Divje Babe flute - Knowledge

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holes could have simply been perforated in the process by pointed canine or carnassial teeth, and their roundness could be due to natural damage after the bone was abandoned. The presence of marrow suggests that no one had bothered to hollow out the bone as if to create an end-blown flute. Says Nowell, ' willing to give it the benefit of the doubt, whereas we're not.

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considered as evidence of human manufacture, as this is a common feature in the studied sample." Of one sample, D'Errico stated that a "femur of a young cave bear from the same site shows two holes very similar in size and shape to those on the supposed flute, recorded on the same face and in the same anatomical position."

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serrated edge). The conclusion from this experiment was that the edge of the holes made in this way did not always show the characteristic cut marks left by a stone tool. However, the holes made by Bastiani did not have such pronounced funnel-shaped fractures around the inner edge, as found on the holes of the flute.

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that the heavy gnawing at both ends was evidence that the bone had not been cleared of marrow which would have been needed to play it as a flute. "This is a chewed bone, nothing about it is inconsistent with this as an explanation, and nothing about the bone is very surprising given that it was heavily chewed."

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sites. But, says Nowell, these obvious flutes are longer, have more holes, and exhibit telltale tool marks left from their manufacture. No such marks occur on the bear bone. Fink proposed that the spacing of the flute's holes matches music's standard diatonic scale. ... Nowell and Chase teamed with a

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scale" (do, re, mi, fa) based on the spacing of those four holes. He argued that this spacing of the holes on a modern diatonic flute are unique, and not arbitrarily spaced, and that with the correct total length of bone it would perfectly match this scale. After Kunej and Turk (2000) argued that due

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April Nowell (1998) stated in an interview that "at Turk's invitation, and Chase went to Slovenia last year ... They came away even more skeptical that the bear bone had ever emitted music. For one thing, both ends had clearly been gnawed away by something, perhaps a wolf, seeking greasy marrow. The

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Iain Morley (2006) was critical of Kunej and Turk's asessment, noting that despite the large number of bones discovered at the site, "only two other possible cases of human action ... and the subject femur is the only one of 600 cave bear femurs to carry any such possible traces of human action." He

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bones, the holes were made by grinding the bone cortex. The edge of the holes on the Neanderthal flute differs from those on Upper Palaeolithic flutes and shows no conventional signs of human manufacture (i.e., cut marks). In addition, both ends of the Neanderthal flute show damage typical of gnawing

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The dating of the bone, the presence of Neanderthals at the site, as well as the presence of carnivorous animals, are generally agreed upon. The primary dispute is whether it is more likely to be a Neanderthal made flute, or simply the product of a carnivore's chewing. Debate focuses on the following

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Poskus ugotavljanja namembnosti kamenih artefaktov iz najdišča Divje babe I (Slovenija): Domneve o uporabi in obrabi nekaterih musterjenskih orodij. / Attempt to establish the purpose of stone artefacts from the Divje babe I site (Slovenia). Hypotheses on the use of and wear to some Mousterian tools

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Turk, Ivan; Blackwell, Bonnie A.B.; Turk, Janez; Pflaum, Miran (2006). "Résultats de l'analyse tomographique informatisée de la plus ancienne flûte découverte à Divje babé I (Slovénie) et sa position chronologique dans le contexte des changements paléoclimatiques et paléoenvironnementaux au cours du

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According to Dimkaroski, the name "flute" is not appropriate for such an instrument, which could be considered a precursor of modern wind instruments. Since the instrument and the way it is played are not comparable to modern wind instruments, he named it TIDLDIBAB. The name is a composite word made

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Turk, Matija; Turk, Ivan; Dimkaroski, Ljuben; Blackwell, Bonnie A.B.; Horusitzky, François Zoltán; Otte, Marcel; Bastiani, Giuliano; Korat, Lidija (2018). "The Mousterian Musical Instrument from the Divje babe I cave (Slovenia): Arguments on the Material Evidence for Neanderthal Musical Behaviour".

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Turk et al. (1997) wrote that "the marrow cavity is basically cleaned of spongiose. The colour of the marrow cavity does not differ from the colour of the external surface of the bone. So we may conclude that the marrow cavity was already open at the time ... Otherwise, it would be a darker colour

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It would be impossible for a carnivore to make two or more holes on the thickest and the rigid central part of the juvenile femur without breaking it. (Morley disputed this: "Turk et al. ... say that the diaphysis cracked in three out of eight experimental piercings. ... In summary, it would seem

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Nowell and Chase (1998) published an analysis of the flute, stating "the specimen has very clearly been heavily gnawed by a carnivore", compared it to other well known specimens of similar bones, argued that notch 5 was likely created at the same time as hole 3 by the animal's opposing teeth, and

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Francesco D'Errico (1998) made an analysis of the artifact in comparison to cave-bear bone accumulations where no hominid presence was known. After inspecting the artifact firsthand, D'Errico wrote that "the presence of two or possibly three perforations on the suggested flute cannot therefore be

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As described by Turk and his colleagues, the Neanderthal musical instrument from Divje babe I would be the oldest known musical instrument. He believes it is currently the strongest material evidence of Neanderthal musical behaviour. It is at least 10,000 years older than the earliest Aurignacian

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Turk, Ivan, Miran Pflaum, and Dean Pekarovič. 2005. "Rezultati računalniške tomografije najstarejše domnevne piščali iz Divjih bab I (Slovenija): prispevek k teoriji luknjanja kosti", "Results of Computer Tomography of the Oldest Suspected Flute from Divje Babe I (Slovenia): Contribution to the

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cub. On the posterior side, there are two complete holes in the central diaphysis (2 and 3). At both ends, the bone is broken, but there are two semicircular notches, one on each side of the two complete holes (1 and 4). On the anterior side, there is a semicircular notch (5) in the broken end.

