4062:(Growth hormone receptor one) are dose-dependent with compact dwarfs vs leaner large dogs and heterozygotes of intermediate size and shape. IGF1R (Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor) and HMGA2 (High-mobility group AT-hook 2) are incomplete dominant with delicate dwarfs vs compact large dogs and heterozygotes closer to the homozygous dwarfed phenotypes. GHR(2) (Growth hormone receptor two) is completely dominant, homozygous and heterozygous dwarfs equally small, larger dogs with a broader flatter skull and larger muzzle. It is believed that the PMEL/SILV merle gene is linked to the HMGA2 size gene, meaning that alleles are most often inherited together, accounting for size differences in merle vs non-merle litter mates, such as in the Chihuahua and the Great Dane (merles usually larger) and
4098:
1111:
663:
1087:
1099:
1135:
258:
1075:
2613:
2585:
2670:
2636:
281:
1123:
2570:
162:
639:
680:
2601:
624:
695:
2760:
are wavy, and smaller and softer than the primary hair. The ratio of primary to secondary hairs varies at least six-fold, and varies between dogs according to coat type, and on the same dog in accordance with seasonal and other hormonal influences. Puppies are born with a single coat, with more hair follicles per unit area, but each hair follicle contains only a single hair of fine, silky texture. Development of the adult coat begins around 3 months of age, and is completed around 12 months.
144:
651:
951:
2655:
3382:
927:
2943:
798:
903:
939:
726:
3374:. Research suggests that hairlessness is caused by a dominant allele of the forkhead box transcription factor (FOXI3) gene, which is homozygous lethal. There are coated homozygous dogs in all hairless breeds, because this type of inheritance prevents the coat type from breeding true. The hairlessness gene permits hair growth on the head, legs and tail. Hair is sparse on the body, but present and typically enhanced by shaving, at least in the
20:
3345:, which does not match with their long-haired phenotype. The Yorkshire and Silky Terriers share common ancestry and likely share an unidentified gene responsible for their long hair. The Afghan Hound has a unique patterned coat that is long with short patches on the chest, face, back and tail. The Irish Water Spaniel may share the same pattern gene, although unlike the Afghan Hound, the IWS is otherwise genetically a long-haired (fixed for
187:(TYRP1). This gene affects the color of the eumelanin pigment produced, making it either black or brown. TYRP1 is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of eumelanin. Each of the known mutations appears to eliminate or significantly reduce TYRP1 enzymatic activity. This modifies the shape of the final eumelanin molecule, changing the pigment from a black to a brown color. Color is affected in coat and skin (including the nose and paw pads).
915:
2710:
760:
3468:"Dudley nose" is a dog with a loss of pigment on its nose. Typically, the pigment loss on Dali's nose is in the middle and spreads outward, covering almost the entire nose of some dogs. Dudley's nose will never completely lose its pigment, nor will it be as bright pink as a butterfly's or even a liver dog's. Dudley noses are common in blacknosed dogs and are particularly associated with the recessive red gene.
2897:
2864:
2478:
3465:
they are associated with meteorite coloration. The meteorite gene diluted the random portion of pigment in the hair and nose, forming gray areas in the hair and pink areas in the nose. Liver and
Isabella's nose are usually very light, sometimes completely pink or bright pink, so the butterfly nose may not appear in the liver or Isabella meteorite color.
710:
4061:
There are size genes on all 39 chromosomes, 17 classified as "major" genes. 7 of those are identified as being of key importance and each results in ~2x difference in body weight. IGF1 (Insulin-like growth factor 1), SMAD2 (Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2), STC2 (Stanniocalcin-2) and GHR(1)
2448:
may be caused by several genes rather than just one. Patterns of medium-sized individual spots, smaller individual spots, and tiny spots that completely cover all white areas leaving a roan-like or merle-like appearance (reserving the term large spots for the variation exclusive to the
Dalmatian) can
5642:
Baranowska Körberg, Izabella; Sundström, Elisabeth; Meadows, Jennifer R. S.; Rosengren
Pielberg, Gerli; Gustafson, Ulla; Hedhammar, Åke; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Seddon, Jennifer; Söderberg, Arne; Vilà , Carles; Zhang, Xiaolan; Åkesson, Mikael; Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Andersson, Göran; Andersson, Leif (12
2398:
the eumelanin mask will be unaffected and remain dark. Grey dogs are born fully coloured and develop the greying effect over several months. New hairs are grown fully coloured but their colour fades over time towards white. Greying is most evident in continuous-growing coats (long + wire + curly) as
3460:
without the blue dilution gene are sometimes found. Therefore, a dog that appears to be "blue" may have a black nose and black eyes because it is actually a black dog with the gray gene, not a proper blue diluent. Sometimes the blues can also be so dark that their coats and noses look almost black.
2197:
What separates
Piebald from Irish White and Solid is the presence of a SINE insertion (Short Interspersed Element) in the S locus genes that changes the normal DNA production. The result is Piebald and Extreme Piebald. The only difference between the two recognized forms of Piebald is the length of
2139:
Another type of variation of M allele is Ma and Ma+. This kinds of allele would lead to visibly merle-patterned dog if there are two copies of Ma. It is important to be supplement because if the dog with atypical merle bred to dog with any longer merle allele, the double merle health problems might
27:
Dogs have a wide range of coat colors, patterns, textures and lengths. Dog coat color is governed by how genes are passed from dogs to their puppies and how those genes are expressed in each dog. Dogs have about 19,000 genes in their genome but only a handful affect the physical variations in their
3464:
A "butterfly" nose is a bright pink patch lacking pigment on the skin of a dog's nose. The patches are randomly positioned and can cover any number of noses, from a tiny pink blob to almost the entire nose. Butterfly noses are sometimes seen on dogs with extreme white spotted patterns, but usually
2759:
Most dogs have a double coat, each hair follicle containing 1-2 primary hairs and several secondary hairs. The primary hairs are longer, thicker and stiffer, and called guard hairs or outer coat. Each follicle also holds a variety of silky- to wiry-textured secondary hairs (undercoat) all of which
2059:
merles, black is reduced to silver on ~50% of the animal in semi-random patches with rough edges like torn paper. The fraction of the dog covered by merle patches is random such that some animals may be predominantly black and others predominantly silver. The merle gene is "faulty" with many merle
1926:
The Merle (M), Harlequin (H), and
Spotting (S) loci contribute to patching, spotting, and white markings. Alleles present at the Merle (M) and Harlequin (H) loci cause patchy reduction of melanin to half (merle), zero (harlequin) or both (double merle). Alleles present at the Spotting (S), Ticking
47:
To understand why a dog's coat looks the way it does based on its genes requires an understanding of a handful of genes and their alleles which affect the dog's coat. For example, to find how a black and white greyhound that seems to have wavy hair got its coat, the dominant black gene with its K
6162:
Hayward, Jessica J.; Castelhano, Marta G.; Oliveira, Kyle C.; Corey, Elizabeth; Balkman, Cheryl; Baxter, Tara L.; Casal, Margret L.; Center, Sharon A.; Fang, Meiying; Garrison, Susan J.; Kalla, Sara E.; Korniliev, Pavel; Kotlikoff, Michael I.; Moise, N. S.; Shannon, Laura M.; Simpson, Kenneth W.;
4669:
Cadieu, Edouard; Neff, Mark W.; Quignon, Pascale; Walsh, Kari; Chase, Kevin; Parker, Heidi G.; VonHoldt, Bridgett M.; Rhue, Alison; Boyko, Adam; Byers, Alexandra; Wong, Aaron; Mosher, Dana S.; Elkahloun, Abdel G.; Spady, Tyrone C.; André, Catherine; Lark, K. Gordon; Cargill, Michelle; Bustamante,
2542:
an average of 25% of the puppies are homozygous and express the off-colour in the phenotype, 50% become carriers and 25% are homozygous for the standard colour. Usually off-coloured individuals are excluded from breeding, but that doesn't stop the inheritance of the recessive allele from carriers
2121:
There are other new discovery on M locus and it would be useful to add the supplementary category on "M(merle) Locus" part. Since the original section only talk about just one allele M, but there are some variation on the one allele and derive a number of new alleles, which will lead to the other
3397:
is unrelated to the other hairless breeds and displays a different hairlessness gene. Unlike the other hairless breeds, the AHT is born fully coated, and loses its hair within a few months. The AHT gene, serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase family member 3 gene (SGK3), is recessive and does not
3012:
are thought to be the result of continuously growing curly coats (long + wire + curly) with double coats, though the genetic code of corded dogs has not yet been studied. Corded coats will form naturally, but can be messy and uneven if not "groomed to cord" while the puppy's coat is lengthening.
767:
Several loci can be grouped as controlling when and where on a dog eumelanin (blacks-browns) or phaeomelanin (reds-yellows) are produced: the Agouti (A), Extension (E) and Black (K) loci. Intercellular signaling pathways tell a melanocyte which type of melanin to produce. Time-dependent pigment
6271:
Salmon
Hillbertz, Nicolette H. C.; Isaksson, Magnus; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Hellmén, Eva; Pielberg, Gerli Rosengren; Savolainen, Peter; Wade, Claire M.; von Euler, Henrik; Gustafson, Ulla; Hedhammar, Åke; Nilsson, Mats; Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Andersson, Leif; Andersson, Göran (November 2007).
1935:
DNA studies have isolated a missense mutation in the 20S proteasome β2 subunit at the H locus. The H locus is a modifier locus (of the M locus) and the alleles at the H locus will determine if an animal expresses a harlequin vs merle pattern. There are two alleles that occur at the H locus:
2302:
However, based on a 2014 publication about albinism in the
Doberman Pinscher and later in other small breeds, the discovery was made that multiple alleles in the C locus are highly unlikely, and that all dogs are homozygous for Normal Color production, excluding dogs who carry albinism.
3426:
There are many genes and alleles that cause long hair in dogs, but most of these genes are recessive. This means that longhaired hybrid breeds usually have to have two longhair or longhair carrier parents, and the gene can also be passed on for many generations without being expressed.
3544:
The development of coat colour, skin colour, iris colour, pigmentation in back of eye and melanin-containing cellular elements of the auditory system occur independently, as does development of each element on the left vs right side of the animal. This means that in semi-random genes
3418:) have an area of hair along the spine between the withers and hips that leans in the opposite direction (cranially) to the surrounding coat. The ridge is caused by a duplication of several genes (FGF3, FGF4, FGF 19, ORAOV1 and sometimes SNP), and ridge is dominant to non-ridged.
3514:
A different gene, unaffected by coat color, can make the eyes blue. However, this gene is rare. It occurs occasionally in Border
Collies and similar breeds, but is mostly seen in Siberian Huskies, which may have one or both eyes blue, regardless of their predominant coat
2722:
3557:
ticking), the expression of each element is independent. For example, skin spots on a piebald-spotted dog will not match up with the spots in the dog's coat; and a merle dog with one blue eye can just as likely have better eyesight in its blue eye than in its brown eye.
2156:) determine the degree and distribution of white spotting on an animal's coat. There is disagreement as to the number of alleles that occur at the S locus, with researchers sometimes postulating a conservative two or, commonly, four alleles. The alleles postulated are:
3435:
There are lots of variations of allele that would affect the dog's hair. The allele that causes bristles is actually dominant. Dogs with both the longhair and line coat genes will be "coarse", which means longer line coats of fur. Examples of such coats include the
4888:
Dreger DL, Parker H, Ostrander E, Schmutz SM. The involvement of RALY in a complex gene interaction producing the saddle tan phenotype in dogs. A presentation at
Advances in Canine and Feline Genomics and Inherited Diseases 2012 Conference, Visby, Sweden. June 1,
3536:
The genes responsible for the determination of coat colour also affect other melanin-dependent development, including skin colour, eye colour, eyesight, eye formation and hearing. In most cases, eye colour is directly related to coat colour, but blue eyes in the
2214:
White spotting can cause blue eyes, microphthalmia, blindness and deafness; however, because pigmentation is generally retained around the eye/ear area, this is rare except in SINE White dogs (Piebald) which can sometimes lose pigment in those areas during fetal
2193:
Based on this research the degree of White
Spotting is dependent on the Promoter Length (Lp) to produce less or more color. A shorter Lp creates less white (Solid Colored and Residual White dogs) while a longer Lp creates more white (Irish Spotting and Piebald).
