name 'dome' in common usage has come to refer to almost any long-span roofing system. The answer, therefore, to the question posed in the title of this paper is "It depends!". A synclastic surface acting predominantly in compression is clearly a dome by name, by form and by engineering definition, whilst a structure acting mainly in tension (such as the Georgia Dome) is a dome in name alone. Between these extremes there are many shades of distinction." 2483: 2840: 2297: 1497: 784:. In the early centuries of Islam, domes were closely associated with royalty. A dome built in front of the mihrab of a mosque, for example, was at least initially meant to emphasize the place of a prince during royal ceremonies. Over time such domes became primarily focal points for decoration or the direction of prayer. The use of domes in mausoleums can likewise reflect royal patronage or be seen as representing the honor and prestige that domes symbolized, rather than having any specific funerary meaning. The wide variety of dome forms in medieval Islam reflected dynastic, religious, and social differences as much as practical building considerations. 2945: 1170:. Like other "rotational domes" formed by the rotation of a curve around a vertical axis, hemispherical domes have circular bases and horizontal sections and are a type of "circular dome" for that reason. They experience vertical compression along their meridians, but horizontally experience compression only in the portion above 51.8 degrees from the top. Below this point, hemispherical domes experience tension horizontally, and usually require buttressing to counteract it. According to E. Baldwin Smith, it was a shape likely known to the Assyrians, defined by Greek theoretical mathematicians, and standardized by Roman builders. 1734:, was the largest masonry dome in the Islamic world at that time, had eight ribs, and introduced a new form of corner squinch with two quarter domes supporting a short barrel vault. In 1088 Tāj-al-Molk, a rival of Nizam al-Mulk, built another dome at the opposite end of the same mosque with interlacing ribs forming five-pointed stars and pentagons. This is considered the landmark Seljuk dome, and may have inspired subsequent patterning and the domes of the Il-Khanate period. The use of tile and of plain or painted plaster to decorate dome interiors, rather than brick, increased under the Seljuks. 2749: 2238: 1986: 1050: 1534: 3383:, p. 131: "In the mind of an engineer a dome is structure with a very distinct behavior. It is a synclastically-curved, three dimensional surface, primarily stressed in compression under its own weight and applied loading, and made of a material resistant to such forces (usually masonry or some form of concrete). Circumferential tension forces that may occur at the base of a dome are usually resisted by a tension ring. However, a dictionary definition of the word dome may be less precise. For instance, in a typical concise dictionary a dome is defined as: - 2930: 1777: 541:. "Cupola" has also been used to describe the inner side of a dome. The top of a dome is the "crown". The inner side of a dome is called the "intrados" and the outer side is called the "extrados". As with arches, the "springing" of a dome is the base level from which the dome rises and the "haunch" is the part that lies roughly halfway between the base and the top. Domes can be supported by an elliptical or circular wall called a "drum". If this structure extends to ground level, the round building may be called a " 3624:, p. 118: "Dome 1 a hollow, flattened or raised hemispherical roof structure, often of masonry, which rests on a circular, square, or polygonal base. See below. See types of dome illustration. See classical temple illustration. bulbous dome, see onion dome. drum dome. glass dome. half dome. melon dome, see umbrella dome. onion dome. parachute dome, see umbrella dome. pendentive dome. pumpkin dome, see umbrella dome. sail dome, sail vault. saucer dome. semi dome, see half dome. umbrella dome. 2 see domelight." 2036: 1485: 3651:, p. 143: "Dome 1 a hollow, flattened or raised hemispherical roof structure, often of masonry, which rests on a circular, square, or polygonal base. See Types included as separate entries are listed below: bulbous dome, see onion dome; drum dome; half dome; melon dome, see umbrella dome; onion dome; parachute dome, see umbrella dome; pendentive dome; pumpkin dome, see umbrella dome; sail dome, sail vault; saucer dome; semi dome, see half dome; umbrella dome. 2 see domelight." 1673: 3390: 1312: 2420: 1745:(1351–1352) is the earliest known example in which the two shells of the dome have significantly different profiles, which spread rapidly throughout the region. The development of taller drums also continued into the Timurid period. The large, bulbous, fluted domes on tall drums that are characteristic of 15th century Timurid architecture were the culmination of the Central Asian and Iranian tradition of tall domes with glazed tile coverings in blue and other colors. 1288: 1086: 2577: 11896: 1741:, Persian domes achieved their final configuration of structural supports, zone of transition, drum, and shells, and subsequent evolution was restricted to variations in form and shell geometry. Characteristic of these domes are the use of high drums and several types of discontinuous double-shells, and the development of triple-shells and internal stiffeners occurred at this time. The construction of tomb towers decreased. The 7.5 meter wide double dome of 1707:, a series of concentric arches forming a half-cone over the corner of a room, enabled the transition from the walls of a square chamber to an octagonal base for a dome in a way reliable enough for large constructions and domes moved to the forefront of Persian architecture as a result. Pre-Islamic domes in Persia are commonly semi-elliptical, with pointed domes and those with conical outer shells being the majority of the domes in the Islamic periods. 1074: 1515: 54: 1300: 12496: 1752:(1501–1732) are characterized by a distinctive bulbous profile and are considered the last generation of Persian domes. They are generally thinner than earlier domes and are decorated with a variety of colored glazed tiles and complex vegetal patterns, and they were influential on those of other Islamic styles, such as the Mughal architecture of India. An exaggerated style of onion dome on a short drum, as can be seen at the 1254:, meaning "egg". The earliest oval domes were used by convenience in corbelled stone huts as rounded but geometrically undefined coverings, and the first examples in Asia Minor date to around 4000 B.C. The geometry was eventually defined using combinations of circular arcs, transitioning at points of tangency. If the Romans created oval domes, it was only in exceptional circumstances. The Roman foundations of the oval plan 458: 1062: 2706: 3546:, p. 41: "A concave structural element, erected on a circular base, and usually the shape of a semi-sphere. A dome has a curved surface and functions much like an arch, but provides support in all directions. Larger domes often have two or even three layers: the top and bottom are decorative, while the centre layer is structural and supports the other two. Domes can be segmental, semicircular, pointed or bulbous." 13408: 3129: 220: 13421: 3257:. While inexact, in the geometrical sense, this is a perfectly comprehensible and justifiable method of describing an architectural element whose most prominent characteristic is its sphericity; and that the ancient writers were aware of the inexactitude, but also aware of the usefulness of the graphic image, is suggested by Procopius' reference to the main dome of the Church of the Apostles at Constantinople as 2131: 12084: 918:. The different terms reflect different arrangements in the surface members. Braced domes often have a very low weight and are usually used to cover spans of up to 150 meters. Often prefabricated, their component members can either lie on the dome's surface of revolution, or be straight lengths with the connecting points or nodes lying upon the surface of revolution. Single-layer structures are called 2985: 454:; and vaults on a circular base alone, circular or polygonal base, circular, elliptical, or polygonal base, or an undefined area. Definitions specifying vertical sections include: semicircular, pointed, or bulbous; semicircular, segmental or pointed; semicircular, segmental, pointed, or bulbous; semicircular, segmental, elliptical, or bulbous; and high profile, hemispherical, or flattened. 3600:, p. 378: "Dome" "1. A construction in the form of a spherical cap realized on a circular or polygonal plan. 2. The internal surface of a dome. Syn. with CUPOLA. 3. A surface of revolution generated by any meridian curve turning around a vertical axis. Horizontal sections are circular rings and the dome picks up on its bearings by a circular belt. 4. Syn, with CAVITY; OPEN; POT-HOLE" 1726:'s notables built tomb-towers, called "Turkish Triangles", as well as cube mausoleums covered with a variety of dome forms. Seljuk domes included conical, semi-circular, and pointed shapes in one or two shells. Shallow semi-circular domes are mainly found from the Seljuk era. The double-shell domes were either discontinuous or continuous. The domed enclosure of the 3249:, pp. 23, 25, 26: "Architectural historians who deal with the history of the dome have been baffled and sometimes led astray by the peculiar vague-ness of some of the literary passages which in some cases form the only evidence for the existence of certain domes or of certain types of domes. When the ancient authors mention a dome, they often call it a 2550:, with its double-shell dome. The Süleymaniye Mosque, built from 1550 to 1557, has a main dome 53 meters high with a diameter of 26.5 meters. At the time it was built, the dome was the highest in the Ottoman Empire when measured from sea level, but lower from the floor of the building and smaller in diameter than that of the nearby Hagia Sophia. 3732:, p. 319: "Dome 1. A curved roof structure spanning an area; often hemispherical in shape. 2. A square prefabricated pan form; used in two-way joist (waffle) concrete floor construction. 3. A vault substantially hemispherical in shape, but sometimes slightly pointed or bulbous; a ceiling of similar form. Also see geodesic dome and saucer dome." 3462:, p. 174: "The dome may be regarded as the three-dimensional counterpart of the arch. In its true circular form, a vertical arch is rotated around a vertical axis and sweeps out, at every level, a continuous circular horizontal ring. Loads can be transmitted both along the meridian lines of the vertical arches and around the horizontal rings." 3678:, p. 879: "A dome is a convex rounded roof covering the whole or a part of a building with a base on the horizontal plane which is circular, elliptical or polygonal. In vertical section the dome may be hemispherical, partly elliptical, saucer-shaped, or formed like a bulb (the so-called onion domes to be seen in eastern Europe)." 1824:, found in Hong Kong in 1955, has a design common among Eastern Han dynasty (25 AD – 220 AD) tombs in South China: a barrel vaulted entrance leading to a domed front hall with barrel vaulted chambers branching from it in a cross shape. It is the only such tomb that has been found in Hong Kong and is exhibited as part of the 2903:. The idea of a large oculus in a solid dome revealing a second dome originated with him. He also established the oval dome as a reconciliation of the longitudinal plan church favored by the liturgy of the Counter-Reformation and the centralized plan favored by idealists. Because of the imprecision of oval domes in the 2872: 706:, changes the optimal shape to more closely match the actual pointed shape of the dome. The pointed profiles of many Gothic domes more closely approximate the optimal dome shape than do hemispheres, which were favored by Roman and Byzantine architects due to the circle being considered the most perfect of forms. 2344:—which were combined with, and sometimes replaced domes in Russian architecture since the 16th century—onion domes initially were used only in wooden churches. Builders introduced them into stone architecture much later, and continued to make their carcasses of either of wood or metal on top of masonry drums. 2021: 2868:, and influenced many bulbous cupolas in Poland and Eastern Europe in the Baroque period. However, many bulbous domes in eastern Europe were replaced over time in the larger cities during the second half of the eighteenth century in favor of hemispherical or stilted cupolas in the French or Italian styles. 564:), techniques are employed to bridge the two. One technique is to use corbelling, progressively projecting horizontal layers from the top of the supporting wall to the base of the dome, such as the corbelled triangles often used in Seljuk and Ottoman architecture. The simplest technique is to use diagonal 1851:, with arcs building out from the corners of a square room until they met and joined at the center. These domes were stronger, had a steeped angle, and could cover larger areas than the relatively shallow cloister vaults. Over time, they were made taller and wider. There were also corbel vaults, called 2910: 2561: 2217:, or sometimes stepped, externally and triple windows were used in a tri-lobed arrangement on the faces. Bulbous cupolas on minarets were used in Egypt beginning around 1330, spreading to Syria in the following century. In the fifteenth century, pilgrimages to and flourishing trade relations with the 1903: 1333: 685: 445: 2871: 2020: 1947: 1375: 744: 677: 594: 3367: 1274: 449: 2744: 2640:, marking the beginning of the displacement of the Gothic ribbed vault with the combination of dome and barrel vault, which proceeded throughout the sixteenth century. Bramante's initial design was for a Greek cross plan with a large central hemispherical dome and four smaller domes around it in a 2130: 1812: 1040: 3389: 1976: 1403: 1370: 1215: 513: 3335: 2602: 2339: 629: 485: 3386:'dome, n., & v.t.l. Stately building, mansion, (poet.); rounded vault as roof, with circular, elliptical or polygonal base, large cupola; natural vault, canopy, (of sky, trees, etc.); rounded summit of hill etc.; hence domed, domic(al), dome-like, domy. 2. v.t. Cover with, shape as, dome. ' 3354: 3112: 2078: 1651: 446: 3501:, p. 583: "Dome A curved vault that is erected on a circular base and that is semicircular, pointed, or bulbous in section. If raised over a square or polygonal base transitional squinches or pendentives must be inserted at the corners of the base to transform it into a near circle." 3113: 3705:, p. 27: "A dome is a rounded vault forming a roof over a large interior space." "The rounded vault of the dome can take many forms. Perhaps the simplest of these is a shell of revolution, in which every horizontal section is circular; an egg in an egg-cup is a shell of this kind." 630: 3663:, p. 73: "A vault of double curvature, both curves being convex upwards. Most domes are portions of a sphere; however, it is possible to have a dome of non-spherical curvature on a circular plan, or to have a dome on a non-circular plan, such as an ellipse, an oval or a rectangle." 673: 2083: 585: 3194:, p. 97: "Dome, a cupola; the term is derived from the Italian duomo, a cathedral, the custom of erecting cupolas on those buildings having been so prevalent that the name dome has, in the French and English languages, been transferred from the church to this kind of roof " 3296:, p. 1: "Architecturally, the dome may be seen not only as a structure but also as shelter, spatial enclosure, silhouette, or symbolic form with divers connotations stemming from past uses. To review all these aspects of its history would be impossible in a brief survey." 1792:, due to the extensive use of timber as a building material. Brick and stone vaults used in tomb construction have survived, and the corbeled dome was used, rarely, in tombs and temples. The earliest true domes found in Chinese tombs were shallow cloister vaults, called 1028:(a term also applied to sail vaults), compound domes have pendentives that support a smaller diameter dome immediately above them, as in the Hagia Sophia, or a drum and dome, as in many Renaissance and post-Renaissance domes, with both forms resulting in greater height. 807: 2825:(1753–54). The central dome is reportedly triple-shelled, with two relatively flat inner brick domes and an outer bulbous marble dome, although it may actually be that the marble and second brick domes are joined everywhere but under the lotus leaf finial at the top. 686: 1718: 3561:, p. 79: "dome A vault of even curvature over a circular base; the section can be segmental, semicircular, pointed, or bulbous. If a vault is erected over a square base, squinches or pendentives must be inserted at the corners to connect the dome to the base." 1956:. The material of choice in construction gradually transitioned during the 4th and 5th centuries from stone or concrete to lighter brick in thin shells. Baptisteries began to be built in the manner of domed mausoleums during the 4th century in Italy. The octagonal 3055: 3486:, p. 277: "Dome A vault of usually even curvature erected on a circular base whose elements are set radially rather than corbelled. The profile can vary. The term can be applied in a general way to other domical forms (Such as the domical and sail vault)" 2447:. Early Ottoman buildings, for almost two centuries after 1300, were characterized by a blending of Ottoman culture and indigenous architecture, and the pendentive dome was used throughout the empire. The Byzantine dome form was adopted and further developed. 595: 1940:, is the most famous, best preserved, and largest Roman dome. Segmented domes, made of radially concave wedges or of alternating concave and flat wedges, appear under Hadrian in the 2nd century and most preserved examples of this style date from this period. 