1880:, it is extremely difficult for dispersed and prohibited house cult-groups and communities to maintain and enforce common beliefs and common liturgical practices across space and time in pre-industrial conditions of communications. The frequent claims that scattered Christian communities constituted a single Church was not a description of reality in the first two centuries AD, but a blatant yet forceful denial of reality. What was amazing was the persistence and power of the ideal in the face of its unachievability, even in the fourth century. On a local level, it is also unlikely that twenty households in a typical community, let alone a dozen households in a house cult-group, could maintain even one full-time, non-earning priest. Perhaps a group of forty households could, especially if they had a wealthy patron. But for most Christian communities of this size, a hierarchy of bishop and lesser clergy seems completely inappropriate.
2594:: "Marcion, on the contrary, treats the Catholic Church as one that "follows the Testament of the Creator-God," and directs the full force of his attack against this Testament and against the falsification of the Gospel and of the Pauline Epistles by the original Apostles and the writers of the Gospels. He would necessarily have dealt with the two Testaments of the Catholic Church if the Church had already possessed a New Testament. His polemic would necessarily have been much less simple if he had been opposed to a Church which, by possessing a New Testament side by side with the Old Testament, had ipso facto placed the latter under the shelter of the former. In fact Marcion's position towards the Catholic Church is intelligible, in the full force of its simplicity, only under the supposition that the Church had not yet in her hand any "litera scripta Novi Testamenti.""
20:
1503:, however, derives from two roots in Mandaic: the first root, meaning "to lie", is the one traditionally ascribed to Jesus; the second, meaning "to write", might provide a second meaning, that of "book"; hence some Mandaeans, motivated perhaps by an ecumenical spirit, maintain that Jesus was not a "lying Messiah" but a "Book Messiah", the "book" in question presumably being the Christian Gospels. This however seems to be a folk etymology without support in the Mandaean texts. A modern view has argued that
63:
1675:
1750:
917:
1764:
1738:, the "incarnation Christology" or "high Christology" did not evolve over a longer time, but was a "big bang" of ideas which were already present at the start of Christianity, and took further shape in the first few decades of the church, as witnessed in the writings of Paul. Some 'Early High Christology' proponents scholars argue that this "high Christology" may go back to Jesus himself.
1471:, it is often claimed, has some Gnostic elements but lacks the full Gnostic cosmology. However, even the description of these elements as "gnostic" is based mainly upon the presupposition that the text as a whole is a "gnostic" gospel, and this idea itself is based upon little other than the fact that it was found along with gnostic texts at
1421:). Gnostics identified the God of the Hebrew Bible as this demiurge. Secret knowledge (gnosis) was said to liberate one's soul to return to the true God in the realm of light. Valentinus and other Christian gnostics identified Jesus as the Savior, a spirit sent from the true God into the material world to liberate the souls trapped there.
1046:
early
Christianity occurred as Bauer's work found a wider audience. A movement away from presuming the correctness or dominance of the orthodoxy is seen as understandable, in light of modern approaches. However, some feel that instead of an even and neutral approach to historical analysis that the
1045:
drastically altered the previous perception that heresy was a very rare exception to the orthodoxy. Bauer was particularly influential in the reconsideration of the historical model. During the 1970s, increasing focus on the effect of social, political and economic circumstances on the formation of
1479:" ascertains that the resurrected Jesus is physical refutes the Gnostic idea that Jesus returned to spirit form after death. The written gospel draws on an earlier oral tradition associated with Thomas. Some scholars argue that the Gospel of John was meant to oppose the beliefs of that community.
1231:
was not eternal but created by the Father as an instrument for creating the world and therefore not God by nature, different from other creatures in being the one direct creation of God. The controversy quickly spread, with Arius seeking support from other disciples of his teacher
1018:) at the time would later be labeled "heresy". The response by modern scholars has been mixed. Some scholars clearly support Bauer's conclusions and others express concerns about his "attacking orthodox sources with inquisitional zeal and exploiting to a nearly absurd extent the
1456:, both includes Gnostic elements and refutes Gnostic beliefs, presenting a dualistic universe of light and dark, spirit and matter, good and evil, much like the Gnostic accounts, but instead of escaping the material world, Jesus bridges the spiritual and physical worlds.
1482:
Some believe that
Gnostic Christianity was a later development, some time around the middle or late 2nd century, around the time of Valentinus. Gnosticism was in turn made up of many smaller groups, some of which did not claim any connection to Jesus Christ. In
1585:
was the gospel of Luke. Although it has been suggested by some that
Marcion's gospel pre-dated canonical Luke, the dominant scholarly view is that the Marcionite Gospel was a redaction of canonical Luke in order to conform to Marcion's anti-Jewish stance.
1507:
is mistakenly reckoned among the
Gnostics, and really represents a fourth interpretation of the significance of Jesus. Gnostics freely exchanged concepts and texts. It is considered likely that Valentinius was influenced by previous concepts such as
1428:
and others condemned
Gnosticism as a heresy, rejecting its dualistic cosmology and vilification of the material world and the creator of that world. Gnostics thought the God of the Old Testament was not the true God. It was considered to be the
1417:(c. 100 â c. 160), who founded a Gnostic church in Rome and developed an elaborate cosmology. Gnostics considered the material world to be a prison created by a fallen or evil spirit, the god of the material world (called the
1717:
and his apostles. In his view, trinitarianism was a response to various creeds which have been labeled as heresies; it was a result of theological disputes that took centuries. On the other hand, according to the "New
1121:, as the first to be written, and believe Adoptionist theology may predate the New Testament. Others, on the contrary, consider that this work "clearly presupposes the canonical Gospels." This gospel's account of the
1054:) movement. The current debate is vigorous and broad. While it is difficult to summarize all current views, general statements may be made, remembering that such broad strokes will have exceptions in specific cases.
4302:
1129:, and some see this phrase as supporting the doctrine that it was at his baptism ("this day") that Jesus became God's (adopted) son. These words from Psalm 2 are also used twice in the canonical
1581:
From the perspectives of
Tertullian and Epiphanius it appeared that Marcion rejected the non-Lukan gospels; however, in Marcion's time, it may be that the only gospel he was familiar with from
1323:
to have a physical body and to physically die, but in reality he was incorporeal, a pure spirit, and hence could not physically die. This belief treats the sentence "the Word was made Flesh" (
1025:
According to Keith
Hopkins, the claimed institutional unity of the Christian Church was propaganda constantly repeated by orthodox Christian writers, rather than a genuine historical reality.