3378:, whose coat type is shaggy (long + wire). Teeth can be affected as well, and hairless dogs have sometimes incomplete dentition. It is one of the things which become better the last years, as it is common to select healthy dogs with good teeth for breeding.
2189:
In 2014, a study found that a combination of simple repeat polymorphism in the MITF-M Promoter and a SINE insertion is a key regulator of white spotting and that white color had been selected for by humans to differentiate dogs from their wild counterparts.
2473:. The colour of the tick marks will be as expected or one shade darker. Tick marks are semi-random, so that they vary from one dog to the next and can overlap, but are generally present on the lower legs and heavily present on the nose.
1339:
allele. In behavior and appearance it almost mimics the Grizzle allele found in Sighthounds, however it is not the same mutation. Domino animals of this type will either have two copies of the mutation or have a single copy paired with
2324:
The alleles at the theoretical F locus are thought to determine whether an animal displays small, isolated regions of white in otherwise pigmented regions (not apparent on white animals). Two alleles are theorised to occur at the
739:
The mutation is the result of a Copy Number Variant, or duplication of certain instructions within a gene, that controls the distribution of pigment in a dog's hair follicle. As such, there are no genetic markers for red pigment.
5063:
Kerns, Julie A.; Newton, J.; Berryere, Tom G.; Rubin, Edward M.; Cheng, Jan-Fang; Schmutz, Sheila M.; Barsh, Gregory S. (October 2004). "Characterization of the dog Agouti gene and a nonagoutimutation in German Shepherd Dogs".
4727:
Hédan, Benoit; Cadieu, Edouard; Botherel, Nadine; Dufaure de Citres, Caroline; Letko, Anna; Rimbault, Maud; Drögemüller, Cord; Jagannathan, Vidhya; Derrien, Thomas; Schmutz, Sheila; Leeb, Tosso; André, Catherine (21 May 2019).
848:= Recombinant fawn (expresses a varied phenotype depending on the breed) has been identified in numerous Tibetan Spaniels and individuals in other breeds, including the Dingo. Its hierarchical position is not yet understood.
836:= Tan point. Black with tan patches on the face and underside - including saddle tan (tan with a black saddle or blanket). Phaeomelanin production is limited to tan points; dark portions of the dog are solid eumelanin hairs.
2130:
One of the variation of M allele is Mc and Mc+. Although just one copy of Mc is not long enough to make visible change on coats, the combination of Mc or more than two copies of Mc would lead to odd shade of black/liver.
2550:
large white markings in heterozygous carriers with genotype S s or S s belong to the standard colours, therefore extreme white Boxers are born regularly, some of them with health problems. The cream-white colour of the
2677:
The occurrence of a dominant coat colour gene not belonging to the standard colours is a suspicion for crossbreeding with another breed. For example, the dilute gen D in the suddenly appeared variety "silver coloured"
2701:, a mutation that can occur in body cells after formation of the embryo, can be passed on to next generations. A pigment somatic mutation can cause patches of different colors (mosaicism) to appear in the dog's coat.
5199:
Dürig, N.; Letko, A.; Lepori, V.; Hadji Rasouliha, S.; Loechel, R.; Kehl, A.; Hytönen, M. K.; Lohi, H.; Mauri, N.; Dietrich, J.; Wiedmer, M.; Drögemüller, M.; Jagannathan, V.; Schmutz, S. M.; Leeb, T. (August 2018).
2311:
There are additional theoretical loci thought to be associated with coat color in dogs. DNA studies are yet to confirm the existence of these genes or alleles but their existence is theorised based on breeding data:
824:= Fawn or sable. Tan with black whiskers and varying amounts of black-tipped and/or all-black hairs dispersed throughout. Fawn typically referring to dogs with clearer tan and sable to those with more black shading.
1218:
will express a red to yellow coat regardless of most alleles at other loci. Eumelanin is inhibited, so there can be no black hairs anywhere, even the whiskers. Pigment on the nose leather can be lost at the middle
1186:
except any tan (phaeomelanin) areas on the mask area are replaced with eumelanin (black/etc.) The mask can vary from the muzzle, to the face and ears, to a larger area with shading on the front and sides as in the
3570:
has yet been described among coat genes. However, they do share chromosomes with other major conformational genes, and in at least one case, breeding records have shown an indication of genes passed on together.
2209:
Piebald, yet there are Beagles with very little white on them, or Beagles that are mostly white. What makes them Piebald is the SINE Insertion, but the Lp length is what changes how their patterns are expressed.
2179:(varies from coloured with Irish spotting plus at least one white marking on the top or sides of the body or hips, to mostly white which generally retains patches of colour around the eyes, ears and tail base)
375:. Phaeomelanin is diluted from red to yellowish tan; this phaeomelanin dilution is not as dramatic as the eumelanin color shift. Slight to moderate dilution of the paw pads and eye rims towards bluish grey if
735:
Pigment Intensity for dogs who are darker than Tan (shades of gold to red) has been attributed to a mutation upstream of KITLG, in the same genes responsible for coat color in mice and hair color in humans.
2998:) have wavy hair that is easily distinguishable from either homozygote. Wavy hair is considered desirable in several breeds, but because it is heterozygous, these breeds do not breed true for coat type.
4592:
Welle, M.; Philipp, U.; Rufenacht, S.; Roosje, P.; Scharfenstein, M.; Schutz, E.; Brenig, B.; Linek, M.; Mecklenburg, L.; Grest, P.; Drogemuller, M.; Haase, B.; Leeb, T.; Drogemuller, C. (1 July 2009).
1110:
5315:
Sophie I. Candille; Christopher B. Kaelin; Bruce M. Cattanach; Bin Yu; Darren A. Thompson; Matthew A. Nix; Julie A. Kerns; Sheila M. Schmutz; Glenn L. Millhauser; Gregory S. Barsh (November 2007).
887:
includes tan point and saddle tan, both of which look tan point at birth. Modifier genes in saddle tan puppies cause a gradual reduction of the black area until the saddle tan pattern is achieved.
6220:
Droegemueller, C; Karlsson, EK; Hytšnen, MK; Perloski, M; Dolf, G; Sainio, K; Lohi, H; Lindblad-Toh, K; Leeb, T (2008). "A mutation in hairless dogs implicates FOXI3 in ectodermal development".
547:
dilution (changing of a dog's coat from tan to cream or white) was found to be the result of a mutation in MFSD12 in 2019. and occurs in breeds that do not exhibit dark gold or red phenotypes.
768:
switching can lead to the production of a single hair with bands of eumelanin and phaeomelanin. Spatial-dependent signaling results in parts of the body with different levels of each pigment.
6553:
Rimbault, Maud; Beale, Holly C.; Schoenebeck, Jeffrey J.; Hoopes, Barbara C.; Allen, Jeremy J.; Kilroy-Glynn, Paul; Wayne, Robert K.; Sutter, Nathan B.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (December 2013).
2255:
People have postulated several alleles at the C locus and suggested some/all determine the degree to which an animal expresses phaeomelanin, a red-brown protein related to the production of
1098:
3504:
The second way blue eyes can appear is when a dog has a lot of white fur on the face. Since the white areas cannot produce any pigment, pigment from the eyes and nose may be lost as well.
2635:
1074:
1134:
775:) is a receptor on the surface of melanocytes. When active, it causes the melanocyte to synthesize eumelanin; when inactive, the melanocyte produces phaeomelanin instead. ASIP (the
2612:
223:
alleles will have brown, rather than black, hair, a liver nose, paw pads and eye rims, and hazel eyes. Phaeomelanin color is unaffected. Only one of the alleles is present in the
856:; however, research suggests the existence of pairwise dominance/recessiveness relationships in different families and not the existence of a single hierarchy in one family.
405:
This dilution gene can occur in almost any breed, where blue gene is the most common. Also, there are some breeds that come in dilute but with no specific color, such as the
1086:
2365:
The alleles at the theoretical G locus are thought to determine if progressive greying of the animal's coat will occur. Two alleles are theorised to occur at the G locus:
5413:
Leigh Anne Clark; Alison N. Starr; Kate L. Tsai; Keith E. Murphy (July 2008). "Genome-wide linkage scan localizes the harlequin locus in the Great Dane to chromosome 9".
4940:
Dreger, Dayna L.; Hooser, Blair N.; Hughes, Angela M.; Ganesan, Balasubramanian; Donner, Jonas; Anderson, Heidi; Holtvoigt, Lauren; Ekenstedt, Kari J. (28 October 2019).
2399:
individual hairs remain on the dog long enough for the colour to be lost. In short-haired dogs, hairs are shed out and re-grown before the colour has a chance to change.
6498:
Hytonen, M. K.; Grall, A.; Hedan, B.; Dreano, S.; Seguin, S. J.; Delattre, D.; Thomas, A.; Galibert, F.; Paulin, L.; Lohi, H.; Sainio, K.; Andre, C. (1 March 2009).
2493:
The alleles at the theoretical U locus are thought to limit phaeomelanin production on the cheeks and underside. Two alleles are theorized to occur at the U locus:
6046:
243:), but in most breeds with any brown allele two or all three are present. It is unknown whether the different brown alleles cause specific shades or hues of brown.
28:
coats. Most genes come in pairs, one being from the dog's mother and one being from its father. Genes of interest have more than one expression (or version) of an
2067:"double merles", black is replaced with ~25% black, ~50% silver and ~25% white, again with random variation, such that some animals have more black or more white.
4942:"True Colors: Commercially-acquired morphological genotypes reveal hidden allele variation among dog breeds, informing both trait ancestry and breed potential"
2879:) determine the coarseness and the presence of "facial furnishings" (e.g. beard, moustache, eyebrows). There are two known alleles that occur at the W locus:
4497:
Philipp, Ute; Hamann, Henning; Mecklenburg, Lars; Nishino, Seiji; Mignot, Emmanuel; GĂĽnzel-Apel, Anne-Rose; Schmutz, Sheila M; Leeb, Tosso (16 June 2005).
3485:
All hepatic dogs (bb) have amber eyes. Amber eyes vary from light brown to yellow, chartreuse, or gray. Dogs with melanin can occasionally see amber eyes.
993:= Mask (a eumelanin mask is added to the face). The distribution of the pigments on the rest of the face and on the body is determined by the agouti locus.
5974:
2242:
is the result of the interaction of three loci (the S locus, the T locus and F locus) giving them a unique spotting pattern not found in any other breed.
4405:
Philipp, Ute; Hamann, Henning; Mecklenburg, Lars; Nishino, Seiji; Mignot, Emmanuel; GĂĽnzel-Apel, Anne-Rose; Schmutz, Sheila M; Leeb, Tosso (June 2005).
2538:
of a breed and there is an extremely low probability that one carrier will be mated with another. In case two carriers have offspring, according to the
966:
is one of the few breeds that lack agouti patterning, and only have sable and tan points. However, many border collies still test to have agouti genes.
4121:
Researchers have not yet assigned a letter to this locus and "R" has been selected based on the use of the term "Rex" for curled hair in domestic cats.
3497:
The merle gene results in a bluish iris, and merle dogs often have blue, walled, or split eyes due to random pigment loss. Some genetic variants cause
2654:
5789:
Winkler, Paige A.; Gornik, Kara R.; Ramsey, David T.; Dubielzig, Richard R.; Venta, Patrick J.; Petersen-Jones, Simon M.; Bartoe, Joshua T. (2014).