388: 598: 2162:, headquartered at the site, built a series of centrally planned churches throughout Europe modeled on the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, with the Dome of the Rock also an influence. In southwest France, there are over 250 domed Romanesque churches in the 2150:, which conceal the domes externally. They are typically octagonal in plan and use corner squinches to translate a square bay into a suitable octagonal base. They appear "in connection with basilicas almost throughout Europe" between 1050 and 1100. The 724: 1551: 1927: 2603: 1626: 580: 8437: 1228:. In Islamic architecture, they are typically made of masonry, rather than timber, with the thick and heavy bulging portion serving to buttress against the tendency of masonry domes to spread at their bases. The Taj Mahal is a famous example. 3639:, p. 90: "Cupola (Ital.), a concave ceiling, either hemispherical or of any other curve, covering a circular or polygonal area; also a roof, the exterior of which is either one of these forms, usually called a dome, and in Latin tholus." 3084:. Geodesic domes have been used for radar enclosures, greenhouses, housing, and weather stations. Architectural shells had their heyday in the 1950s and 1960s, peaking in popularity shortly before the widespread adoption of computers and the 478:, meaning "false", can be traced back to the 17th century in the use of vaulting made of reed mats and gypsum mortar. "True" domes are said to be those whose structure is in a state of compression, with constituent elements of wedge-shaped 3103: 1981: 2851: 3237:. While the modern terms are purely descriptive, the ancient imagery both preserved some memory of the origin of the domical shape and conveyed something of the ancestral beliefs and supernatural meanings associated with its form." 693: 2562: 2478: 2780: 8059: 2656:'s treatise, one of the most popular architectural treatises ever published, was responsible for the spread of the oval in late Renaissance and Baroque architecture throughout Italy, Spain, France, and central Europe. 473: 1041: 397:, and governmental traditions that have likewise altered over time. The domes of the modern world can be found over religious buildings, legislative chambers, sports stadiums, and a variety of functional structures. 2973:. Russia, which had large supplies of iron, has some of the earliest examples of iron's architectural use. Excluding those that simply imitated multi-shell masonry, metal framed domes such as the elliptical dome of 3402:, p. 11: "While dome has become the most used English geometric and architectural term for "a large hemispherical, approximately hemispherical or spheroidal vault" (Delbridge, 1981), cupola is the older term." 2256: 3336: 2509: 2864:, bulbous domes less resemble Dutch models than Russian ones. Domes like these gained in popularity in central and southern Germany and in Austria in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, particularly in the 1960: 1642: 1150:. Such domes can be created using a limited number of simple elements and joints and efficiently resolve a dome's internal forces. Their efficiency is said to increase with size. Although not first invented by 283:, which may also refer to a dome or a structure on top of a dome. The precise definition of a dome has been a matter of controversy and there are a wide variety of forms and specialized terms to describe them. 2960: 2627: 3364:"A vault composed of four, eight or twelve curved surfaces, as would result from the interpenetration of two, four or six barrel-vaults of equal height and diameter; also four-sided, eight-sided, etc, dome". 2005:"Cross-domed units", a more secure structural system created by bracing a dome on all four sides with broad arches, became a standard element on a smaller scale in later Byzantine church architecture. The 1113:. Like other "rotational domes" formed by the rotation of a curve around a vertical axis, ellipsoidal domes have circular bases and horizontal sections and are a type of "circular dome" for that reason. 3774:: "Dome 1. A curved roof structure spanning an area; often hemispherical in shape. 2. A vault substantially hemispherical in shape, but sometimes slightly pointed or bulbous; a ceiling of similar form." 3717:, p. 1: "Structurally, I take the term dome to denote, as it normally does, a doubly curved form supported from below and acting primarily in arching compression as it spans the space it encloses." 3588:, p. 155: "Dome: a curved roof structure that spans an area on a circular base, producing an equal thrust in all directions. A cross section of the dome can be semicircular, pointed, or segmented." 3261:, which might be translated "the sphere-like structure."" "Choricius, to the writer's present knowledge, is the only writer of this period who is careful enough to note that a dome or a semi-dome is a 2402: 8452: 2879: 2229: 1911:. Roman baths played a leading role in the development of domed construction in general, and monumental domes in particular. Modest domes in baths dating from the 2nd and 1st centuries BC are seen in 3076:, Germany in the early 1920s. They consisting of a triangulated frame of light steel bars and mesh covered by a thin layer of concrete. These are generally taken to be the first modern architectural 2087: 1473: 2732:. They were generally constructed with stone, brick and mortar, and iron dowels and cramps. Centering was made from timber and bamboo. The use of iron cramps to join adjacent stones was known in 3789:, p. 151: "dome A structure that can be either circular in plan, or oval, hexagonal, octagonal, or a combination of these forms. It may have a high profile, or hemispherical, or flattened." 3229:. As a shape (which antedated the beginnings of masonry construction), It was the memorable feature of an ancient, ancestral house. It is still a shape visualized and described by such terms as 302: 2261:, were multi-domed, which has led some historians to speculate about how Russian pre-Christian pagan temples might have looked. Examples of these early churches are the 13-domed wooden 482:, the joints of which align with a central point. The validity of this is unclear, as domes built underground with corbelled stone layers are in compression from the surrounding earth. 3612:, p. 761: "A vaulted structure having a circular or polygonal plan and usually the form of a portion of a sphere, so constructed so as to exert an equal thrust in all directions." 3265: 8707: 7275: 3474:, p. 123: "The dome, which is created from an arch turned on its axis 360 degrees, is traditionally considered one of the most important Ancient Roman architectural inventions." 2817:, is one of the largest masonry domes in the world. It has an internal diameter of 41.15 meters and a height of 54.25 meters. The dome was the most technically advanced built in the 1262: 796:" at its base that at certain places transmits distinct sound to other distant places in the gallery. The half-domes over the apses of Byzantine churches helped to project the 8078: 2615:(1430–52) illustrates the Renaissance enthusiasm for geometry and for the circle as geometry's supreme form. This emphasis on geometric essentials would be very influential. 1919: 6942: 1710: 437: 8798: 2789:, built between 1562 and 1571 by a Persian architect. The central double dome covers an octagonal central chamber about 15 meters wide and is accompanied by small domed 1400:. Because they reduce the portion of the dome in tension, these domes are strong but have increased radial thrust. Many of the largest existing domes are of this shape. 3573:, p. 62: "A vaulted structure having a circular plan and usually the form of a portion of a sphere, so constructed as to exert an equal thrust in all directions." 2099:, Byzantine influences were largely replaced in a revival of earlier Western building traditions. Occasional exceptions include examples of early quincunx churches at 576:". A squinch can be a single arch or a set of multiple projecting nested arches placed diagonally over an internal corner. Squinch forms also include trumpet arches, 2170: 804: 3450:, p. 76: "A dome is a structural element conventionally used to cover large spaces. It is defined as an arch that has been rotated around its vertical axis." 2691: 3012: 10703: 3531:, p. 220: "A domical vault is not a true dome. A dome is a vault with a segmental, semicircular, bulbous, or pointed section rising from a circular base." 9837: 8096: 2745: 1691: 12576: 10564: 2915: 2030: 1800:. Unlike the cloister vaults of western Europe, the corners are rounded off as they rise. The first known example is a brick tomb dating from the end of the 522: 90: 10435: 3747:, p. 20: "Dome a vaulted roof; normally circular or polygonal in plan and semicircular, segmental or pointed in section. See also Cupola and Squinch." 502:, the pendentives are part of the surface of a larger sphere below that of the dome itself and form a circular base for either the dome or a drum section. 2502: 6915:"Discontinuous Double-shell Domes through Islamic eras in the Middle East and Central Asia: History, Morphology, Typologies, Geometry, and Construction" 9413: 10616: 8058: 7754: 2062:, they employed local craftsmen for their buildings and, by the end of the 7th century, the dome had begun to become an architectural symbol of 10754: 9116: 3281: 2776: 12208: 8157:"On the art and the culture of domes. Construction in Milan and Lombardy in the late sixteenth and in the first half of the seventeenth century" 8029: 2534: 2017: 12286: 12153: 12048: 10652: 7402: 6888: 678: 3064:, which allowed mild steel bar to be used to counteract tension forces. The thin domical shell was further developed with the construction by 2197: 2054: 980:, these are domes that maintain a polygonal shape in their horizontal cross section. The component curved surfaces of these vaults are called 13460: 12188: 12053: 11958: 8030:"Roof Structures in Motion: On Retractable and Deployable Roof Structures Enabling Quick Construction or Adaptation to External Excitations" 6964: 8291: 2323:, which were easier to shape in wood than in masonry. The earliest stone churches in Russia featured Byzantine style domes, however by the 1614: 7837: 13378: 250: 10485: 657: 560: 12198: 7615: 2981: 2952: 1004:(13th – 14th century). The most famous example is the Renaissance octagonal dome of Filippo Brunelleschi over the Florence Cathedral. 853:, these are different from a 'true dome' in that they consist of purely horizontal layers. As the layers get higher, each is slightly 572: 12806: 8845: 6838:"Umayyad Arches, Vaults & Domes: Merging and Re-creation. Contributions to Early Islamic Construction History (conference paper)" 2736:, and was used at the base of domes for hoop reinforcement. The synthesis of styles created by this introduction of new forms to the 2451: 9892: 8745: 3235: 2557:, the domed polygon within a square. Octagons and hexagons were common, such as those of the Üç Şerefeli Mosque (1437–1447) and the 1567:, the creation of relatively simple dome-like structures has been documented among various indigenous peoples around the world. The 603: 2518:. Other Imperial mosques in Istanbul added semi-domes to the north and south, doing away with the basilica plan, starting with the 13322: 10749: 9937: 9111: 2489: 1560:, Ukraine, in 1965 while he was digging in his cellar and archaeologists unearthed three more. They date from 19,280 – 11,700 BC. 1275: 1207: 1203:, Persia, and India and may not have had a single point of origin. Their appearance in northern Russian architecture predates the 13480: 1456:. The "ribs" of a dome are the radial lines of masonry that extend from the crown down to the springing. The central dome of the 10660: 9272: 6953: 3329: 2539: 8552: 6853: 3438:, p. 115: "dome 1. A structure that has a hemispherical roof. 2. A curved layer of rock strata, formed by an upward fold." 2154:, beginning in 1095, also appear to have influenced domed architecture in Western Europe, particularly in the areas around the 1449: 498:, the pendentives are part of the same sphere as the dome itself; however, such domes are rare. In the case of the more common 8809: 8120: 1879: 745: 13383: 13022: 12354: 10806: 10785: 10761: 10738: 10692: 10671: 10629: 10605: 10577: 10524: 10503: 10460: 10425: 10401: 10378: 10360: 10240: 10190: 10156: 10114: 10072: 10052: 10032: 10012: 9989: 9968: 9947: 9926: 9903: 9882: 9805: 9786: 9718: 9678: 9658: 9637: 9587: 9566: 9545: 9524: 9474: 9453: 9403: 9347: 9305: 9226: 9203: 9182: 9143: 9123: 9100: 9079: 9056: 9036: 9015: 8965: 8944: 8923: 8902: 8877: 8734: 8715: 8695: 8651: 8593: 8583: 8562: 8524: 8503: 8482: 8427: 8407: 8386: 8336: 8222: 8145: 8110: 8072: 8018: 7997: 7976: 7952: 7893: 7872: 7847: 7767: 7743: 7722: 7702: 7682: 7661: 7635: 7604: 7562: 7542: 7482: 7461: 7441: 7421: 7370: 7349: 7315: 7266: 7245: 7224: 7203: 7127: 7117: 7096: 7046: 6996: 6975: 6826: 6806: 2245: 1204: 9152: 2644: 2535: 514: 10618: 2834: 2671:. Its highly symmetrical square plan centers on a circular room covered by a dome, and it proved highly influential on the 2571: 1868: 1460: 105: 95: 85: 13317: 9708: 2404: 3167: 12279: 3332:"A vault of even curvature erected on a circular base. The section can be segmental, semicircular, pointed or bulbous". 3326:"A spanning space-enclosing structural element circular in plan and commonly hemispherical or nearly so in total form". 2611: 2262: 2258: 2111:. Its domed octagon design was influenced by Byzantine models. It was the largest dome north of the Alps at that time. 1572: 702: 10179: 9756: 9193: 3221:, p. 5: "To the naive eye of men uninterested in construction, the dome, it must be realized, was first of all a 2127: 1037: 1008:, the third president of the United States, installed an octagonal dome above the West front of his plantation house, 10135: 8772: 8199: 7027: 2612: 2604: 2379: 2178:, but there are examples of small octagonal crossing domes in cathedrals as the style developed from the Romanesque. 1528: 1255: 425: 75: 3052: 891: 12371: 10846: 9852: 7793: 10816: 10583: 3348:, pp. 268–270: "The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture gives the following definition of a 'domical vault': 930: 13465: 13455: 13291: 11933: 10441: 10125: 2660: 2459:. The smaller the structure, the simpler the plan, but mosques of medium size were also covered by single domes. 2371: 1603: 243: 2511: 13388: 13069: 10882: 8180: 6787: 2924: 2839: 2680: 2498: 1154:, they are associated with him because he designed many geodesic domes and patented them in the United States. 450: 110: 100: 8887: 6845: 13368: 13363: 13358: 12314: 12272: 2482: 2395: 2282: 2319: 413:, or "House of God", regardless of the shape of its roof. This is reflected in the uses of the Italian word 13475: 13470: 13373: 13353: 13348: 13327: 13200: 12588: 12432: 12324: 11793: 10250: 9877:(paperback ed.). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 7056: 2700: 2391: 2009: 1821: 1781: 818:, which describes bronze and earthenware resonators. The material, shape, contents, and placement of these 10635: 10615: 7904: 7903: 7773: 7184: 2891: 2875: 12349: 11623: 7596: 2494: 1825: 1742: 10182: 10166: 1448: 1259: 433: 13450: 12751: 12133: 10566: 9484: 9277: 8099: 7331: 2944: 2895:. Wren's structural system became the standard for large domes well into the 19th century. The ribs in 2360: 2300: 1557: 1258: 330: 326: 236: 10200: 7381: 6914: 2475: 2296: 1496: 1371: 12344: 12334: 11466: 8040: 7164: 2912: 2907: 2753: 2737: 2201: 2193:(c. 1333–91) and the Hall of the two Sisters (c. 1333–54), are extraordinarily developed examples of 2108: 382: 12556: 12375: 10563: 9219: 7240:. Translated by James Palmes (illustrated, reprint ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3044: 13301: 12584: 12510: 11805: 11731: 11603: 11245: 9728: 3041: 2797:, the domed kiosks on pillars characteristic of Mughal roofs, were adopted from their Hindu use as 2547: 2198: 2059: 2010: 1661: 792: 638: 366: 80: 8156: 7839: 6837: 2911: 2530:. The classical period lasted into the 17th century but its peak is associated with the architect 12659: 12359: 11189: 8828: 8097: 3096: 2892: 2637: 2558: 2359: 2139: 2135: 1727: 1700: 1461: 1376: 1001: 800: 773: 682: 622:, domes and drums constructed from mud brick and baked brick were sometimes covered with brittle 10470: 10279: 9822: 8306: 2978: 1452:. "Fluted" may refer specifically to this pattern as an external feature, such as was common in 12848: 12400: 11810: 9357: 8346: 7554: 7382:"Construction Techniques in Medieval Cairo: the Domes of Mamluk Mausolea (1250 A.D.-1517 A.D.)" 7165: 3351:"A vault rising direct on a square or polygonal base, the curved surfaces separated by groins". 3157: 2844: 2748: 2237: 2175: 2014: 1884: 741:. By Hellenistic and Roman times, the domical tholos had become the customary cemetery symbol. 542: 346: 287: 185: 12319: 9315: 2543: 1130: 13054: 12457: 12415: 12395: 11746: 11550: 11525: 11091: 10985: 7962: 3085: 3021: 2970: 2672: 2624: 2527: 2523: 1900: 1844: 1225: 662: 565: 538: 350: 303: 175: 31: 17: 8894: 8746:"The Early Byzantine Domed Basilicas of West Asia Minor. An Essay in Graphic Reconstruction" 7753: 7492: 7286: 2515: 1943: 13400: 13154: 12452: 12447: 12437: 12422: 12405: 12390: 12380: 12329: 12309: 12295: 11815: 11591: 11321: 11174: 10321: 10082: 9215:"Archimedes, the North Baths at Morgantina, and Early Developments in Vaulted Construction" 7836: 7627: 7501: 3152: 3077: 2949: 2865: 2595: 2588: 2448: 2328: 2274: 1965: 1789: 1688: 1372: 1334: 658: 642: 577: 378: 374: 358: 334: 322: 10109:. Revised by Elizabeth Williamson (illustrated, reprint ed.). Yale University Press. 8851: 6988: 1985: 8: 13412: 13170: 13012: 12942: 12914: 12853: 12746: 12427: 12410: 12385: 12364: 11950: 11926: 11788: 11596: 8778: 7714: 3134: 3089: 2782: 2645: 2629: 2619: 2554: 2486: 2336: 2266: 1874: 1453: 1404: 750: 370: 318: 224: 10325: 7909:. Syracuse, New York: The School of Architecture, Syracuse University. pp. 127–139. 