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Using replicas of pointed stone tools, Giuliani Bastiani (1997) pierced bones with a previously undescribed method: he used the pointed stone tool simultaneously as a chisel and a punch, and succeeded in making holes in the fresh femur similar to those on the flute (i.e., holes with irregular,

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from which the spongy bone was removed, the cortical bone is broken off at the edge of notch/hole 1, 2, 3, and 5. A funnel-shaped fracture of the inner edge of these holes is a typical damage occurring during piercing the cortical bone. Notch 4 does not have a funnel-shaped fracture inside the

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Ljuben Dimkaroski created a replica instrument based on the proposed intact form of the flute. This replica has demonstrated that it could indeed be used as a flute, and produce well known musical scales. Though this artifact had been previously studied by several musical researchers, Ljuben

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The National Museum of Slovenia maintains that evidence presented by Turk in 2005 had "finally refuted hypotheses that the bone was perforated because of a bear bite". The manufacture by Neanderthals "is reliably proven" and its significance in the understanding of their capabilities and the

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Marcel Otte (2000) wrote that "the instrument consists of not two perforations (as Chase and Nowell indicate) but five (like five fingers of a hand): four on one side, one on the opposite side. ... The fifth hole appears at the base of the opposite side, at the natural location of the

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An additional argument for Neanderthal construction is that the artifact itself must be a flute, having the correct shape and proportions to be a musical instrument. Much of this argument hinges on whether the notches at the ends are evidence of 4 or 5 holes in the prior intact flute.

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Omerzel–Terlep, M. 1997, A typology of bone whistles, pipes and flutes and presumed palaeolithic wind instruments in Slovenia. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia. Opera Instituti archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana,

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level containing stone artefacts and osseous points of anatomically modern humans, separated by about 2m of sediment. Remains of and evidence for many types of large mammals are present at the site as well, including many carnivores which could have interacted with the bone artifact.

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Chase, Philip G.; Nowell, April (2002). "Ist der Knochen eines Höhlenbären aus Divje Bebe, Slowenien, eine Flöte des Neandertalers?" [Is a cave bear bone from Divje Babe, Slovenia, a Neanderthal flute?]. In Hickmann, Ellen; Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn; Eichmann, Ricardo (eds.).

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The reconstructed instrument has three finger holes (holes 1–3) on the posterior side and a palm hole (hole 5) on the anterior side of the femur. Notch 4 is left as a notch, rather than reconstructing it as a hole. This forms an opening on the distal part with the function of a

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Turk (1997) wrote in his book that the holes have similar diameters which would accommodate fingertips, and all are circular instead of oval. All are in the proper ratio of bore size to hole size found in most flutes, and the bone is the kind (femur) usually used for bone

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Dimkaroski, L. 2011, Musikinstrument der Neanderthaler. Zur Diskussion um die moustérienzaitliche Knochenflöte aus Divje babe I, Slowenien, aus technischer und musikologischer Sicht. Mittelungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 32,

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Ian Morley (2006) wrote, in a review of many prior publications, "it is most likely that the Divje babe I object as we see it today is the product of a number of stages (of) carnivore activity, and there is no need to invoke any hominin agency in the creation of the

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Following Bastiani's experiment, archaeologist Francois Zoltán Horusitzky (2003) used a pointed stone tool, first making a shallow pit in a fresh bone without piercing it, then inserted a bone punch into the pit and struck it with a wooden hammer to pierce the bone

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Dimkaroski, L. 2014, Musical research into the flute. From suspected to contemporary musical instrument. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana,

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Kunej, D. 1997, Acoustic findings on the basis of the reconstruction of a presumed bone flute. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 185-197.

1845:, Lokve, etc. Point de vue des experts et des contestataires (Critique de l'appréciation archéologique du spécimen no. 652 de Divje Babe I, et arguments pour la défence des spécimens Pb 51/20 et Pb 606 de MNM de Budapest). Arheološki vestnik 54, 45–66. 625:

Nowell and Chase had been first to raise the counter-argument that the juvenile bear bone was too short to play those four holes in tune to any diatonic series of tones and half-tones, as proposed by Fink. Blake Edgar (1998) wrote in California Wild:

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or closure. With a finger of the right hand, the notch on the posterior distal side may be formed into an additional hole. The opening provides the possibility of playing on an open or closed bell, which additionally enriches the tonal range.

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Dimkaroski's replica oriented the instrument using the proximal end of the femur as a mouthpiece. On the anterior proximal part a straight sharpened edge is preserved, which Dimkaroski considered to be a remnant of the blowing edge of its

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Horusitzky, F.Z. 2014, Analyse acoustique de la flûte avec souffle proximal. In: Turk, I. (ed.), Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana,

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up of the initials of the archaeologist who is credited with the discovery of the instrument (Turk Ivan), the musician and maker of its replicas (Dimkaroski Ljuben) and the name of its archaeological find spot (Divje Babe).

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along with archeologist Philip Chase, had serious doubts as soon as they saw photos of the bone on the Internet. ... The Divje Babe bone bears some resemblance to the dozens of younger, uncontested bone flutes from European

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Studies in Music Archaeology III, Part I. The Archaeology of Sound: Origin and Organisation. Papers from the 2nd Symposium of the International Study Group on Music Archaeology at Monastery Michaelstein, 17-23 September

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Bob Fink (1997) claimed that the spacing of the holes were consistent with four notes of the diatonic scale, however the required length he proposed for the intact bone caused it to be rejected by other researchers (see

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On the posterior side of the bone, a V-shaped fracture is present on the proximal end, reaching the nearest notch 1. On either side of this fracture is a partial straight sharp edge, presumed to be a mouthpiece by Turk.

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Turk found broken tips, fractures and macroscopic damage presented on some pointed stone tools. Turk and colleagues found experimentally that the same type of damage occurs if one hits the stone tool with a wooden

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Only the canine teeth of a bear were a suitable match, but because of the oval cross-section of a bear's tooth it would be awkward for the bear to have aligned this bone correctly to produce the holes in this

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Gerd Albrecht et. al (1998) conducted experiments with bones and stone tools and concluded that "at this time there are no confirmed arguments for flutes made from bear bones, including the find from Divje

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development of music and speech is secure. An experimental reconstruction by Ljuben Dimkaroski demonstrated that a plausible original shape of the bone can be used as a practical musical instrument (see

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Kunej, D., Turk, I. 2000, "New perspectives on the beginning of music: Archaeological and musicological analysis of a Middle Palaeolithic Bone »Flute«". In: Wallin, N.L., Merker, B., Brown, S. (eds.),

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d'Errico, Francesco; Villa, Paola; Llona, Ana C. Pinto; Idarraga, Rosa Ruiz (1998). "A Middle Palaeolithic origin of music? Using cave-bear bone accumulations to assess the Divje Babe I bone 'flute'".

