324:
universities, and were perceived by many to have promoted a more contemporary curriculum based on the practical sciences and modern history. In some of the larger academies French and High Dutch (German) were taught. The tutors and the students of the dissenting academies contributed in fundamental ways to the development of ideas, notably in the fields of theology, philosophy, literature, and science.
266:. The degree of religious toleration in the later half of the seventeenth century varied considerably according to laws passed by Parliament, and also in line with the public mood. Some academies, such as that of John Shuttlewood, operated in remote areas of the countryside, and some tutors were required to leave towns where they had previously performed their ministry, for example under the
223:, including the demanding and lengthy training period required for learning to read Greek and Latin texts. The founders of the King's Head Society resolved to found an academy with a six years' course, where young men, without a general classical education, would receive it during the first two years and could then proceed to the usual classical-theological course.
234:'for the education and training up of young men ... to qualify them for the ministry of the gospel among the Protestant Dissenters', thus continuing the financial support he had given to such students in his lifetime". Sometimes this funding was organised along the lines of subscribers. The Coward Trust from 1743 funded
177:
candidates for the ministry; its successor, the
Presbyterian Fund Board, continued into the middle of the nineteenth century. An education at a dissenting academy was not the only option for the Fund Board, since a candidate could also be sponsored at a Scottish university, or elsewhere. A gap opened
165:
There were several sources of funding. Some of these funds gave their trustees the option of sending young men either to dissenting academies, or to universities abroad. An academy, to attract such students, had to offer a course of instruction approved of by the Board for its purposes. Funding might
153:, and many of whom had English university degrees. After that generation, some tutors did not have those academic credentials to support their reputations, although in many cases other universities, particularly the Scottish institutions that were sympathetic to their Presbyterian views, awarded them
323:
Some academies were more broadminded in their teaching methodology, and in their attitudes towards possible methods of church governance. Indeed, several students at dissenting academies later became
Anglicans. The dissenters themselves argued that their academies had stricter discipline than the
250:
The letter of the law could make the running of a dissenting academy difficult or impossible. In the general framework according to which schools must be licensed by the bishop, and ministers (who made up most of the teaching staff) could be in legal trouble for the activities that held together
371:
goes on to describe its advanced and varied curriculum (religion, classics, history, geography, mathematics, natural science, politics, and modern languages) and a well-equipped laboratory, and even "a bowling green for recreation". Lectures were given in
English, not Latin, and
142:, who may have been involved in the Durham College project. Almost as soon as dissenting academies began to appear, Frankland was backed by those who wished to see an independent university-standard education available in the north of England.
95:. As they were debarred from taking degrees in the only two English universities, many of them attended the dissenting academies. If they could afford it, they completed their education at the universities of
226:
These academies were funded partly by fees for tuition and lodging, as many of them were run in large houses as boarding establishments. They were also funded by philanthropic
Dissenters such as
320:. It was rumoured that Jollie even forbade mathematics "as tending to scepticism and infidelity", although several of his students later became extremely proficient in the mathematics.
380:, a contemporary of Defoe's, described his teacher "as universal in his learning", although he also attacked the academy on uncertain grounds for promoting king-killing doctrines.
282:
did not mention the dissenters' academies, and proceedings continued against dissenting tutors throughout the 1690s. There were also cases of actions against dissenting
490:
Shrewsbury
Academy was started by James Owen in 1702. Owen died 1706 and his place was filled by Samuel Benion. The academy continued until Benion's death in 1708.
938:
112:
215:
was founded by laymen in London who were dissatisfied with the management of the
Congregational Fund Board. (It took its name from the pub behind the
296:, initially a grant to support Irish Presbyterians, became a national subsidy, and subsequently dissenting academies were more generally accepted.
185:
The
Independent or Congregational Fund Board was established in 1695 to assist poor ministers, and to give young men who had already received a
219:
at which they met). The chief point of objection was the Fund
Academies' rule which limited students to those who had already passed through a
634:
The Lancet London: A Journal of
British and Foreign Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics, Physiology, Chemistry, Pharmacology, Public Health and News
463:. It moved many times, and was known as Northampton Academy, Doddridge died in 1751 and the academy continued. and is probably best known as
166:
be central or local, and there could be doctrinal as well as practical reasons why a given academy was sent students with financial support.