7505: 7030: 6785: 6701: 1187: 27: 12339: 11721: 11576: 11434: 11235: 10875: 10833: 10704:"Forest Foragers: A Day in the Life of Efe Pygmies in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 10646: 10551: 10390: 10296: 10267: 10217: 10091: 9871: 9765: 9745: 9614: 9501: 9382: 9374: 9259: 9171: 9068: 8992: 8670: 8661: 8618: 8610: 8363: 8278: 8249: 7825: 7581: 7152: 7144: 7073: 3109: 3065: 3037: 2929: 2822: 2599: 2580: 2452: 2190: 2096: 2051: 1957: 1648: 1151: 862: 793: 769: 715: 703: 561: 342: 200: 61: 10682: 10309: 7006: 1533: 13485: 13109: 12521: 12218: 12083: 12068: 11613: 11520: 11326: 10837: 10802: 10781: 10757: 10734: 10688: 10667: 10625: 10601: 10573: 10520: 10499: 10475: 10456: 10421: 10397: 10374: 10356: 10337: 10333: 10300: 10271: 10236: 10186: 10152: 10131: 10110: 10068: 10048: 10028: 10008: 9985: 9964: 9943: 9922: 9899: 9878: 9801: 9782: 9714: 9674: 9654: 9633: 9583: 9562: 9541: 9520: 9470: 9449: 9430: 9426: 9399: 9386: 9343: 9301: 9280: 9279:, Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain, pp. 1–14, archived from 9222: 9199: 9178: 9139: 9119: 9096: 9075: 9052: 9032: 9011: 8961: 8940: 8919: 8898: 8873: 8768: 8730: 8711: 8691: 8647: 8622: 8579: 8558: 8520: 8499: 8478: 8423: 8403: 8382: 8332: 8218: 8195: 8176: 8166:, Madrid, Spain: Sociedad Española de Historia de la Construcción, pp. 1033–1042 8141: 8106: 8068: 8014: 7993: 7972: 7948: 7942: 7889: 7868: 7843: 7763: 7739: 7718: 7698: 7678: 7657: 7631: 7600: 7558: 7538: 7513: 7478: 7457: 7437: 7417: 7396: 7366: 7345: 7311: 7262: 7241: 7220: 7199: 7156: 7113: 7092: 7042: 6992: 6971: 6882: 6822: 6802: 3029: 2974: 2957: 2801:. The fusion of Persian and Indian architecture can be seen in the dome shape of the 2786: 2653: 2356: 2155: 2080: 1801: 1776: 1711: 1639: 1635: 1377: 1216: 1109: 1049: 1036: 746: 738: 670: 608: 10417: 6864: 6737: 6114: 2519: 2088: 861:, toward the center until meeting at the top. A monumental example is the Mycenaean 13266: 13074: 12952: 12796: 12786: 12709: 12516: 12098: 12023: 11866: 11638: 11353: 11106: 10825: 10777: 10543: 10329: 10288: 10259: 10209: 9939: 9737: 9606: 9493: 9422: 9366: 9324: 9251: 8984: 8760: 8639: 8602: 8355: 8270: 8241: 8126: 7915: 7817: 7796: 7623: 7522: 7517: 7509: 7180: 7136: 7065: 7038: 7034: 7015: 6929: 6713: 3114: 3045: 3025: 2997: 2993: 2676: 2649: 2444: 2324: 2067: 2040: 1994: 1969: 1937: 1397: 1276: 1104: 1005: 822: 801: 687: 394: 10829: 9328: 9236: 8888: 7310:(2, illustrated, revised ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 1768. 776:, a domical canopy like the baldachin used as a ritual covering for relics or the 537:" is another word for "dome", and is usually used for a small dome upon a roof or 13241: 13059: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12771: 12531: 11608: 11349: 11316: 11302: 11216: 11116: 10997: 10796: 10771: 10728: 10661: 10595: 10514: 10450: 10415: 10350: 10230: 10180: 10146: 10104: 10062: 10042: 10022: 10000: 9979: 9958: 9893: 9668: 9648: 9627: 9577: 9556: 9537: 9535: 9514: 9464: 9443: 9337: 9295: 9214: 9133: 9090: 9046: 9026: 9005: 8955: 8934: 8913: 8867: 8705: 8683: 8573: 8514: 8493: 8472: 8417: 8397: 8376: 8326: 8212: 8135: 8008: 7987: 7966: 7883: 7862: 7733: 7712: 7692: 7672: 7651: 7594: 7552: 7532: 7472: 7451: 7431: 7411: 7360: 7339: 7305: 7256: 7235: 7214: 7193: 7107: 7086: 7028: 6986: 6965: 6816: 6796: 3162: 3061: 3057: 3028: 2989: 2969: 2896: 2741: 2733: 2664: 2159: 2006: 1924: 1805: 1749: 1692: 1644: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1237: 813: 721: 695: 409:("house"), which, up through the Renaissance, labeled a revered house, such as a 338: 10756:, vol. 25, University of Toronto Press (published 1989), pp. 165–192, 9118:, vol. 25, University of Toronto Press (published 1989), pp. 227–270, 8643: 6950: 2035: 13490: 13445: 13215: 13210: 13099: 13001: 12889: 12858: 12536: 12526: 12063: 11983: 11919: 11900: 11758: 11618: 11439: 11307: 11255: 11221: 11209: 11204: 11075: 11070: 10292: 10151:(illustrated, reprint ed.). London, UK: Thomas Telford, Ltd. p. 242. 9092: 7858: 6677: 3358:"A vault approximating to the dome but polygonal rather than circular in plan"; 3142: 2818: 2773: 2729: 2688: 2428: 2367: 2335:, after which they are named. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the 2289:. The multiple domes of Russian churches were often comparatively smaller than 2249: 2116: 1968:, domes became a signature feature of the church architecture of the surviving 1929: 1888: 1832: 1580: 1564: 1221: 947: 604: 268: 212: 127: 10860: 10263: 9915: 9816: 8764: 8684:"Beyond the funicular: Exploiting untapped petentials in masonry construction" 7808: 6933: 780:. The celestial symbolism of the dome, however, was the preeminent one by the 345: 13439: 12894: 12879: 12163: 12043: 11628: 11545: 11485: 11397: 11368: 11040: 11002: 10956: 10868: 10489:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 956–961. 10480: 10341: 9688: 9434: 7867:. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. 436–438. 7019: 3081: 3017: 2933: 2900: 2888: 2687:(1577–92), the latter built in thanksgiving for the end of a bad outbreak of 2440: 2286: 2222: 1848: 1820:(206 BC – 220 AD) can be seen at the Guangzhou Museum (Canton). Another, the 1757: 1731: 1723: 1623: 1279:. When the short axis has a semicircular section, it is called a Melon dome. 1208: 1122: 913: 781: 132: 9741: 9670: 9396: 3040:. The "first fully triangulated framed dome" was built in Berlin in 1863 by 1576: 405: 13425: 13180: 12442: 12248: 12038: 11993: 11778: 11648: 11535: 11530: 11500: 11480: 11373: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11312: 11264: 11259: 11154: 11014: 10750:"S. Maria della Salute: Scenographic Architecture and the Venetian Baroque" 8061: 2966: 2937: 2884: 2777: 2684: 2608: 2506: 2456: 2341: 2225: 2055: 1990: 1978: 1908: 1856: 1797: 1753: 1696: 1672: 1592: 1484: 1457: 1217: 836: 734: 634: 619: 554: 510: 390: 307: 165: 12546: 7923: 7762:. Stuttgart: Institut für Tragkonstruktionen und Konstruktives Entwerfen. 6126: 5277: 2675: 777: 665: 13027: 12761: 12741: 12238: 12223: 12193: 12148: 12118: 12073: 12058: 12013: 11973: 11963: 11871: 11856: 11668: 11505: 11421: 11412: 11392: 11363: 11297: 10968: 10961: 10946: 10931: 10926: 10916: 10903: 7365:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 336. 7327:"When is a dome not a dome? - 20th-century lightweight and tensile domes" 7326: 6239: 4919: 3069: 3009: 2765: 2531: 2399: 2320: 2123: 2092: 1998: 1973: 1916: 1817: 1715: 1638:, and in the Middle East to Western Europe from antiquity. The kings of 1615: 1367: 1263: 1200: 1147: 1139: 878: 762: 681: 615: 557:" is the equivalent structure over a dome's oculus, supporting a cupola. 506: 470: 362: 10852: 10095: 9769: 9749: 9579: 8674: 7389: 7333:, Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain, pp. 131–146 6590: 5933: 5931: 4145: 4106: 2576: 2419: 2174: 2163: 992:. The earliest known examples date to the first century BC, such as the 13225: 13185: 12996: 12731: 12644: 12580: 12264: 12253: 12213: 12183: 12143: 12033: 12008: 11988: 11968: 11881: 11851: 11783: 11673: 11586: 11555: 11540: 11490: 11459: 11126: 11111: 10941: 10921: 10911: 10555: 9618: 9505: 9378: 8996: 8614: 8535: 8367: 8232: 8164: 7148: 6897: 3105: 3033: 3013: 3001: 2810: 2722: 2462: 2312: 1840: 1548: 1330: 1311: 1179: 1167: 1143: 1131: 1009: 993: 866: 854: 527: 314: 299: 180: 137: 13332: 13246: 13084: 10733:(illustrated ed.). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 10597: 10221: 9263: 9048: 8328: 8282: 8253: 7829: 7599:(illustrated, reprint, reissue ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. 7585: 7277: 7109: 7077: 6063: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 2772: 2285:, while 25 domes means the same with an additional 12 Prophets of the 2074: 53: 13017: 12975: 12957: 12726: 12649: 12594: 12541: 12108: 12003: 11688: 11633: 11571: 11475: 11377: 11287: 11230: 11169: 11142: 11101: 10973: 9445: 8137: 7810: 7800: 7572: 7338: 6542: 5928: 5868: 5607: 4622: 4620: 3049: 2977: 2962: 2802: 2710: 2471: 2408: 2290: 2273:(989–996). The number of domes typically has a symbolical meaning in 2218: 2171: 2167: 2075: 2044: 2013:. It is the most common church plan from the tenth century until the 1953: 1738: 1631: 1287: 1271: 1196: 819: 809: 754: 600: 546: 291: 195: 10547: 10534: 9610: 9516: 9497: 9370: 9154: 8988: 8606: 8359: 7971:(illustrated, reprint, 20th revised ed.). Architectural Press. 7140: 6614: 6554: 5313: 4931: 2001: 1514: 1085: 938: 275:) is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a 12986: 12947: 12884: 12827: 12801: 12766: 12664: 12485: 12228: 12028: 11978: 11846: 11841: 11800: 11763: 11753: 11663: 11470: 11449: 11426: 11402: 11387: 11277: 11133: 11121: 11035: 10990: 10213: 9255: 8274: 8261: 8245: 7821: 7069: 6854:"Behaviour of Masonry Vaults and Domes: Geometrical Considerations" 6689: 5366: 5364: 4042: 4003: 3962: 3172: 2880: 2798: 2761: 2641: 2633: 2584: 2432: 2411:, which were removed in the 20th century by the Soviet government. 2194: 2186: 2151: 2147: 1949: 1765: 1761: 1608: 1135: 997: 699: 666: 582: 479: 170: 13149: 12495: 9647: 8872:. Translated by John C. Harvey (illustrated ed.). MIT Press. 8474: 8438:"Sectional Analysis of Pendentive Dome Mosques During Ottoman Era" 6458: 6362: 6338: 6314: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4770: 4617: 4330: 457: 13296: 13119: 13104: 13094: 13079: 12932: 12776: 12674: 12604: 12551: 12113: 12018: 11702: 11692: 11683: 11678: 11510: 11495: 11454: 11444: 11282: 11240: 11164: 11096: 11065: 11047: 11019: 10951: 9999: 9519:(softcover ed.). New York, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 8806: 7914: 6725: 6446: 5832: 4782: 4118: 2876: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2794: 2790: 2705: 2668: 2467: 2436: 2352: 2348: 2241: 2214: 2213:, stilted domes, and others being used. On the drum, angles were 2104: 2071: 1948: 1944: 1933: 1912: 1896: 1704: 1677: 1596: 1553: 1267: 1212: 1110: 1073: 623: 573: 569: 550: 295: 190: 9626: 8939:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Princeton Architectural Press. 7287:"After a While, Nothing Seems Strange in a Stadium with a 'Lid'" 5943: 5595: 5412: 5388: 5361: 5289: 5061: 5025: 3494: 3492: 2805:: the bulbous shape derives from Persian Timurid domes, and the 2463: 1760:. Domes have remained important in modern mausoleums, and domed 1575: 1166: 13256: 13205: 13195: 13190: 13175: 13143: 13114: 13089: 13064: 12991: 12937: 12863: 12811: 12791: 12679: 12669: 12654: 12639: 12233: 12178: 12173: 12123: 11825: 11697: 11382: 11358: 11331: 11292: 11226: 11184: 11147: 11137: 11060: 11053: 11009: 10936: 10687:(illustrated ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. 9051:(illustrated ed.). Hong Kong: Cambridge University Press. 8211: 7557:. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group, Inc. 7163: 6859:, in Lourenço, P.B.; Roca, P.; Modena, C.; Agrawal, S. (eds.), 6743: 6719: 6707: 6683: 6398: 6051: 4813: 4581: 4569: 4465: 3147: 3100: 2904: 2806: 2757: 2375: 2308: 2304: 2278: 2226: 2202: 2120: 2112: 1816: 1667: 1568: 1472: 1250: 858: 654: 534: 430: 354: 313: 280: 276: 160: 155: 13407: 9921:(illustrated ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 8975: 8436: 8214: 8067:. Fuzhou, Fujian, China: Fuzhou University. pp. 346–353. 6902: 6186: 5808: 5774: 5772: 5745: 5651: 5649: 5624: 5622: 4593: 3906: 3128: 2327: 1972:— or "Byzantine" — Empire. 6th-century church building by the 1587:, a shelter built from blocks of compact snow and used by the 1191: 1061: 749: 219: 13271: 13251: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 12842: 12832: 12781: 12736: 12721: 12715: 12689: 12684: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12599: 12480: 12243: 12158: 12138: 12128: 12103: 11768: 11736: 11726: 11706: 11581: 11515: 11272: 11199: 11194: 10978: 10895: 10494: 9582:(3rd; revised ed.). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. 9177:(illustrated, reprint ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. 8477:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. 7941: 6761: 4830: 4647: 4342: 3918: 3489: 3289: 3287: 2984: 2718: 2505:, with variations, resemble the former Byzantine basilica of 2332: 2182: 2166: 2100: 2063: 1809: 1619: 1588: 1584: 996: 797: 730: 726: 611: 10798: 10474: 6410: 6386: 6290: 6229: 6227: 6225: 5499: 4688: 4686: 4366: 3809: 3807: 3376: 3374: 1299: 13261: 13220: 13006: 12980: 12837: 12756: 12203: 12168: 11942: 11876: 11861: 11820: 11773: 11741: 11716: 11658: 11179: 11159: 10891: 10666:. Translated by Kendall Wallis. Columbia University Press. 9157:, Leisure and Cultural Services Department, January 9, 2014 7622:(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 236–237, 6268: 6266: 5955: 5820: 5796: 5769: 5697: 5685: 5646: 5634: 5619: 5571: 5547: 5301: 5253: 4758: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4477: 4269: 4267: 4252: 4192: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3708: 3632: 3630: 3539: 3537: 3509: 3507: 3073: 3060: 2714: 2370: 2364: 2270: 2210: 2206: 2143: 1920: 1681: 1247: 1192: 758: 462: 451: 10773: 9632:(illustrated ed.). London: Laurence King Publishing. 9339: 6278: 6174: 5475: 5441: 5439: 5325: 5265: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5196: 5085: 5073: 4489: 4426: 4414: 4228: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3767: 3765: 3750: 3725: 3723: 3671: 3669: 3581: 3579: 3554: 3552: 3284: 2209:. Dome profiles were varied, with "keel-shaped", bulbous, 768: 10848: 10001:"Load path method in the interpretation of dome behavior" 8631: 7433: 6665: 6653: 6626: 6578: 6566: 6222: 5904: 5709: 5661: 5535: 5241: 5174: 5172: 5145: 5097: 4967: 4683: 4542: 4540: 4453: 4296: 4294: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4015: 3819: 3804: 3740: 3738: 3371: 3316: 3314: 3202: 3200: 1904: 1855:, although these are the weakest type. Some tombs of the 1703: 11911: 10024: 8495: 7992:(illustrated, revised ed.). Yale University Press. 7857: 6518: 6506: 6482: 6470: 6434: 6422: 6374: 6326: 6302: 6263: 6210: 6138: 5979: 5523: 5463: 5037: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4984: 4982: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4878: 4637: 4635: 4552: 4501: 4279: 4264: 4216: 4180: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3974: 3894: 3865: 3686: 3684: 3627: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3504: 3393: 3048: 2809: 2679: 2070:, domes were used over the audience and throne halls of 1211: 626: 10498:(illustrated ed.). Princeton Architectural Press. 10148: 9800:(illustrated ed.). Princeton Architectural Press. 9650: 8710:(reprint (1919) ed.). Cambridge University Press. 8575: 8292:"The Dome in Christian and Islamic Sacred Architecture" 7717:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 7620: 7430: 6991:(Illustrated ed.). Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. 6643: 6641: 6350: 6150: 6090: 6080: 6078: 5916: 5487: 5436: 5220: 5157: 4994: 4866: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4390: 4135: 4133: 4079: 4067: 3777: 3762: 3720: 3696: 3666: 3642: 3615: 3576: 3549: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3417: 3405: 3185: 2351: 1380: 1358:(a term that has also been applied to compound domes), 765:" also made the dome a feature of palace architecture. 9936: 8210: 7913: 7795:(Thesis) (PhD Thesis ed.). Newcastle University. 6602: 5892: 5856: 5673: 5583: 5451: 5337: 5208: 5184: 5169: 4890: 4854: 4537: 4443: 4441: 4378: 4354: 4336: 4318: 4291: 4157: 4032: 4030: 3735: 3654: 3603: 3591: 3564: 3435: 3429: 3339: 3311: 3299: 3240: 3212: 3197: 10493: 9625: 7916:"Masonry Domes: A Study on Proportion and Similarity" 7337: 6548: 6494: 6251: 6245: 5937: 5880: 5874: 5844: 5349: 5006: 4979: 4955: 4943: 4902: 4842: 4698: 4632: 4626: 4525: 3986: 3853: 3681: 3609: 3519: 2821:. The last major Islamic tomb built in India was the 2474:, and the later domed "zawiya-mosques" at Bursa. The 2398: 2031: 1392:(a term sometimes also used for cloister vaults), or 10496: 9412: 8865: 8799:"Acoustic Solutions in Classic Ottoman Architecture" 8682: 8140:(illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. 8122: 7940: 7674: 7091:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 144. 6943:"The Architecture and Mechanics of Elliptical Domes" 6898:"Persian Domes: History, Morphology, and Typologies" 6638: 6620: 6596: 6530: 6162: 6102: 6075: 5967: 5757: 5733: 5721: 5559: 5511: 5133: 4937: 4925: 4794: 4734: 4722: 4605: 4240: 4151: 4130: 4124: 4112: 4096: 4094: 4061: 4009: 3968: 3513: 3124: 2331:. The onion dome is a dome whose shape resembles an 2024: 1556: 1354:(a term sometimes also applied to cloister vaults), 772: 9917: 9070: 8869: 7534: 7106:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). 6795:Ambrose, Gavin; Harris, Paul; Stone, Sally (2008), 6198: 6027: 6015: 5784: 5424: 5400: 5121: 5109: 4710: 4659: 4513: 4438: 4402: 4204: 4027: 3952: 3950: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3108:domes, patented by Buckminster Fuller in 1962, are 1583:, using leaves as shingles. Another example is the 10572:. Madrid: I. Juan de Herrera. pp. 1941–1952. 10389: 10202:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 9914: 9870: 9244:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 9221:, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, pp. 43–59, 9170: 9067: 8435: 8422:(reprint, revised ed.), Courier Corporation, 8263:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 8234:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 7864:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome 7429: 7058:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 6794: 6069: 6003: 5049: 4776: 4671: 4306: 3543: 3447: 10593: 10102: 9935: 9795: 9646: 9135:A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Architecture 9095:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Thomas Telford. 8893:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp.  8516:Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning 8498:(Illustrated ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. 7968:Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture 7088:Structural Engineering: A Very Short Introduction 6749: 5376: 5067: 4091: 3841: 3786: 3498: 2553:Another classical domed mosque type is, like the 1522: 13437: 10663:Early Medieval Architecture as Bearer of Meaning 10614: 10144: 9666: 9533: 9393: 8688:Structures and Architecture: Beyond their Limits 8105:. Madrid: I. Juan de Herrera. pp. 579–591. 