817:, and, by controlling the distribution of pigment in individual hairs, what type of agouti. There are four known alleles that occur at the A locus:
6122:
D. J. E. Housley; P. J. Venta (August 2006). "The long and the short of it: evidence that FGF5 is a major determinant of canine 'hair'-itability".
5771:
1122:
2755:, hair growth stops, the follicle rests, and the old hair falls off—is shed. At the end of the telogen phase, the follicle begins the cycle again.
5775:
3528:
for the alleles of some genes has become available. Software is also available to assist breeders in determining the likely outcome of matings.
2584:
4458:"A Noncoding Melanophilin Gene (MLPH) SNP at the Splice Donor of Exon 1 Represents a Candidate Causal Mutation for Coat Color Dilution in Dogs"
2569:
2149:
1007:, tan underparts with a dark overlay covering the top and sides of the body, head and tail, and the outside of the limbs) - also called domino.
4317:
Schmutz, Sheila M.; Berryere, Tom G.; Goldfinch, Angela D. (1 July 2002). "TYRP1 and MC1R genotypes and their effects on coat color in dogs".
346:(defective MLPH) that occur in many breeds. But recently the research group of Tosso Leeb has identified additional alleles in other breeds.
2763:
Research indicates that the majority of variation in coat growth pattern, length and curl can be attributed to mutations in four genes, the
2163:= Solid color/no white (very small areas of white may still appear; a diamond or medallion on the chest, a few toe tips/toes, or a tail tip)
5012:
Dreger, Dayna L.; Anderson, Heidi; Donner, Jonas; Clark, Jessica A.; Dykstra, Arlene; Hughes, Angela M.; Ekenstedt, Kari J. (3 July 2020).
2415:
The alleles at the theoretical T locus are thought to determine whether an animal displays small, isolated regions of pigment in otherwise
6484:
2317:
4838:
Weich, Kalie; Affolter, Verena; York, Daniel; Rebhun, Robert; Grahn, Robert; Kallenberg, Angelica; Bannasch, Danika (9 January 2020).
5251:
2519:
662:
5626:
2600:
3362:
Some breeds of dog do not grow hair on parts of their bodies and may be referred to as hairless. Examples of hairless dogs are the
4730:"Identification of a Missense Variant in MFSD12 Involved in Dilution of Phaeomelanin Leading to White or Cream Coat Color in Dogs"
48:
and k alleles, the (white) spotting gene with its multiple alleles, and the R and r alleles of the curl gene, would be looked at.
6459:
4075:
300:
5704:
2074:, but phaeomelanin is barely affected such that there will be little to no evidence of the merle gene on any tan areas or on an
115:. Together these genes account for the variation in coat color seen in dogs. Each gene has a unique, fixed location, known as a
4781:"Five genetic variants explain over 70% of hair coat pheomelanin intensity variation in purebred and mixed breed domestic dogs"
2923:
dogs have the harsh wire texture, but decreased furnishings, and overall coat length and shedding similar to non-wire animals.
694:
331:
determines the intensity of pigmentation. MLPH codes for a protein involved in the distribution of melanin - it is part of the
3021:
These three genes responsible for the length and texture of an animal's coat interact to produce eight different (homozygous)
1396:
gene or DEFB103) determine the coloring pattern of an animal's coat. There are three known alleles that occur at the K locus:
6097:
5929:
5724:
5611:
1351:
sable extension allele has been studied only in English Cocker Spaniels and produces sable in the presence of dominant black
6004:
4779:
Slavney, Andrea J.; Kawakami, Takeshi; Jensen, Meghan K.; Nelson, Thomas C.; Sams, Aaron J.; Boyko, Adam R. (27 May 2021).
4374:
1487:
Alleles at the Agouti (A), Extension (E) and Black (K) loci determine the presence or absence of brindle and its location:
709:
2093:
merles except when extensive white markings cause pink skin to remain in these areas. Blue and part-blue eyes are common.
6043:
1013:= Northern Domino (functions and appears similar to Grizzle in sighthounds) found mostly in Northern breeds such as the
6272:"Duplication of FGF3, FGF4, FGF19 and ORAOV1 causes hair ridge and predisposition to dermoid sinus in Ridgeback dogs".
679:
751:
This mutation not only effects Pheomelanin, but Eumelanin as well. This mutation does not effect all breeds the same.
4247:
2775:
gene or KRT71 and the melanocortin 5 receptor gene (MC5R). The wild-type coat in dogs is short, double and straight.
3402:) is permitted to increase genetic diversity. These crosses are fully coated and heterozygous for AHT-hairlessness.
606:
It does not effect eumelanin (black/brown/blue/lilac) pigment, i.e. leaving a cream Afghan with a very black mask.
2969:) determine whether an animal's coat is straight or curly. There are two known alleles that occur at the R locus:
893:
is only present in a handful of breeds. Most black dogs are black due to the K locus allele KB for dominant black.
130:
Several loci can be grouped as affecting the shade of color: the Brown (B), Dilution (D), and Intensity (I) loci.
2453:
The effect of the ticking gene(s) is to add back little coloured spots to areas made white by piebald spotting (
2089:
puppies develop their skin pigmentation (nose, paws, belly) with speckled-edged progression, equally evident in
1207:. Some puppies are born with a mask which fades away within a few weeks of birth: these puppies do not have the
638:
5971:
2522:
pattern is expressed in the tan (phaeomelanin) areas of any dog and does not effect black (eumelanin) pigment.
1176:
allows normal expression of eumelanin and/or phaeomelanin according to the alleles present at the A and K loci.
1104:
Dogs with Genotype ee can only store pheomelanin in the fur. BB or Bb on the B locus still allows a black nose.
1045:, tan with a dark overlay covering the top and sides of the body, head and tail, and the outside of the limbs).
5705:
Edward J. Cargill1, Thomas R. Famula, Robert D. Schnabel, George M. Strain & Keith E. Murphy (July 2005).
2534:
of the recessive alleles causing fur colours that don't correspond to the breed standard are very rare in the
623:
355:= Not diluted. Black or brown eumelanin (as determined by Brown locus), reddish or orangish tan phaeomelanin.
650:
2085:
The merle gene also affects the skin, eye colour, eyesight and development of the eye and inner ear. Merle
335:
transport complex. Defective MLPH prevents normal pigment distribution, resulting in a paler colored coat.
2851:), the coat is often of medium length and many dogs of these breeds are also heterozygous at the L locus (
2082:
affect both pigments equally, such that a fawn double merle would be, on average, ~75% tan and ~25% white.
1116:
Homozygous ee causes red or yellow fur. Eumelanin can be in nose, eyelids and paw pads but not in the fur.
6642:
4282:
Kaelin, Christopher B.; Barsh, Gregory S. (1 January 2013). "Genetics of Pigmentation in Dogs and Cats".
3303:
2288:= Blue-eyed albino/Platinum (almost total inhibition of phaeomelanin resulting in near albino appearance)
2230:
have a naturally longer Lp and are considered "Fixed for White". This means even if they are genetically
1080:
E allows the production of black and chocolate brown eumelanin in the fur and causes the melanistic mask.
2518:
but due to lack of genetic studies these assumptions have only been made through visual assessment. The
2298:(complete inhibition of phaeomelanin production, resulting in complete inhibition of melanin production)
744:
Dogs with a higher CNV were observed to have darker, richer colors such as deep gold, red, and chestnut.
4085:
2024:
792:
426:
5374:"A missense mutation in the 20S proteasome β2 subunit of Great Danes having harlequin coat patterning"
5120:
5499:
4097:
3541:
and related breeds, and copper eyes in some herding dogs are not known to be related to coat colour.
3394:
5850:"A Missense Mutation in SLC45A2 Is Associated with Albinism in Several Small Long Haired Dog Breeds"
5764:
2791:) determine the length of the animal's coat. There are two known alleles that occur at the L locus:
5890:
4456:
Drögemüller, Cord; Philipp, Ute; Haase, Bianca; Günzel-Apel, Anne-Rose; Leeb, Tosso (1 July 2007).
3110:
810:
61:
5645:"A Simple Repeat Polymorphism in the MITF-M Promoter Is a Key Regulator of White Spotting in Dogs"
4387:
2563:
for the auditory organs and eyes, therefore this colour is not associated with any health issues.
852:
Most texts suggest that the dominance hierarchy for the A locus alleles appears to be as follows:
3477:
The genes also affect the eye colours of dogs. There are two main types of eye colours patterns.
3398:
result in missing teeth. Because the breed is new and rare, outcrossing to the parent breed (the
2394:
The greying gene affects both eumelanin, and to a lesser extent phaeomelanin. In the presence of
5014:"Atypical Genotypes for Canine Agouti Signaling Protein Suggest Novel Chromosomal Rearrangement"
3452:
The most common colour of dog nose is black. However, a number of genes can affect nose colour.
1262:. Its placement in the dominance hierarchy has not been solidified. Black with fawn-tan points (
986:
in its coat. There are three known, plus two more theorized, alleles that occur at the E locus:
5448:
Clark, Leigh Anne; Wahl, Jacquelyn M.; Rees, Christine A.; Murphy, Keith E. (31 January 2006).
5314:
3121:
3001:
830:= Wild-type agouti. Each hair with 3-6 bands alternating black and tan. Also called wolf sable.
57:
5202:"Two MC1R loss-of-function alleles in cream-coloured Australian Cattle Dogs and white Huskies"
5945:
5791:"A Partial Gene Deletion of SLC45A2 Causes Oculocutaneous Albinism in Doberman Pinscher Dogs"
2539:
1460:
causes the addition of eumelanin stripes to all tan areas of a dog except when combined with
1058:
614:
40:
where the gene is made of two identical alleles (one from its mother and one its father) or
6637:
6632:
6229:
6176:
5802:
5656:
5450:"Retrotransposon insertion in SILV is responsible for merle patterning of the domestic dog"
5328:
4953:
4792:
4683:
3498:
3367:
3225:
2848:
2827:
dogs have a small but noticeable increase in length and finer texture than closely related
2622:
881:
is the only allele present in many Nordic spitzes, and is not present in most other breeds.
5412:
5201:
2278:= Extreme dilution (inhibition of phaeomelanin resulting in extremely reduced red pigment)
409:
or the Slovakian Pointer. Some breeds that are commonly known to have dilution genes are "
8:
6017:
5991:
5958:
5108:
4499:"Polymorphisms within the canine MLPH gene are associated with dilute coat color in dogs"
4407:"Polymorphisms within the canine MLPH gene are associated with dilute coat color in dogs"
4295:
4090:
3411:
3169:
2223:
2201:
Because of this variability, a dog's Phenotype will not always match their Genotype. The
814:
372:
6309:
6233:
6180:
5806:
5660:
5332:
4957:
4796:
4687:
531:
Note that phaeomelanin is frequently diluted by intensity factor of theoretical I locus.
367:) diluted to bluish grey (ranging from light blue-grey to dark steel); brown eumelanin (
6579:
6554:
6463:
6297:
6253:
6197:
6164:
5825:
5790:
5752:
5735:
5679:
5644:
5476:
5449:
5349:
5316:
5232:
5183:
5089:
5040:
5013:
4976:
4941:
4866:
4839:
4815:
4780:
4756:
4729:
4704:
4671:
4525:
4498:
4433:
4406:
4342:
4173:
2831:
individuals. However, between breeds there is significant overlap between the shortest
2725:
2687:
2679:
1383:, so it is unknown how the gene may function in the presence of other A-series alleles.
1204:
1092:
Dogs with Genotype EE or Ee can produce black or chocolate brown eumelanin for the fur.