2911:
4010:
1096:
and Son of God in terms of the anointing at his baptism. While the 27 books that became the New
Testament canon present Jesus as fully human, Adoptionists (who may have used
970:
have been viewed in relation to the "orthodoxy" as an authentic lineage of tradition. Other forms of
Christianity were viewed as deviant streams of thought and therefore "
2071:
4655:
3804:
230:
2030:"These people maintained that Jesus was human in every way â he was born of the sexual union of Joseph and Mary, born the way everyone else is born" (Ehrman, p. 19)
1627:
About 156, Montanus launched a ministry of prophecy, criticizing
Christians as increasingly worldly and bishops as increasingly autocratic. Traveling in his native
1542:. Unlike the Gnostics, however, he founded his beliefs not on secret knowledge (gnosis) but on the vast difference between what he saw as the "evil" deity of the
1181:(the co-eminence of the Holy Spirit, and thus the Trinity, did not come about until the Fourth Ecumenical in AD 451) and identified Jesus as eternally begotten.
945:
4868:
1597:âthe fickle, cruel, despotic God of the Old Testamentâand replace Him with the Supreme God of Love whom Jesus came to reveal. Marcion was labeled a gnostic by
1014:
as places where the "orthodoxy" of Rome had little influence during the 2nd century. As he saw it, the theological thought of the "Orient" (in this case the
1601:. Irenaeus labeled Marcion this because of Marcion expressing this core gnostic belief, that the creator God of the Jews and the Old Testament was the
3274:
4020:
3767:
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1605:. This position, he said, was supported by the ten Epistles of Paul that Marcion also accepted. His writing had a profound effect upon the
4287:
3138:
1788:
4751:
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1610:
938:
2483:
4324:
3428:
2223:
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2040:
1631:, he and two women preached a return to primitive Christian simplicity, prophecy, celibacy, and asceticism. Tertullian, "having grown
3630:
1357:
4796:
4746:
4053:
3666:
2751:
4939:
4058:
1833:
1033:
One of the discussions among scholars of early Christianity in the past century is to what extent it is appropriate to speak of "
4944:
4903:
4771:
4015:
3923:
3654:
3574:
3522:
3320:
2670:
931:
304:
203:
62:
3267:
3134:
2982:
2856:
2820:
2583:
2441:
2309:
2264:
1959:
1936:
1686:
1538:. He thereupon set up his own separate ecclesiastical organization, later called Marcionism. Like the Gnostics, he promoted
4309:
1635:
with age", embraced Montanism as a more outright application of Christ's teaching. Montanus's followers revered him as the
208:
1274:
to express the oneness of their being, while Arius and some bishops who supported him, including Eusebius, were banished.
4504:
1011:
4102:
4005:
2104:
in their own language while Peter and Paul were preaching at Rome and laying the foundations of the Church." Irenaeus,
1125:, as quoted by Epiphanius, says that the voice from heaven declared: "This day have I begotten thee", a phrase echoing
884:
1628:
4741:
3181:
3166:
3151:
3120:
3102:
3087:
3054:
3040:
3022:
3000:
2964:
2949:
2931:
2904:
2889:
2874:
2838:
2796:
2778:
2744:
2729:
2506:
2392:
2168:
2129:
1240:, while a local synod under Alexander excommunicated Arius. Because of the agitation aroused by the dispute, Emperor
1386:
Several distinct religious sects, some of them Christian, adhered to an array of beliefs that would later be termed
4519:
4418:
3877:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3260:
3008:
Nazarene Jewish Christianity From the End of the New Testament Period Until Its Disappearance in the Fourth Century
2750:
Dauphin, C. "De l'Ăglise de la circoncision Ă l'Ăglise de la gentilitĂ© â sur une nouvelle voie hors de l'impasse".
1088:, being chosen because of his sinless devotion to the will of God. The first representatives of this view were the
826:
603:
141:
2348:
Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, article
1003:
4604:
4334:
4073:
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3913:
3903:
3713:
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3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3315:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1559:
1282:
987:
896:
291:
1464:
were written (whether by the author of the Gospel or someone in his circle) to argue against gnostic doctrines.
1460:
wrote that even though gnostics interpreted John to support their doctrines, the author didn't intend that. The
4918:
4886:
4713:
4632:
4063:
3833:
3749:
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1808:
1215:
4908:
4898:
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4319:
4117:
4087:
3928:
3779:
3732:
3470:
3194:
2559:
2100:
Irenaeus gives us further insight into the date of this gospel by explaining, "Matthew also issued a written
1818:
1248:
to Alexandria to attempt a settlement; but the mission failed. Accordingly, in 325, Constantine convened the
52:
4097:
2185:
1647:, survived persecution, and relished martyrdom. The Church banned them as a heresy, and in the 6th century
615:
4461:
4107:
4092:
4078:
3985:
3975:
3465:
3113:
The Pattern of Christian Truth: A Study in the Relations Between Orthodoxy and Heresy in the Early Church
1051:
402:
126:
1410:
and heresiological accounts by Early Christian writers, who regarded him as the source of all heresies.
4112:
3980:
3784:
3235:
2848:
Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (And Why We Don't Know About Them)
1828:
1007:
4891:
4374:
3838:
3728:
785:
608:
454:
4913:
4881:
4776:
4456:
4269:
3762:
3698:
3108:
1563:
1403:
1253:
775:
578:
198:
131:
4297:
4184:
4124:
4000:
3882:
3681:
3283:
3230:
1823:
1606:
1407:
1365:
1174:
1108:
847:
831:
694:
342:
268:
136:
2761:
Unity and Diversity in the New Testament: An Inquiry into the Character of Earliest Christianity
2590:
of 1913 characterized Marcion as "perhaps the most dangerous foe Christianity has ever known.";
4844:
4731:
4349:
3970:
3891:
3867:
3299:
1196:
1147:
1131:
967:
756:
640:
372:
215:
188:
3061:
2846:
2810:
2181:
2157:
1974:
4839:
4781:
4672:
4667:
4545:
4539:
4339:
3887:
3852:
3757:
3671:
3453:
2587:
2119:
1929:
The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics: Surveying the Evidence for the Truth of Christianity
1924:
1237:
1118:
1101:
1097:
1019:
903:
780:
746:
726:
662:
225:
193:
148:
23:
2972:
2231:
650:
4829:
4786:
4736:
4524:
4476:
4471:
4446:
4282:
4236:
4139:
4129:
3965:
3958:
3809:
3723:
3495:
3485:
3448:
3240:
2735:
Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro & Gargola, Daniel J & Talbert, Richard John Alexander.