1260:
564:
569:
327:
In the nineteenth century the academies' original purpose to provide a higher education was largely superseded by the founding of the
1317:
1189:
400:, so closely associated with other leading dissenting academies, chose to spend the latter third of her life in Newington Green.
363:
1291:
An historical view of the state of the
Protestant dissenters in England, and the progress of free enquiry and religious liberty
367:
judges Morton's "probably the most impressive of the dissenting academies , enrolling as many as fifty pupils at a time". The
1274:
609:
547:, leaving it at the end of July 1689, in consequence of the death of his favourite son, and returning to Rathmell. His pupil
111:, the last, particularly, those who were studying medicine or law. Many students attending Utrecht were supported by the
17:
779:
Dissenting academies in England: their rise and progress, and their place among the educational systems of the country
714:
Dissenting academies in England: their rise and progress, and their place among the educational systems of the country
994:
579:
510:
255:
was in force, and aimed precisely to do that; but the troubles of the academies were mostly before this legislation.
118:
While the religious reasons mattered most, the geography of university education also was a factor. The plans for a
1232:
1208:
883:
861:
839:
804:
761:
739:
696:
798:
377:
555:, on a more restricted principle than Frankland's, apparently excluding mathematics "as tending to scepticism".
259:
1312:
407:
119:
85:
39:
1226:
855:
690:
877:
340:
1296:
A bibliography relating to the education of Unitarian ministers, and especially its history, can be found
1252:, a database sponsored by Dr Williams's Centre for Dissenting Studies and Queen Mary's University London.
833:
755:
423:
403:
733:
525:, a German scholar and naturalist. Forster went with Captain Cook in his second voyage round the world.
331:
and the provincial universities, which were open to dissenters, and by reform of Oxford and Cambridge.
71:
532:
514:
476:
354:
305:
227:
139:
1297:
435:
1149:
901:
English Education Under the Test Acts: Being the History of the Nonconformist Academies, 1662-1820
659:
English Education Under the Test Acts: Being the History of the Nonconformist Academies, 1662-1820
1170:
1128:
1107:
1086:
1065:
1032:
922:
783:
718:
574:
522:
170:
108:
75:
1203:
1322:
397:
275:
239:
216:
212:
179:
150:
987:
980:
797:
599:
632:
174:
104:
251:
their congregations, some academies simply shut down. For a short period (1714 to 1719) the
34:
were schools, colleges and seminaries (often institutions with aspects of all three) run by
328:
92:
74:– a religious test on admission that was comparable to that for joining the Church. At the
67:
47:
968:
Gordon, Lyndall (2005), Vindication: A Life of Mary Wollstonecraft. Virago Press. Page 42.
8:
1164:
1143:
1122:
1101:
1080:
1059:
1026:
916:
777:
712:
552:
393:
271:
192:
An early sign of the division between Presbyterians and Independents was the fate of the
59:
1225:
854:
689:
876:
498:
480:
419:
279:
131:
100:
81:
35:
1281:
The Birth of Modern Education: The Contribution of the Dissenting Academies, 1660–1800
1270:
990:
832:
754:
605:
460:
316:, founders of two of the most celebrated early academies, opposed any departure from
263:
96:
63:
43:
732:
1257:
A Biographical Dictionary of Tutors at the Dissenters' Private Academies, 1660–1729
943:
528:
518:
468:
464:
456:
262:
were quite common in the seventeenth century, for example in the case of the tutor
235:
193:
135:
955:
62:, for about two centuries, it was difficult for any but practising members of the
899:
657:
517:, a young minister in Warrington, established the academy. Among the tutors were
431:
358:
357:(1626–1698), the educator and minister who ended his career as vice-president of
350:
304:
Several early academies became associated with particular theological positions.
252:
154:
123:
66:
to gain degrees from Cambridge and Oxford, the ancient English universities. The
1184:
208:(one of the locations of Frankland's migratory academy) from the 1690s onwards.
