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176:, as it is relatively easy to train and has a long lifespan in captivity. While trade in dolphins is internationally regulated, other aspects of keeping dolphins in captivity, such as the minimum size and characteristics of pools, vary among countries. Though animal welfare is perceived to have improved significantly over the last few decades, many animal rights groups still consider keeping dolphins captive to be a form of
721:. The main arguments are that dolphins do not have enough freedom of movement in pools, regardless of pool size, (in the wild, dolphins swim hundreds of miles every day) and do not get enough stimulation. Dolphins often show repetitive behavior in captivity and sometimes become aggressive towards other animals or people. In some cases, the behavior of dolphins in captivity also results in their own death.
549:). Endangered dolphin species are included in CITES' Appendix I, in which case trade is permitted only in exceptional circumstances. Species considered not to be threatened with extinction are included in Appendix II, in which case trade "must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival". Most cetacean species traded for display in captivity to the public or for use in
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and South
Carolina. Other countries have laws so restrictive that is virtually impossible to keep cetaceans in captivity: Brazil, Luxembourg, Nicaragua, Norway, and the United Kingdom. France tried to ban keeping or breeding cetaceans in captivity in 2017, but the ban was overturned on technical grounds by the
236:. It was here that it was discovered that dolphins could be trained to perform tricks. Recognizing the success of Marine Studios, more dolphinariums began keeping dolphins for entertainment. In the 1960s, keeping dolphins in zoos and aquariums for entertainment purposes increased in popularity after the 1963
148:. The dolphins are usually kept in a pool, though occasionally they may be kept in pens in the open sea, either for research or public performances. Some dolphinariums (sometimes called dolphinaria in plural) consist of one pool where dolphins perform for the public, others are part of larger parks, such as
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According to animal rights organizations that monitor the subject, the following jurisdictions have full or partial bans on keeping dolphins in captivity: Bolivia, Canada, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, India, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, and the
American states California, New York,
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In the early days, many bottlenose dolphins were wild-caught off the coast of
Florida. Though the Marine Mammal Protection Act, established in 1972, allows an exception for the collection of dolphins for public display and research purposes when a permit is obtained, bottlenose dolphins have not been
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The water in the pools has to be constantly filtered to keep it clean for the dolphins and the temperature and composition of the water has to be controlled to match the conditions dolphins experience in the wild. In the absence of a common international regulation, guidelines regarding the minimum
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of 275 m (2,960 sq ft) plus an additional 75 m (810 sq ft) for every additional animal, have a depth of 3.5 m (11 ft) and have a water volume of at least 1,000 m (35,000 cu ft) with an additional 200 m (7,100 cu ft) for every
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The lifespan of dolphins in captivity is another subject of debate. Research has shown that there is no significant difference between wild and captive survival rates for bottlenose dolphins. This does not, however, reflect a global state of affairs: for example, bottlenose dolphins in captive
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are the most common species of dolphins kept in dolphinariums as they are relatively easy to train, have a long lifespan in captivity and a friendly appearance. Hundreds if not thousands of bottlenose dolphins live in captivity across the world, though exact numbers are hard to determine.
171:
led to stricter regulation, which in several countries ultimately resulted in the closure of some dolphinariums. Despite this trend, dolphinariums are still widespread in Europe, Japan and North
America. The most common species of dolphin kept in dolphinariums is the
1011:
HONIARA, Solomon
Islands (Reuters) - A cargo plane arrived in the lawless Solomon Islands Monday to pick up wild dolphins captured to order for a Mexican syndicate in what activists have blasted as an environmental crime, regional media reported.
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announced that France's three remaining dolphinariums would be closed within the next 7 to 10 years, and no new dolphinariums could be opened, and no new marine mammals could be bred or imported. A month earlier on 31 August 2020, the
190:
1091:
Willis, K. 2007. "Life
Expectancy of Bottlenose Dolphins in Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums' North American Member Facilities: 1990 - present". Presented at the 2007 meeting of the Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and
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have also allowed the collection and export of dolphins for public display facilities. A 2005 law banned the export of dolphins, however, this ban was seemingly overturned in 2007 when some 28 dolphins were shipped to
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captured in
American waters since 1989. In most Western countries, breeding programs have been set up to provide the dolphinariums with new animals. To achieve a sufficient birth rate and to prevent inbreeding,
192:
999:"But it is in Fidel Castro's revolutionary Cuba that dolphin catching in South America has been given a new lease of life, under the auspices of the quasi state-run enterprise Acuario Nacional.", quote from
779:(which has no dolphinaria) announced it was working on a ban on any future creation of dolphinariums to safeguard the welfare of any marine mammals that might end up being kept within its territory.