1989:
1434:
1414:
1316:
1166:
1015:
800:
667:
593:
588:
573:
481:
422:
407:
387:
352:
220:
3075:. Department of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte (1998).
1245:
8:
4853:
4834:
4574:
4569:
4496:
4214:
4189:
4068:
4048:
3995:
3896:
3794:
3691:
3659:
3603:
2671:"The Early High Christology Club and Bart Ehrman â An Excerpt from 'How God Became Jesus"
1813:
1755:
1655:
1539:
1328:
921:
869:
814:
795:
672:
513:
508:
471:
319:
235:
2211:
2200:
2196:
1899:
1260:
but destined to be Alexander's successor, defined the co-eternity and coequality of the
4801:
4551:
4481:
4398:
4386:
4363:
4159:
3933:
3774:
3718:
3708:
3510:
3294:
2591:
2473:
1783:
1461:
1126:
983:
982:("Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity") in 1934. Bauer endeavored to rethink
838:
709:
645:
620:
548:
459:
347:
336:
257:
121:
79:
3872:
770:
4726:
4645:
4640:
4594:
4534:
4403:
4199:
3584:
3505:
3443:
3177:
3162:
3147:
3130:
3116:
3098:
3083:
3050:
3036:
3018:
2996:
2978:
2960:
2945:
2927:
2900:
2885:
2870:
2852:
2834:
2816:
2792:
2774:
2740:
2725:
2579:
2502:
2468:
2437:
2388:
2305:
2260:
2164:
2125:
2046:
1955:
1932:
1582:
1571:
1535:
1349:
1233:
1104:, seeing him as simply the child of Joseph and Mary, born of them in the normal way.
1081:
852:
842:
716:
704:
677:
583:
568:
314:
249:
158:
4589:
3219:
4486:
4426:
3814:
3799:
3500:
3480:
3475:
3458:
3438:
2919:
2534:
2380:
2364:
1778:
1735:
1714:
1468:
1457:
1453:
1219:
1151:
1122:
1085:
1042:
986:
historically, independent from the views of the current church. He stated that the
889:
736:
598:
543:
518:
273:
2006:
19:
4859:
4761:
4699:
4441:
4392:
3938:
3593:
3247:
3068:
2923:
2786:
2766:
2563:
2542:
1509:
1476:
990:
was very diverse and included many "heretical" groups that had an equal claim to
790:
765:
689:
563:
497:
427:
2897:
Orthodoxy and Heresy in Early Christian Contexts: Reconsidering the Bauer Thesis
1360:
and believed Jesus was the human son of Mary and Joseph. They seem to have been
4863:
4849:
4824:
4819:
4610:
4584:
4514:
4329:
4231:
4226:
4209:
4149:
4043:
3990:
3819:
3739:
3588:
2806:
1769:
1710:
1659:
1590:
1575:
1449:
1300:
1261:
1203:. It has been called the most challenging heresy in the history of the Church.
879:
874:
864:
741:
476:
417:
392:
329:
324:
309:
183:
1352:
who flourished in the early centuries of Christianity, especially east of the
1199:, denied the full divinity of Jesus Christ, and is so called after its leader
4933:
4766:
4703:
4692:
4579:
4466:
4369:
4357:
4221:
4194:
4134:
3613:
3433:
2678:
2478:
2421:
2325:
2091:, Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Dec., 1940), pp. 471 â 477.
1727:
1723:
1640:
1499:" who perverted the teachings entrusted to him by John the Baptist. The word
1496:
1241:
1207:
1170:
1143:
991:
818:
684:
449:
412:
382:
377:
1954:
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005
4791:
4721:
4599:
4408:
4379:
4246:
3943:
3686:
3645:
3028:
2812:
Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew
1731:
1644:
1639:
that Christ had promised, and he led his sect out into a field to meet the
1555:
1424:
While there appear to be Gnostic elements in some early Christian writing,
1353:
1178:
975:
959:
857:
299:
262:
173:
3252:
3236:"The Old Testament of the Early Church" Revisited, Albert C. Sundberg, Jr.
2993:
The Christian Tradition: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100â600)
2539:
The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origins, Developments and Significance
1364:, and are said to have rejected Paul's epistles and to have used only one
4431:
4292:
4263:
4204:
4179:
4174:
4038:
3953:
3847:
3828:
3537:
3204:
2499:
Marcion and the New Testament: An Essay in the Early History of the Canon
2042:
Panarion, 13. English translation by Frank Williams (Leiden, Brill, 1987)
1706:
1632:
1513:
1472:
1395:
1381:
1265:
1136:
1063:
751:
721:
699:
558:
503:
466:
441:
163:
89:
3115:, London, Mowbray (1954). Reprint: Eugene, OR, Wipf & Stock (2004).
2487:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 693.
2304:
Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005
2259:
Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005
1931:. The Ransome Trilogy Series. Harvest House Publishers. pp. 16â17.
1674:
4811:
4561:
4509:
4314:
4144:
3789:
3618:
3562:
3557:
1529:
1504:
1377:
1270:
1227:
1211:
1073:
1047:
971:
488:
287:
168:
109:
104:
1165:
for those who rejected the Gospel of John), that Jesus is the eternal
1022:." However, modern scholars have critiqued and updated Bauer's model.
4806:
4756:
4682:
4677:
4451:
4436:
4164:
4154:
3857:
3843:
3567:
2510:
1648:
1636:
1622:
1484:
1399:
1391:
1343:
1324:
1142:
The Adoptionist view was later developed by adherents of the form of
1089:
1034:
963:
731:
523:
178:
114:
31:
3225:
3080:
Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins
1327:) as merely figurative. Docetic theology was a prominent feature of
1218:(313â326), probably in about 319, he came forward as a champion of
1179:
orthodox doctrine of the consubstantiality of the Father and the Son
4650:
4529:
4169:
3948:
3862:
3608:
3598:
3552:
3547:
3542:
2509:) was the first to propose that Marcion's Gospel may have preceded
2290:
Durant, Will. Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1972
1977:
The Founding of the Church Universal: A History of the Early Church
1602:
1598:
1594:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1331:
1294:
1190:
1113:
1077:
1050:
sects are given an assumption of superiority over the orthodox (or
99:
94:
27:
3214:
2556:
4687:
4617:
4277:
4241:
1749:
1567:
1525:
1442:
1438:
1387:
1361:
1093:
916:
553:
153:
2831:
Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why
2717:, Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971, (original German edition: 1934).