430:
284:
257:
96:
Phaeomelanin — tan pigment, including all shades of red, gold and cream pigment; and/or
4901:"A SINE Insertion Causes the Black-and-Tan and Saddle Tan Phenotypes in Domestic Dogs"
4840:"Pigment Intensity in Dogs is Associated with a Copy Number Variant Upstream of KITLG"
1442:
causes a solid eumelanin coat (black, brown, grey or taupe) except when combined with
867:, so that heterozygous individuals have more black sabling, especially as puppies and
783:) in turn prevents ASIP from inhibiting MC1R, thereby increasing eumelanin synthesis.
779:) binds to and inactivates MC1R, thereby causing phaeomelanin synthesis. DEFB103 (the
6584:
6521:
6478:
6305:
6289:
6257:
6245:
6202:
6139:
6135:
6093:
5871:
5830:
5740:
5720:
5684:
5607:
5481:
5430:
5395:
5354:
5297:
5236:
5224:
5081:
5045:
4981:
4922:
4871:
4820:
4761:
4709:
4574:
4530:
4479:
4438:
4334:
4299:
4222:
4214:
4165:
4160:
4143:
4080:
4063:
3322:
2642:
1276:). Brindle affects fawn and sable areas, resulting in black with bridled-tan points (
410:
236:
228:
6607:
6301:
6044:
Gutachten zur Auslegung von § 11b des Tierschutzgesetzes (Verbot von Qualzüchtungen)
6030:
5641:
5093:
4360:
4346:
4177:
2669:
2272:= Chinchilla (partial inhibition of phaeomelanin resulting in decreased red pigment)
2185:= Extreme piebald spotting (extremely large areas of white, almost completely white)
6574:
6566:
6555:"Derived variants at six genes explain nearly half of size reduction in dog breeds"
6511:
6500:"Ancestral T-Box Mutation Is Present in Many, but Not All, Short-Tailed Dog Breeds"
6281:
6237:
6192:
6184:
6131:
5861:
5820:
5810:
5730:
5710:
5674:
5664:
5567:
5471:
5461:
5422:
5385:
5344:
5336:
5287:
5216:
5073:
5035:
5025:
4971:
4961:
4912:
4861:
4851:
4810:
4800:
4751:
4741:
4699:
4691:
4606:
4564:
4520:
4510:
4469:
4428:
4418:
4326:
4291:
4204:
4192:
4155:
3437:
3292:
3281:
3143:
2844:
2698:
2108:
merles have normal-sized eyes and acceptably functional eyesight and hearing; most
2014:
1419:= Phaeomelanin permitted (pattern expressed as per alleles present at A and E loci)
1188:
1141:
1018:
629:
280:
201:
allele will have a black nose, paw pads and eye rims and (usually) dark brown eyes.
116:
86:(reddish-yellow). A melanocyte can be signaled to produce either color of melanin.
33:
5925:
5637:
5635:
5529:
2259:, in its coat and skin. Five alleles have been theorised to occur at the C locus:
2023:, aka premelanosome protein gene or PMEL) determine whether an animal expresses a
44:
where the gene is made of two different alleles (one inherited from each parent).
6050:
5978:
5933:
5815:
5669:
5591:. Catherine Roberts (translator). Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Publishing. p. 194.
5133:
4966:
4805:
3924:
3525:
3441:
3375:
3371:
2840:
2626:
2531:
2239:
1067:= Found only in Nordic breeds, this gene creates the white and yellow coat color.
1022:
979:
700:
418:
111:
have been verified to determine coat color. Each of these has at least two known
32:. Usually only one, or a small number of alleles exist for each gene. In any one
23:
Dogs display wide variation in coat type, density, length, color, and composition
5390:
5373:
5170:
2402:
Premature greying, in which the face/etc. greys at a young age is not caused by
617:, whose cream and white coats are controlled by genes in the Extension E Locus.
609:
This is not to be confused with the cream or white in Nordic Breeds such as the
6538:
5632:
5553:
5426:
4999:
3538:
3415:
3386:
3363:
3277:
3210:
3158:
3147:
2575:
2346:(See ticking below, which may be another name for the flecking described here)
2219:
1025:
who are descended from primitive spitz breeds brought across the Bering Strait.
1014:
668:
610:
224:
5077:
4330:
2169:= Irish-spotting (white on muzzle, forehead, feet, legs, chest, neck and tail)
1031:= Normal extension (pattern expressed as per alleles present at A and K loci).
383:, and slight to moderate reduction of eye color from brown towards amber in a
6626:
6064:
4218:
3326:
2736:, which has a three phase cycle, as in most other mammals. These phases are:
2733:
2112:
double merles suffer from microphthalmia and/or partial to complete deafness.
963:
328:
67:
6516:
6499:
6241:
5866:
5849:
5707:
The color of a Dalmatian's spots: Linkage evidence to support the TYRP1 gene
5572:
5555:
5466:
5340:
5292:
5271:
4917:
4900:
4695:
4626:
4611:
4594:
4474:
4457:
1258:, the latter in which it is referred to as "Domino", but also occurs in the
6588:
6525:
6293:
6249:
6206:
6143:
5911:
5875:
5834:
5744:
5688:
5485:
5434:
5399:
5358:
5301:
5228:
5085:
5049:
4985:
4926:
4875:
4824:
4765:
4713:
4672:"Coat Variation in the Domestic Dog Is Governed by Variants in Three Genes"
4578:
4534:
4515:
4483:
4442:
4423:
4338:
4303:
4226:
4169:
3567:
3381:
3331:
3318:
Breeds in which coat type Is not explained by FgF5, RSPO2 and KRT71 genes:
3221:
2919:
dogs have coarse hair, prominent furnishings and greatly-reduced shedding.
2560:
2419:-spotted white regions. Two alleles are theorised to occur at the T locus:
2227:
2104:) are linked to a range of auditory and ophthalmologic abnormalities. Most
1255:
950:
747:
Dogs with a lower CNV were observed to have lighter gold and orange colors.
729:
579:
interact with semi-dominance, so that there are three distinct phenotypes.
324:
314:
207:= Brown eumelanin - such as chocolate or liver (includes several alleles -
83:
41:
6570:
6356:
6326:
5715:
5030:
4856:
4746:
2555:
is not caused by any spotting gene but by strong dilution of pheomelanin.
1423:
The dominance hierarchy for the K locus alleles appears to be as follows:
1149:
The dominance hierarchy for the E locus alleles appears to be as follows:
161:
6390:
6157:
6155:
6153:
4102:
3399:
3095:
2591:
2547:
1981:
1220:
926:
598:
results in diluted phaeomelanin such as cream, yellow, and white. Unlike
544:
6548:
6546:
6437:
6188:
5146:
2942:
2704:
797:
6270:
4209:
2683:
2556:
902:
406:
332:
261:
71:
37:
6285:
6150:
5220:
4569:
4552:
2934:
will have long, soft coats with furnishings, rather than wirey coats.
2892:= Non-wire (hair is not coarse and facial furnishings are not present)
2027:
pattern to its coat. There are two alleles that occur at the M locus:
1968:
homozygotes are non-harlequin. Breeding data suggests that homozygous
938:
725:
6543:
3457:
3099:
3022:
2714:
2618:
2552:
2535:
2481:
2019:
The alleles at the M locus (the silver locus protein homolog gene or
1993:
983:
802:
422:
320:
143:
79:
19:
6219:
6163:
Sutter, Nathan B.; Todhunter, Rory J.; Boyko, Adam R. (April 2016).
4726:
4670:
Carlos D.; Wayne, Robert K.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (2 October 2009).
4248:"Genetics Basics Coat Color Genetics In Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals"
2060:
animals having one odd patch of a third shade of grey, brown or tan.
1909:
are only included in the table where their interactions are known.
1454:
and appropriate coat type (light eumelanin with dark eumelanin mask)
1128:
Genotyp ee and bb for brown eumelanin causes red fur and liver-nose.
78:
into a developing hair. Dog fur is colored by two types of melanin:
6415:
5253:
Genetic Interactions Among Three Pigmentation Loci in Domestic Dogs
4144:"Genes affecting coat color and pattern in domestic dogs: a review"
3731:
Black mask, grizzle, normal extension, cocker-sable, recessive red
3508:
3249:
3245:
3206:
3009:
3005:
2947:
1393:
685:
5259:. 10th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production.
4455:
974:
The alleles at the E locus (the melanocortin receptor one gene or
914:
5589:
Inheritance in Dogs: With Special Reference to the Hunting Breeds
5554:
Sheila M. Schmutz; Tom G. Berryere; Dayna L. Dreger (June 2009).
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
3493:
Blue eyes in dogs are often related to pigment loss in coatings.
2709:
2645:
2445:
2256:
2176:
1472:(eumelanin and sabled areas become striped, tan areas remain tan)
1410:
1247:
875:
phenotype. Other genes also affect how much black is in the coat.
414:
75:
5317:"A β-Defensin Mutation Causes Black Coat Color in Domestic Dogs"
5269:
5194:
5192:
2664:
tricolor Genotype s s is the first colour in the breed standard.
5372:
Clark, LA; Tsai, KL; Starr, AN; Nowend, KL; Murphy, KE (2011).
5198:
4496:
4404:
3241:
2815:. A long coat is demonstrated when a dog has pair of recessive
2661:
2295:
2202:
1259:
1251:
299:
dilution. Labrador dogs with the dilute gene often suffer from
197:= Black eumelanin. An animal that has at least one copy of the
112:
108:
29:
6552:
6161:
4643:
3566:
All known genes are on separate chromosomes, and therefore no
2096:
Both heterozygosity and homozygosity of the merle gene (i.e.,
759:
5272:"A New Mutation in MC1R Explains a Coat Color Phenotype in 2
5189:
4595:"MLPH Genotype--Melanin Phenotype Correlation in Dilute Dogs"
4546:
4544:
4141:
2962:
2896:
2872:
2772:
2764:
2648:
s s is not allowed. Tricolor Yorkies became a separate breed.
2477:
1359:. Its expression is dependent upon the animal not possessing
183:
5788:
2863:
2461:
animals. It does not affect white areas that were caused by
809:
The alleles at the A locus are related to the production of
6165:"Complex disease and phenotype mapping in the domestic dog"
6121:
4778:
4591:
3920:
Single coat/minimal shedding, double coat/regular shedding
3519:
3229:
2784:
2768:
2721:
2051:
show a relationship of both co-dominance and no dominance.
2020:
1375:
is theorized to be on the E locus and to have no effect on
842:= Recessive black. Solid black, inhibition of phaeomelanin.
763:
An agouti hair showing bands of eumelanin and phaeomelanin.
104:
6088:
Evans, Howard E.; de Lahunta, Alexander (August 7, 2013).
4541:
4191:
Ostrander, Elaine A.; Wayne, Robert K. (1 December 2005).
3682:
C = full color, 2 recessive alleles for types of albinism
3016:
2717:
whose long hair has faded due to exposure to the elements.
2306:
1972:
is embryonic lethal and that therefore all harlequins are
1482:
93:
Eumelanin — black, chocolate brown, grey or taupe pigment;
5011:
4939:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
2372:= Progressive greying (melanin lost from hairs over time)
1051:= Recessive or clear fawn (tan, inhibition of eumelanin).
5062:
4551:
Brancalion, L.; Haase, B.; Wade, C. M. (February 2022).
4316:
3561:
3531:
1269:) is instead dark-sable with extended clear-tan points (
190:
There are four known alleles that occur at the B locus:
122:
Some of the loci associated with canine coat color are:
6497:
4837:
1316:
is theorized to have no effect on the phenotype of non-
1144:
can be hidden, as they don't have eumelanin in the fur.
