20:
417:
44:. Working on broadly similar principles to district heating, district cooling delivers chilled water to buildings like offices and factories. In winter, the source for cooling can often be seawater, so it is a cheaper resource than electricity to run compressors for cooling. Alternatively, district cooling can be provided by a Heat Sharing Network which enables each building on the circuit to use a heat pump to redirect heat to an ambient ground temperature circuit.
400:
Khalifa, Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Louvre Abu Dhabi, Cleveland Clinic, Ferrari World, The Dubai Mall, Yas Mall, Aldar HQ, Etihad Towers, Marina Mall, World Trade Center in Abu Dhabi, Dubai Metro, Bahrain
Financial Harbor, and the Jabal Omar Development in the Holy City of Mecca, alongside many more hotels, hospitals, residential and commercial towers. During 2022 Tabreed entered the Egyptian market and expanded its operations in the Sultanate of Oman.
221:
143:. Since 2002, two other production facilities have provided cooling reinforced by ice, in the cooling centers of Opéra/Galfa; they have a total cooling capacity of about 20,000 kWh. Paris also proposes to develop its cold network as part of its climate change plan. As part of the city's climate change plan, two "glaciers" were integrated into the network in 2006 at the
408:) of district cooling projects are planned. The Palm Jumeirah utilises district cooling supplied by Palm Utilities LLC to provide air conditioning for buildings on the trunk and crescent of the Palm. The Dubai Metro system, inaugurated in 2009, is the first mass transit network in the world to use district cooling to lower temperatures in stations.
330:'s subsidiary, Singapore District Cooling. A second district cooling plant was commissioned in May 2010, which will supply chilled water for the air-conditioning of buildings in the area through pipes housed within the Common Services Tunnel in Marina Bay. The second district cooling plant started operations on 3 March 2016.
488:
More adaptable air-conditioning system to the varying demand as compared to individual air-conditioning systems. For each individual building, cooling capacity can be increased by requesting additional cooling capacity from the DCS without carrying out extensive modification works for the building in
399:
Tabreed, headquartered in the UAE capital of Abu Dhabi, currently delivers more than 1.2 million refrigeration tons of cooling, from its portfolio of 86 plants located throughout the region. The company, founded in 1998, provides sustainable cooling to iconic infrastructure projects such as the Burj
470:
Digital Combat
Simulator (DCS) consumes 35 percent to 20 percent less electricity as compared to traditional air-cooled air-conditioning systems and individual water-cooled air-conditioning systems using cooling towers respectively. With its high energy efficiency, the implementation of DCS at Kids
448:
If the other renewable alternatives are too warm during the summer or too expensive, cold storage can be investigated. In large scale applications underground and snow storage are the most likely alternatives. In an underground storage the winter cold is heat exchanged from the air and loaded into
449:
the bedrock or an aquifer by one or more bore holes. In a snow storage frozen water (snow and/or ice) is saved in some kind of storage (pile, pit, cavern etc.). The cold is utilized by pumping melt water to the cooling object, directly in a district cooling system or indirect by a heat exchanger.
174:
for cooling during summer time, greatly reducing electricity usage. In winter time, cooling is achieved more directly using sea water. The adoption of district cooling is estimated to reduce the consumption of electricity for cooling purposes by as much as 90 per cent and an exponential growth in
452:
The lukewarm melt water is then pumped back to the snow where it gets cooled and mixed with new melt water. Snow cooling works as a single cold source but can also be used for peak cooling since there is no relevant cooling limit. In Sweden there is one snow cooling plant in
Sundsvall, built and
484:
Mitigation of heat island effects in KTD and elimination of noise and vibration arising from the operation of heat rejection equipment and chillers of air-conditioning plants in buildings as such equipment will no longer be necessary for buildings subscribing to district cooling
100:
system is that it is integrated with
Toronto's drinking water supply. The Toronto drinking water supply required a new intake location that would be further from shore and deeper in the lake. This posed two problems for the utility that managed the city's drinking water supply:
461:
Especially in subtropical regions not only cooling, but dehumidifying of the air becomes important. Liquid desiccant cooling allows to generate remotely and efficiently a moisture absorbing liquid. This liquid can be pumped or transported long distances without energy loss.
