105:, rather than existing market-leading companies. The business environment of market leaders does not allow them to pursue disruptive innovations when they first arise, because they are not profitable enough at first and because their development can take scarce resources away from sustaining innovations (which are needed to compete against current competition). Small teams are more likely to create disruptive innovations than large teams. A disruptive process can take longer to develop than by the conventional approach and the risk associated to it is higher than the other more incremental, architectural or evolutionary forms of innovations, but once it is deployed in the market, it achieves a much faster penetration and higher degree of impact on the established markets.
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powerful computers "on every desk" (one person, one computer). This short transitional period was necessary for getting used to the new computing environment, but was inadequate from the vantage point of producing knowledge. Adequate knowledge creation and management come mainly from networking and distributed computing (one person, many computers). Each person's computer must form an access point to the entire computing landscape or ecology through the
Internet of other computers, databases, and mainframes, as well as production, distribution, and retailing facilities, and the like. For the first time, technology empowers individuals rather than external hierarchies. It transfers influence and power where it optimally belongs: at the
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segment, it seeks to improve its profit margin. To get higher profit margins, the disruptor needs to enter the segment where the customer is willing to pay a little more for higher quality. To ensure this quality in its product, the disruptor needs to innovate. The incumbent will not do much to retain its share in a not-so-profitable segment, and will move up-market and focus on its more attractive customers. After a number of such encounters, the incumbent is squeezed into smaller markets than it was previously serving. And then, finally, the disruptive technology meets the demands of the most profitable segment and drives the established company out of the market.
447:(TSNs), which are thus forced to coevolve with it. New versions of the core are designed and fitted into an increasingly appropriate TSN, with smaller and smaller high-technology effects. High technology becomes regular technology, with more efficient versions fitting the same support net. Finally, even the efficiency gains diminish, emphasis shifts to product tertiary attributes (appearance, style), and technology becomes TSN-preserving appropriate technology. This technological equilibrium state becomes established and fixated, resisting being interrupted by a technological mutation; then new high technology appears and the cycle is repeated.
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just to stay still, and any break from the effort (such as complacency born of profitability) causes a rapid downhill slide. Christensen and colleagues have shown that this simplistic hypothesis is wrong; it doesn't model reality. What they have shown is that good firms are usually aware of the innovations, but their business environment does not allow them to pursue them when they first arise, because they are not profitable enough at first and because their development can take scarce resources away from that of sustaining innovations (which are needed to compete against current competition). In
Christensen's terms, a firm's existing
382:"New market disruption" occurs when a product fits a new or emerging market segment that is not being served by existing incumbents in the industry. Some scholars note that the creation of a new market is a defining feature of disruptive innovation, particularly in the way it tend to improve products or services differently in comparison to normal market drivers. It initially caters to a niche market and proceeds on defining the industry over time once it is able to penetrate the market or induce consumers to defect from the existing market into the new market it created.
1338:. Quality and resolution are no longer major issues in the 2010s and shutter lag issues have been largely resolved. The convenience of small memory cards and portable hard drives that hold hundreds or thousands of pictures, as well as the lack of the need to develop these pictures, also helped make digital cameras the market leader. Digital cameras have a high power consumption (but several lightweight battery packs can provide enough power for thousands of pictures).
370:"Low-end disruption" occurs when the rate at which products improve exceeds the rate at which customers can adopt the new performance. Therefore, at some point the performance of the product overshoots the needs of certain customer segments. At this point, a disruptive technology may enter the market and provide a product that has lower performance than the incumbent but that exceeds the requirements of certain segments, thereby gaining a foothold in the market.
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2328:. Schumpeter (1949) in one of his examples used "the railroadization of the Middle West as it was initiated by the Illinois Central". He wrote, "The Illinois Central not only meant very good business whilst it was built and whilst new cities were built around it and land was cultivated, but it spelled the death sentence for the agriculture of the West."Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave"
758:'s telephone patents for $ 100,000, their highest-profit market was long-distance telegraphy. Telephones were only useful at that time for very local calls. Short-distance telegraphy barely existed as a market segment, which explains Western Union's decision to not enter the emerging telephone market. Telephones quickly displaced telegraphs by offering much greater communication capacity.