6928:(2). Turin, Italy: Kim Williams Books: 287–319. 6404: 5394: 5370: 4587: 3947: 3930: 3414:, p. 56: "dome, a hemispherical roof form." 2066:. In addition to religious shrines, such as the 956:(a term sometimes also applied to sail vaults), 698:, the comparable shape in three dimensions to a 10890: 9998: 9798:Guastavino Vaulting: The Art of Structural Tile 9448:(illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. 9237:"Some Implications of Later Roman Construction" 9065: 9028:Dictionary of Civil Engineering: English-French 8419:Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture 8381:(illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. 7738:(Illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. 7690: 7670: 7234:Burckhardt, Jacob (1987). Murray, Peter (ed.). 7166:"Special Structures: Past, Present, and Future" 6896:Ashkan, Maryam; Ahmad, Yahaya (November 2009). 6861:Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions 6821:(illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 6695: 6039: 5814: 4824: 3798: 3648: 3621: 1630:Corbelled stone domes have been found from the 972:(a term sometimes also used for saucer domes), 10594:Trachtenberg, Marvin; Hyman, Isabelle (1986). 10516:Domes of Heaven: The Domed Basilicas of Cyprus 10396:(revised ed.). Cornell University Press. 10373:(illustrated ed.). Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 10249: 9707:Newman, John; Pevnser, Nikolaus, eds. (1972). 9356: 8727:The Roman Imperial Mausoleum in Late Antiquity 8027: 7985: 6814: 6767: 6464: 6192: 4836: 4348: 3277:; and it was understood that a dome was not a 3231:hemisphere, beehive, onion, melon, and bulbous 2728:Domes first appeared in South Asia during the 669:on a globe) are in compression at the top and 607:, due to their convenience and dependability. 12280: 11927: 10876: 10701: 10455:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 10185:. The Netherlands: Rodopi. pp. 183–198. 9984:(Second ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. 9706: 9597:Mitchell, James H. (1985). "The Noble Dome". 9394:Marrucchi, Giulia; Belcari, Riccardo (2007). 9168: 9138:, London and New York: Taylor & Francis, 9066:Langmead, Donald; Garnaut, Christine (2001). 8866:Kohlmaier, Georg; Von Sartory, Barna (1991). 8632:"Oval Domes: History, Geometry and Mechanics" 8402:(Fourth ed.), McGraw Hill Professional, 8095: 8057: 7344:(illustrated ed.). J. Wiley & Sons. 7033:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–33. 6863:, New Delhi, pp. 299–306, archived from 6731: 6452: 5991: 5838: 5079: 4788: 4746: 4653: 2522:and seen again in later examples such as the 648: 568:across the corners of the walls to create an 279:. There is significant overlap with the term 244: 10702:Wilkie, David S.; Morelli, Gilda A. (2000). 10624:. Orange, California, US. pp. 294–301. 9653:(Second ed.), Oxford University Press, 9561:(illustrated ed.). Simon and Schuster. 9554: 9466:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology 9173:Why buildings Fall Down: How Structures Fail 8013:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 8006: 7261:(Third ed.), McGraw Hill Professional, 7005: 6123:, pp. 207, 340, 345–346, 358, 394, 408. 5613: 4483: 4471: 3008:The practice of building rotating domes for 2899:'s San Lorenzo and Il Sidone were shaped as 2828: 2565: 2501:in Ottoman architecture, in which the great 1862: 1138:and are based upon geometric shapes such as 10355:(reprint ed.), John Wiley & Sons, 10044:A Concise Dictionary of Architectural Terms 9891: 9868: 9796:Ochsendork, John; Freeman, Michael (2010). 9755: 9736:, École française d'Extrême-Orient: 49–62, 8911: 8886: 8512: 8399:Dictionary of Architecture and Construction 7614:Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan (2015), 7379: 7237:The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance 6912: 6895: 5961: 5949: 5826: 5778: 5703: 5691: 5655: 5640: 5628: 5601: 5577: 5553: 5481: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5259: 5202: 5031: 4459: 4234: 3900: 2663:, also known as "La Rotunda", was built by 1907:Domes reached monumental size in the Roman 1813:Henan by the end of the first century AD. 1618:may explain the existence of domes in both 12287: 12273: 11934: 11920: 10883: 10869: 10651:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10130:(illustrated ed.). Hacker Art Books. 9814: 9469:(revised ed.). Taylor & Francis. 9191: 9088: 8915:Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture 8729:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 8133: 7691:Davies, Nikolas; Jokiniemi, Erkki (2012), 7671:Davies, Nikolas; Jokiniemi, Erkki (2008), 7613: 7530: 7500:(1). Great Britain: Pergamon Press: 1–24. 7413:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms 7401:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7233: 7105: 6887:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6584: 6560: 6132: 5751: 5235: 4973: 4372: 4021: 3690: 3660: 3426:: "Definition dome A hemispherical roof." 3233:. In ancient times it was thought of as a 1835:period (220–280), the "cross-joint dome" ( 1270:style. The dome built for the basilica of 373:, while domes were frequently employed in 251: 237: 91:Medieval Arabic and Western European domes 10769: 10747: 10452:The Dome: A Study in the History of Ideas 10307: 10027:(Sixth ed.), McGraw-Hill Education, 9534:Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1987). 9512: 9441: 9293: 9270: 9234: 9217:, in Kosso, Cynthia; Scott, Anne (eds.), 9089:Larson, Olga Popovic; Tyas, Andy (2003). 9044: 9031:, Springer Science & Business Media, 8571: 7694:Architect's Illustrated Pocket Dictionary 7571: 7531:Cowan, Henry J.; Smith, Peter R. (1998), 7521: 7474:Statics of Historic Masonry Constructions 7380:Cipriani, Barbara; Lau, Wanda W. (2006), 7274: 7216:Carolingian Renewal: Sources and Heritage 6815:Ambrose, James; Tripeny, Patrick (2011). 6671: 6659: 6632: 6572: 6488: 6308: 6233: 5715: 5541: 5529: 5505: 5469: 5247: 5151: 5103: 4692: 4507: 4285: 4273: 4198: 4186: 3980: 3888: 3756: 3714: 3293: 1768:remain common sights in the countryside. 661:, or lines of longitude, on a globe) are 549:" and may or may not contain windows. A " 12294: 10420:(illustrated ed.). Thomas Telford. 10413: 10145:Ramaswany, G. S.; Eekhout, Mick (2002). 10060: 9895:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies 9776: 9596: 9314: 9169:Levy, Matthys; Salvadori, Mario (2002). 8960:. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill. 8681: 8374: 8154: 8028:Friedman, Noémi; Farkas, György (2011). 7574:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 7550: 7537:(Third ed.), Taylor & Francis, 7212: 7084: 6967:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies 6940: 6801:(illustrated ed.), AVA Publishing, 6476: 6380: 6332: 6296: 6272: 6216: 5802: 5091: 4913: 4872: 4546: 4360: 4222: 4174: 4085: 3825: 2983: 2943: 2928: 2838: 2747: 2704: 2575: 2481: 2418: 2295: 2236: 2034: 1984: 1878: 1775: 1671: 1532: 1513: 720:According to E. Baldwin Smith, from the 526:Dome of the Church of the Assumption in 521: 456: 10780:(6th ed.). Yale University Press. 10512: 10199: 10178: 9835: 9667:Needham, Joseph; Gwei-Djen, Lu (1962). 9109: 8743: 8724: 8703: 8660: 8519:. New York: Columbia University Press. 8289: 8189: 8170: 8007:Freely, John; Çakmak, Ahmet S. (2004). 7888:(illustrated ed.). HarperCollins. 7649: 7449: 7324: 7303: 7185:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:6(691) 7026: 6984: 6963: 6608: 6156: 6120: 5922: 5898: 5667: 5517: 5493: 5445: 5418: 4961: 4764: 4599: 4575: 4563: 4396: 4300: 4139: 3813: 3399: 3380: 2555:Byzantine church of Sergius and Bacchus 353:, which influenced that of the rest of 14: 13438: 10844: 10815: 10794: 10726: 10659: 10562: 10533: 10519:(illustrated ed.). ProQuest LLC. 10469: 10368: 10348: 10228: 10127:Spanish Romanesque Sculpture, Volume 1 10123: 10064:The Dictionary of Islamic Architecture 10040: 10020: 9977: 9956: 9942:(Illustrated ed.). Globe Pequot. 9727: 9462: 9335: 9212: 9132:Leick, Gwendolyn, ed. (2003), "Dome", 9003: 8957:Muslim Religious Architecture, Part II 8796: 8629: 8592: 8550: 8470: 8415: 8395: 8324: 8260: 8231: 7856: 7807: 7752: 7409: 7258:Illustrated Dictionary of Architecture 7254: 6913:Ashkan, Maryam; Ahmad, Yahaya (2010). 6647: 6524: 6416: 6392: 6368: 6356: 6344: 6320: 6284: 6180: 6033: 5910: 5886: 5862: 5679: 5589: 5457: 5355: 5331: 5271: 5214: 5190: 5178: 5019: 4896: 4531: 4495: 4447: 4432: 3997: 3912: 3859: 3771: 3729: 3702: 3675: 3636: 3585: 3558: 3471: 3459: 3423: 3411: 3246: 3191: 3080:. These are also considered the first 2918: 2598:'s octagonal brick domical vault over 2423:Selimiye Mosque dome in Edirne, Turkey 1134:pattern. The structures are named for 926:types and double-layer structures are 12268: 11915: 10864: 10448: 10434: 10081: 9981:Historical Dictionary of Architecture 9912: 9575: 9483: 9398:. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. 9131: 9024: 8974: 8953: 8932: 8918:(4 ed.). Yale University Press. 8808:. pp. 1–15. 4087. Archived from 8533: 7986:Frankl, Paul; Crossley, Paul (2000). 7902: 7881: 7790: 7710: 7491: 7358: 7191: 7055: 6798:The Visual Dictionary of Architecture 6783: 6536: 6512: 6500: 6257: 6204: 6168: 6144: 6108: 6096: 6084: 6057: 6021: 6009: 5850: 5790: 5727: 5565: 5430: 5163: 5139: 5127: 5055: 4988: 4949: 4860: 4848: 4704: 4641: 4420: 4408: 4384: 4258: 4246: 4210: 4036: 3924: 3847: 3744: 3597: 3570: 3483: 3345: 3320: 3305: 3218: 3206: 2636:'s 1505–06 projects for a wholly new 2363:. The more modern and safe method of 2011:Middle Byzantine period (c. 843–1204) 1157: 306:, which may itself be covered with a 13461:Ancient Roman architectural elements 10680: 10387: 10278: 9781:. Hong Kong: Phaidon Press Limited. 9687: 9555:Miller, Judith; Clinch, Tim (1998). 9151: 8491: 8134:Gayle, Margot; Gayle, Carol (1998). 7961: 7835: 7731: 7628:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001 7592: 7470: 7284: 7126: 6851: 6835: 6755: 6440: 6428: 5985: 5973: 5763: 5739: 5406: 5382: 5343: 5115: 5043: 4884: 4807: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4677: 4665: 4611: 4519: 4100: 4073: 3956: 3941: 3528: 3436:Gorse, Johnston & Pritchard 2012 2835:History of early modern period domes 2793:made of brick and faced with stone. 2694: 2572:History of Italian Renaissance domes 1869:History of Roman and Byzantine domes 1788:Very little has survived of ancient 1579:of central Africa construct similar 1537:Apache wigwam, by Edward S. Curtis, 1031: 421:("cathedral"), and the English word 10730:Studies in Hellenistic Architecture 9300:(2 ed.). Architectural Press. 8345: 7456:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. 7362:A Visual Dictionary of Architecture 7280:. Cassell, Petter and Galpin. 1872. 6549:Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005 6246:Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005 5938:Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005 5875:Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005 5000: 4627:Moffett, Fazio & Wodehouse 2003 4324: 4312: 3610:Ching, Jarzombek & Prakash 2007 2768:pattern to represent the night sky. 2497:(1501–1506) in Istanbul begins the 1756:(1852–1853), first appeared in the 1098: 637:domes were made as part of work on 417:, the German/Icelandic/Danish word 385:took inspiration from Roman domes. 24: 13323:Influences on Western architecture 10752:, in Kleinbauer, W. Eugène (ed.), 10281:Advances in Structural Engineering 10232:Historical Dictionary of Byzantium 9114:, in Kleinbauer, W. Eugène (ed.), 8378:The Art and Architecture of Russia 8119: 7307:Handbook of Structural Engineering 7195:Illustrated Dictionary of Building 6045: 4938:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991 4926:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991 4337:Fernández & Hernández-Ros 1989 4152:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991 4125:Mediati, Colistra & Arena 2020 4113:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991 4062:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991 4010:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991 3969:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991 3514:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991 3032:and functional structures such as 2439:coincided with the decline of the 2385: 2263:Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod 2142:at the intersection of a church's 1699:, domes were an important part of 1324: 25: 13502: 10513:Stewart, Charles Anthony (2008). 10165: 9836:Osborne, R. Armstrong L. (2004), 8638:. Vol. 9. pp. 211–248. 8192:A history of Ottoman architecture 8173:A History of Ottoman Architecture 7391:, Cambridge, UK, pp. 695–716 7173:Journal of Structural Engineering 6790:, U.S. Government Printing Office 3361:and Krautheimer's definition is: 2277:, for example 13 domes symbolize 2025:Arabic and Western European domes 1529:History of early and simple domes 1502:An umbrella dome, Florence, Italy 1366:, this type can be thought of as 1305:A hemispherical dome illustration 1293:A geodesic dome, Montreal, Canada 941: 429:came to acquire the meaning of a 13419: 13406: 12494: 12082: 11895: 11894: 10776:. Revised by Joseph Conners and 10124:Porter, Arthur Kingsley (1928). 9710:The Buildings of England: Dorset 9427:10.20365/disegnarecon.25.2020.10 8890:Age of Spirituality: A Symposium 8843: 8826: 8039:. pp. 41–50. Archived from 7341:A Global History of Architecture 7304:Chen, W. F.; Lui, E. M. (2005). 6621:Kohlmaier & Von Sartory 1991 6597:Kohlmaier & Von Sartory 1991 6070:Hassan, Mazloomi & Omer 2010 5997: 4777:Hassan, Mazloomi & Omer 2010 4752: 3544:Ambrose, Harris & Stone 2008 3448:Coates, Brooker & Stone 2009 3269:, you called it this because it 3127: 2414: 2232: 1952:techniques and the use of brick 1932:, a temple in Rome completed by 1771: 1655: 1495: 1483: 1471: 1407: 1310: 1298: 1286: 1116: 1084: 1072: 1060: 1048: 1015: 885:is a generic term that includes 469:Sometimes called "false" domes, 465:(left) and a corbel arch (right) 286:A dome can rest directly upon a 218: 52: 13292:Aga Khan Award for Architecture 10801:(illustrated ed.). BRILL. 10440:, skypalace.org, archived from 10437:About Russian Domes and Cupolas 10235:(2 ed.). Scarecrow Press. 10007:, CRC Press, pp. 519–520, 9629:A World History of Architecture 9297:Developments in Structural Form 8936:History of Architectural Theory 8690:, CRC Press, pp. 745–752, 8492:Hill, Donald Routledge (1996). 8375:Hamilton, George Heard (1983). 8175:. London: Thames & Hudson. 8010:Byzantine Monuments of Istanbul 7965:(1996). Dan Cruickshank (ed.). 7947:(4th ed.). Penguin Books. 7219:. Manchester University Press. 6776: 5068:Palmer, Pettitt & Bahn 2005 3787:Murray, Murray & Jones 2013 2887:, who first articulated that a 2380:tallest Eastern Orthodox church 2372:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 2259:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 2181:Star-shaped domes found at the 1859:(960–1279) have beehive domes. 1256:Church of St. Gereon in Cologne 1195:profile. They are found in the 830: 461:Comparison of a generic "true" 341:, as well as among a number of 13481:Baroque architectural features 10021:Parker, Sybil P., ed. (2003), 9869:Ousterhout, Robert G. (2008). 9673:. Cambridge University Press. 9540:. Cambridge University Press. 9513:Melaragno, Michele G. (1991). 9442:McClendon, Charles B. (2005). 9294:Mainstone, Rowland J. (2001). 9273:"Domes: A Structural Overview" 9271:Mainstone, Rowland J. (2000), 9195:DK Eyewitness Books: Astronomy 9010:. The Rosen Publishing Group. 8830:Jefferson's Dome at Monticello 8572:Hourihane, Colum, ed. (2012). 7656:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 7198:(Second ed.). Routledge. 7039:10.1002/9781118887226.wbcha009 6941:Bagliani, Stefano (May 2009). 5286:, pp. 102, 104, 105, 113. 2925:History of modern period domes 1899:, villas, palaces, and tombs. 1796:, derived from the Han use of 1523:Early history and simple domes 1518:Some historical domes to scale 1490:A saucer dome, Louisiana, U.S. 1383: 872: 440: 321:, and they have been found in 13: 1: 10830:10.1080/00038628.2003.9696966 10727:Winter, Frederick E. (2006). 9329:10.1080/00038628.1962.9696050 8912:Krautheimer, Richard (1986). 8744:Karydis, Nikolaos D. (2012). 8194:. London: Thames and Hudson. 7359:Ching, Francis D. K. (2011). 3835: 3499:Trachtenberg & Hyman 1986 2265:(989) and the 25-domed stone 2246:Cathedral of the Annunciation 1599:construct "desert igloos" of 1538: 1173: 13384:Sudano-Sahelian architecture 10851:, RusArch.ru, archived from 10818:Architectural Science Review 10449:Smith, Earl Baldwin (1950). 10334:10.1016/0360-1323(87)90011-4 10320:(3). Elsevier Ltd: 233–235. 9978:Palmer, Allison Lee (2016). 9957:Palmer, Allison Lee (2009). 9873:Master Builders of Byzantium 9342:. Rutgers University Press. 9317:Architectural Science Review 9192:Lippincott, Kristen (2008). 9045:Lancaster, Lynne C. (2005). 8933:Kruft, Hanno-Walter (1994). 8557:. Laurence King Publishing. 8513:Hillenbrand, Robert (1994). 8451:(5): 124–136. Archived from 7906:Essays to D. Kenneth Sargent 7593:Curl, James Stevens (2003). 7514:10.1016/0360-1323(77)90002-6 7213:Bullough, Donald A. (1991). 6405:Michell & Zebrowski 1987 5395:Tsan-wing & Kin-wah 2001 5371:Needham & Gwei-Djen 1962 4588:Ramaswamy & Eekhout 2002 2701:History of South Asian domes 1337: 1231: 787: 709: 589: 400: 7: 10708:Cultural Survival Quarterly 10310:"The Anasazi cribbed domes" 10041:Parker, John Henry (2012), 10005:Structures and Architecture 9898:. Oxford University Press. 9838:"The troubles with cupolas" 9689:"The Catholic Encyclopedia" 9235:MacDonald, William (1958). 8644:10.1007/978-3-7643-8699-3_4 8578:. Oxford University Press. 8325:Guedes, Pedro, ed. (2016). 7842:. BRILL. pp. 162–173. 7650:Darling, Janina K. (2004). 7551:Crandall, David P. (2000). 7112:. Oxford University Press. 6970:. Oxford University Press. 6696:Langmead & Garnaut 2001 6371:, pp. 1944, 1948–1949. 6347:, pp. 1944, 1946–1947. 6323:, pp. 1941, 1943–1944. 