195:, drawing water from the underground Stadtgrabenbach. There is a 24 km network, currently supplying 16 larger organizations. In 2011, the estimated total thermal power output of all district cooling systems in Germany was 160 Megawatt distributed over 90 km.
281:
A project started in 2012 in Kuwait for the Sabah Al-Salem
University City with district cooling. It is capable of cooling a load of 72000 TR and it has two central utility plants with 36 chillers, 36 cooling towers and 2 TES (Thermal Energy Storage) tanks.
340:(HDB) town, will be the first residential area in Singapore to have a large-scale centralized cooling system. Centralized chillers installed on the rooftops of some HDB flats pipe chilled water directly to individual units for use in air-conditioners.
431:
as a heat sink to operate the central chilled water system for its campus and to also provide cooling to the Ithaca City School
District. The system has operated since the summer of 2000 and was built at a cost of $ 55–60 million. It cools a 14,500
309:
The Lusail City district cooling system will supply chilled water to end users through an integrated network with a connected cooling of 500,000 Tons of
Refrigeration by utilizing multiple chiller plants which are Marina, Wadi, West and North.
147:
cooling center, which has a total cooling capacity of about 30,000 kWh: 44 MW come from cooling machines and 13 MW can be added during short periods to the Cold
Network of Paris thanks to stocks of ice. Enertherm, located at
118:
paid for the cost of moving the water intake and also supplied the heat to warm the drinking water supply to acceptable levels by effectively extracting the heat from the buildings it served. Contact between drinking water and the
391:
cooling service provider and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dubai
Investments headquartered in Dubai investments park. It currently has 355,000 tonnes of refrigeration (TR) capacity that connects more than 2,200 buildings in the
403:
In
January 2006, PAL technology is one of the emerging project management companies in UAE involved in the diversified business of desalination, sewage treatment and district cooling system. More than 400,000 Tons
823:
471:
These Days (KTD) will achieve estimated annual saving of 85 million kilowatt-hour (kWh) in electricity consumption, with a corresponding reduction of 59,500 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions annually.
1230:
746:
2568:
139:" has existed in the city since 1991. The eight production facilities (400 MW) provide cooling to 500 clients for 412 GWh per year. This network is completely managed by
84:
to cool downtown buildings, including office towers, the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, a small brewery and a telecommunications centre. The process has become known as
716:
481:
More flexible building designs for consumer buildings as they do not need to install their own chillers and the associated electrical equipment in their buildings.
231:
827:
929:
2518:
1041:
2548:
633:
997:
1238:
792:
776:
357:
1095:
634:"Courbevoie - Stockage de glace / Médiathèque / L'entreprise - Enertherm - Concessionnaire du réseau de chaleur et d'eau glacée de la défense"
2563:
616:
478:
Reduction in upfront capital cost for installing chiller plants at their buildings which account for about 5-10% of the total building cost.
907:
302:. This plant is owned and operated by Qatar District Cooling Company Qatar Cool. It is capable of cooling a load of 130,000 tons (450
140:
246:
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1305:
877:
596:
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2490:
1114:
565:
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760:
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owned by the county. The cooling load in Sundsvall is about 2000 kW (570 tons of refrigeration) and 1500 MWh/year.
2346:
515:
2388:
2101:
1637:
1366:
1196:
268:
1457:
170:
The Helsinki district cooling system uses otherwise wasted heat from summer time CHP power generation units to run
123:
cooling system is restricted to thermal contact in a heat exchanger. Drinking water does not circulate through the
2538:
2352:
1732:
1078:"Emicool becomes active member of Association of District Cooling Operators; supports efficient district cooling"
688:
509:
250:
107:
2. The new location would supply water that was so cold it would require heating before it could be distributed.
637:
1296:
1149:
2500:
2444:
2439:
2016:
1544:
1265:
337:
1001:
953:
348:
The use of district cooling is growing in Sweden, such as in Stockholm, whose cooling system has 71,000 TR.