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to the age of the bear cub, it could not be as long as proposed, Fink updated the argument on his personal website with a proposition that the bone may have been extended with another section of bone.

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Dimkaroski, a professional musician, undertook his own independent study in 2011. In collaboration with Matija Turk, Dimkarowski created over 100 experimental wooden and bone replicas of the flute.

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and the skeletal remains of cave bears. According to the museum's statements, the flute has been associated with the "end of the middle Pleistocene" and with Neanderthals, about 55,000 years ago.

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Ljuben Dimkaroski (2011) created an experimental version of the flute with demonstrated musical capability, requiring only very conservative reconstruction of the existing artifact's shape (see

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Though he argues for Neanderthal origin of the artifact, Turk presumed that the V-fracture at the proximal end is a typical carnivore damage that occurred after the flute was no longer in use.

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Ljuben Dimkaroski (2011) created a reconstruction of the instrument based on his own research, which was able to play a diatonic scale, but in a very different way than proposed by Fink. See

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The bone was discovered in a 1995 expedition led by Ivan Turk. When it was found, he proposed that it was either a musical artifact or a gnawed bone pierced with teeth, favouring the former.

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This claim was met with severe criticism and dispute within the scientific community. There are no other known instances of a Neanderthal musical instrument, and such a find from the

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Pointed stone tools appropriate for piercing bone were found in several Mousterian levels at Divje babe I. In addition, several ad hoc bone punches were found in Mousterian levels.

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Turk has published many articles rebutting the carnivore origin over the decades since the bone was found. In 2001, Turk's group made metal dental casts of cave bear, wolf and hyena

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Arguments have been made that the holes were most likely created by the teeth of an animal, chewing or gnawing on the bone, and that the resemblance to a flute is only coincidental.

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hole rather than a thumb hole as previously thought. In the reverse orientation, Dimkaroski found the location of this hole was too close to the mouthpiece and thus dysfunctional.

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Turk believed that there was evidence that marrow had been cleared from the bone at time of use, which would have been necessary to use it as a flute, though Nowell disputed this:

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Whether the artifact is actually a flute created by Neanderthals was a subject of a long debate, and many believe the holes in the bone are not of artificial origin. Archeologist

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Tuniz, C.; Bernardini, F.; Turk, I.; Dimkaroski, L.; Mancini, L.; Dreossi, D. (2012). "Did Neanderthals Play Music? X-Ray Computed Micro-Tomography of the Divje Babe 'Flute'".

514:., indicating artificial modification of the cortical bone before hole 3 was made, thinning the cortical bone where it is the thickest to facilitate perforation of the femur. 1718:

Turk, I., Dirjec J., Turk, M. 2014, Flute (musical instrument) 19 years after its discovery. Critique of the taphonomic interpretation of the find. In: Turk, I. (ed.),

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concluded that "the direct evidence for human agency is, at best, highly ambiguous, and there is a lack of evidence of other possible human workmanship on the bone."

1102: 545:, in which he concluded that "the two partially preserved holes were formerly created before the damage ... or before the indisputable intervention of a carnivore." 223:, and is accessible to visitors. Researchers working at the site have uncovered more than 600 archaeological items in at least ten levels, including twenty 1424: 3504: 880: 1994:

Omerzel–Terlep, M. 1996, Bone flutes. The beginning of the history of instrumental music in Slovenia, Europe and the world. Etnolog 6 (LVII), 292–294.

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A similar fracture is present on the anterior side of the distal end, reaching notch 5, which was presumed to be a thumb hole for the flute.

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more musically inclined colleague to show that the bear bone would need to be twice its natural total length to conform to a diatonic scale.

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Could the shape of the artifact occur from random chewing, or does it demonstrate musical function so well that it must have been designed?

538:. The holes made with this technique have a pronounced funnel-shaped fracture around the inner edge and showed no conventional tool marks. 357:

structure is exposed. Near the proximal edge of hole 3, there are two parallel micro-scores on the abraded surface of the cortical bone.

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Holdermann, Claus-Stephan; Serangeli, Jordi (1999). "Die 'Neanderthalerflöte' von Divje-Babe: Eine Revolution in der Musikgeschichte?".

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Holes pierced with canine teeth have smooth edges, whereas the edges of the holes on the Neanderthal flute are irregular and serrated.

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RTV Slovenia Symphony Orchestra with Boštjan Gombač on Tidldibab, performing the "Baba" concerto by contemporary composer Žiga Stanič

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Arguments have been made by Turk and colleagues that it is possible for this artifact to be produced with known Neanderthal tools.

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According to Turk, all the holes and notches are arranged in a line and have a similar morphology, except for the larger notch 4.

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Arheološki vestnik: Acta archaeologica—Ljubljana : Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, Sekcija za arheologijo

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Dating and paleoenvironmental interpretation of the Late Pleistocene archaeological deposits at Divje Babe I, Slovenia.

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Es gibt zur Zeit keine hesicherten Argumente für Flöten aus Bärenknocken (miteingeschlossen der Fund aus Divje Babe)

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Blackwell, B.A.B., Yu, E.S.K., Skinner, A.R., Turk, I., Blickstein, J.I.B., Skaberne, D., Turk, J., Lau, B. 2009,

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Blackwell, B.A.B., Yu, E.S.K., Skinner, A.R., Turk, I., Blickstein, J.I.B., Turk, J., Yin, V.S.W., Lau, B. 2007,

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Yu, Edwin S.K.; Bonnie A.B. Blackwell; Ivan Turk; Joel I. B. Blickstein; Anne R. Skinner; Mimi N. Divjak (2001).

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Chase, Philip G.; Nowell, April (1998). "Taphonomy of a Suggested Middle Paleolithic Bone Flute from Slovenia".

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found in the hearth, the age of the flute was initially estimated at 43,100 ± 700 years BP. Later dating using

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Turk, I., Dirjec, J., Bastiani, G., Pflaum, M., Lauko, T., Cimerman, F., Kosel, F., Grum, J., Cevc, P. 2001,

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Putative Mousterian flute from Divje babe I (Slovenia): Pseudoartefact or true flute, or who made the holes?