1593:. He went so far as to say that Jesus' mission was to overthrow
974:", or heretical. This view was challenged by the publication of
3703:
3623:
3490:
2773:, A.D. 70 to 135. Pp 33â34. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999).
2074:
The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition
1257:
1173:
at the end of the 2nd century. It was formally rejected by the
1038:
397:
2472:
4251:
1488:
1312:
1303:
1200:
1162:
1069:
3095:
The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Jewish Origins of Christianity
1789:
Christian views on the Old Covenant § Torah observance
1589:
Marcion argued that Christianity should be solely based on
2436:, Carl B. Smith, Hendrickson Publishers (September 2004).
2158:
James McConkey Robinson, Christoph Heil, Jozef Verheyden,
1918:
1916:
1080:, held that Jesus was born human only, and that he became
3199:
2621:
1658:, and other details are similar to those found in modern
1157:
Adoptionism clearly conflicted with the claim, as in the
3209:
3010:. Magnes Press â E.J. Brill, Jerusalem â Leiden (1988).
1913:
4869:
Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America
2942:
Christianity in the Second Century: The Case of Tatian
2146:
Origins of Our Faith: The Hebrew Roots of Christianity
1722:", c.q. "Early High Christology Club", which includes
3127:
The Making of the Self: Ancient and Modern Asceticism
2633:
2609:
2597:
2515:
1867:
1558:
in their beliefs. They rejected the Jewish-Christian
1413:
The most successful Christian Gnostic was the priest
980:
RechtglÀubigkeit und Ketzerei im Àltesten Christentum
2652:
2650:
2648:
1846:
1745:
2566:", Cky J. Carrigan, Ph.D., On Truth, November 1996.
2457:. Berlin: De Gruyter & Co. pp. 61 fn. 105.
1195:Arianism, declared by the Council of Nicaea to be
2753:Studium Biblicum Franciscanum. Liber Annuus XLIII
2692:
2645:
1210:between c. 260 and 280, was ordained a priest in
4931:
3226:Catholic Encyclopedia: The Fathers of the Church
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
1574:, which appears to be a redacted version of the
1068:An early form of Adoptionism, the doctrine that
2089:A Basis for the Gospel According to the Hebrews
3174:The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction
2434:No Longer Jews: The Search for Gnostic Origins
2224:"Theodotus The Tanner | Byzantine philosopher"
1281:period and the beginning of the period of the
1135:, which on the contrary presents Jesus as the
1111:, now lost except for fragments quoted in the
16:Differences in belief between early Christians
3268:
2977:. Vol. 169. Cambridge University Press.
2715:Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity
2300:
2298:
2296:
2246:
1437:(c. 100 â c. 160), or evil, as taught by the
1006:struggling to attain dominance. He presented
994:. Bauer interpreted the struggle between the
939:
2912:"12 - Christian Number and its implications"
2771:Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways
1980:, Vol 2, READ BOOKS PUB, 2008 pp. 119 â 120
1554:. Consequently, Marcionists were vehemently
3282:
3047:The New Testament in Its Social Environment
2918:. Cambridge University Press. p. 442.
2467:
1950:
1948:
1348:The Ebionites ("poor ones") were a sect of
3275:
3261:
3062:"Ancient Judaism: Nazarenes and Ebionites"
2788:Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church
2293:
2186:Excerpts from the Gospel of the Ebionites.
2124:. Oxford University Press US. p. 48.
1252:, which, largely through the influence of
1109:non-canonical gospel used by the Ebionites
946:
932:
3045:Stambaugh, John E. & Balch, David L.
2406:The Gospel of Thomas and Christian Wisdom
2004:
30:books, illustration from a compendium of
2722:When Christians Were Jews (That Is, Now)
2455:Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic
1945:
1922:
1315:' physical body was an illusion, as was
1139:"through whom (God) made the universe."
668:Postliberal • Narrative
18:
4693:Fostering of early experimental science
3220:The Early Christians in Their Own Words
3159:The New Testament and the People of God
3035:. Harper Collins Pbk. Ed edition 1997.
2909:
2899:, Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock (2015).
2784:
1927:. In Hindson, Ed; Caner, Ergun (eds.).
1873:
1834:Split of early Christianity and Judaism
1406:and who figures prominently in several
4932:
4797:Fundamentalist â Modernist controversy
3017:. Westminster John Knox Press (1953).
2995:. University of Chicago Press (1975).
2844:
2805:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2521:
2452:
2383:, Paulist Press. (French translation:
2160:The Sayings Gospel Q: Collected Essays
2117:
1992:Truth and Fiction in the Da Vinci Code
1852:
537:From the Reformation to the World Wars
3256:
2916:Sociological Studies in Roman History
2668:
2592:Harnack's Origin of the New Testament
2446:
2377:The Community of the Beloved Disciple
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2005:Zupez, SJ, John (December 30, 2017).
1222:teaching about the person of Christ.
85:Diversity in early Christian theology
2970:
2698:
2656:
2121:The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture
1669:
1534:In 144, the Church in Rome expelled
1487:Gnosticism, Mandaeans maintain that
1402:who is mentioned in the 1st-century
1225:Arius appears to have held that the
3231:PBS Frontline: The First Christians
3210:Christian Classics Ethereal Library
2533:
2385:La communauté du disciple bien-aimé
2148:, Trafford Publishing, 2003 p. 129
1516:, as much as he influenced others.
1394:, was said to have been founded by
1358:binding character of the Mosaic Law
13:
3082:. Oxford University Press (1993).
2910:Hopkins, Keith (2 November 2017).
2739:. Oxford University Press (2004).