1286:
947:
548:
472:
309:
283:
201:
146:
1306:
442:
438:
287:
267:
197:
677:
The English Presbyterians from Elizabethan Puritanism to Modern Unitarianism
189:, the theological and other training preparatory to the Christian ministry.
373:
292:
479:
who died 1738. The college was one of three that amalgamated in 1850 into
1267:
Black Bartholomew's Day: Preaching, Polemic and Restoration Nonconformity
597:
536:
484:
381:
313:
205:
88:
376:, one of Morton's students, praised its attention to the mother tongue.
502:
427:
231:
1249:
196:
after the death of Frankland in 1698: it migrated to Manchester under
544:
540:
459:
was chosen in 1723 to conduct the academy being newly established at
317:
448:
Sheriffhales Academy, Shropshire (1663–1697) under John Woodhouse.
220:
186:
127:
353:, in those days a village north of London, had several academies.
392:, opened his dissenting academy there in 1750. (His widow helped
1223:
The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource:
434:
and those who became significant establishment figures such as
1047:
The Tewkesbury Academy with sketches of its tutor and students
671:
669:
149:, who had left the Church of England after the passing of the
242:, but was distinct from the ordinary Congregational funding.
169:
The Common Fund Board, founded in 1689, gave scholarships to
91:
who could not in good conscience subscribe (i.e. conform) to
178:
up between the Presbyterians and Congregationalists, as the
666:
506:
471:
attended. The academy ended up in London under the name of
78:
a statutory test was required to take a bachelor's degree.
675:
C. G. Bolam, Jeremy Goring, H.L. Short and Roger Thomas;
126:
provided an attempt to break the educational monopoly of
1204:"Frankland, Richard (1630–1698), nonconformist tutor"
1259:; Dr Williams's Centre for Dissenting Studies, 2013
598:
Michael George Brock; Mark Charles Curthoys (1997).
27:
Nonconformist school or college in England and Wales
979:
487:was educated at this college in its earlier days.
145:Tutors in the academies were initially drawn from
50:from the mid-seventeenth to nineteenth centuries.
1304:
475:, as it was largely supported by the bequest of
182:started to be called, for reasons of doctrine.
531:, which had half a dozen homes, was set up by
942:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1236:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
1009:
887:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
865:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
843:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
808:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
765:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
743:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
700:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
570:List of dissenting academies (19th century)
551:, independent minister at Sheffield, began
982:Vindication: A Life of Mary Wollstonecraft
299:
897:
679:; London, George Allen & Unwin, 1968.
655:
604:. Oxford University Press. p. 220.
565:List of dissenting academies (1660–1800)
410:, then another village north of London.
1190:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1169:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1148:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1127:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1085:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1064:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1031:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
939:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
921:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
782:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
406:started life as the dissenting academy
364:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
14:
1305:
1201:
1162:
1141:
1120:
1106:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1099:
1078:
1057:
1024:
977:
914:
775:
717:. Cambridge University Press. p.
710:
396:establish her school in the village.)
286:, for example the proceedings against
70:, in particular, required – until the
1269:; Manchester University Press, 2007;
1135:
1093:
1018:
820:A Topographical Dictionary of England
1156:
1114:
1072:
1051:
908:
822:(1831), under the entry for Highbury
769:
704:
93:the beliefs of the Church of England
46:. They formed a significant part of
1195:
1003:
493:
334:
24:
1243:
361:, ran an influential academy; the
230:(1647–1738), whose "will set up a
25:
1334:
1283:; London, Independent Press, 1954
580:Congregational Board of Education
511:Harris Manchester College, Oxford
245:
130:, and while it failed because of
1233:Dictionary of National Biography
1209:Dictionary of National Biography
884:Dictionary of National Biography
862:Dictionary of National Biography
840:Dictionary of National Biography
805:Dictionary of National Biography
799:"Coward, William (d.1738)"
762:Dictionary of National Biography
740:Dictionary of National Biography
697:Dictionary of National Biography
1318:History of education in England
1177:
1166:Dissenting academies in England
1145:Dissenting academies in England
1124:Dissenting academies in England
1103:Dissenting academies in England
1082:Dissenting academies in England
1061:Dissenting academies in England
1039:
1028:Dissenting academies in England
1014:. Trustees of Homerton College.