982:, as well as determining whether an animal can produce
219:). An animal with any matched or unmatched pair of the
5492:
4668:
4264:
2886:= Wire (hair is coarse and facial furnishings present)
5556:"MITF and White Spotting in Dogs: A Population Study"
2705:
Genes associated with hair length, growth and texture
2625:, cream-white is nonstandard albeit accepted by the
2606:
Punnett square: Inheritance with two genetic carriers
2530:
Miscolours occur quite rarely in dog breeds, because
2234:
for Solid Color, they will still show White Spotting.
1478:
is wild-type allowing full expression of other genes.
74:(pigment cells), which make and transfer the pigment
5371:
4390:[Which colors can cause diseases in dogs?].
1927:(T) and Flecking (F) loci determine white markings.
1231:
dog will be white to off-white; in combination with
5447:
4550:
2543:mated with standard-coloured dogs to new carriers.
2070:Eumelanin (black/etc.) is significantly reduced by
2034:= Merle (patches of full colour and reduced colour)
1203:animal while the rest of the dog pales, such as in
51:
3461:It's hard to tell if these dogs are black or blue.
2578:: Inheritance with one carrier of a recessive gene
1300:is dependent upon the animal being homozygous for
1211:allele and their temporary mask is due to sabling.
1061:, this gene creates the cream color in this breed.
715:Chihuahua: same parts are creme-white, genotype ii
319:(MLPH) at the D locus causes a dilution mainly of
5888:
4142:Schmutz, S. M.; Berryere, T. G. (December 2007).
3777:Dominant black, brindle, fawn/sable/banded hairs
2926:Animals that are homozygous for long coat (i.e.,
6624:
6005:Silver Labrador Retrievers Facts And Controversy
3337:Genotypes of dogs of these 3 breeds are usually
3313:
2728:lying next to its combed-out seasonal undercoat.
2693:
2360:
6087:
5847:
5454:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5270:Dayna L. Dreger; Sheila M. Schmutz (Jun 2010).
4375:Silver Labrador Retriever Facts And Controversy
3632:Sable, wolf-sable, tan point, recessive black;
3456:A blue dog nose is genetically impossible. But
2238:It is thought that the spotting that occurs in
387:animal, or from hazel towards light amber in a
363:= Diluted. Diluted fur color: black eumelanin (
5848:Wijesena, H. R.; Schmutz, S. M. (1 May 2015).
5606:. New York: Comstock Publishing. p. 194.
4190:
2150:microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
6092:(Fourth ed.). Saunders. pp. 71–73.
5249:
4899:Dreger, Dayna L.; Schmutz, Sheila M. (2011).
4898:
4553:"Canine coat pigmentation genetics: a review"
2449:each occur separately or in any combination.
1988:) have the same pattern of patches as merle (
1921:
1379:dogs. All cocker spaniels are homozygous for
813:and determine whether an animal expresses an
602:, it allows the skin and eyes to remain dark.
6539:http://munster.sasktelwebsite.net/white.html
2266:= Full color (animal expresses phaeomelanin)
2116:
1996:affects eumelanin and phaeomelanin equally.
4281:
3507:The third way is when dogs are affected by
2525:
1387:
5774:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5700:
5698:
2594:Genotype S s mated with another s carrier.
2078:dog. However, the white patches caused by
978:) determine whether an animal expresses a
550:Two alleles are theorised to occur at the
436:
6578:
6515:
6196:
5865:
5824:
5814:
5770:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5734:
5714:
5678:
5668:
5571:
5475:
5465:
5389:
5348:
5291:
5039:
5029:
4975:
4965:
4916:
4865:
4855:
4814:
4804:
4755:
4745:
4703:
4610:
4568:
4524:
4514:
4473:
4432:
4422:
4208:
4159:
3870:Solid, Irish spotting, piebald spotting;
2749:, growth slows, and hair shaft thins; and
2559:are present in the whole skin and in the
6385:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6321:
6319:
5882:
5547:
5524:
5522:
5520:
4394:(in Swiss High German). 24 October 2019.
4388:"Welche Fellfarben können krank machen?"
3520:Genetic testing and phenotype prediction
3380:
3177:
3066:
3030:
2941:
2895:
2862:
2819:alleles at this locus. The dominance of
2732:Every hair in the dog coat grows from a
2720:
2708:
2668:
2476:
1763:
1653:
1555:
1492:
1335:Little information exists regarding the
796:
758:
724:
703:: tan is lightened to creme, genotype Ii
279:
256:
18:
6605:
6351:
6349:
6347:
5889:Sheila M. Schmutz (December 27, 2008).
5695:
5595:
5406:
5005:
4933:
4076:Labrador Retriever coat colour genetics
3017:Interaction of length and texture genes
2994:is one of no dominance. Heterozygotes (
2307:Theoretical genes for color and pattern
1756:brindle with clear-tan points (Afghan)
1483:Interactions of some genes with brindle
175:Eumelanin color due to the brown locus.
6625:
6483:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5946:I locus - dilution of pheomelanin only
5601:
5250:Schmutz, S. M.; Dreger, D. L. (2014).
3352:
2406:and has not been proven to be genetic.
1992:) dogs, but the patches are white and
1930:
969:
538:
89:Dog coat colors are from patterns of:
6374:
6316:
5604:The Inheritance of Coat Color in Dogs
5586:
5517:
3562:Loci for coat colour, type and length
3532:Characteristics linked to coat colour
2315:
2143:
1182:allows similar pattern expression to
99:Lack of melanin — white (no pigment).
6344:
4296:10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103659
3357:
2488:
2410:
2250:
1980:The Harlequin allele is specific to
1286:) or brindle with clear-tan points (
1021:, as well as Native breeds like the
181:The gene at the B locus is known as
6606:Schmutz, Sheila M. (June 4, 2023).
6418:. Veterinary Genetic Services. 2010
4284:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
4052:No coat genes yet identified here.
4032:No coat genes yet identified here.
4012:No coat genes yet identified here.
2930:) and possess at least one copy of
2778:
2457:) or the limited white markings of
1947:, patches of full colour and white)
786:
307:
13:
2858:
2690:suffering from Blue dog syndrome.
2008:
1413:(black stripes added to tan areas)
1195:is unaffected by the greying gene
133:
14:
6654:
6599:
6440:. Premier Pedigree Software. 2009
4398:
2937:
1214:An animal that is homozygous for
932:Allele a with BB or Bb on B-Locus
587:animals but normally darker than
295:for black eumelanin lightened by
272:for brown eumelanin lightened by
6136:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01448.x
6031:Health problems linked to colour
5276:Breeds: Saluki and Afghan Hound"
5121:Banded hairs on agouti wolf back
4161:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01664.x
4096:
3370:(Peruvian Hairless Dog) and the
2961:The alleles at the R locus (the
2950:'s coat forms cords as it grows.
2871:The alleles at the W locus (the
2783:The alleles at the L locus (the
2653:
2634:
2611:
2599:
2583:
2568:
2148:The alleles at the S locus (the
1964:heterozygotes are harlequin and
1392:The alleles at the K locus (the
1250:allele has been studied only in
1133:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
949:
937:
925:
913:
901:
811:agouti signalling protein (ASIP)
708:
693:
678:
661:
649:
637:
622:
160:
142:
125:
52:Genes associated with coat color
6532:
6491:
6452:
6430:
6408:
6264:
6213:
6115:
6106:
6081:
6057:
6036:
6023:
6010:
5997:
5984:
5964:
5951:
5938:
5918:
5904:
5841:
5782:
5620:
5580:
5441:
5365:
5308:
5263:
5243:
5175:
5163:
5139:
5126:
5113:
5100:
5056:
4992:
4892:
4882:
4831:
4772:
4720:
4619:
4585:
4490:
4449:
4115:
3823:Double merle, merle, non-merle
3708:Black/chocolate, blue/isabella
3447:
3236:Long curly with furnishings or
2839:phenotypes. In certain breeds (
2040:= Non-merle (normal expression)
1913:has yet to be fully understood.
1243:dog will be off-white or cream.
1140:In dogs with recessive red the
754:
6327:"Genetic Bases for Coat Types"
5602:Little, Clarence Cook (1957).
4380:
4367:
4353:
4310:
4240:
4184:
4135:
3472:
720:
342:(normal, wild-type MLPH), and
338:There are two common alleles:
1:
6018:FCI Standard No 143 Dobermann
4128:
4066:(merles frequently smaller).
3659:Black, 3 x chocolate / liver
3480:
3314:Breed exceptions to coat type
2694:Somatic Mutations and Chimera
2361:G (progressive greying) locus
1957:, normal expression of merle)
1227:(phaeomelanin inhibitor), an
688:: black and tan, genotype II)
583:heterozygotes are paler than
522:Taupe or "Isabella" eumelanin
5891:"Coat Color Alleles in Dogs"
5816:10.1371/journal.pone.0092127
5670:10.1371/journal.pone.0104363
4967:10.1371/journal.pone.0223995
4806:10.1371/journal.pone.0250579
4042:
4039:
4022:
4019:
4002:
3999:
3981:
3976:
3958:
3953:
3935:
3930:
3908:
3903:
3885:
3880:
3858:
3853:
3835:
3830:
3811:
3806:
3788:
3783:
3765:
3760:
3742:
3737:
3719:
3714:
3696:
3691:
3670:
3665:
3647:
3642:
3620:
3615:
3488:
3430:
3421:
3405:
3366:(Mexican Hairless Dog), the
3298:
3287:
3272:
3257:
3235:
3216:
3201:
3192:
3164:
3153:
3138:
3129:
3116:
3105:
3090:
3075:
3055:
3046:
3037:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1772:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1668:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1564:
1544:
1529:
1508:
1499:
863:is incompletely dominant to
656:Golden Retriever genotype ii
644:Golden Retriever genotype Ii
543:The alleles responsible for
521:
516:
507:
500:
495:
480:
467:
450:
443:
184:tyrosinase related protein 1
7:
6112:Miller's Anatomy of the Dog
6090:Miller's Anatomy of the Dog
5391:10.1016/j.ygeno.2011.01.003
4069:
3304:Wirehaired Pointing Griffon
2682:might probably come from a
2484:displaying urajiro pattern.
2245:
2135:Atypical merle (Ma and Ma+)
2000:has no effect on non-merle
944:Allele a with bb on B-Locus
427:Staffordshire bull terriers
10:
6659:
6065:"Dog Coat Colour Genetics"
5992:FCI Standard No 161 Beagle
5912:"Dog Coat Colour Genetics"
5709:. Vol. 1. p. 1.
5427:10.1016/j.gene.2008.04.006
5147:"Dog Coat Colour Genetics"
4627:"Dog Coat Colour Genetics"
4086:Equine coat color genetics
3847:Straight coat, curly coat
2785:fibroblast growth factor-5
2769:fibroblast growth factor-5
2126:Cryptic merle (Mc and Mc+)
2012:
1922:Patches and white spotting
1324:dogs and to be allelic to
1199:and will remain dark in a
793:Agouti coloration genetics
790:
671:: intermediate inheritance
398:is completely dominant to
291:for solid eumelanin coat;
268:for solid eumelanin coat;
55:
6608:"Dog Coat Color Genetics"
5566:(Supplement 1): 566–574.
5530:"Advanced Merle Genetics"
5078:10.1007/s00335-004-2377-1
4605:(Supplement 1): S75–S79.
4361:"Dog Coat Color Genetics"
4331:10.1007/s00335-001-2147-2
3993:Ridgeback, non-ridgeback
3897:Wire coat, non-wire coat
3754:Harlequin, non-harlequin
3395:American Hairless Terrier
3004:coats, like those of the
2205:for example is fixed for
2117:Variation on merle allele
1899:
1721:black & brindled tan
1367:nor being homozygous for
528:
517:Chocolate-brown eumelanin
119:, within the dog genome.