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have been held in captivity since the 1860s, the first commercial dolphinarium was opened only in 1938. Their popularity increased rapidly until the 1960s. Since the 1970s, increasing concern for
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450:
are well known for their performances in shows, but the number of orcas kept in captivity is very small, especially when compared to the number of bottlenose dolphins, with only 44
762:, permitting those cetaceans already in captivity to remain where they are, but breeding and further acquisition of cetaceans is prohibited, subject to limited exceptions.
191:
273:; in the early 1970s there were at least 36 dolphinariums and traveling dolphin shows, however, the last dolphinarium closed its doors in 1993. The last dolphinarium in
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The trade of dolphins is regulated by the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (also known as the Washington Convention or
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additional animal. If two of these three conditions are met, and the third is not more than 10% below standard, the EAAM considers the pool size to be acceptable.
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850:
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However, the dolphin trade still continues. A live bottlenose dolphin is estimated to be worth between a few thousand to several tens of thousands of
758:. When passed in June 2019, Marineland was reported to have 61 cetaceans, while the Vancouver Aquarium had just one dolphin remaining. The law has a
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Some scientists suggest that the "unusually high" intelligence of dolphins means that they should be recognized as "non-human persons". In 2013, the
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prohibited the captivity of dolphins on these grounds, finding it "morally unacceptable to keep them captive for entertainment purpose".
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269:, combined with a more critical view on animal welfare, forced many dolphinariums around the world to close. A prominent example is the
918:"In the golden heyday of the industry, there were at least 36 assorted dolphinaria or itinerant dolphin shows in the UK.", quote from
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prohibited keeping cetaceans captive. However, around 60 dolphinariums currently exist across Europe, of which 34 are within the
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899:"150 Years Ago, a Fire in P.T. Barnum's Museum Boiled Two Whales Alive | Smart News | Smithsonian"
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254:. In these early days, dolphinariums could grow quickly due to a lack of legislation and lack of organised
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57:
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Various species of dolphins are kept in captivity as well as several other small whale species such as
1103:
Review of the
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) For the Proposed Dolphin Park in Paradise, Hanover
509:, a cross between the bottlenose dolphin and the false killer whale) are kept at the Sea Life Park in
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321:, Finland, was formerly the most northern dolphinarium in the world. It operated from 1985 to 2016.
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560:, depending on age, condition and prior training. Captures are reported to be on the rise in the
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441:, though in those cases the word dolphinarium may not be fitting as these are not true dolphins.
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35:
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Dolphinariums/marine mammal captivity are currently being phased out ahead of a nationwide ban
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Dolphin being loaded onto a truck after having been captured in a drive hunt in Futo, Japan
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De facto nationwide ban on dolphinariums/marine mammal captivity due to strict regulations
82:
8:
1320:(Press release). Society for the Protection of Animals Canada. 2019-06-10. Archived from
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878:"How the Beluga Business Began | The Whale Sanctuary Project | Back to Nature"
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489:, but all in much lower numbers than the bottlenose dolphin. There are fewer than ten
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has also been an exporter of dolphins in recent years, this being organized by the
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of their population without having to bring in any dolphins from other facilities.
538:(AI) is occasionally used. The use of AI also allows dolphinariums to increase the
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size of the pools vary between countries. To give an indication of pool sizes, the
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1229:"'A more humane country': Canada to ban keeping whales, dolphins in captivity"
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851:"UNEP:Guidelines and criteria associated with marine mammal captivity"
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Legal bans or restrictions relating to keeping cetaceans in captivity
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have been held in captivity in both North
America and Europe by 1860—
205:
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1112:, page 3, section Mortalities. Article retrieved November 20, 2009.
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Orcas in Captivity - A look at killer whales in aquariums and parks
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513:. Also two common/bottlenose hybrids reside in captivity: one at
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parks in the United States. Other species kept in captivity are
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museum— dolphins were first kept for paid entertainment in the
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1276:"Sea Change: The Wave of Support for Ending Dolphin Captivity"
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Some subnational bans on dolphinariums/marine mammal captivity
1318:"Major victory for dolphins, whales and porpoises in Canada!"