33:
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information systems are still designed to improve the traditional hierarchy of command and thus preserve and entrench the existing TSN. The administrative model of management, for instance, further aggravates the division of task and labor, further specializes knowledge, separates management from workers, and concentrates information and knowledge in centers.
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technology tends to get ignored in favor of what’s currently popular with the best customers. But then another company steps in to bring the innovation to a new market. Once the disruptive technology becomes established there, smaller-scale innovation rapidly raise the technology’s performance on attributes that mainstream customers’ value.
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understanding of its unfolding and advance its manageability. Keeping in view the multidimensional nature of disruptive innovation a measurement framework has been developed by Guo to enable a systemic assessment of disruptive potential of innovations, providing insights for the decisions in product/service launch and resource allocation.
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or return on investment. Only within an unchanging and relatively stable TSN would such direct financial comparability be meaningful. For example, you can directly compare a manual typewriter with an electric typewriter, but not a typewriter with a word processor. Therein lies the management challenge of high technology.
183:, which he cowrote with Joseph Bower. The article is aimed at both management executives who make the funding or purchasing decisions in companies, as well as the research community, which is largely responsible for introducing the disruptive vector to the consumer market. He describes the term further in his book
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542:. High technology therefore transforms the qualitative nature of the TSN's tasks and their relations, as well as their requisite physical, energy, and information flows. It also affects the skills required, the roles played, and the styles of management and coordination—the organizational culture itself.
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also require less power (single phase 110 V AC and a few amps for high-performance CMOS, direct current 5V or 3.3V and two or three amps for low-power CMOS, vs. 240 V single- or three-phase at 20-50 A for film cameras). Continuing advances have overtaken 35 mm film and are challenging 70 mm
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and other early plastics had very limited use - their main advantages were electric insulation and low cost. New forms of plastic had advantages such as transparency, elasticity and combustibility. In the early 21st century, plastics can be used for many household items previously made of metal, wood
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CRT sets were very heavy, and the size and weight of the tube limited the maximum screen size to about 38 inches; in contrast, LCD and other flat-panel TVs are available in 40", 50", 60" and even bigger sizes, all of which weigh much less than a CRT set. CRT technologies did improve in the late 1990s
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In almost every market where high speed rail with journey times of two hours or less was introduced in competition with an air service, the air service was either greatly reduced within a few years or ceased entirely. Even in markets with longer rail travel times, airlines have reduced the number of
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As knowledge surpasses capital, labor, and raw materials as the dominant economic resource, technologies are also starting to reflect this shift. Technologies are rapidly shifting from centralized hierarchies to distributed networks. Nowadays knowledge does not reside in a super-mind, super-book, or
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Social media could be considered a disruptive innovation within sports. More specifically, the way that news in sports circulates nowadays versus the pre-internet era where sports news was mainly on TV, radio and newspapers. Social media has created a new market for sports that was not around before
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When the technology that has the potential for revolutionizing an industry emerges, established companies typically see it as unattractive: it’s not something their mainstream customers want, and its projected profit margins aren’t sufficient to cover big-company cost structure. As a result, the new
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In the late 1990s, the automotive sector began to embrace a perspective of "constructive disruptive technology" by working with the consultant David E. O'Ryan, whereby the use of current off-the-shelf technology was integrated with newer innovation to create what he called "an unfair advantage". The
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Early desktop-publishing systems could not match high-end professional systems in either features or quality, but their impact was felt immediately as they lowered the cost of entry to the publishing business. By the mid-1990s, DTP had largely replaced traditional tools in most prepress operations.