103:By 2020, more than eight
6395:Dog Coat Colour Genetics
6361:Dog Coat Colour Genetics
6331:Dog Coat Colour Genetics
5627:Why white dogs are white
5534:Dog Coat Colour Genetics
5500:"George Strain on Merle"
4108:
3111:Chesapeake Bay Retriever
2743:, growth of normal hair;
2526:Miscolours in dog breeds
2378:= No progressive greying
1688:black & brindled tan
1403:= Dominant black (black)
1388:K (dominant black) locus
571:It's been observed that
62:Introduction to genetics
16:Genetics behind dog coat
6242:10.1126/science.1162525
5629:Uppsala University 2014
5467:10.1073/pnas.0506940103
5341:10.1126/science.1147880
5106:Sheila Schmutz: A locus
4696:10.1126/science.1177808
4392:Schweizer Hunde Magazin
2911:, but the dominance of
2686:. The same applies for
2122:production of pigment.
1223:). In combination with
613:, or cream roan in the
437:Color gene interactions
327:is less affected. This
301:color dilution alopecia
5587:Winge, Ojvind (1950).
4516:10.1186/1471-2156-6-34
4424:10.1186/1471-2156-6-34
3800:Short coat, long coat
3390:
3122:Curly Coated Retriever
2951:
2901:
2868:
2729:
2718:
2674:
2485:
854:A > a > a > a
806:
764:
732:
371:) diluted to taupe or
304:
277:
70:is surrounded by many
58:biological inheritance
24:
6571:10.1101/gr.157339.113
6517:10.1093/jhered/esn085
6169:Nature Communications
6069:www.doggenetics.co.uk
5867:10.1093/jhered/esv008
5716:10.1186/1746-6148-1-1
5573:10.1093/jhered/esp029
5293:10.1093/jhered/esq061
5151:www.doggenetics.co.uk
5031:10.3390/genes11070739
4918:10.1093/jhered/esr042
4857:10.3390/genes11010075
4747:10.3390/genes10050386
4631:www.doggenetics.co.uk
4612:10.1093/jhered/esp010
4475:10.1093/jhered/esm021
3970:Coated, AHT-hairless
3384:
2945:
2899:
2866:
2724:
2712:
2672:
2480:
2218:Some breeds like the
1059:Australian Cattle Dog
800:
762:
728:
615:Australian Cattle Dog
561:= Non-diluted pigment
283:
260:
82:(brownish-black) and
36:a dog will either be
22:
6438:"Breeders Assistant"
4911:(Suppl 1): S11–S18.
3874:not proven to exist
3499:Heterochromia iridum
3385:Hairless and Coated
3368:Peruvian Inca Orchid
3226:Portuguese Water Dog
2986:The relationship of
2849:Cardigan Welsh Corgi
1953:= Non-harlequin (if
1057:= Found only in the
524:Yellow phaeomelanin
503:Yellow phaeomelanin
6504:Journal of Heredity
6234:2008Sci...321.1462D
6189:10.1038/ncomms10460
6181:2016NatCo...710460H
5959:FCI standard No 257
5854:Journal of Heredity
5807:2014PLoSO...992127W
5661:2014PLoSO...9j4363B
5560:Journal of Heredity
5333:2007Sci...318.1418C
5327:(5855): 1418–1423.
5280:Journal of Heredity
5184:The E Locus in Dogs
4958:2019PLoSO..1423995D
4905:Journal of Heredity
4797:2021PLoSO..1650579S
4688:2009Sci...326..150C
4599:Journal of Heredity
4462:Journal of Heredity
4193:"The canine genome"
4091:Farm-Fox Experiment
3440:, and possibly the
3412:Rhodesian Ridgeback
3410:Some breeds (e.g.,
3353:Other related genes
3170:Irish Water Spaniel
2823:is incomplete, and
2767:gene or RSPO2, the
2688:Dobermann Pinschers
2627:British Kennel Club
2621:: According to the
2510:It is thought that
2436:It is thought that
2382:It is thought that
2349:It is thought that
2224:Australian Shepherd
1931:H (harlequin) locus
1304:and not possessing
1205:Kerry Blue Terriers
1037:= Cocker sable (if
970:E (extension) locus
805:genotype a/a or a/a
539:I (intensity) locus
501:Blue-grey eumelanin
431:Neapolitan mastiffs
6643:Animal coat colors
6049:2017-05-17 at the
5977:2016-03-19 at the
5972:Japanese Shiba Inu
5932:2017-09-08 at the
4210:10.1101/gr.3736605
3687:& GHR(2) size
3391:
2952:
2902:
2869:
2771:gene or FGF5, the
2730:
2719:
2680:Labrador Retriever
2675:
2643:Yorkshire Terriers
2540:law of segregation
2486:
2144:S (spotting) locus
1984:. Harlequin dogs (
1450:(Cocker sable) or
807:
801:Banded hairs of a
765:
733:
519:Red* phaeomelanin
498:Red* phaeomelanin
411:Italian greyhounds
305:
278:
25:
6565:(12): 1985–1995.
6286:10.1038/ng.2007.4
6280:(11): 1318–1320.
6099:978-1-4377-0812-7
5726:978-1-74661-481-2
5613:978-0-87605-621-9
5221:10.1111/age.12660
4682:(5949): 150–153.
4570:10.1111/age.13154
4203:(12): 1706–1716.
4081:Cat coat genetics
4064:Shetland Sheepdog
4059:
4058:
3947:Hairless, coated
3358:Hairlessness gene
3323:Yorkshire Terrier
3311:
3310:
3307:
3296:
3285:
3253:
3233:
3214:
3173:
3162:
3151:
3125:
3114:
3103:
2489:U (urajiro) locus
2411:T (ticking) locus
2251:C (colored) locus
1919:
1918:
1914:
1750:brindle (Afghan)
1296:). Expression of
871:can resemble the
815:agouti appearance
567:= Diluted pigment
536:
535:
532:
237:Italian Greyhound
229:Doberman Pinscher
6650:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6610:. Sheila Schmutz
6593:
6592:
6582:
6550:
6541:
6536:
6530:
6529:
6519:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6482:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6462:. Archived from
6456:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6387:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6353:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6323:
6314:
6313:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6200:
6159:
6148:
6147:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6061:
6055:
6040:
6034:
6027:
6021:
6014:
6008:
6001:
5995:
5988:
5982:
5968:
5962:
5955:
5949:
5942:
5936:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5869:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5828:
5818:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5768:
5762:
5758:
5756:
5748:
5738:
5718:
5702:
5693:
5692:
5682:
5672:
5639:
5630:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5526:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5504:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5469:
5460:(5): 1376–1381.
5445:
5439:
5438:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5393:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5352:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5295:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5206:
5196:
5187:
5181:Sheila Schmutz:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5143:
5137:
5134:Agouti Wolf Grey
5130:
5124:
5117:
5111:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5066:Mammalian Genome
5060:
5054:
5053:
5043:
5033:
5009:
5003:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4979:
4969:
4952:(10): e0223995.
4937:
4931:
4930:
4920:
4896:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4869:
4859:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4808:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4759:
4749:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4707:
4666:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4572:
4548:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4518:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4477:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4426:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4384:
4378:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4319:Mammalian Genome
4314:
4308:
4307:
4279:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4252:vcahospitals.com
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4212:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4163:
4139:
4122:
4119:
4101:
4100:
3574:
3573:
3524:In recent years
3438:Korthals Griffon
3301:
3293:Wire Fox Terrier
3290:
3282:Scottish Terrier
3275:
3239:
3219:
3204:
3167:
3156:
3141:
3119:
3108:
3093:
3028:
3027:
2845:Alaskan Malamute
2835:and the longest
2779:L (length) locus
2699:Somatic mutation
2657:
2646:Piebald spotting
2638:
2615:
2603:
2587:
2572:
2561:embryonic tissue
2532:genetic carriers
2514:is recessive to
2055:On heterozygous
2015:Merle (dog coat)
1943:= Harlequin (if
1901:
1895:white (Samoyed)
1825:black & tan
1490:
1489:
1446:(tan or white),
1189:Belgian Tervuren
1137:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1041:and may require
1019:Finnish Lapphund
953:
941:
929:
917:
905:
787:A (agouti) locus
712:
697:
682:
665:
653:
641:
630:Golden Retriever
626:
530:
441:
440:
419:Tibetan mastiffs
308:D (dilute) locus
287:(non-standard):
164:
146:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6623:
6622:
6613:
6611:
6602:
6597:
6596:
6559:Genome Research
6551:
6544:
6537:
6533:
6496:
6492:
6476:
6475:
6469:
6467:
6460:"Archived copy"
6458:
6457:
6453:
6443:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6421:
6419:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6399:
6397:
6389:
6388:
6375:
6365:
6363:
6355:
6354:
6345:
6335:
6333:
6325:
6324:
6317:
6274:Nature Genetics
6269:
6265:
6218:
6214:
6160:
6151:
6124:Animal Genetics
6120:
6116:
6111:
6107:
6100:
6086:
6082:
6073:
6071:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6051:Wayback Machine
6041:
6037:
6028:
6024:
6015:
6011:
6002:
5998:
5989:
5985:
5979:Wayback Machine
5969:
5965:
5956:
5952:
5943:
5939:
5934:Wayback Machine
5923:
5919:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5895:
5893:
5887:
5883:
5846:
5842:
5787:
5783:
5769:
5760:
5759:
5750:
5749:
5727:
5703:
5696:
5640:
5633:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5600:
5596:
5585:
5581:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5536:
5528:
5527:
5518:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5446:
5442:
5411:
5407:
5370:
5366:
5313:
5309:
5268:
5264:
5256:
5248:
5244:
5209:Animal Genetics
5204:
5197:
5190:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5164:
5155:
5153:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5131:
5127:
5118:
5114:
5105:
5101:
5072:(10): 798–808.
5061:
5057:
5010:
5006:
4997:
4993:
4938:
4934:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4883:
4836:
4832:
4791:(5): e0250579.
4777:
4773:
4725:
4721:
4667:
4644:
4635:
4633:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4590:
4586:
4557:Animal Genetics
4549:
4542:
4495:
4491:
4454:
4450:
4403:
4399:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4372:
4368:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4315:
4311:
4280:
4265:
4256:
4254:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4197:Genome Research
4189:
4185:
4148:Animal Genetics
4140:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4103:Dogs portal
4095:
4072:
3686:
3609:
3597:
3587:
3584:
3564:
3534:
3526:genetic testing
3522:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3450:
3442:Irish Wolfhound
3433:
3424:
3408:
3376:Chinese Crested
3372:Chinese Crested
3360:
3355:
3316:
3300:
3289:
3274:
3260:
3237:
3218:
3203:
3195:
3180:
3166:
3155:
3140:
3132:
3118:
3107:
3092:
3078:
3069:
3058:
3049:
3040:
3033:
3019:
2940:
2915:is incomplete.
2907:is dominant to
2861:
2859:W (wired) locus
2841:German Shepherd
2811:is dominant to
2781:
2707:
2696:
2665:
2658:
2649:
2639:
2630:
2616:
2607:
2604:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2573:
2528:
2491:
2440:is dominant to
2413:
2386:is dominant to
2363:
2353:is dominant to
2322:
2309:
2253:
2248:
2146:
2119:
2017:
2011:
2009:M (merle) locus
1933:
1924:
1879:
1870:
1837:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1792:black & tan
1788:
1783:
1775:
1766:
1733:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1656:
1627:
1598:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1558:
1547:
1532:
1511:
1502:
1495:
1485:
1464:(no effect) or
1390:
1145:
1138:
1129:
1126:
1117:
1114:
1105:
1102:
1093:
1090:
1081:
1078:
980:melanistic mask
972:
961:
960:
959:
958:
957:
954:
946:
945:
942:
934:
933:
930:
922:
921:
918:
910:
909:
906:
795:
789:
757:
723:
716:
713:
704:
698:
689:
683:
672:
666:
657:
654:
645:
642:
633:
627:
541:
523:
518:
510:
502:
497:
496:Black eumelanin
483:
470:
453:
446:
439:
310:
250:is dominant to
179:
178:
177:
176:
172:
171:
170:
165:
157:
156:
147:
136:
134:B (brown) locus
128:
64:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6656:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6621:
6620:
6601:
6600:External links
6598:
6595:
6594:
6542:
6531:
6510:(2): 236–240.