5815:Langmead & Garnaut 2001 4825:Langmead & Garnaut 2001 3799:Palmisano & Totaro 2010 3649:Davies & Jokiniemi 2012 3622:Davies & Jokiniemi 2008 3178: 3120: 2540:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque 2138:are generally found within 1826:Hong Kong Museum of History 1743:Soltan Bakht Agha Mausoleum 757:. This probably began with 517: 10: 13507: 12752:Islamic geometric patterns 10770:Wittkower, Rudolf (1999). 10748:Wittkower, Rudolf (1963), 10352:Dictionary of Architecture 10293:10.1260/136943307783571445 10103:Pevsner, Nikolaus (1978). 9960:The A to Z of Architecture 9777:Nuttgens, Patrick (1997). 9213:Lucore, Sandra K. (2009), 9074:(3rd ed.). ABC-CLIO. 8551:Höcker, Christoph (2000). 8299:The Forum on Public Policy 7944:Dictionary of Architecture 7735:Six Dynasties Civilization 6985:Barnish, S. J. B. (2007). 6768:Friedman & Farkas 2011 6465:Mark & Billington 1989 6193:Frankl & Crossley 2000 4837:Ambrose & Tripeny 2011 4349:Rovero & Tonietti 2012 2922: 2832: 2764:, has tiles arranged in a 2698: 2632:. This would culminate in 2569: 2028: 1872: 1866: 1839:) was developed under the 1665: 1659: 1526: 1509: 1235: 1205:Tatar occupation of Russia 1177: 1120: 1102: 945: 834: 713: 649:Shapes and internal forces 545:". Drums are also called " 29: 13397: 13341: 13310: 13284: 13234: 13186:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan) 13163: 13047: 13040: 12966: 12923: 12872: 12820: 12698: 12614: 12565: 12503: 12492: 12473: 12466: 12302: 12091: 12080: 11949: 11941: 11890: 11834: 11647: 11564: 11411: 11254: 11084: 11028: 10902: 10684:Mediaeval Church Vaulting 10369:Schütz, Bernhard (2002). 10349:Saylor, Henry H. (1994), 10264:10.1617/s11527-011-9758-1 10084:Harvard Ukrainian Studies 10061:Peterson, Andrew (1996). 9779:The Story of Architecture 9713:. Yale University Press. 9025:Kurtz, Jean-Paul (2004), 9004:Kuiper, Kathleen (2011). 8765:10.1163/22134522-12340013 8725:Johnson, Mark J. (2009). 8416:Harris, Cyril M. (2013), 8396:Harris, Cyril M. (2005), 8290:Grupico, Theresa (2011). 8190:Goodwin, Godfrey (2003). 8171:Goodwin, Godfrey (1971). 7285:Charlier, Claude (1988), 6934:10.1007/s00004-010-0013-9 6784:William C. Allen (2001), 6732:Levy & Salvadori 2002 6563:, pp. 13–14, 18, 26. 6453:Fusco & Villanni 2003 6060:, pp. 471, 474, 481. 5839:Fuentes & Huerta 2010 5080:Wilkie & Morelli 2000 4789:Fuentes & Huerta 2010 4654:Newman & Pevnser 1972 2829:Early modern period domes 2566:Italian Renaissance domes 1895:Roman domes are found in 1863:Roman and Byzantine domes 1676:Sheikh Lotfallah Mosque, 1478:A sail vault illustration 1396:, these have profiles of 1317:An oval dome, Rome, Italy 1002:Palatine Chapel at Aachen 881:in the form of a dome, a 877:A single or double layer 815:Ten Books on Architecture 383:Neoclassical architecture 369:spread from Italy in the 106:Early modern period domes 96:Italian Renaissance domes 86:Roman and Byzantine domes 13302:Museum with No Frontiers 11604:Multi-family residential 10414:Skempton, A. W. (2002). 10314:Building and Environment 10308:Salvadori, M.G. (1987). 10252:Materials and Structures 10229:Rosser, John H. (2011). 9815:O'Kane, Bernard (1995), 8753:Late Antique Archaeology 8704:Jeffery, George (2010). 8630:Huerta, Santigo (2007). 8537:Mezhirich – Mammoth Camp 8471:Heyman, Jacques (1997). 8155:Giustina, Irene (2003), 7732:Dien, Albert E. (2007). 7494:Building and Environment 7410:Clarke, Michael (2010), 7085:Blockley, David (2014). 6710:, pp. 693–694, 697. 5616:, pp. 90–93, 95–96. 5614:Freely & Çakmak 2004 5421:, pp. 247, 254–255. 5322:, pp. 102, 108–109. 4578:, pp. 24–18, 24–19. 4484:Baumann & Haggh 1990 4472:Baumann & Haggh 1990 3927:, pp. 271–276, 279. 3915:, pp. 179–180, 188. 3099:membrane domes were the 3042:Johann Wilhelm Schwedler 3010:housing large telescopes 2548:Suleiman the Magnificent 2405:Boris and Gleb Cathedral 2347:Russian domes are often 2191:Hall of the Abencerrajes 1662:History of Persian domes 1260:Santo Tomás de las Ollas 825: 753:, becoming the imperial 653:A masonry dome produces 639:sustainable architecture 367:Renaissance architecture 365:. The domes of European 13413:Architecture portal 10795:Wright, G.R.H. (2009). 10681:Ward, Clarence (1915). 10486:Encyclopædia Britannica 10047:, Courier Corporation, 9742:10.3406/arasi.2015.1883 9336:Marche, Jordan (2005). 8797:Kayili, Mutbul (2005). 8445:Canadian Social Science 8305:(3): 14. Archived from 7523:2027/mdp.39015041999635 7450:Coleman, Peter (2006). 7255:Burden, Ernest (2012), 5950:Cipriani & Lau 2006 5320:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 5308:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 5296:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 5284:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 5260:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 5203:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 4602:, pp. 24–2, 24–18. 4235:Ashkan & Ahmad 2010 3901:Nobile & Bares 2015 2667:from 1565 to 1569 near 2613:Basilica of Santa Croce 2361:Saint Isaac's Cathedral 2301:Saint Basil's Cathedral 2189:in Granada, Spain, the 2136:Romanesque architecture 2128:Great Mosque of Córdoba 1847:dynasties south of the 1728:Jameh Mosque of Isfahan 1701:vernacular architecture 1605:domes of sun-baked clay 1464:also uses this method. 1398:less than half a circle 1038:Great Mosque of Córdoba 361:, respectively, in the 225:Architecture portal 13466:Byzantine architecture 13456:Architectural elements 13318:Indo-Saracenic Revival 12718:(multicoloured ashlar) 9576:Minke, Gernot (2012). 9359:Technology and Culture 9110:Lehmann, Karl (1945), 7963:Fletcher, Sir Banister 7882:Dupré, Judith (2001). 7653:Architecture of Greece 7325:Chilton, John (2000), 7020:10.1093/em/xviii.2.199 6836:Arce, Ignacio (2006), 6561:Gayle & Gayle 1998 6133:Bloom & Blair 2009 5752:Bloom & Blair 2009 4373:Larson & Tyas 2003 4261:, pp. 57–59, 127. 4022:Curl & Wilson 2015 3691:Curl & Wilson 2015 3661:Cowan & Smith 1998 3158:Rotunda (architecture) 3005: 2953: 2941: 2848: 2769: 2725: 2592: 2536:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque 2512:Kılıç Ali Pasha Mosque 2490: 2424: 2392:Saint Sophia Cathedral 2316: 2253: 2047: 2015:fall of Constantinople 2002: 1892: 1885:Giovanni Paolo Pannini 1785: 1685: 1544: 1519: 690:can be thinner still. 530: 466: 347:Byzantine architecture 317:. Domes were built in 76:Early and simple domes 13055:Congregational mosque 12513:(four-arch structure) 12099:Air conditioning unit 10471:Spiers, Richard Phené 9913:Overy, R. J. (2004). 9486:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 8954:Kuban, Doğan (1985). 8847:Russian Church Design 8636:Nexus Network Journal 8595:Architectural History 7791:Dodge, Hazel (1984). 7453:Shopping Environments 7192:Brett, Peter (2012). 6922:Nexus Network Journal 6419:, pp. 1950–1951. 6395:, pp. 1949–1950. 4423:, pp. 53–56, 79. 3086:finite element method 2987: 2971:Industrial Revolution 2948:The concrete dome of 2947: 2932: 2842: 2751: 2708: 2652:. The publication of 2625:Leon Battista Alberti 2579: 2524:Sultan Ahmed I Mosque 2485: 2422: 2299: 2240: 2038: 1989:Originally a church, 1988: 1882: 1822:Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb 1782:Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb 1779: 1730:, built in 1086-7 by 1675: 1536: 1517: 525: 494:. In the case of the 460: 351:Sasanian architecture 32:Dome (disambiguation) 13379:Ottoman architecture 13369:Moorish architecture 13364:Islamic architecture 13359:Iranian architecture 12782:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf) 12636:(or müezzin mahfili) 12296:Islamic architecture 10845:Zagraevsky, Sergey, 10388:Sear, Frank (1983). 9823:Encyclopædia Iranica 9758:Construction History 9463:McNeil, Ian (2002). 9112:"The Dome of Heaven" 9007:The Culture of China 8312:on November 29, 2014 7756:Forschungsbericht 32 7711:Denny, Mark (2010). 7471:Como, Mario (2013). 6746:, pp. 700, 703. 6744:Bradshaw et al. 2002 6720:Bradshaw et al. 2002 6708:Bradshaw et al. 2002 6684:Bradshaw et al. 2002 5952:, pp. 696, 698. 5604:, pp. 203, 242. 5298:, pp. 105, 110. 5034:, pp. 121, 132. 4928:, pp. 127, 463. 4498:, pp. 181, 183. 4435:, pp. 195, 197. 4154:, pp. 127, 329. 4115:, pp. 127, 419. 3153:Vault (architecture) 3095:The first permanent 3030:exhibition buildings 3020:. Elaborate covered 2893:St. Paul's Cathedral 2681:San Giorgio Maggiore 2638:St. Peter's Basilica 2596:Filippo Brunelleschi 2449:Ottoman architecture 2329:Russian architecture 2275:Russian architecture 2060:conquered the region 1966:Western Roman Empire 1964:With the end of the 1790:Chinese architecture 1689:Persian architecture 1591:, among others. The 1462:St. Peter's Basilica 1022:domes on pendentives 643:University of Kassel 375:Ottoman architecture 337:architecture in the 30:For other uses, see 13476:Mosque architecture 13471:Church architecture 13416: • 13403: • 13389:Yemeni architecture 13374:Mughal architecture 13354:Berber architecture 13349:Arabic architecture 13013:Salsabil (fountain) 12747:Islamic calligraphy 11050: / Guest room 10641:on 6 February 2004. 10408:Roman architecture. 10326:1987BuEnv..22..233S 9963:. Scarecrow Press. 9851:(2), archived from 8037:Concrete Structures 7989:Gothic Architecture 7506:1977BuEnv..12....1C 6870:on October 23, 2020 6818:Building Structures 6734:, pp. 322–323. 6722:, pp. 701–702. 6698:, pp. 131–132. 6599:, pp. 126–127. 6467:, pp. 314–315. 6455:, pp. 580–581. 6443:, pp. 218–220. 6431:, pp. 214–215. 6299:, pp. 187–189. 6287:, pp. 230–232. 6248:, pp. 175–176. 6183:, pp. 356–357. 6072:, pp. 125–127. 5988:, pp. 209–213. 5841:, pp. 346–347. 5754:, pp. 111–112. 5334:, pp. 266–267. 5274:, pp. 192–194. 5046:, pp. 116–117. 5003:, pp. 142–143. 4887:, pp. 220–221. 4791:, pp. 346–352. 4767:, pp. 362–363. 4600:Chen & Lui 2005 4576:Chen & Lui 2005 4564:Chen & Lui 2005 4474:, pp. 208–209. 4327:, pp. 141–142. 4076:, pp. 304–305. 3135:Architecture portal 3115:retractable roofing 3110:membrane structures 3090:structural analysis 2919:Modern period domes 2845:St Paul's Cathedral 2823:tomb of Safdar Jang 2673:Georgian architects 2646:Giacomo della Porta 2630:Bernardo Rossellino 2620:De re aedificatoria 2544:Rüstem Pasha Mosque 2396:Dormition Cathedral 2267:Desyatinnaya Church 2244:onion domes of the 1999:Justinian the Great 1875:List of Roman domes 1348:handkerchief vaults 1266:and popular in the 1091:A crossed-arch dome 751:Alexander the Great 371:early modern period 319:ancient Mesopotamia 111:Modern period domes 40:Part of a series on 13090:Kuttab (or maktab) 11526:Servants' quarters 10392:Roman Architecture 9599:The Antioch Review 7436:, AVA Publishing, 6847:, pp. 195–220 6515:, pp. 135–36. 6147:, pp. 82, 91. 5913:, pp. 65, 67. 5805:, pp. 57, 89. 5508:, pp. 46, 50. 4375:, pp. 32, 38. 4201:, pp. 2–3, 7. 3066:Walther Bauersfeld 3006: 2954: 2942: 2849: 2770: 2726: 2600:Florence Cathedral 2593: 2516:Süleymaniye Mosque 2491: 2476:Üç Şerefeli Mosque 2453:Byzantine Anatolia 2431:and its spread in 2425: 2317: 2315:date to the 1680s. 2311:. Its distinctive 2254: 2048: 2003: 1958:Lateran baptistery 1893: 1806:city of Xiangcheng 1804:, near the modern 1802:Western Han period 1786: 1686: 1545: 1520: 1373:elliptic parabolic 1164:hemispherical dome 1158:Hemispherical dome 1152:Buckminster Fuller 1000:(145–160) and the 863:Treasury of Atreus 794:whispering gallery 716:Symbolism of domes 704:Florence Cathedral 531: 467: 377:at the same time. 201:Whispering gallery 13451:Arches and vaults 13433: 13432: 13280: 13279: 13036: 13035: 13023:Shading Umbrellas 12807:Stucco decoration 12707:For overview, see 12522:Four-centred arch 12262: 12261: 11909: 11908: 11327:Janitorial closet 11061:Bedsit / Miniflat 10808:978-9-004-17745-1 10787:978-0-300-07941-8 10763:978-0-8020-6708-1 10740:978-0-8020-3914-9 10694:978-0-404-06836-3 10673:978-0-231-50172-9 10631:978-0-86078-686-3 10607:978-0-810-91077-5 10579:978-84-9728-070-9 10526:978-0-549-75556-2 10505:978-1-56898-549-7 10462:978-0-691-03875-9 10427:978-0-7277-2939-2 10403:978-0-8014-9245-7 10380:978-0-810-93297-5 10362:978-0-471-75601-9 10242:978-0-810-87477-0 10192:978-9-042-02571-4 10158:978-0-727-73014-5 10116:978-0-140-71008-3 10074:978-0-203-20387-3 10054:978-0-486-14291-3 10034:978-0-070-42313-8 10014:978-1-439-86297-1 9991:978-1-442-26309-3 9970:978-0-810-87058-1 9949:978-1-59228-718-5 9928:978-0-393-02030-4 9905:978-0-19-925246-6 9884:978-1-934536-03-2 9807:978-1-56898-741-5 9788:978-0-7148-3616-4 9720:978-0-300-09598-2 9680:978-0-521-07060-7 9660:978-0-199-68027-6 9639:978-1-856-69371-4 9589:978-3-034-60872-5 9568:978-0-684-84997-3 9547:978-0-521-56321-5 9526:978-1-4757-0225-5 9476:978-0-203-19211-5 9455:978-0-300-10688-6 9405:978-0-7607-8887-5 9349:978-0-813-53766-5 9307:978-0-7506-5451-7 9228:978-9-004-17357-6 9205:978-0-756-64349-2 9184:978-0-393-31152-5 9145:978-0-203-19965-7 9125:978-0-8020-6708-1 9102:978-0-72773-235-4 9081:978-1-57607-112-0 9058:978-0-521-84202-0 9038:978-0-306-48317-2 9017:978-1-61530-183-6 8967:978-90-04-07084-4 8946:978-1-568-98010-2 8925:978-0-300-05294-7 8904:978-0-87099-229-2 8879:978-0-262-61070-4 8736:978-0-521-51371-5 8717:978-1-108-01604-9 8697:978-1-317-54996-3 8663:Kunst des Orients 8653:978-3-7643-8444-9 8585:978-0-19-539536-5 8564:978-1-856-69159-8 8526:978-0-231-10133-2 8505:978-0-415-15291-4 8484:978-0-521-62963-8 8429:978-0-486-13211-2 8409:978-0-071-58901-7 8388:978-0-300-05327-2 8338:978-1-349-04697-3 8224:978-0-191-04494-6 8147:978-0-393-73015-9 8112:978-84-9728-070-9 8074:978-953-7621-10-0 8020:978-0-521-77257-0 7999:978-0-300-08799-4 7978:978-0-7506-2267-7 7954:978-0-14-051241-0 7895:978-0-06-019438-3 7874:978-0-195-17072-6 7849:978-9-004-17645-4 7769:978-3-922302-32-2 7745:978-0-300-07404-8 7724:978-0-8018-9436-7 7704:978-1-136-44406-7 7684:978-0-750-68502-3 7663:978-0-313-32152-8 7637:978-0-19-967498-5 7606:978-0-393-73119-4 7564:978-0-82641-270-6 7544:978-0-419-22280-4 7484:978-3-642-30131-5 7463:978-0-750-66001-3 7443:978-2-940-37380-2 7423:978-0-199-56992-2 7372:978-1-118-16049-7 7351:978-0-471-26892-5 7317:978-1-420-03993-1 7268:978-0-071-77293-8 7247:978-0-226-08049-9 7226:978-0-7190-3354-4 7205:978-1-135-13856-1 7119:978-0-19-530991-1 7098:978-0-19-165208-0 7048:978-1-118-88722-6 6998:978-1-84383-074-0 6977:978-0-19-925246-6 6852:Arun, G. (2006), 6828:978-0-470-54260-6 6808:978-2-940-37354-3 6527:, pp. 92–93. 6099:, pp. 93–94. 5346:, pp. 79–80. 5166:, pp. 81–82. 5094:, pp. 34–35. 4566:, pp. 24–18. 4387:, pp. 51–53. 2975:Royal Albert Hall 2940:in United Kingdom 2754:Shah Jahan Mosque 2695:South Asian domes 2654:Sebastiano Serlio 2495:Bayezid II Mosque 2390:The domes of the 2156:Mediterranean Sea 2107:. Another is the 2097:new Roman Emperor 1974:Emperor Justinian 1748:The domes of the 1737:Beginning in the 1712:Samanid Mausoleum 1640:Achaemenid Persia 1636:ancient Near East 1378:Llotja de la Seda 1222:Brighton Pavilion 1032:Crossed-arch dome 820:cavity resonators 696:funicular surface 294:, or a system of 261: 260: 101:South Asian domes 16:(Redirected from 13498: 13426:Islam portal 13424: 13423: 13422: 13411: 13410: 13045: 13044: 12710:Islamic ornament 12589:South Asian dome 12517:Discharging arch 12498: 12471: 12470: 12315:Anatolian Seljuk 12289: 12282: 12275: 12266: 12265: 12086: 12024:Half-hipped roof 11936: 11929: 11922: 11913: 11912: 11898: 11897: 11867:Home improvement 11639:Studio apartment 11431:Kitchen-related 11107:Conversation pit 10894:and spaces of a 10885: 10878: 10871: 10862: 10861: 10856: 10841: 10812: 10791: 10778:Jennifer Montagu 10766: 10744: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10698: 10677: 10656: 10650: 10642: 10640: 10634:. Archived from 10623: 10611: 10590: 10588: 10582:. Archived from 10571: 10559: 10530: 10509: 10490: 10478: 10466: 10445: 10431: 10410: 10395: 10384: 10371:Great Cathedrals 10365: 10345: 10304: 10275: 10258:(1–2): 171–184. 10246: 10225: 10196: 10175: 10162: 10141: 10120: 10099: 10078: 10057: 10037: 10017: 9995: 9974: 9953: 9932: 9920: 9909: 9888: 9876: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9857: 9845:Acta Carsologica 9842: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9811: 9792: 9773: 9752: 9724: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9684: 9663: 9643: 9622: 9593: 9572: 9551: 9530: 9509: 9480: 9459: 9438: 9409: 9390: 9353: 9332: 9311: 9290: 9289: 9288: 9267: 9241: 9231: 9209: 9188: 9176: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9148: 9128: 9106: 9085: 9073: 9062: 9041: 9021: 9000: 8971: 8950: 8929: 8908: 8883: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8850:, archived from 8840: 8839: 8837: 8823: 8821: 8820: 8814: 8803: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8783: 8777:. Archived from 8750: 8740: 8721: 8700: 8678: 8657: 8626: 8589: 8568: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8534:Hitchcock, Don, 8530: 8509: 8488: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8457: 8442: 8432: 8412: 8392: 8371: 8342: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8311: 8296: 8286: 8257: 8228: 8205: 8186: 8167: 8161: 8151: 8130: 8125:, archived from 8116: 8104: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8083: 8077:. Archived from 8066: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8045: 8034: 8024: 8003: 7982: 7958: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7920: 7910: 7899: 7878: 7853: 7832: 7804: 7787: 7785: 7784: 7778: 7772:. Archived from 7761: 7749: 7728: 7707: 7687: 7667: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7610: 7589: 7580:(142): 146–155. 7568: 7547: 7527: 7525: 7488: 7467: 7446: 7426: 7406: 7400: 7392: 7386: 7376: 7355: 7334: 7321: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7281: 7271: 7251: 7230: 7209: 7188: 7170: 7160: 7123: 7102: 7081: 7052: 7023: 7002: 6981: 6960: 6958: 6952:. Archived from 6947: 6937: 6919: 6909: 6892: 6886: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6869: 6858: 6848: 6842: 6832: 6811: 6791: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5962:Hillenbrand 1994 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5827:Krautheimer 1986 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5779:Krautheimer 1986 5776: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5704:Ousterhout 2008a 5701: 5695: 5692:Krautheimer 1986 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5670:, p. xliii. 