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s price of over $ 1000, its physical size of dozens of hard-bound volumes, its weight of over 100 pounds (45 kg), its number of articles (about 120,000) and its update cycles lasting a year or longer made it unable to compete with
Knowledge, which provides free, online access to over 6 million
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illustrates how knowledge contributes to the ongoing technology innovation. The original centralized concept (one computer, many persons) is a knowledge-defying idea of the prehistory of computing, and its inadequacies and failures have become clearly apparent. The era of personal computing brought
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A proactive approach to addressing the challenge posed by disruptive innovations has been debated by scholars. Petzold criticized the lack of acknowledgment of underlying process of the change to study the disruptive innovation over time from a process view and complexify the concept to support the
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The effects of high technology always breaks the direct comparability by changing the system itself, therefore requiring new measures and new assessments of its productivity. High technology cannot be compared and evaluated with the existing technology purely on the basis of cost, net present value
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is that the business should originate on a) low-end or b) new-market footholds. Instead, Uber was launched in San
Francisco, a large urban city with an established taxi service and did not target low-end customers or created a new market (from the consumer perspective). In contrast, UberSELECT, an
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This kind of technology core is different from regular technology core, which preserves the qualitative nature of flows and the structure of the support and only allows users to perform the same tasks in the same way, but faster, more reliably, in larger quantities, or more efficiently. It is also
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place insufficient value on the disruptive innovation to allow its pursuit by that firm. Meanwhile, start-up firms inhabit different value networks, at least until the day that their disruptive innovation is able to invade the older value network. At that time, the established firm in that network
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The 8 inch drives were not affordable for new desktop machines. The simple 5.25 inch drive, assembled from technologically inferior "off-the-shelf" components, was an "innovation" only in the sense that it was new. However, as this market grew and the drives improved, the companies that
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examines how technology shapes the relative demand for certain skills in labor markets and expands the reach of firms - robotics and digital technologies, for example, enable firms to automate, replacing labor with machines to become more efficient, and innovate, expanding the number of tasks and
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called the "technology mudslide hypothesis". This is the simplistic idea that an established firm fails because it doesn't "keep up technologically" with other firms. In this hypothesis, firms are like climbers scrambling upward on crumbling footing, where it takes constant upward-climbing effort
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Implementing high technology is often resisted. This resistance is well understood on the part of active participants in the requisite TSN. The electric car will be resisted by gas-station operators in the same way automated teller machines (ATMs) were resisted by bank tellers and automobiles by
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The technological changes that damage established companies are usually not radically new or difficult from a technological point of view. They do, however, have two important characteristics: First, they typically present a different package of performance attributes—ones that, at least at the
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Generally, disruptive innovations were technologically straightforward, consisting of off-the-shelf components put together in a product architecture that was often simpler than prior approaches. They offered less of what customers in established markets wanted and so could rarely be initially
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Not all modern technologies are high technologies, only those used and functioning as such, and embedded in their requisite TSNs. They have to empower the individual because only through the individual can they empower knowledge. Not all information technologies have integrative effects. Some
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In low-end disruption, the disruptor is focused initially on serving the least profitable customer, who is happy with a good enough product. This type of customer is not willing to pay premium for enhancements in product functionality. Once the disruptor has gained a foothold in this customer
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In keeping with the insight that a persuasive advertising campaign can be just as effective as technological sophistication at bringing a successful product to market, Christensen's theory explains why many disruptive innovations are not advanced or useful technologies, rather combinations of
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of high technology. For example, introducing electric cars disrupts the support network for gasoline cars (network of gas and service stations). Such disruption is fully expected and therefore effectively resisted by support net owners. In the long run, high (disruptive) technology bypasses,
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While
Christensen argued that disruptive innovations can hurt successful, well-managed companies, O'Ryan countered that "constructive" integration of existing, new, and forward-thinking innovation could improve the economic benefits of these same well-managed companies, once decision-making
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that identifies the crucial idea that potentiates profound market success and subsequently serves as the disruptive vector. Comprehending
Christensen's business model, which takes the disruptive vector from the idea borne from the mind of the innovator to a marketable product, is central to
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The floppy disk drive market has had unusually large changes in market share over the past fifty years. According to
Clayton M. Christensen's research, the cause of this instability was a repeating pattern of disruptive innovations. For example, in 1981, the old 8 inch drives (used in
338:. He argued that disruptive innovations can hurt successful, well-managed companies that are responsive to their customers and have excellent research and development. These companies tend to ignore the markets most susceptible to disruptive innovations, because the markets have very tight
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Christensen continues to develop and refine the theory and has accepted that not all examples of disruptive innovation perfectly fit into his theory. For example, he conceded that originating in the low end of the market is not always a cause of disruptive innovation, but rather it fosters
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Christensen distinguishes between "low-end disruption", which targets customers who do not need the full performance valued by customers at the high end of the market, and "new-market disruption", which targets customers who have needs that were previously unserved by existing incumbents.