2061:
1612:
1533:
1492:
1059:
396:. It is a member of the Dubai Supreme Council of Energy's first Association of District Cooling Operators.
799:
2684:
2404:
2206:
1717:
1652:
1570:
1482:
1346:
773:
290:
In 2006, a district cooling system came online in Amsterdam's Zuidas, drawing water from the Nieuwe Meer
207:
in Gujarat.). Currently ~10,000 TR capacity is operational which has capacity to upgrade up to 50000 TR.
2553:
2434:
2141:
1906:
1750:
557:
2679:
2606:
2465:
2429:
2231:
1861:
1816:
1744:
1596:
1539:
499:
96:) of cooling—a significantly larger system than has been installed elsewhere. Another feature of the
184:
2653:
2475:
2171:
1771:
1550:
1441:
1426:
2648:
2573:
2495:
2424:
2368:
2300:
2196:
2111:
2021:
1986:
1462:
747:"GIFT City in Gujarat - Ten remarkable infrastructure developments in India - The Economic Times"
613:
171:
85:
55:
networks) that are able to provide both heating and cooling simultaneously. In these systems the
27:
360:
combines, depending on the needs, cooling and heat extraction. This allows for a higher overall
2638:
2600:
2480:
2191:
1622:
930:"Nearly 1,000 households in Tengah sign up for centralised cooling system | The Straits Times"
474:
Apart from energy saving, DCS would also bring along the following benefits to the consumers:
2658:
2336:
2295:
2011:
1682:
1502:
1274:
659:
Un exemple industriel de stockage appliqué au réseau de climatisation urbaine: Prodith à Lyon
323:
52:
885:
702:
593:
2460:
2450:
2394:
2331:
2226:
1806:
1755:
1321:
1132:
558:"5th generation district heating and cooling systems: A review of existing cases in Europe"
192:
1167:
238:
8:
2326:
2316:
2290:
2076:
1738:
1647:
1617:
1517:
1487:
1381:
1341:
372:
361:
31:
537:"District Cooling Networks: using groundwater to heat or cool buildings with heat pumps"
2589:
2533:
2470:
2247:
2126:
2121:
1911:
1722:
1707:
1289:
424:
774:
Lake water air conditioning cuts CO2 emissions by 70% compared to conventional cooling
2161:
2116:
1871:
1866:
1796:
1692:
1528:
1331:
1216:
1192:
670:
333:
1263:
The Celsius Toolbox - Information on district energy solutions and energy transition
2628:
2383:
2378:
1961:
1667:
1565:
1560:
1472:
723:(in German). Neue Pressegesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. 31 July 2013. Archived from
570:
504:
319:
299:
41:
1022:
59:
from chillers can be recycled and used for space heating or hot water production.
2623:
2595:
2237:
2151:
2146:
2091:
2081:
2071:
2001:
1941:
1856:
1841:
1662:
1657:
1632:
1627:
1497:
1421:
1269:
1042:"Emicool announces 7% discount on bills for the next 3 months across all sectors"
848:
780:
676:
620:
600:
19:
590:
Réseau de froid parisien: Une alimentation renforcée grâce au stockage de glace.
2373:
2270:
2046:
2026:
1991:
1926:
1846:
1687:
1677:
1586:
1436:
1406:
1361:
1356:
575:
371:
In 2009, a district cooling system was installed in the United Nations area of
242:
1077:
2673:
2455:
2306:
2201:
2166:
1936:
1931:
1886:
1881:
1727:
1702:
1697:
1672:
1642:
1512:
1411:
1391:
1371:
1282:
536:
1164:"The Sundsvall snowcooling plant - large scale snowcooling | Snowpower"
761:"REHVA Journal 01/2018 - India's First District Cooling System at GIFT City"
149:
2633:
2311:
2211:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2106:
2041:
1921:
1891:
1831:
1826:
1801:
1712:
1591:
1507:
1431:
1416:
1401:
1115:"District cooling world first for Dubai Metro - ConstructionWeekOnline.com"
379:. The system is in the process of being expanded to other areas of Geneva.