5665: 5659: 5656:Krautheimer 1986 5653: 5644: 5641:Ousterhout 2008a 5638: 5632: 5629:Ousterhout 2008b 5626: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5602:Krautheimer 1986 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5578:Krautheimer 1986 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5554:Krautheimer 1986 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5482:Krautheimer 1986 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5032:Krautheimer 1980 5029: 5023: 5017: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4863:, pp. 8, 9. 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4811: 4805: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4630: 4624: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4550: 4544: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4460:Ousterhout 2008a 4457: 4451: 4445: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4399:, pp. 3, 8. 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4040: 4034: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3945: 3939: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3775: 3769: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3733: 3727: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3679: 3673: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3541: 3532: 3526: 3517: 3511: 3502: 3496: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3378: 3369: 3343: 3337: 3318: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3282: 3244: 3238: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3195: 3189: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3046:Vladimir Shukhov 3038:locomotive sheds 3022:shopping arcades 2756:'s main dome in 2683:(1565–1610) and 2677:Thomas Jefferson 2650:Domenico Fontana 2546:and the tomb of 2503:imperial mosques 2499:classical period 2445:Byzantine Empire 2427:The rise of the 2325:Early Modern era 2068:Dome of the Rock 2041:Dome of the Rock 1938:Baths of Agrippa 1647:capital city of 1632:Neolithic period 1573:Native Americans 1543: 1540: 1499: 1487: 1475: 1356:pendentive domes 1314: 1302: 1290: 1277:Murcia Cathedral 1105:Ellipsoidal dome 1099:Ellipsoidal dome 1088: 1076: 1064: 1052: 1026:pendentive domes 1006:Thomas Jefferson 802:Francesco Giorgi 770:early Christians 688:equilateral arch 253: 246: 239: 223: 222: 56: 37: 36: 21: 13506: 13505: 13501: 13500: 13499: 13497: 13496: 13495: 13436: 13435: 13434: 13429: 13420: 13418: 13405: 13393: 13337: 13328:Moorish Revival 13306: 13276: 13242:Albarrana tower 13230: 13159: 13146:in modern Iran) 13060:Dar al-Muwaqqit 13032: 12983:(fountain type) 12968: 12962: 12925: 12919: 12910:Reflecting pool 12905:Persian gardens 12900:Paradise garden 12868: 12845:(entrance hall) 12816: 12772:Nagash painting 12694: 12616: 12610: 12561: 12532:Lambrequin arch 12499: 12490: 12462: 12433:Sudano-Sahelian 12298: 12293: 12263: 12258: 12087: 12078: 11945: 11940: 11910: 11905: 11901:Category: Rooms 11886: 11830: 11651: 11643: 11609:Secondary suite 11560: 11435:butler's pantry 11407: 11350:Mechanical room 11303:Electrical room 11262: 11250: 11080: 11024: 10998:Recreation room 10898: 10889: 10859: 10809: 10788: 10764: 10741: 10717: 10715: 10695: 10674: 10644: 10643: 10638: 10632: 10621: 10608: 10600:. H.N. Abrams. 10586: 10580: 10569: 10548:10.2307/1523084 10527: 10506: 10463: 10428: 10404: 10381: 10363: 10243: 10193: 10159: 10138: 10117: 10075: 10055: 10035: 10015: 9992: 9971: 9950: 9929: 9906: 9885: 9861: 9859: 9855: 9840: 9827: 9825: 9808: 9789: 9730:Arts Asiatiques 9721: 9697: 9695: 9681: 9661: 9640: 9611:10.2307/4611482 9590: 9569: 9548: 9527: 9498:10.2307/1291479 9477: 9456: 9406: 9371:10.2307/3105106 9350: 9308: 9286: 9284: 9239: 9229: 9206: 9185: 9160: 9158: 9146: 9126: 9103: 9082: 9059: 9039: 9018: 8989:10.2307/1523097 8968: 8947: 8926: 8905: 8880: 8857: 8855: 8854:on July 1, 2012 8835: 8833: 8818: 8816: 8812: 8801: 8787: 8785: 8781: 8775: 8748: 8737: 8718: 8698: 8654: 8607:10.2307/1568594 8586: 8565: 8542: 8540: 8527: 8506: 8485: 8461: 8459: 8455: 8440: 8430: 8410: 8389: 8360:10.2307/4299807 8339: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8294: 8225: 8202: 8183: 8159: 8148: 8113: 8102: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8064: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8032: 8021: 8000: 7979: 7955: 7931: 7929: 7918: 7896: 7875: 7859:Fantham, Elaine 7850: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7759: 7746: 7725: 7705: 7685: 7664: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7607: 7565: 7545: 7485: 7464: 7444: 7424: 7394: 7393: 7384: 7373: 7352: 7318: 7295: 7293: 7269: 7248: 7227: 7206: 7168: 7141:10.2307/2849071 7120: 7099: 7049: 6999: 6978: 6956: 6945: 6917: 6880: 6879: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6856: 6840: 6829: 6809: 6779: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6754: 6750: 6742: 6738: 6730: 6726: 6718: 6714: 6706: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6682: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6658: 6654: 6646: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6585:Lippincott 2008 6583: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6359:, p. 1948. 6355: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6271: 6264: 6260:, pp. 5–7. 6256: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6107: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5936: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5853:, pp. 2–4. 5849: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5777: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5576: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5417: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5369: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4980: 4974:Burckhardt 1987 4972: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4814: 4806: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4633: 4625: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4562: 4553: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4225:, p. 1037. 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4043: 4035: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3996: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3736: 3728: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3682: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3550: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3505: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3379: 3372: 3355:definition is: 3344: 3340: 3319: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3285: 3245: 3241: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3163:Monolithic dome 3133: 3126: 3123: 3062:Portland cement 3024:included large 2990:201 Dome Mosque 2927: 2921: 2901:catenary arches 2897:Guarino Guarini 2837: 2831: 2787:tomb of Humayun 2783:Mughal building 2738:Hindu tradition 2734:Classical India 2703: 2697: 2665:Andrea Palladio 2574: 2568: 2559:Selimiye Mosque 2417: 2388: 2386:Ukrainian domes 2235: 2160:Knights Templar 2140:crossing towers 2109:Palatine Chapel 2033: 2027: 2007:Cross-in-square 1936:as part of the 1934:Emperor Hadrian 1909:Imperial period 1877: 1871: 1865: 1798:barrel vaulting 1774: 1750:Safavid dynasty 1693:Iranian plateau 1670: 1664: 1658: 1601:wattle and daub 1541: 1531: 1525: 1512: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1410: 1390:segmental domes 1386: 1364:Byzantine domes 1360:Bohemian vaults 1340: 1327: 1325:Paraboloid dome 1322: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1240: 1238:Elliptical dome 1234: 1182: 1176: 1160: 1125: 1119: 1107: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1081: 1080: 1079:A compound dome 1077: 1069: 1068: 1067:A domical vault 1065: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1034: 1018: 978:pavilion vaults 970:segmental domes 958:polygonal domes 950: 944: 875: 839: 833: 828: 790: 718: 712: 651: 592: 520: 443: 403: 257: 217: 205: 142: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13504: 13494: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13431: 13430: 13398: 13395: 13394: 13392: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13345: 13343: 13342:Category pages 13339: 13338: 13336: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13314: 13312: 13308: 13307: 13305: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13288: 13286: 13282: 13281: 13278: 13277: 13275: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13238: 13236: 13232: 13231: 13229: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13216:Medina quarter 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13167: 13165: 13161: 13160: 13158: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13051: 13049: 13042: 13038: 13037: 13034: 13033: 13031: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13004: 13002:Riwaq (arcade) 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12978: 12972: 12970: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12929: 12927: 12921: 12920: 12918: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12890:Islamic garden 12887: 12882: 12876: 12874: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12824: 12822: 12818: 12817: 12815: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12713: 12702: 12700: 12696: 12695: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12631: 12626: 12620: 12618: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12608: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12569: 12567: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12537:Multifoil arch 12534: 12529: 12527:Horseshoe arch 12524: 12519: 12514: 12507: 12505: 12501: 12500: 12493: 12491: 12489: 12488: 12483: 12477: 12475: 12468: 12464: 12463: 12461: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12419: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12369: 12368: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12306: 12304: 12300: 12299: 12292: 12291: 12284: 12277: 12269: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12095: 12093: 12089: 12088: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11984:Butterfly roof 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11955: 11953: 11947: 11946: 11939: 11938: 11931: 11924: 11916: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11903: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11838: 11836: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11797: 11796: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11750: 11749: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11700: 11695: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11655: 11653: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11600: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11579: 11574: 11568: 11566: 11562: 11561: 11559: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11521:Servants' hall 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11464: 11463: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11429: 11424: 11418: 11416: 11409: 11408: 11406: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11347: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11310: 11308:Equipment room 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11269: 11267: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11224: 11222:Secret passage 11219: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11207: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11151: 11150: 11140: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11088: 11086: 11082: 11081: 11079: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11045: 11044: 11043: 11032: 11030: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11006: 11005: 10995: 10994: 10993: 10983: 10982: 10981: 10971: 10966: 10965: 10964: 10959: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10908: 10906: 10900: 10899: 10888: 10887: 10880: 10873: 10865: 10858: 10857: 10842: 10813: 10807: 10792: 10786: 10767: 10762: 10745: 10739: 10724: 10699: 10693: 10678: 10672: 10657: 10630: 10612: 10606: 10591: 10589:on 2009-12-11. 10578: 10560: 10531: 10525: 10510: 10504: 10491: 10481:Chisholm, Hugh 10467: 10461: 10446: 10432: 10426: 10411: 10402: 10385: 10379: 10366: 10361: 10346: 10305: 10287:(6): 595–606. 10276: 10247: 10241: 10226: 10214:10.2307/990663 10208:(4): 384–401. 10197: 10191: 10176: 10163: 10157: 10142: 10136: 10121: 10115: 10100: 10090:(1): 471–519. 10079: 10073: 10058: 10053: 10038: 10033: 10018: 10013: 9996: 9990: 9975: 9969: 9954: 9948: 9933: 9927: 9910: 9904: 9889: 9883: 9866: 9833: 9812: 9806: 9793: 9787: 9774: 9753: 9725: 9719: 9704: 9685: 9679: 9664: 9659: 9644: 9638: 9623: 9605:(3): 261–271. 9594: 9588: 9573: 9567: 9552: 9546: 9531: 9525: 9510: 9481: 9475: 9460: 9454: 9439: 9410: 9404: 9391: 9365:(2): 300–329. 9354: 9348: 9333: 9312: 9306: 9291: 9268: 9256:10.2307/987944 9232: 9227: 9210: 9204: 9189: 9183: 9166: 9149: 9144: 9129: 9124: 9107: 9101: 9086: 9080: 9063: 9057: 9042: 9037: 9022: 9016: 9001: 8972: 8966: 8951: 8945: 8930: 8924: 8909: 8903: 8884: 8878: 8863: 8841: 8824: 8794: 8773: 8759:(1): 357–381. 8741: 8735: 8722: 8716: 8701: 8696: 8679: 8658: 8652: 8627: 8590: 8584: 8569: 8563: 8548: 8531: 8525: 8510: 8504: 8489: 8483: 8468: 8433: 8428: 8413: 8408: 8393: 8387: 8372: 8343: 8337: 8322: 8287: 8275:10.2307/990496 8258: 8246:10.2307/988190 8240:(4): 191–198. 8229: 8223: 8217:. OUP Oxford. 8208: 8207: 8206: 8200: 8181: 8168: 8152: 8146: 8131: 8117: 8111: 8093: 8073: 8055: 8025: 8019: 8004: 7998: 7983: 7977: 7959: 7953: 7938: 7911: 7900: 7894: 7879: 7873: 7854: 7848: 7833: 7822:10.2307/283440 7805: 7788: 7768: 7750: 7744: 7729: 7723: 7708: 7703: 7688: 7683: 7668: 7662: 7647: 7636: 7611: 7605: 7590: 7569: 7563: 7548: 7543: 7528: 7489: 7483: 7468: 7462: 7447: 7442: 7427: 7422: 7416:, OUP Oxford, 7407: 7377: 7371: 7356: 7350: 7335: 7322: 7316: 7301: 7282: 7272: 7267: 7252: 7246: 7231: 7225: 7210: 7204: 7189: 7179:(6): 691–709. 7161: 7135:(2): 208–221. 7124: 7118: 7103: 7097: 7082: 7070:10.2307/990755 7053: 7047: 7024: 7014:(2): 199–210. 7003: 6997: 6982: 6976: 6961: 6959:on 2013-10-16. 6938: 6910: 6893: 6849: 6833: 6827: 6812: 6807: 6792: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6760: 6748: 6736: 6724: 6712: 6700: 6688: 6686:, p. 693. 6676: 6674:, p. 134. 6672:Mainstone 2001 6664: 6662:, p. 129. 6660:Mainstone 2001 6652: 6637: 6635:, p. 171. 6633:Mainstone 2001 6625: 6623:, p. 126. 6613: 6601: 6589: 6577: 6575:, p. 241. 6573:Mainstone 2001 6565: 6553: 6551:, p. 190. 6541: 6529: 6517: 6505: 6503:, p. 128. 6493: 6489:Wittkower 1999 6481: 6479:, p. 210. 6469: 6457: 6445: 6433: 6421: 6409: 6397: 6385: 6383:, p. 200. 6373: 6361: 6349: 6337: 6335:, p. 157. 6325: 6313: 6309:Melaragno 1991 6301: 6289: 6277: 6275:, p. 184. 6262: 6250: 6238: 6236:, p. 304. 6234:Hourihane 2012 6221: 6219:, p. 181. 6209: 6197: 6195:, p. 213. 6185: 6173: 6161: 6159:, p. 231. 6149: 6137: 6125: 6113: 6101: 6089: 6074: 6062: 6050: 6038: 6026: 6014: 6002: 5990: 5978: 5976:, p. 209. 5966: 5964:, p. 318. 5954: 5942: 5940:, p. 174. 5927: 5925:, p. 202. 5915: 5903: 5891: 5879: 5877:, p. 172. 5867: 5865:, p. 165. 5855: 5843: 5831: 5829:, p. 405. 5819: 5807: 5795: 5783: 5781:, p. 402. 5768: 5766:, p. 208. 5756: 5744: 5742:, p. 209. 5732: 5720: 5718:, p. 185. 5716:Wittkower 1963 5708: 5706:, p. 214. 5696: 5694:, p. 379. 5684: 5682:, p. 137. 5672: 5660: 5658:, p. 340. 5645: 5643:, p. 202. 5633: 5631:, p. 358. 5618: 5606: 5594: 5592:, p. 958. 5582: 5580:, p. 239. 5570: 5558: 5556:, p. 238. 5546: 5544:, p. 161. 5542:Lancaster 2005 5534: 5530:McClendon 2005 5522: 5510: 5506:Lancaster 2005 5498: 5496:, p. 255. 5486: 5474: 5470:Lancaster 2005 5462: 5460:, p. 130. 5450: 5448:, p. 249. 5435: 5423: 5411: 5399: 5397:, p. 294. 5387: 5375: 5373:, p. 167. 5360: 5348: 5336: 5324: 5312: 5310:, p. 106. 5300: 5288: 5276: 5264: 5262:, p. 113. 5252: 5250:, p. 148. 5248:Creswell 1915a 5240: 5219: 5217:, p. 957. 5207: 5195: 5193:, p. 192. 5183: 5181:, p. 194. 5168: 5156: 5154:, p. 116. 5152:Mainstone 2001 5144: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5106:, p. 155. 5104:Creswell 1915a 5096: 5084: 5072: 5060: 5048: 5036: 5024: 5005: 4993: 4991:, p. 263. 4978: 4966: 4954: 4952:, p. 274. 4942: 4940:, p. 462. 4930: 4918: 4901: 4899:, p. 231. 4889: 4877: 4865: 4853: 4851:, p. 140. 4841: 4829: 4827:, p. 131. 4812: 4810:, p. 304. 4793: 4781: 4779:, p. 105. 4769: 4757: 4745: 4743:, p. 320. 4733: 4731:, p. 220. 4721: 4709: 4707:, p. 268. 4697: 4695:, p. 303. 4693:Hourihane 2012 4682: 4670: 4658: 4656:, p. 527. 4646: 4644:, p. 273. 4631: 4616: 4614:, p. 595. 4604: 4592: 4590:, p. 141. 4580: 4568: 4551: 4536: 4534:, p. 188. 4524: 4522:, p. 163. 4512: 4510:, p. 233. 4508:Salvadori 1987 4500: 4488: 4486:, p. 202. 4476: 4464: 4452: 4437: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4351:, p. 183. 4341: 4329: 4317: 4315:, p. 142. 4305: 4303:, p. 395. 4290: 4288:, p. 301. 4286:Hourihane 2012 4278: 4276:, p. 242. 4274:Hourihane 2012 4263: 4251: 4249:, p. 139. 4239: 4237:, p. 316. 4227: 4215: 4203: 4199:MacDonald 1958 4191: 4189:, p. 121. 4187:Mainstone 2001 4179: 4156: 4144: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4090: 4088:, p. 123. 4078: 4066: 4064:, p. 127. 4041: 4026: 4024:, p. 236. 4014: 4012:, p. 203. 4002: 4000:, p. 436. 3985: 3983:, p. 252. 3981:Technical 1872 3973: 3971:, p. 114. 3961: 3946: 3929: 3917: 3905: 3893: 3891:, p. 302. 3889:Hourihane 2012 3864: 3862:, p. 212. 3852: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3818: 3803: 3791: 3776: 3761: 3757:Hourihane 2012 3749: 3734: 3719: 3715:Mainstone 2000 3707: 3695: 3680: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3590: 3575: 3563: 3548: 3533: 3518: 3503: 3488: 3476: 3464: 3452: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3310: 3298: 3294:Mainstone 2000 3283: 3259:τὸ σφαιροειδές 3239: 3211: 3196: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3143:Lists of domes 3139: 3138: 3122: 3119: 3082:geodesic domes 3018:winter gardens 2934:Geodesic domes 2923:Main article: 2920: 2917: 2833:Main article: 2830: 2827: 2774:tomb of Balban 2699:Main article: 2696: 2693: 2591:'s dome, Italy 2570:Main article: 2567: 2564: 2520:Şehzade Mosque 2429:Ottoman Empire 2416: 2413: 2387: 2384: 2382:in the world. 