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explored the case of the disk drive industry (the disk drive and memory industry, with its rapid technological evolution, is to the study of technology what fruit flies are to the study of genetics, as
Christensen was told in the 1990s) and the excavating and Earth-moving industry (where
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aircraft has so far been the only supersonic airliner in extensive commercial traffic. It catered to a small customer segment, which could later afford small private sub-sonic jets. The loss of speed was compensated by flexibility and a more direct routing (i.e. no need to go through a
232:
According to
Christensen, "the term 'disruptive innovation' is misleading when it is used to refer to the derivative, or 'instantaneous value', of the market behavior of the product or service, rather than the integral, or 'sum over histories', of the product's market behavior."
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process or technology change as a whole had to be "constructive" in improving the current method of manufacturing, yet disruptively impact the whole of the business case model, resulting in a significant reduction of waste, energy, materials, labor, or legacy costs to the user.
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different from appropriate technology core, which preserves the TSN itself with the purpose of technology implementation and allows users to do the same thing in the same way at comparable levels of efficiency, instead of improving the efficiency of performance.
406:). Lepore questions whether the theory has been oversold and misapplied, as if it were able to explain everything in every sphere of life, including not just business but education and public institutions. W.Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne, the authors of
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were less sensitive, had lower resolution, and cameras based on them had less duration (record time). The advantage of rapid setup time, editing in the camera, and nearly-instantaneous review quickly eliminated 16 mm high speed film systems.
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For example, the automobile was high technology with respect to the horse carriage. It evolved into technology and finally into appropriate technology with a stable, unchanging TSN. The main high-technology advance in the offing is some form of
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option that provides luxurious cars such as limousine at a discounted price, is an example of disruption innovation because it originates from low-end customers segment - customers who would not have entered the traditional luxurious market.
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The first steamships were deployed on inland waters where sailing ships were less effective, instead of on the higher profit margin seagoing routes. Hence steamships originally only competed in traditional shipping lines' "worst" markets.
494:—whether the energy source is the sun, hydrogen, water, air pressure, or traditional charging outlet. Electric cars preceded the gasoline automobile by many decades and are now returning to replace the traditional gasoline automobile. The
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because BPR represents a direct assault on the support net (coordinative hierarchy) they thrive on. Teamwork and multi-functionality is resisted by those whose TSN provides the comfort of narrow specialization and command-driven
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software can run on many
Internet-enabled devices. Since licensing deals between film studios and streaming providers have become standard, this has obviated the need for people to seek rentals at physically separate locations.
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Minicomputers were originally presented as an inexpensive alternative to mainframes and mainframe manufacturers did not consider them a serious threat in their market. Eventually, the market for minicomputers (led by Seymor
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areas, where they often replaced streetcars and industrial tracks. As highways expanded, medium- and later long-distance transports were relocated to road traffic, and some railways closed down. As rail traffic has a lower
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Smartphones were both a revolutionary (in the mobile phone industry) and disruptive innovation (displacing PDAs) as they were: generally more capable than earlier types of mobile phones, introduced and popularized entirely
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of the useful knowledge. Even though hierarchies and bureaucracies do not innovate, free and empowered individuals do; knowledge, innovation, spontaneity, and self-reliance are becoming increasingly valued and promoted.
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The introduction of rail transport completely destroyed horse-drawn transport especially for long distances and also freight transport by canal was nearly wiped out. Rail transport led to the introduction of the
703:
Traditional, for-profit general encyclopedias with articles written by paid experts have been displaced by Knowledge, an online encyclopedia which is written and edited by volunteer editors. Former market leader
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Hydraulic excavators were clearly innovative at the time of introduction but they gained widespread use only decades after. Cable-operated excavators are still used in some cases, mainly for large excavations.
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outset, are not valued by existing customers. Second, the performance attributes that existing customers do value improve at such a rapid rate that the new technology can later invade those established markets.