81:
298:
On November 9, 2010, the world's largest district cooling plant opened at
175:
usage is forecast. The idea is now being adopted in other Finnish cities.
2643:
2285:
2242:
2216:
2156:
2136:
2131:
2006:
1966:
1951:
1896:
1821:
1791:
1786:
1602:
1467:
1386:
428:
416:
376:
977:
908:"World's biggest underground district cooling network now at Marina Bay"
2399:
2321:
2252:
2221:
2096:
2066:
1996:
1946:
1916:
1901:
1876:
1781:
1581:
1477:
1396:
1336:
433:
306:). The project was built by C.A.T International (part of C.A.T Group).
144:
89:
56:
2358:
2036:
2031:
1981:
1956:
1811:
1607:
1096:"Emicool starts reducing fuel surcharges on electricity, water bills"
191:
established a rapidly growing system in 2011 with its core below the
2341:
2275:
1776:
1576:
1376:
1351:
1326:
437:
405:
388:
365:
327:
303:
203:
India's first district cooling system is operational in GIFT City (
152:, has the largest ice stock in Europe, with a capacity of 240 MWh.
93:
1262:
1851:
1523:
824:"World's largest district cooling plant opens at The Pearl Qatar"
77:
23:
2528:
2280:
2086:
1836:
188:
159:
124:
120:
115:
111:
97:
73:
1304:
2543:
1976:
954:"FVB Energy Inc. - District Cooling Development in Stockholm"
136:
661:. Chauffage, ventilation, conditionnement d'air, (9), 25-27.
592:
Chauffage, ventilation, conditionnement d'air, (847), 9-11 (
2051:
1971:
703:"Stadtwerke MĂĽnchen (SWM): Ihr regionaler Energieversorger"
155:
1023:"Emicool starts phased implementation of remote processes"
420:
A district cooling plant at Bowling Green State University
80:, Canada, started operating a system that uses water from
393:
104:
1. The capital cost of moving the water intake location.
326:
in May 2006. The district cooling plant is operated by
16:
Delivery of chilled water to building needing cooling
614:
plan climat de paris. Annexe de la délibération DEVE
249:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
49:
5th generation district heating and cooling systems
978:"Real Estate and Infrastructures Department, EPFL"
2671:
518:, a combined district heating and cooling system
110:The cooperation of the district cooling agency,
1290:
555:
2057:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1306:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1297:
1283:
1039:
574:
387:Emirates District Cooling (Emicool) is a
269:Learn how and when to remove this message
162:, which bought the network from Prodith.
2491:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
793:"District cooling in Amsterdam's Zuidas"
717:"Immer mehr Städte setzen auf Fernkälte"
689:"Fernkälte - das kalte Herz von München"
566:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
415:
358:École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
318:Singapore started district cooling with
88:(DLWC). It will provide for over 40,000
18:
998:"SIG. Using lake water to heat or cool"
382:
2672:
849:"FlowCon Project | Qatar Pearl, Qatar"
356:Working since 1985, the system of the
230:contains content that is written like
205:Gujarat International Finance Tec-City
2364:Programmable communicating thermostat
1278:
872:
870:
868:
76:, a district energy company based in
2486:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
927:
214:
158:also has a cold network, managed by
1213:"L-DCS in District Cooling Systems"
569:, vol. 104, pp. 504–522,
427:'s Lake Source Cooling System uses
13:
2347:Minimum efficiency reporting value
865:
636:. www.enertherm.fr. Archived from
556:Simone Buffa; et al. (2019),
516:Southampton District Energy Scheme
14:
2696:
2389:Standard temperature and pressure
2102:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1638:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1367:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1256:
1458:Absorption-compression heat pump
1112:
826:. Gulf-times.com. Archived from
456:
411:
219:
2353:Normal temperature and pressure
1733:Vapor-compression refrigeration
1223:
1205:
1181:
1156:
1142:
1125:
1106:
1088:
1070:
1052:
1033:
1015:
990:
970:
946:
921:
900:
841:
816:
785:
767:
753:
739:
709:
510:Seasonal thermal energy storage
443:
62:
1166:. Snowpower.se. Archived from
1119:www.constructionweekonline.com
695:
681:
664:
651:
626:
606:
582:
549:
529:
351:
285:
1:
2501:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2445:Building information modeling
2440:Building services engineering
2017:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1545:Demand controlled ventilation
1493:Building insulation materials
1191:. Munters Corporation. 2002.