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are also home to a relatively large number of dolphinariums.
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1343:"France bans captive breeding of dolphins and killer whales"
1126:"No, India did not just grant dolphins the status of humans"
988:
The Humane Society: Held Captive: Developing Nations, (2009)
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525:
447:
1064:
Solomon Islands dolphins exported to Dubai; protests mount
876:
The Whale Sanctuary Project, Back to Nature (2017-06-06).
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and other interaction programs are listed on Appendix II.
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1513:
153:
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1152:"Dolphins deserve same rights as humans, say scientists"
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became law in Canada. Two facilities would be affected,
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consider keeping dolphins in captivity to be a form of
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Nationwide ban on dolphinariums/marine mammal captivity
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recommends that a pool for five dolphins should have a
1420:"Brussels moves to ban dolphin keeping in the region"
1368:"France scraps ban on breeding dolphins in captivity"
625:
World laws on dolphinariums / marine mammal captivity
1062:
The Associated Press / International Herald Tribune
1033:"Solomon Islands law banning the export of dolphins"
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in 2018. On 29 September 2020, Environment Minister
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1449:
1101:Environmental Management Consultants Ltd. (2007),
1512:
1204:"Ending the Captivity of Whales and Dolphins Act"
457:The majority of orcas are located in the various
1892:
1253:"Turkish parliament approves animal rights bill"
1179:"An end to the captivity of whales and dolphins"
1393:"France to ban use of wild animals in circuses"
747:Ending the Captivity of Whales and Dolphins Act
1417:
160:, with other animals and attractions as well.
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1478:Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums
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624:
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250:. In 1966, the first dolphin was exported to
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729:suffer from extremely high mortality rates.
689:Dolphinariums/marine mammal captivity legal
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200:, the Netherlands, Dutch newsreel from 1966
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950:Recommended EAAM dolphin housing standards
734:Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests
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601:
1297:"The Current State of Cetacean Captivity"
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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524:
501:in captivity. Two unusual and very rare
328:European Association for Aquatic Mammals
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187:
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1038:. Keiko.com. 2018-02-21. Archived from
713:Many animal welfare groups such as the
261:New legislation, most notably the 1972
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1118:
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843:
841:
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1066:, article retrieved October 25, 2007.
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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454:being held in aquaria as of 2012.
414:Dolphin show in Marineland, Niagara
13:
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517:and the other SeaWorld San Diego.
14:
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1418:Jules Johnston (31 August 2020).
931:Oceancare:Dolphinariums in Europe
708:
277:was closed in 1992. In 2005 both
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901:. Smithsonianmag.com. 2015-07-20
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228:dolphinarium founded in 1938 in
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1448:Johnson, William (April 1994).
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1014:Developments on dolphin capture
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978:(when viewed November 23, 2009)
34:needs additional citations for
1299:. We Animals Media. 2019-11-19
1185:. The Canadian Bar Association
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1:
1255:. Anadolu Agency. 9 July 2021
940:, retrieved November 16, 2009
880:. The Whale Sanctuary Project
799:Category:Films about dolphins
1227:Laura Howells (2019-06-10).
1209:. Government of Canada. 2019
990:, retrieved 22 November 2009
959:, retrieved 22 November 2009
313:Särkänniemi Dolphinarium at
263:Marine Mammal Protection Act
7:
1823:Zoo emergency response team
1274:Megan Sutton (2019-06-07).
1076:Marine animals in captivity
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1932:
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399:The Festa Dolphinarium in
198:Dolphinarium in Harderwijk
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1740:Former zoos and aquariums
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1452:The Rose-tinted Menagerie
1177:Holly Lake (2019-06-12).