3494: 3034: 2507: 1251:"The Neanderthal Musical Instrument from Divje Babe I Cave (Slovenia): A Critical Review of the Discussion" 2183: 4048: 2460: 863:[Bone flutes: Beginning of the history of the instrumental music in Slovenia, Europe, and world] 479:. The casts were used to pierce juvenile and adult fresh brown bear femurs. Several arguments were made: 259: 163: 103: 3762: 3563: 681:

Collection of Tidldibab instruments, wooden replicas of the Divje Babe flute, made by Ljuben Dimkaroski

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Presentation of fireplaces and hearths with stress on hearthside activities in the central cave area.

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bones of mammals show clear traces of artificial creation of holes which were carved or drilled with

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Divje babe I: Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia, Part 1: Geology and Palaeontology.

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Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 1: Geology and Palaeontology

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than the surface of the bone, as we know from coloured marrow cavities of whole limb bones."

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in close proximity to the hearth. The Mousterian level containing the flute was below an

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Bob Fink (1997) claimed that the bone's holes were "consistent with four notes of the

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Atema, J. 2004, Old bone flutes. Pan, Journal of the British Flute Society 23, 18–23.

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Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site in Slovenia.

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Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic Site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology.

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Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology.

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Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part 2: Archaeology.

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Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia.

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Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje babe I cave site, Slovenia

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Albrecht, G.; Holdermann, C.S.; Kerig, T.; Lechterbeck, J.; Serangeli, J. (1998).

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Mousterian »Bone Flute« and Other Finds from Divje Babe I Cave Site, Slovenia

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Could a cave hyena have made a musical instrument? A reply to Cajus G. Diedrich.

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Cajus Diedrich (2015) suggested the holes could be explained by scavenging from

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Fragments of Ice Age environments. Proceedings in Honour of Ivan Turk's Jubilee

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Remains of large mammals from Divje babe I: Stratigraphy, taxonomy and biometry

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Ljuben Dimkaroski playing scales on Tidldibab, replica of the Divje Babe flute

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from 1978 to 1986, and again from 1989 to 1995 by Ivan Turk and Janez Dirjec.

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The Mediterranean from 50 000 to 25 000 BP: Turning Points and New Directions

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Results from the experimental manufacture of a bone flute with stone tools.

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Drobci ledenodobnega okolja. Zbornik ob življenjskem jubileju Ivana Turka

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56:9-36. (2005 version contains tomography slice photos & analysis)

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Turk believed that micro-scores near hole 3 suggested the cut marks of

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Proximally and distally to hole 3, a portion of the cortical bone is

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pierced by spaced holes that was unearthed in 1995 during systematic

124: 107: 2072:[Neanderthal flute from Divje babe I: old and new findings] 1286:[The Divje Babe "Flute" is not Neanderthal] (in Slovenian). 910: 3605: 3541: 3388: 3346: 3081: 2989: 2864: 2686: 2649: 2629: 1594: 1028: 766: 618: 412: 147: 93: 2069: 1854:

Turk, I., Bastiani, G., Blackwell, B.A.B., Horusitzky, F.Z. 2003,

1649:. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 13, Ljubljana, 221–278. 1581:

Otte, Marcel (2000). "On the Suggested Bone Flute from Slovenia".

978: 134:

led by the Institute of Archaeology of the Research Centre of the

3667: 3459: 3405: 3351: 3173: 2979: 2889: 2743: 2644: 2602: 2465: 2384: 2337: 2325: 1781:

Mousterian osseous artefacts? The case of Divje babe I, Slovenia.

396: 216: 652: 609: 3735: 3272: 3250: 3103: 3039: 2984: 2374: 2352: 2320: 2294: 2070:"Neandertalska piščal iz Divjih bab I: stara in nova spoznanja" 1770:

Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 153–170.

1722:

Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 235–268.

1683:

Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 13, Ljubljana, 123–157.

1632:

Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 29, Ljubljana, 269–319.

897:

Bower, B. (1998). "Doubts Aired over Neandertal Bone 'Flute'".

829:

The oldest musical instrument in Europe discovered in Slovenia?

711: 523: 519: 498: 389: 224: 220: 143: 1832:

Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 176–178.

1751:

New analyses of the »flute« from Divje babe I (Slovenia).

1666:. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 51–64. 1660:

Radiocarbon dating of bone and charcoal from Divje babe I cave

1615:

Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana, 119–149.

938: 3801: 3521: 3255: 3209: 3071: 2926: 2874: 2450: 2416: 1535: 335: 127: 1486:

Theory of Making Holes in Bones" (English & Slovenian).

1135:. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. Archived from 1065:"Mousterian Musicianship? The Case of the Divje Babe I Bone" 3747: 3708: 3188: 3044: 2974: 2894: 2766: 2279: 1209: 1172:

Wallin, Nils Lennart; Merker, Björn; Brown, Steven (2001).

981:""Flöten" aus Bärenknochen—Die frühesten Musikinstrumente?" 695: 443: 354: 212: 55: 2084:]. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU. pp. 251–65. 258:. The Neanderthal musical instrument is on display at the 3059: 2825: 2783: 170:

as a Neanderthal flute. As such, it would be the world's

2061: 1609:

Review and description of Palaeolithic tools and hearths

541:

Turk published a 2005 analysis of the specimen based on

1502: 849:. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 2, Ljubljana. 162:. The artifact is on prominent public display in the 1883:(3 ). California Academy of Sciences. Archived from 802:. Natural History Museum of Slovenia. Archived from 553: 1843:

Les flûtes paléolithiques: Divje Babe I, Istállóskő

1300: 1709:Morley, I., 2013, The Prehistory of Music. Oxford. 1303:Musica Instrumentalis: Zeitschrift für Organologie 375: 1171: 3990: 422: 246:wind instruments discovered in the German caves 1563: 1561: 1559: 1249:Turk, Matija; Turk, Ivan; Otte, Marcel (2020). 1205: 1203: 1201: 800:"Neanderthal Flute – the Flute from Divje Babe" 710:The reconstructed flute has a capability of 3½ 2067: 1418: 1416: 1414: 613:Illustration of the diatonic flute by Bob Fink 2137: 499:Argument for Neanderthal origin of the holes 2051: 2041: 1556: 1422: 1294: 1248: 1198: 974: 972: 970: 150:. It has been suggested that it was made by 1411: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1284:""Piščalka" iz Divjih bab ni neandertalska" 1014: 934: 932: 930: 928: 286:Were the holes produced by carnivore teeth? 2151: 2144: 2130: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1100: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1004: 858: 40: 2068:Turk, Matija; Dimkaroski, Ljuben (2011). 1957: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1792:Bastiani, G., Dirjec, J., Turk, I. 2000, 1745: 1743: 1741: 1576: 1574: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1498: 1496: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1388: 1266: 1244: 1242: 967: 211:The location of the site is a horizontal 1866: 1864: 1354: 1313: 1165: 1094: 925: 841: 839: 837: 823: 821: 794: 792: 676: 659: 651: 608: 491:that the bone need not have shattered.") 321: 313: 305: 202: 27:Disputed oldest known musical instrument 1951: 1343: 1155: 1153: 1043: 1001: 380:The Neanderthal flute was found in the 353:. On this spot, a longitudinal fibrous 338:that belonged to a one to two year old 46:The artifact as displayed in the museum 14: 3999:Archaeological discoveries in Slovenia 3991: 1800: 1783:Quaternary International 450, 103-115. 1738: 1696:In: Calbet, M. and Szmidt, C. (eds.), 1571: 1524: 1493: 1472: 1281: 1275: 1239: 1120: 1062: 827:Turk, I., Dirjec, J., Kavur, B. 1995, 230:The cave site's excavation was led by 136:Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts 3315: 2954: 2220: 2125: 1870: 1861: 1731:Turk, I., Turk, M., Toškan, B. 2016, 1624:Turk, I., Dirjec, J., Turk, M. 2014, 896: 834: 831:Razprave 4. Razreda Sazu 36, 287–293. 818: 789: 442:. In flutes made from thin, delicate 3316: 1901: 1677:ESR-Dating at Divje babe I, Slovenia 1580: 1150: 330:The artifact is a 11.4 cm long left 237: 185:) might indicate previously unknown 1329:. Rahden: Leidorf. pp. 69–81. 1282:Brodar, Mitja (26 September 2008). 1162:, National Museum of Slovenia, 2005 641: 597: 586: 274: 24: 1873:"Could Neanderthals Carry a Tune?" 1290:from the original on 28 July 2011. 985:Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 779: – 6000 BC Chinese bone flute 554:Argument for a musical instrument 392:. The flute was cemented into the 25: 4060: 3268:Megalithic architectural elements 647: 604: 291:Were the holes produced by tools? 2955: 2101:from the original on 2015-05-28. 1815:. Cambridge MA, London, 235–268. 1550:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2011.00630.x 1081:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2006.00264.x 886:from the original on 2013-04-04. 290: 4029:1995 archaeological discoveries 3887:Evolutionary origin of religion 2105: 2032: 2007: 1997: 1988: 1978: 1848: 1835: 1818: 1797:. Arheološki vestnik 51, 13-69. 1786: 1773: 1756: 1735:Arheološki vestnik 67, 401–407. 1725: 1712: 1703: 1686: 1669: 1652: 1635: 1618: 1601: 656:Tidldibab, replica of the flute 376:Context and dating of the flute 207:Excavation in Divje Babe I Cave 172:oldest known musical instrument 4019:Individual musical instruments 890: 852: 423:Argument for carnivore origin 301: 285: 13: 1: 3500:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 3030:British megalith architecture 1925:10.1126/science.276.5310.203g 1858:Arheološki vestnik 54, 67–72. 1824:Bastiani, G., Turk, I. 1997, 1753:Arheološki vestnik 52, 25–79. 1133:Poster session paper abstract 1069:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 783: 4039:Archaeological controversies 3495:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 3035:Nordic megalith architecture 1764:Typology of stone artefacts. 1518:10.1016/j.anthro.2006.06.002 1423:D'Errico, Francesco (2003). 1225:10.1016/j.anthro.2018.10.001 7: 1432:Journal of World Prehistory 1355:Diedrich, Cajus G. (2015). 721: 295: 260:National Museum of Slovenia 164:National Museum of Slovenia 104:National Museum of Slovenia 65:11.2 cm (4.4 in) 10: 4065: 3643:British Isles and Brittany 3564:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 2076:. In Toškan, Borut (ed.). 1779:Turk, M., Košir, A. 2017, 1607:Turk, I., Kavur, B. 1997, 1361:Royal Society Open Science 196: 158:, and became known as the 132:archaeological excavations 3845: 3658: 3485: 3332: 3328: 3311: 3197: 3161: 3010: 2967: 2963: 2950: 2757: 2588: 2561: 2486: 2412: 2403: 2308: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2216: 2159: 1160:The flute from Divje Babe 995: 953:10.1017/S0003598X00086282 742:List of Neanderthal sites 99: 84: 69: 61: 51: 39: 34: 310:Divje Babe flute - holes 3875:Evolutionary musicology 3278:Oldest extant buildings 3205:Archaeological features 2724:Prepared-core technique 1919:(5310): 203–205. 1997. 1888:(subscription required) 1841:Horusitzky, F.Z. 2003, 1611:. In: Turk, I. (ed.), 1444:10.1023/A:1023980201043 994: 417:electron spin resonance 384:level, which contained 192: 3837:Unchambered long cairn 3685:Mound Builders culture 3018:Neolithic architecture 2153:Prehistoric technology 1679:. In: Turk, I. (ed.), 1645:. In: Turk, I. (ed.), 1180:. MIT Press. pp. 859:Omerzel-Terlep, Mira. 682: 674: 657: 638: 614: 327: 319: 311: 208: 4009:Stone Age of Slovenia 3512:List of Stone Age art 2714:Microblade technology 2662:Langdale axe industry 2260:Ard / plough 1871:Edgar, Blake (1998). 1662:. In: Turk, I. (ed), 1063:Morley, Iain (2006). 871:(in Slovenian): 292. 