1189:The Dehumidification Handbook
522:
338:Housing and Development Board
40:is the cooling equivalent of
2062:High-pressure cut-off switch
1613:Ice storage air conditioning
1534:Dedicated outdoor air system
313:
7:
2405:Thermostatic radiator valve
2207:Thermostatic radiator valve
1718:Underfloor air distribution
1653:Radiant heating and cooling
1571:Energy recovery ventilation
1483:Automobile air conditioning
1347:Domestic energy consumption
928:Auto, Hermes (2020-10-19).
493:
465:
10:
2701:
2554:Institute of Refrigeration
2435:Architectural technologist
1907:Electrostatic precipitator
779:November 18, 2009, at the
576:10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.059
178:
165:
2616:
2607:Volatile organic compound
2582:
2509:
2466:Environmental engineering
2430:Architectural engineering
2413:
2261:
2232:Ultra-low particulate air
1817:Automatic balancing valve
1764:
1745:Variable refrigerant flow
1597:Heat recovery ventilation
1540:Deep water source cooling
1450:
1312:
1150:"Cooling water treatment"
675:February 2, 2008, at the
500:Deep water source cooling
343:
210:
130:
74:Enwave Energy Corporation
67:
26:in a district cooling at
2654:Template:Home automation
2476:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2172:Solar-assisted heat pump
1772:Air conditioner inverter
1551:Displacement ventilation
1442:Vapour pressure of water
1427:Thermal destratification
1064:www.dubaiinvestments.com
293:
198:
172:absorption refrigerators
114:, solved both problems:
2649:World Refrigeration Day
2496:Refrigerant reclamation
2425:Architectural acoustics
2369:Programmable thermostat
2301:Clean air delivery rate
2197:Thermal expansion valve
2112:Pressurisation ductwork
2022:Ground source heat pump
1463:Absorption refrigerator
878:"Cooling & Heating"
86:Deep Lake Water Cooling
28:University of Rochester
2639:Glossary of HVAC terms
2601:Sick building syndrome
2481:Mechanical engineering
2192:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1623:Mixed-mode ventilation
421:
336:, a planning area and
34:
2659:Template:Solar energy
2337:Intelligent buildings
2296:Carbon dioxide sensor
1683:Room air distribution
1503:Central solar heating
1100:english.mubasher.info
657:DUPERRAY, C. (1999).
612:de Paris, C. (2007).
419:
375:, drawing water from
251:neutral point of view
135:The "Cold Network of
53:cold district heating
22:
2461:Duct leakage testing
2451:Deep energy retrofit
2395:Thermographic camera
2332:Infrared thermometer
1807:Air source heat pump
1756:Water heat recycling
1322:Air changes per hour
1231:"Introduction (734)"
934:www.straitstimes.com
383:United Arab Emirates
193:Karlsplatz (Stachus)
183:In Germany, amongst
2327:HVAC control system
2317:Home energy monitor
2291:Building automation
2077:Inverter compressor
1739:Variable air volume
1648:Passive ventilation
1618:Kitchen ventilation
1518:Constant air volume
1488:Autonomous building
1027:www.tradearabia.com
888:on 3 September 2018
727:on 21 February 2020
243:promotional content
32:Rochester, New York
2685:Cooling technology
2590:Indoor air quality
2534:ASTM International
2471:Hydronic balancing
2248:Wood-burning stove
2127:Radiator reflector
1912:Evaporative cooler
1723:Underfloor heating
1708:Thermal insulation
1268:2020-10-30 at the
1102:. 9 December 2020.
1084:. 13 October 2020.
619:2014-09-03 at the
599:2014-09-03 at the
425:Cornell University
422:
245:and inappropriate
127:cooling systems.