1082:. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
1001:The rose-tinted menagerie
920:The rose-tinted menagerie
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955:August 22, 2007, at the
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589:Criticism and legal bans
574:Acuario Nacional de Cuba
218:Barnum's American Museum
1080:World Animal Protection
777:Brussels Capital Region
715:World Animal Protection
576:. In recent years, the
536:artificial insemination
210:Boston Aquarial Gardens
1687:Species reintroduction
853:. 2006. Archived from
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551:swimming with dolphins
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487:rough-toothed dolphins
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1813:Wildlife conservation
1793:Behavioral enrichment
823:The National Archives
789:List of dolphinariums
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491:Amazon river dolphins
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212:in 1859 and pairs of
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16:Aquarium for dolphins
1783:Animals in captivity
1682:In situ conservation
1677:Ex situ conservation
1667:Conservation biology
1278:. Sierra Club Canada
752:Marineland of Canada
483:Commerson's dolphins
43:improve this article
1880:Category: Aquariums
1735:Conservation topics
1399:. 29 September 2020
471:false killer whales
443:Bottlenose dolphins
150:marine mammal parks
1858:Animals portal
1833:Zoological society
1720:Animal sanctuaries
1672:Endangered species
1586:Marine mammal park
1424:The Brussels Times
1158:. 21 February 2012
1108:2009-11-23 at the
1019:2006-05-11 at the
974:2007-06-02 at the
936:2010-06-13 at the
794:Marine mammal park
760:grandfather clause
756:Vancouver Aquarium
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317:amusement park in
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174:bottlenose dolphin
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1803:Immersion exhibit
1541:Animal theme park
1463:978-0-946097-28-9
1456:. Heretic Books.
1183:National Magazine
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540:genetic diversity
521:Trade and capture
435:finless porpoises
431:harbour porpoises
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271:United Kingdom
256:animal welfare
226:Marine Studios
185:
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169:animal welfare
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58:"Dolphinarium"
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1529:Types of zoos
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214:beluga whales
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60: –
59:
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1755:WAZA members
1657:Biodiversity
1650:Conservation
1606:Penguinarium
1596:Night safari
1566:Dolphinarium
1565:
1451:
1427:. Retrieved
1423:
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1401:. Retrieved
1396:
1387:
1376:. Retrieved
1374:. 2018-01-30
1371:
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1351:. Retrieved
1349:. 2017-05-07
1346:
1337:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:the original
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855:the original
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719:animal abuse
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475:pilot whales
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332:surface area
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178:animal abuse
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138:dolphinarium
137:
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99:October 2022
96:
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79:
72:
65:
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1631:Virtual zoo
1626:Safari park
1616:Petting zoo
1576:Insectarium
1571:Herpetarium
1162:18 February
1136:18 February
861:22 November
467:gray whales
315:Särkänniemi
158:theme parks
1895:Categories
1798:Frozen zoo
1611:Pheasantry
1601:Oceanarium
1378:2020-06-25
1353:2020-06-25
1328:2020-06-25
1303:2020-06-25
1282:2020-06-25
1238:2020-06-23
1213:2020-06-23
1189:2020-06-23
1092:Aquariums.
1049:2018-06-04
905:2018-06-04
884:2018-06-04
828:3 November
558:US dollars
505:dolphins (
283:Costa Rica
69:newspapers
1901:Oceanaria
1818:Zookeeper
1708:Aquariums
1591:Menagerie
1518:aquariums
1429:5 October
1403:5 October
1259:11 August
819:"Lessons"
566:Caribbean
206:cetaceans
165:cetaceans
132:, Belgium
1636:Vivarium
1556:Bear pit
1546:Aquarium
1522:aviaries
1347:BBC News
1233:CBC News
1156:BBC News
1106:Archived
1017:Archived
972:Archived
953:Archived
934:Archived
783:See also
754:and the
564:and the
507:wolphins
459:SeaWorld
378:SeaWorld
297:and the
146:dolphins
142:aquarium
1838:Zoology
1828:Zoo key
1766:Related
1713:largest
1397:Reuters
727:Jamaica
700:No data
439:belugas
425:Species
420:Animals
386:Florida
382:Orlando
374:stadium
353:Chicago
319:Tampere
275:Hungary
265:in the
246:Flipper
239:Flipper
234:Florida
204:Though
184:History
83:scholar
1878:
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1551:Aviary
1520:, and
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635:
511:Hawaii
503:hybrid
499:tucuxi
305:Design
295:Mexico
252:Europe
163:While
140:is an
130:Bruges
85:
78:
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64:
56:
1696:Lists
1207:(PDF)
1043:(PDF)
1036:(PDF)
805:Notes
583:Dubai
547:CITES
497:, or
448:Orcas
372:Shamu
291:Japan
279:Chile
241:movie
90:JSTOR
76:books
1703:Zoos
1514:Zoos
1458:ISBN
1431:2020
1405:2020
1261:2021
1164:2016
1138:2016
863:2009
830:2023
570:Cuba
477:and
437:and
347:The
281:and
154:zoos
144:for
62:news
1641:Zoo
1372:RFI
1130:io9
380:in
376:at
220:in
216:in
156:or
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