971:
962:
929:
918:Dissenting academies in England
891:
869:
847:
825:
812:
790:
413:
904:. Manchester University Press.
747:
725:
682:
662:. Manchester University Press.
649:
625:
591:
345:
204:, an Independent, operated at
200:, while another academy under
13:
1:
585:
535:in 1670. The school moved to
408:Independent College, Homerton
147:the ejected ministers of 1662
53:
1012:Homerton College 1695 - 1978
956:UK public library membership
637:. Elsevier. 1853. p. 59
341:List of dissenting academies
132:the political change in 1660
7:
1250:Dissenting Academies Online
898:McLachlan, Herbert (1931).
656:McLachlan, Herbert (1931).
558:
451:
426:, had as its students both
404:Homerton College, Cambridge
386:The Dignity of Human Nature
238:and a London academy under
38:, that is, Protestants who
10:
1339:
1227:"Frankland, Richard"
1202:Gordon, Alexander (1889).
856:"Robinson, Benjamin"
691:"Frankland, Richard"
338:
290:in the 1710s. In 1723 the
160:
72:Oxford University Act 1854
1293:; Bath & London, 1814
986:. Virago Press. pp.
878:"Shuttlewood, John"
601:Nineteenth-century Oxford
978:Gordon, Lyndall (2005).
436:Archbishop of Canterbury
308:of Rathmell Academy and
1213:. Smith, Elder & Co
834:"Jennings, David"
756:"Jollie, Timothy"
575:List of Friends schools
523:Johann Reinhold Forster
378:Samuel Wesley the elder
300:Nature of the academies
76:University of Cambridge
1163:Parker, Irene (1914).
1142:Parker, Irene (1914).
1121:Parker, Irene (1914).
1100:Parker, Irene (1914).
1079:Parker, Irene (1914).
1058:Parker, Irene (1914).
1025:Parker, Irene (1914).
948:10.1093/ref:odnb/19360
915:Parker, Irene (1914).
776:Parker, Irene (1914).
734:"Chorlton, John"
711:Parker, Irene (1914).
398:Anna Laetitia Barbauld
390:Thoughts on Education
339:Further information:
260:ecclesiastical courts
84:in this context were
1313:Dissenting academies
1279:J. W. Ashley Smith;
1010:T. H. Simms (1979).
501:led eventually, via
329:University of London
68:University of Oxford
48:education in England
32:dissenting academies
936:"Morton, Charles".
553:Attercliffe Academy
394:Mary Wollstonecraft
274:under the reign of
272:Toleration Act 1688
213:King's Head Society
187:classical education
155:honorary doctorates
60:Uniformity Act 1662
1265:David J. Appleby;
499:Warrington Academy
481:New College London
420:Tewkesbury Academy
318:Calvinist theology
221:classical training
82:English Dissenters
36:English Dissenters
18:Dissenting academy
1275:978-0-7190-7561-2
954:(Subscription or
611:978-0-19-951016-0
533:Richard Frankland
461:Market Harborough
306:Richard Frankland
264:Benjamin Robinson
140:Richard Frankland
134:, the founder of
113:Presbyterian Fund
64:Church of England
44:Church of England
16:(Redirected from
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521:(1761–1767) and
519:Joseph Priestley
494:North of England
469:Joseph Priestley
465:Daventry Academy
457:Philip Doddridge
335:Notable examples
236:Daventry Academy
194:Rathmell Academy
136:Rathmell Academy
21:
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359:Harvard College
351:Newington Green
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284:grammar schools
258:Proceedings in
253:Schism Act 1714
248:
163:
124:Oliver Cromwell
56:
40:did not conform
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1287:Joshua Toulmin
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539:, a suburb of
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477:William Coward
473:Coward College
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355:Charles Morton
347:
344:
336:
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310:Timothy Jollie
301:
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247:
246:Legal position
244:
240:David Jennings
228:William Coward
217:Royal Exchange
202:Timothy Jollie
175:Congregational
162:
159:
151:Uniformity Act
120:Durham College
55:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1324:
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1255:Mark Burden,
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