2368:electroplating 2250:Moscow Kremlin 2234: 2231: 2185:palace of the 2117:Southern Italy 2050:The Syria and 2029:Main article: 2026: 2023: 1867:Main article: 1864: 1861: 1837:siyuxuanjinshi 1833:Three Kingdoms 1794:simian jieding 1773: 1770: 1660:Main article: 1657: 1654: 1547:Cultures from 1527:Main article: 1524: 1521: 1511: 1508: 1501: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1409: 1406: 1385: 1382: 1352:domical vaults 1339: 1336: 1326: 1323: 1316: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1233: 1230: 1178:Main article: 1175: 1172: 1159: 1156: 1128:Geodesic domes 1121:Main article: 1118: 1115: 1103:Main article: 1100: 1097: 1090: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1033: 1030: 1017: 1014: 974:paneled vaults 954:domical vaults 948:Cloister vault 946:Main article: 943: 942:Cloister vault 940: 936:formed surface 897:three-way grid 874: 871: 865:from the late 843:corbelled dome 841:Also called a 832: 829: 827: 824: 789: 786: 722:late Stone Age 714:Main article: 711: 708: 650: 647: 605:Industrial Age 591: 588: 519: 516: 505:The fields of 442: 439: 402: 399: 259: 258: 256: 255: 248: 241: 233: 230: 229: 228: 227: 215: 207: 206: 204: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 152: 149: 148: 144: 143: 141: 140: 135: 130: 128:Cloister vault 124: 121: 120: 116: 115: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 70: 69: 65: 64: 58: 57: 49: 48: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13503: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13443: 13441: 13428: 13427: 13415: 13414: 13409: 13402: 13396: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13340: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13315: 13313: 13309: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13289: 13287: 13283: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13239: 13237: 13233: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13201:Hasht-Bihisht 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13168: 13166: 13162: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13145: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13075:Jama'at Khana 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13052: 13050: 13046: 13043: 13039: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12973: 12971: 12965: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12930: 12928: 12922: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12895:Mughal garden 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12871: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12825: 12823: 12819: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12717: 12714: 12711: 12708: 12704: 12703: 12701: 12697: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12613: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12590: 12586: 12582: 12578: 12574: 12571: 12570: 12568: 12564: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12512: 12509: 12508: 12506: 12502: 12497: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12472: 12469: 12465: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12373: 12370: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12347: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12301: 12297: 12290: 12285: 12283: 12278: 12276: 12271: 12270: 12267: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12209:Roof sheeting 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12164:Lightning rod 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12092:Roof elements 12090: 12085: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12064:Sawtooth roof 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12044:Pavilion roof 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11937: 11932: 11930: 11925: 11923: 11918: 11917: 11914: 11902: 11893: 11892: 11889: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11839: 11837: 11833: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11748: 11745: 11744: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11650: 11649:Architectural 11646: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11629:Semi-detached 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11569: 11567: 11563: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11546:Swimming pool 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11486:Great chamber 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11468: 11465: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11410: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11398:Wiring closet 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11369:Semi-basement 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11266: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11083: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11055: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11029:Private rooms 11027: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11004: 11003:billiard room 11001: 11000: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10984: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10957:dirty kitchen 10955: 10954: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10886: 10881: 10879: 10874: 10872: 10867: 10866: 10863: 10855:on 2013-01-16 10854: 10850: 10849: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10814: 10810: 10804: 10800: 10799: 10793: 10789: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10774: 10768: 10765: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10746: 10742: 10736: 10732: 10731: 10725: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10700: 10696: 10690: 10686: 10685: 10679: 10675: 10669: 10665: 10664: 10658: 10654: 10648: 10637: 10633: 10627: 10620: 10619: 10613: 10609: 10603: 10599: 10598: 10592: 10585: 10581: 10575: 10568: 10567: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10537: 10532: 10528: 10522: 10518: 10517: 10511: 10507: 10501: 10497: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10476:"Vault"  10472: 10468: 10464: 10458: 10454: 10453: 10447: 10444:on 2011-07-28 10443: 10439: 10438: 10433: 10429: 10423: 10419: 10418: 10412: 10409: 10405: 10399: 10394: 10393: 10386: 10382: 10376: 10372: 10367: 10364: 10358: 10354: 10353: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10248: 10244: 10238: 10234: 10233: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10198: 10194: 10188: 10184: 10183: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10164: 10160: 10154: 10150: 10149: 10143: 10139: 10137:9780878170333 10133: 10129: 10128: 10122: 10118: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10080: 10076: 10070: 10067:. Routledge. 10066: 10065: 10059: 10056: 10050: 10046: 10045: 10039: 10036: 10030: 10026: 10025: 10019: 10016: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9997: 9993: 9987: 9983: 9982: 9976: 9972: 9966: 9962: 9961: 9955: 9951: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9934: 9930: 9924: 9919: 9918: 9911: 9907: 9901: 9897: 9896: 9890: 9886: 9880: 9875: 9874: 9867: 9858:on 2021-06-24 9854: 9850: 9846: 9839: 9834: 9824: 9820: 9819: 9813: 9809: 9803: 9799: 9794: 9790: 9784: 9780: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9754: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9726: 9722: 9716: 9712: 9711: 9705: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9672: 9671: 9665: 9662: 9656: 9652: 9651: 9645: 9641: 9635: 9631: 9630: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9595: 9591: 9585: 9581: 9580: 9574: 9570: 9564: 9560: 9559: 9558:Classic Style 9553: 9549: 9543: 9539: 9538: 9532: 9528: 9522: 9518: 9517: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9482: 9478: 9472: 9468: 9467: 9461: 9457: 9451: 9447: 9446: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9411: 9407: 9401: 9397: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9355: 9351: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9313: 9309: 9303: 9299: 9298: 9292: 9283:on 2020-07-29 9282: 9278: 9274: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9238: 9233: 9230: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9197: 9196: 9190: 9186: 9180: 9175: 9174: 9167: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9147: 9141: 9137: 9136: 9130: 9127: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9108: 9104: 9098: 9094: 9093: 9087: 9083: 9077: 9072: 9071: 9064: 9060: 9054: 9050: 9049: 9043: 9040: 9034: 9030: 9029: 9023: 9019: 9013: 9009: 9008: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8973: 8969: 8963: 8959: 8958: 8952: 8948: 8942: 8938: 8937: 8931: 8927: 8921: 8917: 8916: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8891: 8885: 8881: 8875: 8871: 8870: 8864: 8853: 8849: 8848: 8842: 8832: 8831: 8827:Kern, Chris, 8825: 8815:on 2021-08-28 8811: 8807: 8800: 8795: 8784:on 2015-05-29 8780: 8776: 8774:9789004309777 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8747: 8742: 8738: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8709: 8708: 8702: 8699: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8659: 8655: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8570: 8566: 8560: 8556: 8555: 8549: 8539: 8538: 8532: 8528: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8511: 8507: 8501: 8497: 8496: 8490: 8486: 8480: 8476: 8475: 8469: 8458:on 2015-02-22 8454: 8450: 8446: 8439: 8434: 8431: 8425: 8421: 8420: 8414: 8411: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8394: 8390: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8330: 8329: 8323: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8293: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8226: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8201:9780500274293 8197: 8193: 8188: 8187: 8184: 8178: 8174: 8169: 8165: 8158: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8139: 8138: 8132: 8129:on 2012-03-05 8128: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8101: 8100: 8094: 8084:on 2014-04-27 8080: 8076: 8070: 8063: 8062: 8056: 8046:on 2013-05-14 8042: 8038: 8031: 8026: 8022: 8016: 8012: 8011: 8005: 8001: 7995: 7991: 7990: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7946: 7945: 7939: 7928: 7924: 7917: 7912: 7908: 7907: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7841: 7840: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7789: 7779:on 2016-03-31 7775: 7771: 7765: 7758: 7757: 7751: 7747: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7716: 7715: 7709: 7706: 7700: 7697:, Routledge, 7696: 7695: 7689: 7686: 7680: 7677:, Routledge, 7676: 7675: 7669: 7665: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7648: 7639: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7598: 7597: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7566: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7549: 7546: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7486: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7448: 7445: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7428: 7425: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7390: 7383: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7343: 7342: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7302: 7292: 7288: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7270: 7264: 7260: 7259: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7167: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7004: 7000: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6962: 6955: 6951: 6944: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6916: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6770:, p. 49. 6769: 6764: 6757: 6752: 6745: 6740: 6733: 6728: 6721: 6716: 6709: 6704: 6697: 6692: 6685: 6680: 6673: 6668: 6661: 6656: 6649: 6644: 6642: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6617: 6611:, p. 32. 6610: 6605: 6598: 6593: 6587:, p. 26. 6586: 6581: 6574: 6569: 6562: 6557: 6550: 6545: 6539:, p. 13. 6538: 6533: 6526: 6521: 6514: 6509: 6502: 6497: 6491:, p. 48. 6490: 6485: 6478: 6477:Nuttgens 1997 6473: 6466: 6461: 6454: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6418: 6413: 6407:, p. 15. 6406: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6381:Peterson 1996 6377: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6333:Nuttgens 1997 6329: 6322: 6317: 6311:, p. 73. 6310: 6305: 6298: 6297:Nuttgens 1997 6293: 6286: 6281: 6274: 6273:Nuttgens 1997 6269: 6267: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6242: 6235: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6218: 6217:Nuttgens 1997 6213: 6206: 6201: 6194: 6189: 6182: 6177: 6171:, p. 89. 6170: 6165: 6158: 6153: 6146: 6141: 6134: 6129: 6122: 6117: 6111:, p. 84. 6110: 6105: 6098: 6093: 6087:, p. 75. 6086: 6081: 6079: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6054: 6047: 6042: 6035: 6030: 6023: 6018: 6011: 6006: 5999: 5994: 5987: 5982: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5951: 5946: 5939: 5934: 5932: 5924: 5919: 5912: 5907: 5901:, p. 72. 5900: 5895: 5889:, p. 48. 5888: 5883: 5876: 5871: 5864: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5840: 5835: 5828: 5823: 5817:, p. 60. 5816: 5811: 5804: 5803:Bullough 1991 5799: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5773: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5748: 5741: 5736: 5730:, p. 43. 5729: 5724: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5681: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5657: 5652: 5650: 5642: 5637: 5630: 5625: 5623: 5615: 5610: 5603: 5598: 5591: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5568:, p. 56. 5567: 5562: 5555: 5550: 5543: 5538: 5532:, p. 16. 5531: 5526: 5519: 5514: 5507: 5502: 5495: 5490: 5484:, p. 77. 5483: 5478: 5472:, p. 49. 5471: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5440: 5432: 5427: 5420: 5415: 5409:, p. 79. 5408: 5403: 5396: 5391: 5384: 5379: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5358:, p. 55. 5357: 5352: 5345: 5340: 5333: 5328: 5321: 5316: 5309: 5304: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5261: 5256: 5249: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5216: 5211: 5205:, p. 99. 5204: 5199: 5192: 5187: 5180: 5175: 5173: 5165: 5160: 5153: 5148: 5142:, p. 64. 5141: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5118:, p. 69. 5117: 5112: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5092:Crandall 2000 5088: 5081: 5076: 5070:, p. 24. 5069: 5064: 5057: 5052: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5028: 5022:, p. 69. 5021: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5002: 4997: 4990: 4985: 4983: 4976:, p. 58. 4975: 4970: 4963: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4922: 4915: 4914:Bagliani 2009 4910: 4908: 4906: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4881: 4875:, p. 42. 4874: 4873:Hamilton 1983 4869: 4862: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4839:, p. 36. 4838: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4719:, p. 79. 4718: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4689: 4687: 4679: 4674: 4668:, p. 80. 4667: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4628: 4623: 4621: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4589: 4584: 4577: 4572: 4565: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4549:, p. 62. 4548: 4547:Makowski 1962 4543: 4541: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4462:, p. 13. 4461: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4434: 4429: 4422: 4417: 4411:, p. 53. 4410: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4374: 4369: 4363:, p. 22. 4362: 4361:Blockley 2014 4357: 4350: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4326: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4223:Giustina 2003 4219: 4213:, p. 73. 4212: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4177:, p. 68. 4176: 4175:Peterson 1996 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4126: 4121: 4114: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4087: 4086:Nuttgens 1997 4082: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4039:, p. 63. 