845:Turk, I. (ed.) 1997, 680: 672: 655: 628: 612: 434:flutes made from the 325: 317: 309: 206: 3919:Prehistoric medicine 3914:Prehistoric counting 3897:Prehistoric religion 3892:Paleolithic religion 3870:Behavioral modernity 3227:Causewayed enclosure 3119:Abri de la Madeleine 2243:Neolithic Revolution 1828:In: Turk, I. (ed.), 1813:The Origins of Music 1766:In: Turk, I. (ed.), 1628:In: Turk, I. (ed.), 1583:Current Anthropology 1504:dernier glaciaire". 1176:The Origins of Music 1017:Current Anthropology 189:among Neanderthals. 3958:Prehistoric warfare 2704:Magdalenian culture 2667:Levallois technique 2598:Earliest toolmaking 1658:Nelson, D.E. 1997, 1381:10.1098/rsos.140022 1373:2015RSOS....240022D 1268:10.3390/app10041226 1103:"Neanderthal flute" 1101:Turk, Ivan (2003). 543:computed tomography 4049:Middle Paleolithic 3909:Origin of language 3902:Spiritual drug use 3812:Rectangular dolmen 3714:Dartmoor kistvaens 3527:Carved stone balls 3239:Circular enclosure 3198:Other architecture 3141:Alp pile dwellings 2729:Solutrean industry 2640:Gravettian culture 2290:Secondary products 1958:Fink, Bob (2003). 1700:. Oxford, 179-210. 734:(40,000 to 30,000 683: 675: 658: 615: 526:and piercing bone. 432:Upper Palaeolithic 409:radiocarbon dating 365:medullary cavity. 328: 320: 312: 209: 179:Middle Paleolithic 156:musical instrument 74:Middle Paleolithic 3986: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3931:Prehistoric music 3880:music archaeology 3537:Cup and ring mark 3362:Clothing/textiles 3307: 3306: 3303: 3302: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2749:Yubetsu technique 2734:Striking platform 2699:Lithic technology 2584: 2583: 2569:Game drive system 2488:Projectile points 2380:Mortar and pestle 2091:978-961-254-257-3 1966:on March 15, 2019 1939:on 1 October 2007 1641:Toškan, B. 2007, 1336:978-3-89646-640-2 806:on 3 January 2017 757:Prehistoric music 670: 633:Upper Paleolithic 281:three questions: 238:Neanderthal flute 187:symbolic behavior 160:Neanderthal flute 113: 112: 16:(Redirected from 4056: 3946:Divje Babe flute 3853:Archaeoastronomy 3596:Petrosomatoglyph 3330: 3329: 3313: 3312: 3162:Water management 2965: 2964: 2952: 2951: 2855:Denticulate tool 2677:Lithic reduction 2410: 2409: 2231: 2230: 2218: 2217: 2146: 2139: 2132: 2123: 2122: 2114: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2075: 2065: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2026: 2017:. Archived from 2011: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1962:. Archived from 1955: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1935:. Archived from 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1889: 1868: 1859: 1852: 1846: 1839: 1833: 1822: 1816: 1809: 1798: 1790: 1784: 1777: 1771: 1760: 1754: 1747: 1736: 1729: 1723: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1690: 1684: 1673: 1667: 1656: 1650: 1639: 1633: 1622: 1616: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1578: 1569: 1565: 1554: 1553: 1533: 1522: 1521: 1500: 1491: 1483: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1460: 1454:. Archived from 1429: 1420: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1392: 1352: 1341: 1340: 1320: 1311: 1310: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1270: 1255:Applied Sciences 1246: 1237: 1236: 1207: 1196: 1195: 1179: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1148: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1115: 1114: 1105:. Archived from 1098: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1060: 1041: 1040: 1012: 999: 992: 976: 965: 964: 936: 923: 922: 894: 888: 887: 885: 866: 856: 850: 843: 832: 825: 816: 815: 813: 811: 796: 671: 578: 362:medullary cavity 318:Divje Babe flute 146:in northwestern 117:Divje Babe flute 100:Present location 44: 35:Divje Babe flute 32: 31: 21: 18:Divje Babe Flute 4064: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4053: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3974: 3841: 3827:Stone box grave 3797:Megalithic tomb 3702:Cotswold-Severn 3654: 3559:Guardian stones 3487:Prehistoric art 3481: 3324: 3299: 3288:Timber trackway 3193: 3157: 3153:Wattle and daub 3006: 2985:Standing stones 2959: 2938: 2753: 2580: 2557: 2482: 2399: 2309:Food processing 2304: 2253:New World crops 2225: 2212: 2155: 2150: 2119: 2117: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2092: 2073: 2066: 2062: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2024: 2022: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1979: 1969: 1967: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1877:California Wild 1869: 1862: 1853: 1849: 1840: 1836: 1823: 1819: 1810: 1801: 1791: 1787: 1778: 1774: 1762:Turk, M. 2014. 1761: 1757: 1748: 1739: 1730: 1726: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1691: 1687: 1674: 1670: 1657: 1653: 1640: 1636: 1623: 1619: 1606: 1602: 1579: 1572: 1566: 1557: 1534: 1525: 1506:L'Anthropologie 1501: 1494: 1484: 1473: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1427: 1421: 1412: 1403: 1401: 1353: 1344: 1337: 1321: 1314: 1299: 1295: 1280: 1276: 1247: 1240: 1213:L'Anthropologie 1208: 1199: 1192: 1170: 1166: 1158: 1151: 1142: 1140: 1125: 1121: 1112: 1110: 1099: 1095: 1085: 1083: 1061: 1044: 1013: 1002: 997: 977: 968: 937: 926: 911:10.2307/4010441 895: 891: 883: 864: 857: 853: 844: 835: 826: 819: 809: 807: 798: 797: 790: 786: 728:Potočka zijalka 724: 660: 650: 607: 576: 556: 501: 447:by carnivores. 