35:
2667:
2666:
2583:Health and safety
2162:Scroll compressor
2117:Process duct work
1872:Convection heater
1867:Condensing boiler
1797:Air-mixing plenum
1693:Solar combisystem
1529:Cross ventilation
1332:Building envelope
594:notice Inist-CNRS
362:energy efficiency
279:
278:
271:
2692:
2680:District cooling
2629:Building science
2384:Smart thermostat
2379:Room temperature
1962:Fireplace insert
1668:Radon mitigation
1566:Electric heating
1561:District heating
1556:District cooling
1473:Air conditioning
1299:
1292:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1237:. Archived from
1227:
1221:
1220:
1215:. Archived from
1209:
1203:
1202:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1140:
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1123:
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1110:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1040:Staff Reporter.
1037:
1031:
1030:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1000:. Archived from
994:
988:
987:
985:
984:
974:
968:
967:
965:
964:
950:
944:
943:
941:
940:
925:
919:
918:
916:
914:
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
884:. Archived from
874:
863:
862:
860:
859:
845:
839:
838:
836:
835:
820:
814:
813:
811:
810:
804:
798:. Archived from
797:
789:
783:
771:
765:
764:
757:
751:
750:
743:
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736:
734:
732:
713:
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604:
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579:
578:
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553:
547:
546:
544:
543:
533:
505:District heating
320:One Raffles Quay
300:The Pearl Island
274:
267:
263:
260:
254:
232:an advertisement
223:
222:
215:
78:Toronto, Ontario
42:district heating
38:District cooling
2700:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2624:ASHRAE Handbook
2612:
2596:Passive smoking
2578:
2511:
2505:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2263:
2257:
2238:Whole-house fan
2152:Run-around coil
2147:Reversing valve
2092:Mechanical room
2082:Kerosene heater
2072:Infrared heater
2002:Gasoline heater
1942:Fan filter unit
1857:Condensate pump
1842:Centrifugal fan
1760:
1663:Radiant heating
1658:Radiant cooling
1633:Passive cooling
1628:Microgeneration
1498:Central heating
1446:
1422:Thermal comfort
1314:
1308:
1303:
1270:Wayback Machine
1259:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1242:
1235:www.emsd.gov.hk
1229:
1228:
1224:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1133:"Simple search"
1131:
1130:
1126:
1113:Hope, Gerhard.
1111:
1107:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1038:
1034:
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1020:
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1007:
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982:
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846:
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833:
831:
822:
821:
817:
808:
806:
802:
795:
791:
790:
786:
781:Wayback Machine
772:
768:
759:
758:
754:
745:
744:
740:
730:
728:
715:
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696:
687:
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677:Wayback Machine
669:
665:
656:
652:
643:
641:
632:
631:
627:
621:Wayback Machine
611:
607:
601:Wayback Machine
588:Poeuf P (2007)
587:
583:
560:
554:
550:
541:
539:
535:
534:
530:
525:
496:
468:
459:
446:
414:
385:
364:of the 19
354:
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316:
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288:
275:
264:
258:
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236:
224:
220:
213:
201:
181:
168:
133:
70:
65:
47:There are also
17:
12:
11:
5:
2698:
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2665:
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2661:
2656:
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2598:
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2566:
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2536:
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2526:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2506:
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2503:
2498:
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2468:
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2448:
2442:
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2427:
2421:
2419:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2374:Psychrometrics
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2271:Air flow meter
2267:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Heating system
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2027:Heat exchanger
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1992:Gas compressor
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1927:Expansion tank
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:Ceramic heater
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1688:Solar air heat
1685:
1680:
1678:Renewable heat
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1587:Forced-air gas
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1437:Thermodynamics
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1407:Psychrometrics
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1362:Gas compressor
1359:
1357:Fluid dynamics
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1258:
1257:External links
1255:
1252:
1251:
1222:
1219:on 2012-05-04.
1204:
1197:
1180:
1155:
1141:
1124:
1105:
1087:
1069:
1051:
1032:
1014:
989:
969:
958:FVB Energy Inc
945:
920:
899:
864:
840:
815:
784:
766:
752:
738:
708:
694:
691:. 16 May 2017.