4784:. Note that Dvorák's definition of disruptive technology describes the low cost disruption model, above. He reveals the overuse of the term and shows how many disruptive technologies are not truly disruptive.
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understanding how novel technology facilitates the rapid destruction of established technologies and markets by the disruptor. Christensen and Mark W. Johnson, who cofounded the management consulting firm
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or enters at the bottom of an existing market and eventually displaces established market-leading firms, products, and alliances. The term, "disruptive innovation" was popularized by the American academic
1352:, one of the largest camera companies for decades, to declare bankruptcy in 2012. Despite inventing one of the first digital cameras in 1975, Kodak remained invested in traditional film until much later.
4745:
Weeks, Michael (2015). "Is disruption theory wearing new clothes or just naked? Analyzing recent critiques of disruptive innovation theory" Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice 17:4, 417–428.
1042:(LCDs) were monochromatic and had low resolution. They were used in watches and other handheld devices, but during the early 2000s these (and other planar technologies) largely replaced the dominant
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integration into cars and mobile phones rendered the need for a separate car phone moot. A similar situation occurred once mobile phones gained the ability to play and store a significant number of
325:. He explained that the latter's goal is to improve existing product performance. On the other hand, he defines a disruptive innovation as a product or service designed for a new set of customers.
1552:) was the fastest and most cost-efficient means of land transportation for goods and passengers in industrialized countries. The first cars, buses and trucks were used for local transportation in
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and also opened up new markets for wider fresh produce and perishable goods distribution. In communications, newspapers and postal services were able to offer daily services over long-distances.
112:, including economic and business-related aspects. Through identifying and analyzing systems for possible points of intervention, one can then design changes focused on disruptive interventions.
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and acoustic pianos. In the 2010s, synthesizers are significantly cheaper than electric pianos and acoustic pianos, all while offering a much greater range of sound effects and musical sounds.
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The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the dominant semiconductor device up until the 1960s. In the 1970s, the MOSFET eventually replaced the BJT as the dominant semiconductor technology.
288:"Uber helped me realize that it isn’t that being at the bottom of the market is the causal mechanism, but that it’s correlated with a business model that is unattractive to its competitor".
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Roy, Raja (2014). "Exploring the Boundary Conditions of Disruption: Large Firms and New Product Introduction With a Potentially Disruptive Technology in the Industrial Robotics Industry".
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Christensen also noted that products considered as disruptive innovations tend to skip stages in the traditional product design and development process to quickly gain market traction and
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and are too small to provide a good growth rate to an established (sizable) firm. Thus, disruptive technology provides an example of an instance when the common business-world advice to "
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market or enters at the bottom of an existing market by providing a different set of values, which ultimately (and unexpectedly) overtakes incumbents (e.g., the lower-priced, affordable
659:
Uber is not an example of disruption because it did not originate in a low-end or new market footholds. One of the conditions for the business to be considered disruptive according to
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Technology, being a form of social relationship, always evolves. No technology remains fixed. Technology starts, develops, persists, mutates, stagnates, and declines, just like living
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points out that some companies identified by the theory as victims of disruption a decade or more ago, rather than being defunct, remain dominant in their industries today (including
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Questioning the concept of a disruptive technology, Haxell (2012) questions how such technologies get named and framed, pointing out that this is a positioned and retrospective act.
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3349:"A revised perspective on Disruptive Innovation – Exploring Value, Networks and Business models (Theisis submitted to Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden)"
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The extrapolation of the theory to all aspects of life has been challenged, as has the methodology of relying on selected case studies as the principal form of evidence.
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play an important role in long term sustainability of any firm and thus have been studied to have a proactive role in exploitation of the disruptive innovation process.
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article "Reinventing Your Business Model". The concept of disruptive technology continues a long tradition of identifying radical technological change in the study of
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horsewhip makers. Technology does not qualitatively restructure the TSN and therefore will not be resisted and never has been resisted. Middle management resists
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Roy, Raja; Cohen, S.K. (2015). "Disruption in the US machine tool industry: The role of inhouse users and pre-disruption component experience in firm response".
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with advances like true-flat panels and digital controls; these updates were not enough to prevent CRTs from being displaced by flat-panel LCD displays.