2737:The Romans: From Village to Empire
2273:
2076:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2009
1277:This council marks the end of the
1169:, and it was declared a heresy by
14:
4956:
3188:
2557:Marcion and Marcionite Gnosticism
2387:Les Ăditions du Cerf, Paris 1983
2013:. Homiletic & Pastoral Review
1665:
1570:with the single exception of the
3222:(free Ebook â English or Arabic)
2974:The Origin of Divine Christology
2326:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Docetae"
2180:Epiphanius, Panarion 30.13.7â8;
1762:
1748:
1673:
1433:and either fallen, as taught by
1311:, "to seem") is the belief that
915:
827:Indigenous church mission theory
142:Template:History of Christianity
61:
3241:The Jewish Roman World of Jesus
3129:. James Clarke & Co (2008)
3073:The Jewish Roman World of Jesus
2914:. In Kelly, Christopher (ed.).
2707:
2662:
2569:
2549:
2527:
2491:
2461:
2427:
2411:
2398:
2370:
2354:
2342:
2318:
2216:
2205:
2190:
2174:
2151:
2138:
2111:
2094:
2081:
2065:
2033:
2024:
1998:
1804:Christianity in the 3rd century
1799:Christianity in the 2nd century
1794:Christianity in the 1st century
1651:ordered the sect's extinction.
1560:Gospel according to the Hebrews
1550:, on which he expounded in his
1475:. The scene in John in which "
1283:First seven Ecumenical Councils
4940:Heresy in ancient Christianity
4656:Separation of church and state
4325:Formal and material principles
4310:Separation of church and state
2724:. Cowley Publications (2006).
2163:(Leuven University Press 2005
1983:
1968:
1892:
1883:
1858:
1809:Constantine I and Christianity
1720:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
1057:
1:
4945:History of Christian theology
4320:Hymnody of continental Europe
3471:Apostles in the New Testament
3097:. Palgrabe Macmillan (2003).
2971:Loke, Andrew Ter Ern (2017).
1840:
1819:Early centers of Christianity
1643:. His sect spread across the
1519:
1390:. One such sect, that of the
1371:
35:
2924:10.1017/cbo9781139093552.014
2669:Bouma, Jeremy (2014-03-27).
2367:. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.
1616:
1337:
1268:, using the now famous term
1028:
7:
3768:Eastern Orthodox opposition
3013:Richardson, Cyril Charles.
2815:. Oxford University Press.
2182:English translation, p. 130
1741:
1607:development of Christianity
1546:and the God of love of the
1288:
1184:
1100:) in addition excluded any
1092:. They understood Jesus as
841:in the broader movement of
127:Proto-orthodox Christianity
10:
4961:
3785:Art patronage of Julius II
3144:From Jesus to Christianity
3049:. John Knox Press (1986).
2763:, Londra, SCM Press, 1990.
1829:List of Christian heresies
1620:
1523:
1375:
1341:
1304:
1292:
1188:
1061:
4877:
4712:
4631:
4560:
4495:
4417:
4348:
4288:CalvinistâArminian debate
4262:
4029:
3912:
3748:
3639:
3521:
3419:
3308:
3290:
3161:. Fortress Press (1992).
2959:. Fortress Press (1988).
2867:The Early Christian World
1889:Esler (2004). Pp 893â894.
1102:miraculous origin for him
786:Conservative Christianity
231:Persecution and tolerance
4777:Christian existentialism
3205:Early Christian Writings
3176:. Paulist Press (1995).
3146:. HarperCollins (2004).
3033:The Rise of Christianity
2845:Ehrman, Bart D. (2009).
2833:. HarperCollins (2005).
1564:Jewish-Christian Gospels
1254:Athanasius of Alexandria
1206:Arius, born probably in
776:Progressive Christianity
589:Fundamental/foundational
199:Theological hermeneutics
3284:History of Christianity
3093:Thiede, Carsten Peter.
3015:Early Christian Fathers
2991:Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan.
2882:Understanding the Bible
2675:Zondervan Academic Blog
2484:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2453:Macuch, Rudolf (1965).
2361:Understanding the Bible
2045:. BRILL. January 1987.
1923:Langford, Will (2008).
1824:History of Christianity
1250:First Council of Nicaea
1177:(325), which wrote the
1175:First Council of Nicaea
1146:that is represented by
1107:Some scholars regard a
1002:to be the "mainstream"
922:Christianity portal
366:Post-Nicene development
137:History of Christianity
47:Part of a series on the
4845:Fourth Great Awakening
4732:Second Great Awakening
3971:Fall of Constantinople
3763:Development of primacy
2895:Hartog, Paul A., ed.,
2785:Edwards, Mark (2009).
2720:Berard, Wayne Daniel.
2511:Luke's Gospel and Acts
1864:Hunt (2003). Pp 10â11.
1713:was not taught by the
1356:. They emphasized the
1319:; that is, Jesus only
1148:Theodotus of Byzantium
1132:Epistle to the Hebrews
673:Continental philosophy
216:Philosophical theology
41:
4840:Reformed epistemology
4782:Third Great Awakening
4752:Seventh-day Adventist
4673:First Great Awakening
4546:Book of Common Prayer
4340:Protestant work ethic
3883:Independent Catholics
3834:Monastery dissolution
3125:Valantasis, Richard.
2588:Catholic Encyclopedia
2118:Ehrman, Bart (1996).
2102:Gospel of the Hebrews
1238:Eusebius of Nicomedia
1119:Epiphanius of Salamis
1098:non-canonical gospels
1084:, by adoption at his
1020:argument from silence
781:Moderate Christianity
771:extraterrestrial life
226:Christian apologetics
149:Ecclesiastical polity
22:
4663:Edicts of toleration
4472:Three Forms of Unity
4237:Bohemian Reformation
3810:Catholic Reformation
3667:Roman state religion
3486:Council of Jerusalem
2957:Paul and His Letters
2944:. Routledge (2003).
2869:. Routledge (2004).
2681:Christian Publishing
1876:, p. 457: But,
1654:The sect's ecstasy,
1566:) and all the other
1016:Eastern Roman Empire
801:Evangelical theology
634:Since the World Wars
574:Restoration Movement
388:Byzantine Iconoclasm
221:Christian philosophy
4835:Liberation theology
4742:Jehovah's Witnesses
4575:Radical Reformation
4303:Resistance theories
4190:Christian mysticism
4185:Early Scholasticism
3897:Ecclesial community
3795:Counter-Reformation
3660:Constantinian shift
3142:White, L. Michael.
2884:. Mayfield (1985).
2880:Harris, Stephen L.
2630:, pp. 253â255.