425: 378: 304: 252:Geißenklösterle 240: 201: 195: 76:(50000 - 60000 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4062: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3936:Alligator drum 3928: 3927: 3926: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3872: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3863:lunar calendar 3860: 3849: 3847: 3846:Other cultural 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3664: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3650:Venus figurine 3647: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3581:Megalithic art 3578: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3539: 3534: 3532:Cave paintings 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3415: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3334:Material goods 3326: 3325: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3253: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3212: 3207: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3057: 3052: 3050:Cliff dwelling 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3004: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2982: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2961: 2960: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2635:Fire hardening 2632: 2627: 2625:Clovis culture 2622: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2594: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2548:Manis Mastodon 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2492: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2448: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2427:throwing stick 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2323: 2318: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2239: 2237: 2227: 2226: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2149: 2148: 2141: 2134: 2126: 2116: 2115: 2104: 2090: 2060: 2050: 2040: 2031: 2006: 1996: 1987: 1977: 1950: 1900: 1860: 1847: 1834: 1817: 1799: 1785: 1772: 1755: 1737: 1724: 1711: 1702: 1685: 1668: 1651: 1634: 1617: 1600: 1595:10.1086/300129 1589:(2): 271–272. 1570: 1555: 1544:(3): 581–590. 1523: 1512:(3): 293–317. 1492: 1471: 1410: 1342: 1335: 1312: 1293: 1274: 1238: 1219:(4): 679–706. 1197: 1190: 1164: 1149: 1119: 1093: 1075:(4): 317–333. 1042: 1029:10.1086/204771 1023:(4): 549–553. 1000: 966: 947:(275): 65–79. 924: 889: 851: 833: 817: 787: 785: 782: 781: 780: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 723: 720: 649: 648:Reconstruction 646: 642:reconstruction 606: 605:Diatonic scale 603: 602: 601: 598:reconstruction 594: 590: 587:diatonic scale 582: 581: 580: 572: 565: 555: 552: 547: 546: 539: 531: 527: 515: 500: 497: 493: 492: 488: 485: 473: 472: 465: 461: 457: 453: 424: 421: 388:artefacts and 377: 374: 303: 300: 299: 298: 293: 288: 275:reconstruction 262:in Ljubljana. 239: 236: 197:Main article: 194: 191: 119:, also called 111: 110: 101: 97: 96: 86: 82: 81: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 53: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4061: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4034:Bone carvings 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4004:Ancient music 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3822:Simple dolmen 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3807:Passage grave 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3753:Gallery grave 3751: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3668:Burial mounds 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3628:Statue menhir 3626: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3616:Stone carving 3614: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3455:Sewing needle 3453: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3283:Timber circle 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3232:Tor enclosure 3230: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3220:fulacht fiadh 3218: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2841: 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2428: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2343:Grinding slab 2341: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2275:Domestication 2273: 2271: 2270:Digging stick 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2248:Founder crops 2246: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2189:New Stone Age 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2108: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2064: 2054: 2044: 2035: 2021:on 2007-01-27 2020: 2016: 2010: 2000: 1991: 1981: 1965: 1961: 1954: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909:"Early Music" 1904: 1890:on 2007-03-12 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1865: 1857: 1851: 1844: 1838: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1814: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1796: 1789: 1782: 1776: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1734: 1728: 1721: 1715: 1706: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1575: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1497: 1489: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1461:on 2015-09-24 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1426: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1367:(4): 140022. 1366: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1338: 1332: 1328: 1319: 1317: 1308: 1304: 1297: 1289: 1285: 1278: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1245: 1243: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1193: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1168: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1139:on 2006-10-18 1138: 1134: 1130: 1123: 1109:on 2015-05-27 1108: 1104: 1097: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 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253: 249: 243: 235: 233: 228: 226: 222: 218: 217:Idrijca River 214: 205: 200: 190: 188: 184: 180: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 154:as a form of 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 126: 122: 118: 109: 105: 102: 98: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 68: 64: 60: 57: 54: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 4024:Neanderthals 4014:Cerkno Hills 3945: 3763:wedge-shaped 3748:Funeral pyre 3741:Great dolmen 3697:Chamber tomb 3678:Round barrow 3633:Stone circle 3505:Blombos Cave 3433:Grooved ware 3357:Chalcolithic 3261:Thornborough 3179:Flush toilet 3114:Blombos Cave 3109:Rock shelter 3065:Quiggly hole 2957:Architecture 2932:illustration 2574:Buffalo jump 2395:Storage pits 2358:Aşıklı