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The typewriter has been replaced with word processing software that has a wealth of functionality to stylize, copy and facilitate document production.
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was a development that changed the way that information was stored, transmitted, and replicated. This allowed empowered authors but it also promoted
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in the late 19th century were not a disruptive innovation, because early automobiles were expensive luxury items that did not disrupt the market for
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1593:. For medium-distance trips, like between Beijing & Shanghai, the high speed rail and airlines often end up in extremely stiff competition.
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and increased computing power to connect to and use the internet to a greater extent than that of a typical PDA (which were usually reliant on
428:
described high technology as disruptive technology and raised the question of what is being disrupted. The answer, according to Zeleny, is the
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employed there. They offered a different package of attributes valued only in emerging markets remote from, and unimportant to, the mainstream.
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Weeks, Michael (2015), "Is disruption theory wearing new clothes or just naked? Analyzing recent critiques of disruptive innovation theory.",
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Bower, Joseph L. & Christensen, Clayton M. (1995). The concept of new technologies leading to wholesale economic change is an older idea;
443:. The evolutionary life cycle occurs in the use and development of any technology. A new high-technology core emerges and challenges existing
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automobile was a disruptive innovation, because it changed the transportation market, whereas the first thirty years of automobiles did not.
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used to dominate the European market for calculators, but did not adapt digital technology, and failed to compete with digital competitors.
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cost, but a higher investment and operating cost than road traffic, rail is still preferred for large-scale bulk cargo (such as minerals).
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Christensen, Clayton M., Baumann, Heiner, Ruggles, Rudy, & Sadtler, Thomas M. (2006). "Disruptive Innovation for Social Change"
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3230:"The pursuit of disruptive innovations by middle managers: effects of the firm's customer orientation and mastery achievement goals"
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Daub, Adrian. "WHAT TECH CALLS THINKING. An Inquiry Into the Intellectual Bedrock of Silicon Valley", 2020, also in: The Guardian,
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explained the process of how disruptive technology, through its requisite support net, dramatically transforms a certain industry.
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Durantin, Arnaud; Fanmuy, Gauthier; Miet, Ségolène; Pegon, Valérie (January 1, 2017). "Disruptive Innovation in Complex Systems".
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The current theoretical understanding of disruptive innovation is different from what might be expected by default, an idea that
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A LED is significantly smaller and less power-consuming than a light bulb. The first optical LEDs were weak, and only useful as
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729:, unlimited size and instant updates are some of the challenges faced by for-profit competition in the encyclopedia market.
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because he recognized that most technologies are not intrinsically disruptive or sustaining in character; rather, it is the
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Danneels, Erwin (2006). "From the Guest Editor: Dialogue on The Effects of Disruptive Technology on Firms and Industries".
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2852:
793:
3995:"Smart City Tech to Drive Over 5% Incremental GDP, Trillions in Economic Growth Over the Next Decade Reports ABI Research"
3007:
Masaaki, Kotabe; Scott Swan (January 2007). "The role of strategic alliances in high-technology new product development".
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This low end disruption eventually undermined the sales of physical, high-cost recordings such as records, tapes and CDs.
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3529:"13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History"
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1417:, have improved in speed and quality, they have become increasingly useful for creating documents in limited issues.
1308:, a dominant company in this market, was cited as a significant threat to video stores when it first expanded beyond
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4788:"The Disruptive Potential of Game Technologies: Lessons Learned from its Impact on the Military Simulation Industry"
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By using mostly locally available scrap and power sources these mills can be cost effective even though not large.
4275:"Evotec and Sanofi in exclusive talks to create an Evotec-led Infectious Disease open innovation R&D platform"
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Marketplace Lending, Financial Analysis, and the Future of Credit: Integration, Profitability, and Risk Management
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3698:"Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study"
2311:, p. xviii. Christensen describes as "revolutionary" innovations as "discontinuous" "sustaining innovations"
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Acaroglu, L. (2014). Making change: Explorations into enacting a disruptive pro-sustainability design practice. .
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Knowledge not only disrupted printed paper encyclopedias; it also disrupted digital encyclopedias. Microsoft's
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proposes an end using the term, and similar related terms, suggesting that, as of 2014, it is overused jargon.