2404:Davies, Stevan L.,
1814:Constantinian shift
1756:Christianity portal
1656:speaking in tongues
1299:Docetism (from the
992:apostolic tradition
796:Confessing Movement
320:Cappadocian Fathers
236:Historical theology
4909:Oriental Orthodoxy
4552:King James Version
4364:Ninety-five Theses
4160:Apostolic Brethren
3934:Church of the East
3929:Oriental Orthodoxy
3775:Crusading movement
3295:Early Christianity
3246:2010-08-17 at the
3215:Early Church Texts
3172:Wylen, Stephen M.
3067:2010-06-10 at the
2940:Hunt, Emily Jane.
2759:James D. G. Dunn,
2562:2007-10-16 at the
2469:von Harnack, Adolf
2072:James R. Edwards,
1784:Christian theology
1685:. You can help by
1462:Johannine epistles
1214:in 312â313. Under
988:2nd-century church
984:Early Christianity
652:Nouvelle théologie
646:Situational ethics
604:Catholic Modernism
305:ante-Nicene period
122:Early Christianity
80:Christian theology
55:Christian theology
42:
4927:
4926:
4904:Eastern Orthodoxy
4772:Finnish Awakening
4727:Holiness movement
4668:Congregationalism
4627:
4626:
4487:Metrical psalters
3924:Eastern Orthodoxy
3868:Neo-Scholasticism
3575:Canon development
3476:Jewish Christians
3135:978-0-227-17281-0
2984:978-1-108-19142-5
2955:Keck, Leander E.
2865:Esler, Philip F.
2858:978-0-06-186328-8
2822:978-0-19-972712-4
2584:978-0-19-826180-3
2442:978-1-56563-944-7
2330:www.newadvent.org
2310:978-0-19-280290-3
2265:978-0-19-280290-3
2184:; quoted also in
2144:Rick Richardson,
2106:Against Heresies,
2087:Pierson Parker,
2007:"The Human Jesus"
1960:978-0-19-280290-3
1938:978-0-7369-3635-4
1902:. Merriam-Webster
1900:"Merriam-Webster"
1703:
1702:
1572:Gospel of Marcion
1536:Marcion of Sinope
1350:Jewish Christians
1246:Hosius of CĂłrdoba
1234:Lucian of Antioch
958:Traditionally in
956:
955:
843:Feminist theology
815:Contextualisation
678:Radical orthodoxy
584:Dogmatic theology
569:Holiness movement
315:Apostolic Fathers
250:Ecumenical Creeds
159:Nontrinitarianism
4952:
4346:
4345:
3733:Non-Chalcedonian
3714:Constantinople I
3506:General epistles
3501:Pauline epistles
3481:Paul the Apostle
3459:Great Commission
3277:
3270:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3195:Early Christians
3109:Turner, H. E. W.
3078:Taylor, Joan E.
3060:Tabor, James D.
2988:
2937:
2862:
2829:Ehrman, Bart D.
2826:
2802:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2575:Metzger, Bruce.
2573:
2567:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2476:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2444:
2431:
2425:
2415:
2409:
2408:, 1983, p.23-24.
2402:
2396:
2381:Raymond E. Brown
2374:
2368:
2365:Stephen L Harris
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2322:
2316:
2302:
2291:
2288:
2271:
2257:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2230:. Archived from
2220:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2178:
2172:
2155:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2115:
2109:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2002:
1996:
1990:Bart D. Ehrman,
1987:
1981:
1975:Hans Lietzmann,
1972:
1966:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1779:Christian heresy
1772:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1736:Richard Bauckham
1715:historical Jesus
1698:
1695:
1677:
1670:
1469:Gospel of Thomas
1458:Raymond E. Brown
1454:Stephen L Harris
1307:
1306:
1220:subordinationist
1216:Bishop Alexander
1152:Paul of Samosata
1123:baptism of Jesus
1043:Higher criticism
948:
941:
934:
920:
919:
616:Critical realism
564:Great Awakenings
408:EastâWest Schism
204:African American
65:
44:
43:
40:
37:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4873:
4860:Christian right
4762:Oxford Movement
4737:Restorationists
4708:
4623:
4556:
4491:
4442:Presbyterianism
4413:
4393:Book of Concord
4344:
4268:
4266:
4258:
4025:
3915:
3908:
3744:
3643:
3635:
3594:Clement of Rome
3524:
3517:
3421:
3415:
3304:
3286:
3281:
3248:Wayback Machine
3191:
3069:Wayback Machine
3006:Pritz, Ray A.,
2985:
2934:
2859:
2823:
2807:Ehrman, Bart D.
2799:
2767:Dunn, James D.G
2710:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2682:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2577:Canon of the NT
2574:
2570:
2564:Wayback Machine
2554:
2550:
2543:Clarendon Press
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2496:
2492:
2474:"Marcion"
2466:
2462:
2451:
2447:
2432:
2428:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2375:
2371:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2303:
2294:
2289:
2274:
2258:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2234:on 11 June 2017
2222:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2206:
2195:
2191:
2179:
2175:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2116:
2112:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2082:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2003:
1999:
1988:
1984:
1973:
1969:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1921:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1683:needs expansion
1668:
1625:
1619:
1532:
1524:Main articles:
1522:
1477:doubting Thomas
1452:, according to
1384:
1376:Main articles:
1374:
1346:
1340:
1317:his crucifixion
1297:
1291:
1279:Early Christian
1193:
1187:
1066:
1060:
1031:
952:
914:
909:
908:
822:
821:
806:
805:
791:Emerging church
690:Paleo-orthodoxy
636:
635:
626:
625:
539:
538:
529:
528:
498:Book of Concord
445:
444:
433:
432:
368:
367:
358:
357:
341:
295:
294:
279:
278:
267:
253:
252:
241:
240:
75:
74:
54:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4958:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4857:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4825:Pentecostalism
4822:
4820:Jesus movement
4817:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4611:Martyrs Mirror
4607:
4602:
4597:
4595:Martyrs' Synod
4592:
4587:
4585:Swiss Brethren
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4354:
4352:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4330:Law and Gospel
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4011:Ottoman Empire
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3754:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3740:Biblical canon
3737:
3736:
3735:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3689:
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1502:
1498:
1497:false messiah
1494:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
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1422:
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1275:
1273:
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1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:Constantine I
1239:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:Pope Victor I
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:Monarchianism
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
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1036:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
949:
944:
942:
937:
935:
930:
929:
927:
926:
923:
918:
913:
912:
905:
902:
898:
895:
893:
892:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
866:
863:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
844:
840:
837:
833:
830:
829:
828:
825:
824:
820:
819:Inculturation
816:
810:
809:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
758:
757:Environmental
755:
754:
753:
750:
749:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
711:
708:
707:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
685:Neo-orthodoxy
683:
679:
676:
675:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
657:
656:Ressourcement
653:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
630:
629:
622:
619:
617:
614:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
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595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
533:
532:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
499:
495:
493:
492:
487:
483:
480:
479:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
451:
450:Martin Luther
448:
447:
443:
437:
436:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
413:Scholasticism
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
383:Monothelitism
381:
379:
378:Monophysitism
376:
374:
371:
370:
362:
361:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
340:
338:
335:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
293:
289:
283:
282:
275:
272:
270:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
251:
245:
244:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
56:
51:
50:
46:
45:
33:
29:
25:
21:
4830:Charismatics
4813:
4792:Gospel music
4722:Camp meeting
4714:1789âpresent
4646:Missionaries
4616:
4609:
4600:Menno Simons
4544:
4540:Church music
4391:
4362:
4247:Conciliarism
4232:Papal Schism
4074:Scandinavian
3966:Great Schism
3944:Nestorianism
3916:Christianity
3848:priest holes
3729:Chalcedonian
3692:Christianity
3646:Great Church
3532:
3454:Resurrection
3173:
3158:
3143:
3126:
3112:
3094:
3079:
3072:
3046:
3032:
3014:
3007:
2992:
2973:
2956:
2941:
2915:
2896:
2881:
2866:
2847:
2830:
2811:
2787:
2770:
2760:
2752:
2736:
2721:
2714:
2708:Bibliography
2701:, p. 6.