Höyük 2348:Ground stone 2184:Subdivisions 2118: 2107: 2081: 2077: 2063: 2053: 2043: 2034: 2023:. Retrieved 2019:the original 2009: 1999: 1990: 1980: 1968:. Retrieved 1964:the original 1953: 1941:. Retrieved 1937:the original 1916: 1912: 1903: 1892:. Retrieved 1885:the original 1880: 1876: 1855: 1850: 1842: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1812: 1793: 1788: 1780: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1750: 1732: 1727: 1719: 1714: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1586: 1582: 1541: 1538:Archaeometry 1537: 1509: 1505: 1487: 1463:. Retrieved 1456:the original 1435: 1431: 1402:. Retrieved 1364: 1360: 1325: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1277: 1258: 1254: 1216: 1212: 1175: 1167: 1159: 1141:. Retrieved 1137:the original 1132: 1122: 1111:. Retrieved 1107:the original 1096: 1084:. Retrieved 1072: 1068: 1020: 1016: 988: 984: 944: 940: 902: 899:Science News 898: 892: 868: 854: 846: 828: 808:. Retrieved 804:the original 752:Musilanguage 716: 709: 700: 688: 684: 639: 629: 624: 616: 557: 548: 505: 502: 494: 484:orientation. 474: 430:Other known 429: 426: 406: 379: 371: 367: 359: 348: 345: 329: 279: 271: 267:Mitja Brodar 264: 244: 241: 232:Mitja Brodar 229: 210: 176: 159: 152:Neanderthals 140:Divje Babe I 120: 116: 114: 29: 3785:unchambered 3780:Long barrow 3770:Grave goods 3726:Court cairn 3721:Clava cairn 3673:Bowl barrow 3611:Rock cupule 3554:Golden hats 3547:Hill figure 3448:Unstan ware 3428:Cord-marked 3293:Sweet Track 3215:Burnt mound 3136:Stilt house 3124:Sibudu Cave 2917:Tally stick 2885:Quern-stone 2870:Hammerstone 2860:Fire plough 2831:Pesse canoe 2789:Bannerstone 2759:Other tools 2672:Lithic core 2620:Aurignacian 2508:Bare Island 2390:Quern-stone 1261:(4): 1226. 905:(14): 215. 747:Neanderthal 732:Aurignacian 512:stone tools 440:stone tools 401:Aurignacian 360:Inside the 302:Description 3993:Categories 3924:trepanning 3817:Ring cairn 3775:Jar burial 3758:transepted 3690:U.S. sites 3591:Petroglyph 3517:Bird stone 3475:wine press 3148:Stone roof 3131:Roundhouse 3023:long house 3000:Stonehenge 2968:Ceremonial 2912:Stone tool 2739:Tool stone 2709:Metallurgy 2613:Mousterian 2590:Toolmaking 2528:Cumberland 2501:Transverse 2471:Schöningen 2363:Qesem cave 2331:Earth oven 2285:Irrigation 2196:Technology 2164:Prehistory 2025:2006-01-23 1894:2007-01-02 1465:2015-05-27 1404:2015-07-12 1191:0262731436 1143:2006-12-29 1113:2015-05-27 784:References 772:Hohle Fels 692:mouthpiece 524:chiselling 382:Mousterian 248:Hohle Fels 199:Divje Babe 183:Mousterian 90:Divje Babe 85:Discovered 4044:Cave bear 3968:symbolism 3832:Tor cairn 3790:Grønsalen 3731:Cremation 3623:Sculpture 3601:Pictogram 3586:Petroform 3406:amber use 3374:Cosmetics 3184:Reservoir 3169:Check dam 3099:Pueblitos 3094:Pit-house 3077:Longhouse 3011:Dwellings 2880:Microlith 2811:Bow drill 2806:Bone tool 2799:prismatic 2608:Acheulean 2523:Cresswell 2496:Arrowhead 2422:Boomerang 2338:Granaries 2300:Terracing 2179:Stone Age 1933:220083771 1795:(Summary) 1309:: 147–57. 1233:133682741 1037:144800210 941:Antiquity 877:0354-0316 810:2 January 477:dentition 394:phosphate 340:cave bear 332:diaphysis 256:Vogelherd 168:Ljubljana 138:, at the 125:cave bear 121:tidldibab 108:Ljubljana 3606:Rock art 3569:painting 3542:Geoglyph 3367:timeline 3347:Beadwork 3087:Mehrgarh 3082:Mudbrick 2990:megalith 2865:Fire-saw 2687:debitage 2682:analysis 2650:Hand axe 2630:Cupstone 2208:Glossary 2169:Timeline 2096:Archived 2048:223–233. 2004:199–218. 1970:March 1, 1568:215–222. 1452:14442075 1438:: 1–70. 1399:26064624 1288:Archived 961:55161909 881:Archived 767:Diatonic 722:See also 619:diatonic 464:object." 413:charcoal 277:below). 148:Slovenia 94:Slovenia 52:Material 3963:Symbols 3574:pigment 3460:Weaving 3423:Cardium 3418:Pottery 3413:Mirrors 3401:Jewelry 3342:Baskets 3322:culture 3174:Cistern 2980:Pyramid 2922:Weapons 2900:Scraper 2890:Racloir 2850:Cleaver 2838:Chopper 2744:Uniface 2655:Grooves 2645:Hafting 2603:Oldowan 2562:Systems 2513:Cascade 2476:woomera 2466:harpoon 2439:history 2405:Hunting 2385:Pottery 2326:Cooking 2235:Farming 2201:history 2174:Outline 1943:7 March 1913:Science 1390:4448875 1369:Bibcode 1086:May 30, 993:‌ 991:: 1–19. 919:4010441 869:Etnolog 712:octaves 644:below. 600:below). 593:thumb." 589:below). 564:flutes. 411:of the 397:breccia 390:hearths 351:abraded 326:Diagram 225:hearths 219:, near 123:, is a 70:Created 3941:flutes 3736:Dolmen 3660:Burial 3470:winery 3443:Linear 3273:Midden 3251:Cursus 3244:Goseck 3104:Pueblo 3055:Dugout 3040:Burdei 2719:Mining 2543:Lamoka 2538:Folsom 2518:Clovis 2375:Metate 2353:Hearth 2321:Basket 2295:Sickle 2088: 2058:45–54. 1931: 1450: 1397: 1387: 1333: 1231: 1188: 1035: 959: 917: 875: 536:cortex 520:hammer 460:Babe." 386:lithic 221:Cerkno 144:Cerkno 92:cave, 3858:sites 3802:Mummy 3522:Cairn 3438:Jōmon 3389:shoes 3384:Hides 3256:Henge 3210:Broch 3072:Jacal 2927:Wheel 2875:Knife 2821:Canoe 2816:Burin 2794:Blade 2692:flake 2553:Plano 2461:baton 2451:Spear 2417:Arrow 2370:Manos 2223:Tools 2099:(PDF) 2080:[ 2074:(PDF) 1929:S2CID 1459:(PDF) 1448:S2CID 1428:(PDF) 1229:S2CID 1033:S2CID 957:S2CID 915:JSTOR 884:(PDF) 865:(PDF) 522:when 336:femur 142:near 128:femur 88:1995 3951:gudi 3709:Cist 3638:list 3465:Wine 3394:Ötzi 3379:Glue 3352:Beds 3320:and 3318:Arts 3189:Well 3045:Cave 2975:Kiva 2905:side 2895:Rope 2843:tool 2777:bone 2767:Adze 2533:Eden 2446:Nets 2316:Fire 2280:Goad 2265:Celt 2086:ISBN 1972:2003 1945:2007 1395:PMID 1331:ISBN 1327:2000 1186:ISBN 1184:-9. 1088:2024 873:ISSN 812:2017 777:Gudi 704:bell 696:palm 444:bird 436:limb 355:bone 254:and 213:cave 193:Site 115:The 62:Long 56:Bone 3060:Hut 2995:row 2826:Oar 2784:Axe 2772:Awl 1921:doi 1917:276 1591:doi 1546:doi 1514:doi 1510:110 1440:doi 1385:PMC 1377:doi 1263:doi 1221:doi 1217:122 1182:237 1077:doi 1025:doi 949:doi 907:doi 903:153 334:of 174:. 166:in 3995:: 2094:. 1927:. 1915:. 1911:. 1881:51 1879:. 1875:. 1863:^ 1802:^ 1740:^ 1587:41 1585:. 1573:^ 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