6490:
6451:
6429:
6407:
6391:"Eyes Colours"
6373:
6357:"Nose Colours"
6343:
6315:
6263:
6228:(5895): 1462.
6212:
6149:
6130:(4): 309–315.
6114:
6105:
6098:
6080:
6056:
6035:
6022:
6009:
5996:
5983:
5963:
5950:
5937:
5926:Boxer markings
5917:
5903:
5881:
5860:(3): 285–288.
5840:
5781:
5761:|journal=
5725:
5694:
5655:(8): e104363.
5643:August 2014).
5631:
5619:
5612:
5594:
5579:
5546:
5516:
5491:
5440:
5421:(1–2): 49–52.
5405:
5384:(4): 244–248.
5364:
5307:
5286:(5): 644–649.
5262:
5242:
5215:(4): 284–290.
5188:
5174:
5162:
5138:
5125:
5112:
5099:
5055:
5004:
4991:
4932:
4891:
4881:
4830:
4771:
4719:
4642:
4618:
4584:
4540:
4489:
4468:(5): 468–473.
4448:
4397:
4379:
4366:
4352:
4325:(7): 380–387.
4309:
4290:(1): 125–156.
4263:
4239:
4183:
4154:(6): 539–549.
4133:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4071:
4068:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3600:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3563:
3560:
3539:Siberian Husky
3533:
3530:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3502:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3449:
3446:
3432:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3416:Thai Ridgeback
3407:
3404:
3387:Xoloitzcuintli
3364:Xoloitzcuintli
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3297:
3286:
3278:Border Terrier
3271:
3255:
3254:
3234:
3215:
3211:Bearded Collie
3200:
3191:
3175:
3174:
3163:
3159:Boykin Spaniel
3152:
3148:Cocker Spaniel
3137:
3127:
3126:
3115:
3104:
3089:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3032:Coat type gene
3018:
3015:
2984:
2983:
2977:
2939:
2938:R (curl) locus
2936:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2860:
2857:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2780:
2777:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2706:
2703:
2695:
2692:
2673:Blue Dobermann
2667:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2617:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2576:Punnett square
2574:
2567:
2527:
2524:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2490:
2487:
2475:
2474:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2362:
2359:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2220:Boston Terrier
2216:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2170:
2164:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2094:
2083:
2068:
2063:On homozygous
2061:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1875:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1834:Grizzle/domino
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:fawn or sable
1817:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1730:Grizzle/domino
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1667:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1528:
1507:
1498:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1455:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1404:
1394:β-Defensin 103
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1355:and tan point
1345:
1333:
1244:
1212:
1177:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1052:
1046:
1032:
1026:
1015:Siberian Husky
1008:
999:= Grizzle (if
994:
971:
968:
964:Border Collies
955:
948:
947:
943:
936:
935:
931:
924:
923:
919:
912:
911:
907:
900:
899:
898:
897:
896:
895:
894:
888:
882:
876:
850:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
788:
785:
756:
753:
749:
748:
745:
722:
719:
718:
717:
714:
707:
705:
699:
692:
690:
684:
677:
674:
673:
669:Punnett square
667:
660:
658:
655:
648:
646:
643:
636:
634:
628:
621:
611:Siberian Husky
604:
603:
569:
568:
562:
540:
537:
534:
533:
526:
525:
520:
515:
505:
504:
499:
494:
478:
477:
466:
449:
438:
435:
393:
392:
356:
309:
306:
245:
244:
225:English Setter
202:
174:
173:
166:
159:
158:
148:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
135:
132:
127:
124:
107:in the canine
101:
100:
97:
94:
53:
50:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6655:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6609:
6604:
6603:
6590:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6549:
6547:
6540:
6535:
6527:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6494:
6486:
6480:
6466:on 2017-09-01
6465:
6461:
6455:
6444:September 12,
6439:
6433:
6422:September 12,
6417:
6411:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6320:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6267:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6216:
6208:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6118:
6109:
6101:
6095:
6091:
6084:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5921:
5913:
5907:
5896:September 12,
5892:
5885:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5844:
5836:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5801:(3): e92127.
5800:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5777:
5773:
5766:
5754:
5746:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5699:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5638:
5636:
5628:
5623:
5615:
5609:
5605:
5598:
5590:
5583:
5574:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5550:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5501:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5368:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5275:
5266:
5255:
5254:
5246:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5193:
5186:
5185:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5103:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5059:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5008:
5002:
5001:
5000:Agouti Series
4995:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4885:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4545:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4370:
4362:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4134:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:E, E, E, e, e
3722:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3559:
3556:
3553:spotting and
3552:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3529:
3527:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3428:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:Silky Terrier
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3305:
3294:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3212:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3160:
3149:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3124:? (unproven))
3123:
3112:
3101:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2944:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:hair follicle
2727:
2723:
2716:
2713:Black-coated
2711:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2609:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2546:In the breed
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:= Not urajiro
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:= Not flecked
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2313:
2304:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2243:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1928:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1799:(with mask)*
1782:fawn or sable
1779:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1695:(with mask)*
1675:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1646:cocker sable
1637:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:(with mask)*
1586:(with mask)*
1581:(with mask)*
1576:(with mask)*
1571:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1501:Fawn or sable
1497:
1491:
1488:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:Afghan Hounds
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
989:
988:
987:
985:
981:
977:
967:
965:
952:
940:
928:
916:
904:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:
858:
857:
855:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
819:
818:
816:
812:
804:
799:
794:
784:
782:
778:
774:
769:
761:
752:
746:
743:
742:
741:
737:
731:
727:
711:
706:
702:
696:
691:
687:
681:
676:
675:
670:
664:
659:
652:
647:
640:
635:
631:
625:
620:
619:
618:
616:
612:
607:
601:
597:
594:
593:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
566:
563:
560:
557:
556:
555:
553:
548:
546:
527:
514:
513:
506:
493:
492:
487:
486:
479:
476:
474:
465:
463:
458:
457:
448:
442:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:
357:
354:
353:
349:
348:
347:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
329:dilution gene
326:
322:
318:
316:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
253:
249:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
200:
196:
193:
192:
191:
188:
186:
185:
169:
163:
155:
151:
145:
131:
126:Pigment shade
123:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
98:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:hair follicle
63:
59:
49:
45:
43:
39:
35:
31:
21:
6612:. Retrieved
6562:
6558:
6534:
6507:
6503:
6493:
6468:. Retrieved
6464:the original
6454:
6442:. Retrieved
6432:
6420:. Retrieved
6410:
6398:. Retrieved
6394:
6364:. Retrieved
6360:
6334:. Retrieved
6330:
6277:
6273:
6266:
6225:
6221:
6215:
6175:(1): 10460.
6172:
6168:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6108:
6089:
6083:
6072:. Retrieved
6068:
6059:
6042:
6038:
6029:
6025:
6016:
6012:
6003:
5999:
5990:
5986:
5970:
5966:
5957:
5953:
5944:
5940:
5924:
5920:
5906:
5894:. Retrieved
5884:
5857:
5853:
5843:
5798:
5794:
5784:
5706:
5652:
5648:
5622:
5603:
5597:
5588:
5582:
5563:
5559:
5549:
5537:. Retrieved
5533:
5507:. Retrieved
5505:. Merle Poms
5494:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5381:
5377:
5367:
5324:
5320:
5310:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5265:
5252:
5245:
5212:
5208:
5182:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5154:. Retrieved
5150:
5141:
5132:
5128:
5119:
5115:
5107:
5102:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5021:
5017:
5007:
4998:
4994:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4884:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4737:
4733:
4722:
4679:
4675:
4634:. Retrieved
4630:
4621:
4602:
4598:
4587:
4560:
4556:
4506:
4503:BMC Genetics
4502:
4492:
4465:
4461:
4451:
4414:
4411:BMC Genetics
4410:
4400:
4391:
4382:
4373:
4369:
4355:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4287:
4283:
4255:. Retrieved
4251:
4242:
4230:. Retrieved
4200:
4196:
4186:
4151:
4147:
4137:
4117:
4060:
3985:
3977:
3962:
3954:
3939:
3931:
3912:
3904:
3889:
3881:
3871:
3862:
3854:
3839:
3831:
3815:
3807:
3792:
3784:
3769:
3761:
3746:
3738:
3723:
3715:
3700:
3692:
3685:STC2, GHR(1)
3674:
3666:
3651:
3643:
3633:
3624:
3616:
3607:
3602:
3595:
3590:
3582:
3577:
3568:gene linkage
3565:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3535:
3523:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3451:
3448:Nose colours
3434:
3425:
3409:
3392:
3361:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3332:Afghan Hound
3317:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3222:Bichon Frise
3196:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3178:
3133:
3130:
3117:Short curly
3085:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3034:interactions
3031:
3020:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2966:
2959:(curl) Locus
2956:
2954:
2953:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2852:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2798:= Short coat
2795:
2788:
2782:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2731:
2726:Newfoundland
2697:
2676:
2590:Litter of a
2545:
2529:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2492:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2432:= Not ticked
2429:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2310:
2301:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2254:
2237:
2231:
2228:Rough Collie
2215:development.
2206:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2018:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1925:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1624:Cocker sable
1623:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1496:interactions
1493:
1486:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1406:
1400:
1391:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1142:Merle factor
1064:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1010:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
975:
973:
962:
890:
884:
878:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
808:
780:
776:
772:
770:
766:
755:Pigment type
750:
738:
734:
730:Irish Setter
608:
605:
599:
595:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
570:
564:
558:
551:
549:
542:
511:
508:
490:
489:
484:
481:
472:
468:
461:
460:
455:
451:
447:interactions
444:
404:
399:
395:
394:
388:
384:
380:
379:or taupe if
376:
368:
364:
359:
358:
351:
350:
343:
339:
337:
325:phaeomelanin
315:melanophilin
313:
311:
296:
292:
288:
273:
269:
265:
264:(standard).
251:
247:
246:
240:
232:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
198:
194:
189:
182:
180:
167:
153:
149:
129:
121:
102:
88:
84:phaeomelanin
65:
46:
42:heterozygous
26:
6638:Animal hair
6633:Dog anatomy
4563:(1): 3–34.
4035:SMAD2 size
4015:IGF1R size
3826:HMGA2 size
3603:Description
3473:Eye Colours
3400:Rat Terrier
3299:Curly-wire
3165:Long curly
3106:Short wavy
2900:Curly hair.
2873:R-spondin-2
2804:= Long coat
2765:R-spondin-2
2641:For normal
2557:Melanocytes
1982:Great Danes
1822:wolf sable
1221:Dudley nose
1191:. The mask
721:Red Pigment
632:genotype II
545:pheomelanin
445:Colour gene
72:melanocytes
6627:Categories
6470:2017-07-07
6310:A186690161
6074:2022-03-30
5509:27 October
5156:2022-03-31
5024:(7): 739.
4740:(5): 386.
4636:2022-03-30
4417:(34): 34.
4257:2022-03-30
4129:References
4055:IGF1 size
3990:Ridgeback
3844:cuRlycoat
3751:Harlequin
3728:Extension
3652:B, b, b, b
3636:disproven
3625:A, a, a, a
3583:Chromosome
3481:Amber eyes
3458:greyhounds
3288:Wavy wire
3154:Long wavy
3144:Pomeranian
3023:phenotypes
2976:= Straight
2963:keratin-71
2867:Wire hair.