2694:
2683:. Retrieved
2674:
2664:
2659:, p. 5.
2635:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2576:
2571:
2551:
2538:
2529:
2517:
2498:
2493:
2482:
2463:
2454:
2448:
2433:
2429:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2400:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:
2320:
2313:
2268:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:the original
2227:
2218:
2207:
2192:
2176:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2140:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2067:
2056:. Retrieved
2041:
2035:
2026:
2015:. Retrieved
2010:
2000:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1963:
1928:
1904:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1877:
1874:Hopkins 2017
1869:
1860:
1848:
1732:N. T. Wright
1719:
1704:
1691:
1687:adding to it
1682:
1653:
1645:Roman Empire
1626:
1588:
1580:
1556:anti-Judaist
1551:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1500:
1492:
1481:
1466:
1447:
1423:
1412:
1385:
1347:
1320:
1308:
1298:
1278:
1276:
1269:
1249:
1226:
1224:
1205:
1194:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1130:
1112:
1106:
1067:
1032:
1024:
999:
995:
979:
976:Walter Bauer
960:Christianity
957:
904:Postcolonial
890:
747:Constructive
727:of religions
663:Death of God
655:
651:
496:
490:
300:Great church
269:Chalcedonian
194:Hermeneutics
189:Deuterocanon
174:Pneumatology
84:
4919:Catholicism
4856:Protestants
4850:Evangelical
4525:39 Articles
4520:Elizabethan
4497:Anglicanism
4477:Westminster
4387:Melanchthon
4350:Lutheranism
4315:Nicodemites
4293:Arminianism
4264:Reformation
4205:Bonaventure
4180:Inquisition
4175:Waldensians
4125:Investiture
4103:Kievan Rus'
4059:Anglo-Saxon
4039:Pelagianism
4031:Middle Ages
3954:Iconodulism
3829:Thomas More
3750:Catholicism
3672:Monasticism
3655:Constantine
3580:Persecution
3538:Adoptionism
3523:Ante-Nicene
3466:Holy Spirit
3449:Crucifixion
3420:Origins and
3321:2nd and 3rd
2791:. Ashgate.
2640:Ehrman 2009
2628:Ehrman 2003
2616:Ehrman 2003
2604:Ehrman 2003
2522:Ehrman 2003
2497:John Knox,
2312:): article
2267:): article
2238:28 December
2212:Hebrews 1:2
2197:Hebrews 1:5
1964:Adoptianism
1853:Ehrman 2003
1707:Bart Ehrman
1633:puritanical
1514:Simon Magus
1493:mĆĄiha kdaba
1473:Nag Hammadi
1404:Acts 8:9â24
1396:Simon Magus
1382:Valentinius
1072:became the
1064:Adoptionism
1058:Adoptionism
897:Palestinian
722:Theopoetics
700:Open theism
559:John Wesley
504:Arminianism
467:John Calvin
442:Reformation
164:Christology
90:Adoptionism
24:Constantine
4934:Categories
4641:Revivalism
4562:Anabaptism
4510:Henry VIII
4335:Literature
3959:Iconoclasm
3939:Chrysostom
3892:Vatican II
3858:Jansenists
3844:Mass rocks
3780:Lateran IV
3699:Athanasius
3619:Tertullian
3563:Marcionism
3558:Gnosticism
3511:Revelation
3429:Background
2685:2022-09-24
2541:. Oxford:
2335:2019-02-13
2058:2019-05-20
2052:9004079262
2017:2019-02-13
1906:2019-05-20
1878:per contra
1841:References
1562:(see also
1552:Antithesis
1530:Marcionism
1520:Marcionism
1505:Marcionism
1435:Valentinus
1415:Valentinus
1408:apocryphal
1378:Gnosticism
1372:Gnosticism
1271:homoousios
1236:, notably
1228:Son of God
1212:Alexandria
1074:son of God
870:Liberation
710:in Thomism
641:Vatican II
288:Patristics
274:Athanasian
169:Paterology
110:Marcionism
105:Gnosticism
73:Background
53:History of
39: 825
4807:Ecumenism
4757:Adventism
4747:Mormonism
4683:Millerism
4678:Methodism
4633:1640â1789
4535:Civil War
4482:Orthodoxy
4437:Huguenots
4419:Calvinism
4404:Eucharist
4399:Orthodoxy
4283:Eucharist
4215:Five Ways
4165:Dulcinian
4118:Pomerania
4044:Gregory I
3888:Vatican I
3878:Modernism
3863:Molinists
3853:Guadalupe
3724:Chalcedon
3719:Ephesus I
3709:Augustine
3585:Apostolic
3568:Montanism
3533:Diversity
3309:Centuries
3200:Ebionites
2699:Loke 2017
2657:Loke 2017
2350:Ebionites
2171:), p. 325
1649:Justinian
1637:Paraclete
1623:Montanism
1617:Montanism
1485:Mandaeist
1400:Samaritan
1392:Simonians
1344:Ebionites
1338:Ebionites
1329:dualistic
1325:John 1:14
1256:, then a
1127:Psalm 2:7
1090:Ebionites
1048:heterodox
1035:orthodoxy
1029:Divisions
1000:heterodox
972:heterodox
964:orthodoxy
732:Ecumenism
621:Political
549:Practical
524:Jansenism
460:95 Theses
393:Gregory I
353:Chalcedon
337:Augustine
258:Apostles'
179:Mariology
115:Montanism
32:canon law
4899:Theology
4887:Missions
4882:Timeline
4854:Mainline
4802:Pacifism
4651:Baptists
4570:Theology
4530:Puritans
4505:Timeline
4447:Scotland
4375:Theology
4222:Wycliffe
4170:Crusades
4145:Bogomils
4098:Bulgaria
4054:Germanic
4006:Ethiopia
3904:Timeline
3682:Nicaea I
3677:Councils
3609:Irenaeus
3604:Ignatius
3599:Polycarp
3553:Donatism
3548:Docetism
3543:Arianism
3444:Ministry
3244:Archived
3065:Archived
2809:(2003).