680:
663:
650:
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605:
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548:
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526:
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521:
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413:
410:
384:
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353:
350:
345:
342:
315:
312:
295:
292:
287:
284:
277:
276:
247:external links
227:
225:
218:
212:
209:
200:
197:
185:other projects
180:
177:
167:
164:
132:
129:
72:In sept 2004,
69:
66:
64:
61:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2697:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
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2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:organizations
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Duct cleaning
2454:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
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2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:Control valve
2305:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
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2254:
2251:
2249:
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2239:
2236:
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2230:
2228:
2227:Turning vanes
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Thermal wheel
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Solar chimney
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
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2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
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2110:
2108:
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2100:
2098:
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2083:
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2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Fan coil unit
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:Cooling tower
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
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1840:
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1780:
1778:
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1773:
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1769:
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1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:Vapor barrier
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:Solar heating
1701:
1699:
1698:Solar cooling
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Refrigeration
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Passive house
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1513:Chilled water
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
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1471:
1469:
1466:
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1461:
1459:
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1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:Sensible heat
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1392:Noise control
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:Heat transfer
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
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1335:
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1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1241:on 2021-10-26
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1198:0-9717887-0-7
1194:
1190:
1184:
1170:on 2012-04-02
1169:
1165:
1159:
1151:
1145:
1134:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1046:Khaleej Times
1043:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1004:on 2020-04-22
1003:
999:
993:
979:
973:
959:
955:
949:
935:
931:
924:
909:
903:
887:
883:
879:
873:
871:
869:
854:
850:
844:
830:on 2012-09-24
829:
825:
819:
805:on 2011-10-05
801:
794:
788:
782:
778:
775:
770:
762:
756:
748:
742:
726:
722:
718:
712:
704:
698:
690:
684:
678:
674:
671:
667:
660:
654:
640:on 2015-08-16
639:
635:
629:
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618:
615:
609:
602:
598:
595:
591:
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572:
568:
567:
559:
552:
538:
532:
528:
517:
514:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
487:
483:
480:
477:
476:
475:
472:
463:
457:Dehumidifying
454:
450:
441:
439:
435:
430:
426:
418:
412:United States