2773:keratin-71
2684:Weimaraner
2240:Dalmatians
2013:See also:
1878:Clear fawn
1805:Wildtype E
1794:with mask
1789:with mask
1787:wolf sable
1784:with mask
1765:Wildtype K
1701:Wildtype E
1690:with mask
1685:with mask
1680:with mask
1597:Wildtype E
1557:Dom. black
1546:Rec. black
1510:Wolf sable
791:See also:
771:MC1R (the
452:Not dilute
423:greyhounds
407:Weimaraner
373:"Isabella"
333:melanosome
262:Weimaraner
56:See also:
38:homozygous
34:gene locus
6416:"Vet Gen"
6258:206514824
5763:ignored (
5753:cite book
5237:206979357
4850:(1): 75.
4219:1088-9051
3944:Hairless
3917:Shedding
3894:Wirecoat
3867:Spotting
3797:Longcoat
3705:Dilution
3585:(in dogs)
3489:Blue eyes
3431:Wire Hair
3422:Long Hair
3406:Ridgeback
3349:) breed.
3100:Greyhound
3039:Straight
2715:Chow-Chow
2619:Shiba Inu
2553:Shiba Inu
2536:gene pool
2500:= Urajiro
2482:Shiba Inu
2336:= Flecked
1994:harlequin
1531:Tan point
1023:Chihuahua
984:eumelanin
803:Greyhound
701:Chihuahua
591:animals.
321:eumelanin
276:dilution.
80:eumelanin
6589:24026177
6526:18854372
6479:cite web
6400:31 March
6366:31 March
6336:31 March
6302:22988683
6294:17906623
6250:18787161
6207:26795439
6144:16879338
6047:Archived
5975:Archived
5930:Archived
5876:25790827
5835:24647637
5795:PLOS ONE
5745:16045797
5689:25116146
5649:PLOS ONE
5539:31 March
5486:16407134
5435:18513894
5400:21256207
5378:Genomics
5359:17947548
5302:20525767
5229:29932470
5094:27945452
5086:15520882
5050:32635139
4986:31658272
4946:PLOS ONE
4927:21846741
4876:31936656
4825:34043658
4785:PLOS ONE
4766:31117290
4714:19713490
4579:34751460
4535:15960853
4484:17519392
4443:15960853
4347:24484509
4339:12140685
4304:25387014
4232:28 March
4227:16339369
4178:28968274
4170:18052939
4070:See also
3509:albinism
3250:Komondor
3207:Shih Tzu
3068:Non-wire
3010:Komondor
2965:gene or
2913:W > w
2875:gene or
2821:L > l
2787:gene or
2660:For the
2426:= Ticked
2329:locus:
2318:flecking
2246:Albinism
2198:the Lp.
2152:gene or
2140:occur.
1860:grizzle
1718:brindle
1715:brindle
1003:and not
956:Allele a
920:Allele a
908:Allele A
686:Hovawart
415:whippets
323:, while
285:Labrador
6614:June 4,
6580:3847769
6230:Bibcode
6222:Science
6198:4735900
6177:Bibcode
6054:page 15
5826:3960214
5803:Bibcode
5736:1192828
5680:4130573
5657:Bibcode
5477:1360527
5350:2906624
5329:Bibcode
5321:Science
5041:7397341
4977:6816562
4954:Bibcode
4867:7017362
4816:8158882
4793:Bibcode
4757:6562630
4705:2897713
4684:Bibcode
4676:Science
4526:1183202
4434:1183202
3925:bobtail
3863:S, s, s
3770:K, K, k
3762:DEFB103
3679:Colour
3675:C, c,c
3667:SLC45A2
3629:Agouti
3549:merle,
3302:(e.g.,
3291:(e.g.,
3276:(e.g.,
3240:(e.g.,
3238:Corded
3220:(e.g.,
3205:(e.g.,
3202:Shaggy
3168:(e.g.,
3157:(e.g.,
3142:(e.g.,
3109:(e.g.,
3094:(e.g.,
2982:= Curly
2753:telogen
2747:catagen
2520:urajiro
2471:M/m H/h
2463:a/a e/e
2446:Ticking
2320:) locus
2257:melanin
2177:Piebald
1990:h/h M/m
1986:H/h M/m
1683:brindle
1678:brindle
1655:Brindle
1494:Brindle
1452:E/- G/-
1411:Brindle
1252:Salukis
1248:Grizzle
781:K locus
777:A locus
773:E locus
554:locus:
391:animal.
113:alleles
76:melanin
6587:
6577:
6524:
6308:
6300:
6292:
6256:
6248:
6205:
6195:
6142:
6096:
5874:
5833:
5823:
5743:
5733:
5723:
5687:
5677:
5610:
5484:
5474:
5433:
5398:
5357:
5347:
5300:
5235:
5227:
5092:
5084:
5048:
5038:
4984:
4974:
4925:
4874:
4864:
4823:
4813:
4764:
4754:
4712:
4702:
4577:
4533:
4523:
4509:: 34.
4482:
4441:
4431:
4345:
4337:
4302:
4225:
4217:
4176:
4168:
3923:C189G
3820:Merle
3774:blacK
3656:Brown
3591:Symbol
3515:color.
3242:Poodle
3217:Poofy
3091:Short
3057:Curly
3002:Corded
2741:anagen
2662:Beagle
2296:Albino
2226:, and
2203:Beagle
1828:black
1724:black
1618:black
1615:black
1612:black
1609:black
1466:E/- aa
1260:Borzoi
469:Dilute
429:, and
235:) and
109:genome
30:allele
6298:S2CID
6254:S2CID
5503:(PDF)
5257:(PDF)
5233:S2CID
5205:(PDF)
5090:S2CID
5018:Genes
4889:2012.
4844:Genes
4734:Genes
4343:S2CID
4174:S2CID
4109:Notes
3932:FOXI3
3882:RSPO2
3832:KRT71
3739:PSMB7
3644:TYRP1
3608:Share
3596:Locus
3273:Wire
3259:Short
3139:Long
3096:Akita
3077:Short
3048:Wavy
2967:KRT71
2877:RSPO2
2592:Boxer
2548:Boxer
2025:merle
2004:dogs.
1869:any K
1854:fawn
1797:black
1693:black
1589:black
1584:black
1579:black
1574:black
1431:>
1427:>
1239:, an
1165:>
1161:>
1157:>
1153:>
509:Brown
482:Black
227:(b),
117:locus
105:genes
66:Each
6616:2023
6585:PMID
6522:PMID
6485:link
6446:2010
6424:2010
6402:2022
6368:2022
6338:2022
6306:Gale
6290:PMID
6246:PMID
6203:PMID
6140:PMID
6094:ISBN
5898:2010
5872:PMID
5831:PMID
5776:link
5772:link
5765:help
5741:PMID
5721:ISBN
5685:PMID
5608:ISBN
5541:2022
5511:2011
5482:PMID
5431:PMID
5415:Gene
5396:PMID
5355:PMID
5298:PMID
5225:PMID
5082:PMID
5046:PMID
4982:PMID
4923:PMID
4872:PMID
4821:PMID
4762:PMID
4710:PMID
4575:PMID
4531:PMID
4480:PMID
4439:PMID
4335:PMID
4300:PMID
4234:2022
4223:PMID
4215:ISSN
4166:PMID
3967:AHT
3955:SGK3
3905:MC5R
3890:W, w
3855:MITF
3840:R, r
3816:M, m
3808:PMEL
3793:L, l
3785:FgF5
3747:H, h
3716:MC1R
3701:D, d
3693:MLPH
3617:ASIP
3598:name
3578:Gene
3393:The
3246:Puli
3230:SCWT
3194:Long
3179:Wire
3131:Long
3008:and
3006:Puli
2955:The
2948:Puli
2946:The
2789:FGF5
2207:spsp
2154:MITF
2100:and
2047:and
2021:SILV
1905:and
1892:tan
1889:tan
1886:tan
1863:n/a
1857:n/a
1774:Mask
1759:n/a
1753:n/a
1670:Mask
1566:Mask
1468:non-
1363:nor
1347:The
1328:and
1320:nor
1318:at/-
1254:and
1246:The
1017:and
976:MC1R
575:and
317:gene
312:The
215:and
60:and
6575:PMC
6567:doi
6512:doi
6508:100
6282:doi
6238:doi
6226:321
6193:PMC
6185:doi
6132:doi
5862:doi
5858:106
5821:PMC
5811:doi
5731:PMC
5711:doi
5675:PMC
5665:doi
5568:doi
5564:100
5472:PMC
5462:doi
5458:103
5423:doi
5419:418
5386:doi
5345:PMC
5337:doi
5325:318
5288:doi
5284:101
5274:Old
5217:doi
5074:doi
5036:PMC
5026:doi
4972:PMC
4962:doi
4913:doi
4909:102
4862:PMC
4852:doi
4811:PMC
4801:doi
4752:PMC
4742:doi
4700:PMC
4692:doi
4680:326
4607:doi
4603:100
4565:doi
4521:PMC
4511:doi
4470:doi
4429:PMC
4419:doi
4327:doi
4292:doi
4205:doi
4156:doi
4043:15
4040:--
4020:--
4000:--
3986:n/a
3982:18
3978:n/a
3963:n/a
3959:29
3940:n/a
3936:17
3913:n/a
3886:13
3859:20
3836:27
3812:10
3789:32
3766:16
3697:25
3648:11
3621:24
3610:chr
3347:l/l
3343:L/l
3341:or
3339:L/L
3268:L/l
3262:L/L
3197:l/l
3188:W/w
3182:W/W
3134:l/l
3086:L/l
3080:L/L
3071:w/w
3060:r/r
3051:R/r
3042:R/R
2996:R/r
2990:to
2928:l/l
2921:W/w
2917:W/W
2855:).
2853:L/l
2837:L/l
2833:L/L
2829:L/L
2825:L/l
2623:AKC
2469:or
2467:M/M
2465:or
2459:S/S
2455:-/s
2396:E/-
2316:F (
2110:M/M
2106:M/m
2102:M/M
2098:M/m
2091:e/e
2087:M/m
2080:M/M
2076:e/e
2072:M/m
2065:M/M
2057:M/m
2002:m/m
1974:H/h
1970:H/H
1966:h/h
1962:H/h
1955:M/-
1945:M/-
1881:e/e
1872:-/-
1849:E/e
1843:E/E
1839:E/E
1814:E/e
1808:E/E
1777:E/-
1768:k/k
1745:E/e
1739:E/E
1735:E/E
1710:E/e
1704:E/E
1673:E/-
1664:K/k
1658:K/K
1635:e/e
1629:e/e
1604:E/e
1602:or
1600:E/E
1569:E/-
1560:K/-
1549:a/a
1540:a/a
1534:a/a
1525:a/a
1519:a/a
1513:a/a
1504:A/-
1470:K/-
1462:e/e
1448:E/-
1444:e/e
1377:k/k
1357:a/a
1308:or
1294:K/-
1291:E/-
1288:a/a
1284:K/-
1281:E/-
1278:a/a
1274:E/-
1271:a/a
1267:E/-
1264:a/a
1241:e/e
1237:U/u
1235:or
1233:U/U
1229:e/e
1225:a/a
1201:G/-
1039:K/-
1005:K/-
600:d/d
589:i/i
585:I/I
581:I/i
512:b/b
491:B/b
485:B/B
473:d/d
462:D/d
456:D/D
433:".
389:b/b
385:B/-
381:b/b
377:B/-
369:b/b
365:B/-
297:d/d
293:B/_
274:d/d
270:b/b
254:.
168:b/b
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152:or
150:B/B
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