2560:Archived
2471:(1911).
2269:Arianism
1742:See also
1629:Anatolia
1609:and the
1603:demiurge
1599:Irenaeus
1595:Demiurge
1512:, or by
1501:k(a)daba
1439:Sethians
1431:demiurge
1426:Irenaeus
1419:demiurge
1362:ascetics
1332:gnostics
1295:Docetism
1289:Docetism
1264:and the
1191:Arianism
1185:Arianism
1114:Panarion
1078:adoption
996:orthodox
853:Womanist
839:Feminist
705:Analytic
514:Counter-
482:theology
455:Theology
292:Councils
132:Timeline
100:Docetism
95:Arianism
26:burning
4892:Martyrs
4688:Pietism
4618:Ausbund
4590:MĂŒntzer
4515:Cranmer
4462:Baptism
4427:Zwingli
4278:Erasmus
4227:Avignon
4210:Aquinas
4200:Francis
4195:Dominic
4155:Cathars
4150:Bosnian
4140:Bernard
4135:Abelard
4108:Moravia
4093:Bohemia
4079:Iceland
4001:Serbian
3981:Georgia
3976:Armenia
3914:Eastern
3815:Jesuits
3491:Gospels
3439:Baptism
2756:(1993).
2481:(ed.).
2424:, 2003.
1995:, p. 18
1568:Gospels
1540:dualism
1526:Marcion
1443:Ophites
1388:Gnostic
1094:Messiah
1086:baptism
1037:" and "
891:Minjung
737:Digital
717:Atheism
599:Secular
594:Liberal
554:Pietism
544:Natural
509:English
472:Radical
428:Palamas
418:Aquinas
403:Photios
348:Ephesus
4580:Grebel
4432:Calvin
4358:Luther
4252:Synods
4130:Anselm
4113:Poland
4069:Gothic
4064:Franks
4049:Celtic
4016:Russia
3996:Syriac
3986:Greece
3873:Teresa
3820:Xavier
3758:Papacy
3704:Jerome
3624:Origen
3525:period
3300:Spread
3180:
3165:
3150:
3133:
3119:
3101:
3086:
3053:
3039:
3021:
2999:
2981:
2963:
2948:
2930:
2903:
2888:
2873:
2855:
2837:
2819:
2795:
2777:
2743:
2728:
2586:; The
2582:
2505:
2440:
2391:
2308:
2263:
2167:
2128:
2078:p. 262
2049:
1958:
1935:
1734:, and
1583:Pontus
1510:Sophia
1491:was a
1398:, the
1366:Gospel
1354:Jordan
1321:seemed
1262:Father
1258:deacon
1197:heresy
1082:divine
1039:heresy
1008:Edessa
968:heresy
766:Public
423:Anselm
398:Alcuin
373:Heresy
343:Nicaea
263:Nicene
4814:solae
4812:Five
4605:Smyth
4457:TULIP
4380:Bible
4088:Slavs
3991:Egypt
3949:Icons
3800:Trent
3790:Leo X
3687:Creed
2477:. In
2314:Arius
1611:canon
1489:Jesus
1313:Jesus
1309:dokeĆ
1305:ÎŽÎżÎșÎÏ
1301:Greek
1244:sent
1208:Libya
1201:Arius
1163:Alogi
1161:(see
1070:Jesus
1012:Egypt
880:Dalit
875:Black
865:Queer
848:Asian
519:Trent
491:solae
489:Five
28:Arian
4864:left
4862:and
4852:and
4702:and
4700:Neo-
4467:Dort
4452:Knox
4298:Wars
3890:and
3846:and
3839:Wars
3496:Acts
3411:21st
3406:20th
3401:19th
3396:18th
3391:17th
3386:16th
3381:15th
3376:14th
3371:13th
3366:12th
3361:11th
3356:10th
3178:ISBN
3163:ISBN
3148:ISBN
3131:ISBN
3117:ISBN
3099:ISBN
3084:ISBN
3051:ISBN
3037:ISBN
3019:ISBN
2997:ISBN
2979:ISBN
2961:ISBN
2946:ISBN
2928:ISBN
2901:ISBN
2886:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2853:ISBN
2835:ISBN
2817:ISBN
2793:ISBN
2775:ISBN
2741:ISBN
2726:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2503:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2389:ISBN
2306:ISBN
2261:ISBN
2240:2018
2199:and
2165:ISBN
2126:ISBN
2047:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1528:and
1495:or "
1467:The
1448:The
1441:and
1380:and
1167:Word
1150:and
1010:and
998:and
966:and
817:and
752:Eco-
290:and
4409:Art
4267:and
4242:Hus
3805:Art
3351:9th
3346:8th
3341:7th
3336:6th
3331:5th
3326:4th
3316:1st
2920:doi
2201:5:5
2108:3:1
1962:):
1689:.
1266:Son
1137:Son
1117:of
1076:by
1041:".
978:'s
858:New
4936::
3731:/
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2328:.
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2275:^
2248:^
2226:.
2009:.
1947:^
1915:^
1730:,
1726:,
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