4038: 4033: 4031: 4023: 4018: 4011: 4006: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3982: 3977: 3970: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3951: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3926: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3827: 3826:Jannasch 2016 3822: 3815: 3810: 3808: 3800: 3795: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3758: 3753: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3731: 3726: 3724: 3716: 3711: 3704: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3662: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3572: 3567: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3485: 3480: 3473: 3468: 3461: 3456: 3449: 3444: 3437: 3432: 3425: 3420: 3413: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3342: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3125: 3118: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3097:air supported 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2951: 2946: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2913:Neo-Classical 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889:catenary arch 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2866:Baroque style 2863: 2859: 2855: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2785:is the domed 2784: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2623:, written by 2622: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2581:The Cathedral 2578: 2573: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2421: 2415:Ottoman domes 2412: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2303:(1555–61) in 2302: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2287:Old Testament 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2233:Russian domes 2230: 2228: 2224: 2223:Low Countries 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2022: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1993:(532–537) by 1992: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1970:Eastern Roman 1967: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1849:Yangtze River 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1780:Model of the 1778: 1772:Chinese domes 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1732:Nizam al-Mulk 1729: 1725: 1724:Seljuk Empire 1720: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1663: 1656:Persian domes 1653: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1535: 1530: 1516: 1498: 1486: 1474: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1408:Umbrella dome 1405: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1335: 1332: 1313: 1301: 1289: 1280: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1246:is a dome of 1245: 1239: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1209:Low Countries 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185:Bulbous domes 1181: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1123:Geodesic dome 1117:Geodesic dome 1114: 1112: 1106: 1087: 1075: 1063: 1055:A corbel dome 1051: 1042: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1016:Compound dome 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 949: 939: 937: 933: 932:stressed skin 929: 925: 921: 917: 915: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 893: 888: 884: 880: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 838: 823: 821: 817: 816: 811: 805: 803: 799: 795: 785: 783: 782:Christian era 779: 775: 771: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 717: 707: 705: 701: 697: 691: 689: 684: 679: 675: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 646: 644: 640: 636: 633:Experimental 631: 627: 625: 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 602: 596: 587: 584: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 529: 524: 515: 512: 508: 503: 501: 500:compound dome 497: 493: 489: 483: 481: 477: 472: 464: 459: 455: 453: 447: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 398: 396: 392: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 339:ancient world 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 254: 249: 247: 242: 240: 235: 234: 232: 231: 226: 221: 216: 214: 211: 210: 209: 208: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 151: 150: 146: 145: 139: 136: 134: 133:Geodesic dome 131: 129: 126: 125: 123: 122: 118: 117: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 81:Persian domes 79: 77: 74: 73: 72: 71: 67: 66: 63: 60: 59: 55: 51: 50: 47: 44: 43: 39: 38: 33: 19: 13417: 13404: 13401:Islamic arts 13181:Caravanserai 12706: 12660:Loudspeakers 12585:Persian dome 12572: 12547:Pointed arch 12345:Indo-Islamic 12335:Great Seljuk 12239:Solar panels 12154:Hanging beam 12049:Rhombic roof 12039:Mansard roof 12019:Gambrel roof 11998: 11994:Conical roof 11779:Roof lantern 11711: 11531:Smoking room 11501:Long gallery 11481:Drawing room 11467:Conservatory 11374:Storm cellar 11345:Storage room 11341:Utility room 11337:Laundry room 11313:Furnace room 10904:Shared rooms 10853:the original 10847: 10824:(1): 69–88. 10821: 10817: 10797: 10772: 10753: 10729: 10716:. Retrieved 10711: 10707: 10683: 10662: 10636:the original 10617: 10596: 10584:the original 10565: 10539: 10535: 10515: 10495: 10484: 10451: 10442:the original 10436: 10416: 10407: 10391: 10370: 10351: 10317: 10313: 10284: 10280: 10255: 10251: 10231: 10205: 10201: 10181: 10171: 10168:Architectura 10167: 10147: 10126: 10105: 10087: 10083: 10063: 10043: 10023: 10004: 9980: 9959: 9938: 9916: 9894: 9872: 9860:, retrieved 9853:the original 9848: 9844: 9828:November 28, 9826:, retrieved 9817: 9797: 9778: 9764:(1): 53–70. 9761: 9757: 9733: 9729: 9709: 9696:. Retrieved 9692: 9669: 9649: 9628: 9602: 9598: 9578: 9557: 9536: 9515: 9489: 9485: 9465: 9444: 9421:(25): 1–20. 9418: 9415:Disegnarecon 9414: 9395: 9362: 9358: 9338: 9323:(2): 62–79. 9320: 9316: 9296: 9285:, retrieved 9281:the original 9276: 9247: 9243: 9218: 9194: 9172: 9159:, retrieved 9153: 9134: 9115: 9091: 9069: 9047: 9027: 9006: 8980: 8976: 8956: 8935: 8914: 8889: 8868: 8858:February 14, 8856:, retrieved 8852:the original 8846: 8844:Kies, Lisa, 8834:, retrieved 8829: 8817:. Retrieved 8810:the original 8805: 8786:. Retrieved 8779:the original 8756: 8752: 8726: 8706: 8687: 8666: 8662: 8635: 8598: 8594: 8574: 8554:Architecture 8553: 8541:, retrieved 8536: 8515: 8494: 8473: 8462:February 22, 8460:. Retrieved 8453:the original 8448: 8444: 8418: 8398: 8377: 8351: 8347: 8331:. Springer. 8327: 8316:November 16, 8314:. Retrieved 8307:the original 8302: 8298: 8269:(1): 15–21. 8266: 8262: 8237: 8233: 8213: 8191: 8172: 8163: 8136: 8127:the original 8121: 8098: 8086:. Retrieved 8079:the original 8060: 8048:. Retrieved 8041:the original 8036: 8009: 7988: 7967: 7943: 7930:. Retrieved 7926: 7922: 7905: 7884: 7863: 7838: 7813: 7809: 7792: 7781:. Retrieved 7774:the original 7755: 7734: 7713: 7693: 7673: 7652: 7641:, retrieved 7619: 7595: 7577: 7573: 7553: 7533: 7497: 7493: 7477:. Springer. 7473: 7452: 7432: 7412: 7388: 7361: 7340: 7330: 7306: 7296:February 28, 7294:, retrieved 7290: 7276: 7257: 7236: 7215: 7194: 7176: 7172: 7132: 7128: 7108: 7087: 7061: 7057: 7029: 7011: 7007: 6987: 6966: 6954:the original 6949: 6925: 6921: 6908:(3): 98–115. 6905: 6901: 6872:, retrieved 6865:the original 6860: 6844: 6817: 6797: 6786: 6777:Bibliography 6763: 6751: 6739: 6727: 6715: 6703: 6691: 6679: 6667: 6655: 6650:, p. 8. 6628: 6616: 6609:Coleman 2006 6604: 6592: 6580: 6568: 6556: 6544: 6532: 6520: 6508: 6496: 6484: 6472: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6388: 6376: 6364: 6352: 6340: 6328: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6280: 6253: 6241: 6212: 6207:, p. 5. 6200: 6188: 6176: 6164: 6157:Goodwin 2003 6152: 6140: 6135:, "Ottoman". 6128: 6121:Goodwin 1971 6116: 6104: 6092: 6065: 6053: 6041: 6029: 6024:, p. 7. 6017: 6005: 5993: 5981: 5969: 5957: 5945: 5923:Stewart 2008 5918: 5906: 5899:Jeffery 2010 5894: 5882: 5870: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5793:, p. 5. 5786: 5759: 5747: 5735: 5723: 5711: 5699: 5687: 5675: 5668:Darling 2004 5663: 5636: 5609: 5597: 5585: 5573: 5561: 5549: 5537: 5525: 5518:Johnson 2009 5513: 5501: 5494:Lehmann 1945 5489: 5477: 5465: 5453: 5446:Lehmann 1945 5433:, p. 9. 5426: 5419:Lehmann 1945 5414: 5402: 5390: 5378: 5351: 5339: 5327: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5267: 5255: 5243: 5210: 5198: 5186: 5159: 5147: 5135: 5130:, p. 6. 5123: 5111: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5063: 5051: 5039: 5027: 4996: 4969: 4964:, p. 1. 4962:Bellini 2017 4957: 4945: 4933: 4921: 4892: 4880: 4868: 4856: 4844: 4832: 4784: 4772: 4765:Karydis 2012 4760: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4680:, p. 9. 4673: 4661: 4649: 4607: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4491: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4450:, p. 9. 4428: 4416: 4404: 4397:Grupico 2011 4392: 4380: 4368: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4301:Robison 1991 4281: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4194: 4182: 4147: 4142:, p. 5. 4140:Ibrāhīm 1975 4127:, p. 3. 4120: 4108: 4103:, p. 2. 4081: 4069: 4017: 4005: 3976: 3964: 3920: 3908: 3903:, p. 4. 3896: 3855: 3850:, p. 5. 3843: 3821: 3814:Chilton 2000 3794: 3752: 3710: 3698: 3656: 3644: 3617: 3605: 3593: 3566: 3479: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3400:Osborne 2004 3395: 3381:Chilton 2000 3341: 3301: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225:and then an 3222: 3214: 3187: 3168:Copper domes 3094: 3054: 3007: 2979:Halle au Blé 2967:wrought iron 2955: 2938:Eden Project 2909: 2885:Robert Hooke 2874: 2870: 2850: 2843:The dome of 2814: 2778:Lodi dynasty 2771: 2730:medieval era 2727: 2685:Il Redentore 2658: 2618: 2617: 2609:Pazzi Chapel 2594: 2589:Brunelleschi 2552: 2507:Hagia Sophia 2492: 2461: 2457:Central Asia 2441:Seljuk Turks 2426: 2389: 2346: 2342:tented roofs 2318: 2255: 2221:exposed the 2199:Mamluk Egypt 2180: 2133: 2125: 2086: 2049: 2019: 2004: 1991:Hagia Sophia 1979:Hagia Sophia 1963: 1942: 1925:the Flavians 1921:Emperor Nero 1906: 1894: 1883:Painting by 1857:Song dynasty 1852: 1836: 1830: 1815: 1793: 1787: 1758:Qajar period 1754:Shah Cheragh 1747: 1736: 1721: 1709: 1697:Greater Iran 1687: 1629: 1613: 1593:Himba people 1571:was made by 1565:modern times 1562: 1546: 1458:Hagia Sophia 1454:Mamluk Egypt 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412:Also called 1411: 1402: 1393: 1389: 1388:Also called 1387: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342:Also called 1341: 1328: 1251: 1243: 1241: 1218:Kolomenskoye 1188: 1184: 1183: 1163: 1161: 1148:tetrahedrons 1140:icosahedrons 1127: 1126: 1111:semi-ellipse 1108: 1035: 1025: 1021: 1020:Also called 1019: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 952:Also called 951: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 890: 886: 882: 876: 855:cantilevered 850: 847:cribbed dome 846: 842: 840: 837:Beehive tomb 831:Beehive dome 814: 806: 791: 778:church altar 767: 763:Golden House 743: 735:tholos tombs 719: 692: 680: 676: 652: 635:rammed earth 632: 628: 620:Central Asia 613: 597: 593: 559: 532: 511:architecture 504: 499: 495: 491: 487: 484: 475: 468: 448: 444: 434: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 404: 387: 312: 310:and cupola. 308:roof lantern 285: 272: 264: 262: 45: 13028:Windcatcher 13009:(courtyard) 12762:Mosque lamp 12742:Girih tiles 12699:Decorations 12577:Arabic dome 12249:Weathervane 12224:Roof window 12194:Roof garden 12189:Roof batten 12119:Collar beam 12074:Tented roof 12059:Saddle roof 12054:Ridged roof 12014:Gablet roof 11974:Bochka roof 11964:Barrel roof 11959:Arched roof 11951:Roof shapes 11872:Home repair 11669:Belt course 11577:Hidden room 11506:Lumber room 11422:Antechamber 11413:Great house 11393:Wine cellar 11364:Root cellar 11317:Boiler room 11298:Crawl space 10969:Living room 10962:kitchenette 10947:Home cinema 10932:Family room 10927:Dining room 10917:Common room 10718:December 7, 9698:October 26, 9198:. Penguin. 9161:February 3, 8669:(1): 5–23. 8354:: 129–144. 7291:Smithsonian 7064:(1): 5–25. 7008:Early Music 6648:Dimčić 2011 6525:Palmer 2009 6417:Tappin 2003 6393:Tappin 2003 6369:Tappin 2003 6357:Tappin 2003 6345:Tappin 2003 6321:Tappin 2003 6285:Huerta 2007 6181:Schütz 2002 5911:Howard 1991 5887:Porter 1928 5863:Kuiper 2011 5680:Rosser 2011 5590:Spiers 1911 5458:Winter 2006 5356:Nickel 2015 5332:Kuiper 2011 5272:Grabar 1963 5236:O'Kane 1995 5215:Spiers 1911 5191:Grabar 1963 5179:Grabar 1963 5020:Yaghan 2003 4897:Huerta 2007 4532:Wright 2009 4496:Höcker 2000 4448:Kayili 2005 4433:Grabar 1963 3998:Dumser 2010 3913:Wright 2009 3860:Huerta 2007 3772:Harris 2013 3730:Harris 2005 3703:Heyman 1997 3676:McNeil 2002 3637:Parker 2012 3586:Burden 2012 3559:Clarke 2010 3472:Palmer 2016 3460:Guedes 2016 3424:Parker 2003 3412:Saylor 1994 3247:Downey 1946 3192:Parker 2012 3101:radar domes 3078:thin shells 3070:planetarium 2958:historicism 2661:Villa Capra 2605:San Lorenzo 2532:Mimar Sinan 2487:Blue Mosque 2400:Ivan Mazepa 2321:onion domes 2313:onion domes 2093:Charlemagne 2056:Arab Muslim 1845:Western Jin 1831:During the 1818:Han dynasty 1784:(25–220 AD) 1716:Transoxiana 1616:Mesopotamia 1549:pre-history 1542: 1903 1422:organ-piped 1384:Saucer dome 1368:pendentives 1344:sail vaults 1264:Renaissance 1201:Middle East 1144:octahedrons 966:gored domes 962:coved domes 883:braced dome 879:space frame 873:Braced dome 663:compressive 616:Middle East 507:engineering 496:simple dome 441:Definitions 363:Middle Ages 327:Hellenistic 300:pendentives 13440:Categories 13311:Influences 13226:Well house 12997:Mashrabiya 12645:Hussainiya 12581:Onion dome 12372:Indonesian 12360:Qutb Shahi 12254:Wind brace 12219:Roof truss 12214:Roof tiles 12204:Roof ridge 12184:Ridge vent 12144:Green roof 12034:Onion dome 12009:Gable roof 11989:Clerestory 11969:Board roof 11882:Tree house 11852:Front yard 11784:Sill plate 11732:Foundation 11674:Bressummer 11587:house plan 11556:Undercroft 11541:State room 11491:Great hall 11460:still room 11127:dumbwaiter 11112:Cubby-hole 10942:Great room 10912:Bonus room 10174:: 117–139. 10106:Derbyshire 9862:2020-08-29 9693:New Advent 9492:: 91–121. 9287:2020-07-26 9250:(4): 2–8. 8819:2013-11-28 8543:August 15, 8182:080181202X 8088:2015-03-13 8050:2013-03-03 7783:2013-03-07 7643:2020-04-09 6874:October 6, 6537:Allen 2001 6513:Earls 1971 6501:Earls 1971 6258:Betts 1993 6205:Betts 1993 6169:Kuban 1987 6145:Kuban 1987 6109:Kuban 1987 6097:Kuban 1987 6085:Kuban 1987 6058:Pevny 2009 6034:Zagraevsky 6022:Cowan 1977 5851:Kuban 1985 5791:Dupré 2001 5728:Smith 1950 5566:Smith 1950 5431:Smith 1950 5164:Smith 1950 5140:Leick 2003 5128:Smith 1950 4989:Dodge 1984 4950:Dodge 1984 4861:Smith 1950 4849:Denny 2010 4705:Dodge 1984 4642:Dodge 1984 4421:Smith 1950 4409:Smith 1950 4385:Smith 1950 4259:Minke 2012 4247:Denny 2010 4211:Kuban 1987 4037:Ching 2011 3925:Dodge 1984 3848:Smith 1950 3836:References 3745:Brett 2012 3598:Kurtz 2004 3571:Ching 2011 3484:Dodge 1984 3346:Dodge 1984 3321:Dodge 1984 3306:Smith 1950 3219:Smith 1950 3207:Smith 1950 3106:Tensegrity 3034:gasometers 3002:Bangladesh 2950:Saint Sava 2815:Round Dome 2811:Gol Gumbaz 2723:onion dome 2721:has large 2514:, and the 2433:Asia Minor 2172:rib vaults 1917:cold rooms 1873:See also: 1666:See also: 1581:structures 1577:Efé people 1331:paraboloid 1236:See also: 1189:onion dome 1180:Onion dome 1174:Onion dome 1168:semicircle 1132:polyhedron 1010:Monticello 994:Tabularium 934:type. The 867:Bronze Age 851:false dome 835:See also: 747:Achaemenid 547:tholobates 533:The word " 528:Carcaixent 343:indigenous 315:prehistory 267:(from 181:Pendentive 138:Onion dome 68:History of 13285:Resources 13048:Religious 13018:Shabestan 12976:Hypostyle 12958:Shadirvan 12727:Arabesque 12650:Imamzadeh 12615:Religious 12595:Semi-dome 12542:Ogee arch 12511:Chahartaq 12474:Materials 12401:Almoravid 12376:Malaysian 12069:Shed roof 12004:Flat roof 11806:Threshold 11689:Colonnade 11634:Townhouse 11572:Furniture 11476:Courtyard 11378:Safe room 11288:Cloakroom 11256:Technical 11246:Vestibule 11231:Staircase 11170:Inglenook 11143:Fireplace 11102:Breezeway 10974:Gynaeceum 10838:109278304 10647:cite book 10542:: 61–74. 10342:0360-1323 10301:111176744 10272:137418637 9435:1828-5961 9387:111941107 8983:: 72–97. 8623:192359421 8601:: 59–74. 7932:April 18, 7816:: 22–34, 7801:10443/868 7157:162699497 6441:Born 1944 6429:Born 1944 6010:skypalace 5986:Born 1944 5974:Born 1944 5764:Born 1944 5740:Arce 2006 5407:Dien 2007 5383:lcsd 2014 5344:Dien 2007 5116:Hill 1996 5056:Hitchcock 5044:Ward 1915 4885:Born 1944 4808:Arun 2006 4741:Como 2013 4729:Curl 2003 4717:Sear 1983 4678:Ward 1915 4666:Dien 2007 4612:Saka 2007 4520:Dror 2011 4101:Ward 1915 4074:Arun 2006 3529:Curl 2003 3271:resembled 3255:sphairion 3072:domes in 3050:gridshell 3014:hothouses 2963:cast iron 2847:in London 2803:Taj Mahal 2799:cenotaphs 2711:Taj Mahal 2528:Yeni Cami 2472:Bayezid I 2409:Chernihiv 2291:Byzantine 2219:Near East 2215:chamfered 2168:Aquitaine 2134:Domes in 2103:and near 2052:Palestine 2045:Jerusalem 1995:Byzantine 1950:centering 1915:, in the 1766:icehouses 1739:Ilkhanate 1558:Mezhirich 1450:elevation 1442:scalloped 1438:parachute 1414:gadrooned 1338:Sail dome 1272:Vicoforte 1244:oval dome 1232:Oval dome 1226:John Nash 1197:Near East 1136:geodesics 892:Schwedler 810:Vitruvius 788:Acoustics 761:, whose " 755:baldachin 710:Symbolism 659:meridians 645:in 1983. 601:Pozzolana 590:Materials 583:spandrels 574:squinches 570:octagonal 480:voussoirs 411:Domus Dei 401:Etymology 395:celestial 296:squinches 196:Tholobate 62:Symbolism 13486:Ceilings 13399:Part of 13235:Military 13171:Baradari 13164:Civilian 12987:Jharokha 12948:Mechouar 12885:Charbagh 12828:Andaruni 12802:Socarrat 12767:Muqarnas 12665:Maqsurah 12557:Vaulting 12486:Tadelakt 12467:Elements 12416:Zayyanid 12396:Aghlabid 12229:Skylight 12199:Roofline 12134:Flashing 12109:Catslide 12029:Hip roof 11979:Bow roof 11847:Driveway 11842:Backyard 11801:Skylight 11764:Plumbing 11759:Ornament 11754:Lighting 11664:Baluster 11652:elements 11624:Detached 11619:Terraced 11471:Orangery 11450:scullery 11427:Ballroom 11403:Workshop 11388:Wardrobe 11376: / 11343: / 11339: / 11315: / 11278:Basement 11210:sleeping 11205:screened 11190:Overhang 11134:Entryway 11122:Elevator 11036:Bathroom 10991:man cave 10536:Muqarnas 10473:(1911). 10096:41756512 9770:44215897 9750:26358183 8977:Muqarnas 8836:July 14, 8675:20752454 7885:Churches 7861:(eds.). 7397:citation 7129:Speculum 6883:citation 6756:Charlier 5001:Gye 1988 4325:Gye 1988 4313:Gye 1988 3957:Fletcher 3942:Catholic 3179:Excerpts 3173:Dome car 3121:See also 2994:Gopalpur 2881:catenary 2860:and, in 2766:stellate 2762:Pakistan 2742:trabeate 2642:quincunx 2634:Bramante 2607:and the 2585:Florence 2526:and the 2443:and the 2435:and the 2283:Apostles 2281:with 12 2195:muqarnas 2187:Alhambra 2164:Périgord 2152:Crusades 2148:transept 2089:crowning 2081:Abbasids 2076:calderia 1997:emperor 1930:Pantheon 1891:in Rome. 1889:Pantheon 1762:cisterns 1645:Parthian 1624:the West 1609:Cameroon 1394:calottes 1220:and the 1213:minarets 998:Carthage 982:severies 924:skeleton 914:geodesic 859:corbeled 774:ciborium 700:catenary 683:keystone 667:latitude 518:Elements 492:compound 391:mortuary 290:wall, a 213:Category 171:Muqarnas 147:Elements 13333:Mudéjar 13297:ArchNet 13247:Alcázar 13120:Musalla 13105:Maqbara 13095:Madrasa 13085:Külliye 13080:Khanqah 13070:Gongbei 12969:cooling 12967:Passive 12933:Chhatri 12926:objects 12924:Outdoor 12873:Gardens 12849:Mirador 12787:Shabaka 12777:Qashani 12732:Banna'i 12675:Minaret 12617:objects 12607:(eaves) 12605:Chhajja 12552:Squinch 12453:Umayyad 12448:Timurid 12438:Swahili 12423:Ottoman 12406:Almohad 12391:Moorish 12381:Iranian 12350:Bengali 12330:Fatimid 12325:Chinese 12320:Ayyubid 12310:Abbasid 12114:Chimney 11835:Related 11811:Transom 11703:Cornice 11693:Portico 11684:Chimney 11679:Ceiling 11511:Parlour 11496:Library 11455:spicery 11445:saucery 11440:buttery 11283:Carport 11265:storage 11260:utility 11241:Veranda 11236:Terrace 11165:Hallway 11097:Balcony 11076:Nursery 11071:Cabinet 11066:Boudoir 11048:Bedroom 11020:Sunroom 10952:Kitchen 10556:1523084 10483:(ed.). 10322:Bibcode 9619:4611482 9506:1291479 9379:3105106 8997:1523097 8788:May 29, 8615:1568594 8368:4299807 7502:Bibcode 7149:2849071 3279:sphaira 3275:sphaira 3267:sphaira 3251:sphaira 3068:of two 2998:Tangail 2936:of the 2883:curve. 2877:statics 2862:Bavaria 2858:Silesia 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