409:
407:
401:
397:
395:
390:
380:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
349:
341:
339:
335:
331:
329:
325:
322:, located at
321:
311:
307:
305:
301:
291:
283:
273:
270:
262:
252:
248:
244:
240:
234:
233:
228:This section
226:
217:
216:
208:
206:
196:
194:
190:
186:
176:
173:
163:
161:
157:
153:
151:
146:
142:
138:
128:
126:
122:
117:
113:
108:
105:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
60:
58:
54:
50:
45:
43:
39:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2634:Fireproofing
2418:and services
2414:Professions,
2312:Gas detector
2212:Trickle vent
2187:Smoke damper
2182:Smoke canopy
2177:Space heater
2107:Plenum space
2042:Heating film
1922:Exhaust hood
1892:Dehumidifier
1832:Blast damper
1827:Barrier pipe
1802:Air purifier
1713:Thermosiphon
1592:Free cooling
1555:
1508:Chilled beam
1432:Thermal mass
1417:Stack effect
1402:Particulates
1382:Infiltration
1313:Fundamental
1243:. Retrieved
1239:the original
1234:
1225:
1217:the original
1207:
1188:
1183:
1172:. Retrieved
1168:the original
1158:
1144:
1127:
1118:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1006:. Retrieved
1002:the original
992:
981:. Retrieved
972:
961:. Retrieved
957:
948:
937:. Retrieved
933:
923:
911:. Retrieved
902:
890:. Retrieved
886:the original
881:
856:. Retrieved
852:
843:
832:. Retrieved
828:the original
818:
807:. Retrieved
800:the original
787:
769:
755:
741:
729:. Retrieved
725:the original
720:
711:
697:
683:
666:
658:
653:
642:. Retrieved
638:the original
628:
608:
589:
584:
564:
551:
540:. Retrieved
531:
473:
469:
460:
451:
447:
444:Cold storage
423:
402:
398:
386:
370:
355:
347:
332:
317:
308:
297:
289:
280:
265:
256:
241:by removing
237:Please help
229:
202:
182:
169:
154:
134:
109:
106:
103:
82:Lake Ontario
71:
63:Applications
48:
46:
37:
36:
2644:Warm Spaces
2286:Blower door
2264:and control
2262:Measurement
2243:Windcatcher
2217:Trombe wall
2157:Sail switch
2137:Refrigerant
2132:Recuperator
2007:Grease duct
1967:Freeze stat
1952:Fire damper
1822:Back boiler
1792:Air ionizer
1787:Air handler
1751:Ventilation
1603:Hybrid heat
1468:Air barrier
1387:Latent heat
853:flowcon.com
731:21 February
429:Cayuga Lake
404:(1400
377:Lake Geneva
352:Switzerland
286:Netherlands
51:(so called
2674:Categories
2400:Thermostat
2322:Humidistat
2253:Zone valve
2222:TurboSwing
2097:Oil heater
2067:Humidifier
1997:Gas heater
1947:Fan heater
1917:Evaporator
1902:Economizer
1877:Compressor
1782:Air filter
1765:Components
1582:Forced-air
1478:Antifreeze
1451:Technology
1397:Outgassing
1337:Convection
1245:2021-08-16
1174:2011-09-25
1008:2015-10-26
983:2013-12-23
963:2024-01-16
939:2022-04-20
858:2021-09-29
834:2011-09-25
809:2011-09-25
644:2016-01-04
542:2017-10-26
523:References
324:Marina Bay
239:improve it
150:La DĂ©fense
145:Les Halles
141:Climespace
92:(140
57:waste heat
2510:Industry
2359:OpenTherm
2037:Heat pump
2032:Heat pipe
1982:Fume hood
1957:Fireplace
1862:Condenser
1812:Attic fan
1608:Hydronics
1060:"Emicool"
913:14 August
892:14 August
489:question.
485:services.
436:(50
314:Singapore
2617:See also
2342:LonWorks
2276:Aquastat
2142:Register
2122:Radiator
1777:Air door
1577:Firestop
1377:Humidity
1352:Enthalpy
1342:Dilution
1327:Bake-out
1315:concepts
1266:Archived
882:SP Group
777:Archived
673:Archived
617:Archived
597:Archived
494:See also
466:Benefits
440:) load.
389:district
368:system.
328:SP Group
259:May 2014
24:Chillers
2416:trades,
1987:Furnace
1852:Chiller
1524:Coolant
179:Germany
166:Finland
2569:SMACNA
2529:ASHRAE
2349:(MERV)
2303:(CADR)
2281:BACnet
2234:(ULPA)
2087:Louver
2012:Grille
1887:Damper
1837:Boiler
1735:(VCRS)
1536:(DOAS)
1195:
721:swp.de
623:, 116.
512:(STES)
373:Geneva
344:Sweden
334:Tengah
211:Kuwait
189:Munich
160:Dalkia
131:France
125:Enwave
121:Enwave
116:Enwave
112:Enwave
98:Enwave
68:Canada
2609:(VOC)
2603:(SBS)
2592:(IAQ)
2549:CIBSE
2544:BSRIA
2447:(BIM)
2391:(STP)
2355:(NTP)
1977:Freon
1747:(VRF)
1741:(VAV)
1599:(HRV)
1573:(ERV)
1547:(DCV)
1520:(CAV)
1136:(PDF)
803:(PDF)
796:(PDF)
561:(PDF)
294:Qatar
199:India
137:Paris
2564:LEED
2524:AMCA
2519:AHRI
2052:HEPA
1972:Flue
1897:Duct
1193:ISBN
915:2019
894:2019
733:2020
434:tons
156:Lyon
90:tons
2574:UMC
2559:IIR
2539:BRE
1932:Fan
1082:wam
571:doi
394:UAE
30:in
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563:,
438:MW
406:MW
366:MW
304:MW
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