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manufactured them eventually triumphed while many of the existing manufacturers of 8 inch drives fell behind.
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is a technology core that changes the very architecture (structure and organization) of the components of the
73:'s book "Innovation: The Attacker's Advantage" and in the paper Strategic Responses to Technological Threats.
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1975:
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2668:. Published online June 17, 2014 under the headline 'What the Theory of “Disruptive Innovation” Gets Wrong'.
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in 2000 trying to sell their company. Blockbuster declined and ultimately ceased operation ten years later.
1270:, leaving consumers with no means to purchase individual songs. This market was initially filled by illegal
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Sadiq, Fawad; Hussain, Tasweer; Naseem, Afshan; Mirza, Muhammad Zeeshan; Syed, Ahsan Ali (March 10, 2021).
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Zeleny, Milan (September 2009). "Technology and High Technology: Support Net and Barriers to Innovation".
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super-database, but in a complex relational pattern of networks brought forth to coordinate human action.
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1955:
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1098:, leading to transistors replacing vacuum tubes as the dominant electronic technology by the late 1950s.
346:" (or "stay close to the customer", or "listen to the customer") can be strategically counterproductive.
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Zeleny, Milan (January 2009). "Technology and High Technology: Support Net and Barriers to Innovation".
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Zeleny, Milan (2012). "High Technology and Barriers to Innovation: From Globalization to Localization".
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by economists, and its implementation and execution by its management at a corporate or policy level.
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An innovation that improves a product in an existing market in ways that customers are expecting (e.g.,
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Mountain, Darryl R (2006). "Disrupting conventional law firm business models using document assembly".
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2010:
1589:(where no direct flights are available as of 2016) or the Paris–London connection after the opening of
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185:
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Christensen, Clayton M. & Overdorf, Michael. (2000). "Meeting the Challenge of Disruptive Change"
3697:
3355:
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706:
296:
cited the theory for the idea that "the next big thing always starts out being dismissed as a 'toy'."
5819:
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5542:
5457:
5447:
5442:
1755:
1271:
150:
An innovation that is unexpected, but nevertheless does not affect existing markets (e.g., the first
4556:
3584:
Appetite for self-destruction : the spectacular crash of the record industry in the digital age
3048:
2093:
1565:
provides a bound on the efficiency of car use, so rail is still used for urban passenger transport.
198:
slowly, yet eventually, displaced cable-actuated machinery). In his sequel with Michael E. Raynor,
5452:
5355:
5002:
4949:
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1888:
906:
that were exclusive to smartphones, had a secondary function as a PDA, and could leverage existing
468:
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5300:
5251:
4787:
3533:
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3502:
3146:
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2031:
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604:
257:
Disruption is a process, not a product or service, that occurs from the nascent to the mainstream
221:
45:
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3428:
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New firms don't catch on with mainstream customers until quality catches up with their standards
84:. The market for transportation essentially remained intact until the debut of the lower-priced
5794:
5789:
5762:
5482:
5467:
5427:
5199:
5022:
4551:
4439:
3841:"The Biggest Opportunity of our Generation: Asteroid Mining could be a $ 100 Trillion Industry"
3043:
1648:
1358:
1039:
1028:
660:
539:
451:
444:
305:
3892:"Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy"
3424:
725:
but was discontinued in 2009. Knowledge's free access, online accessibility on computers and
5691:
5579:
5547:
5522:
5407:
5256:
5234:
5224:
5209:
5149:
5136:
5109:
4974:
4939:
4896:
3463:
3034:
Zeleny, Milan (2006). "Knowledge-information autopoietic cycle: towards the wisdom systems".
2240:
Assink, Marnix (2006). "Inhibitors of disruptive innovation capability: a conceptual model".
1575:
1340:
Cameras for classic photography are stand-alone devices. In the same manner, high-resolution
1118:
1071:
907:
868:
846:
755:
335:
322:
321:
In the technology mudslide hypothesis, Christensen differentiated disruptive innovation from
260:
Originates in low-end (less demanding customers) or new market (where none existed) footholds
4249:"Lyft thinks we can end traffic congestion and save $ 1 trillion by selling our second cars"
154:
in the late 19th century, which were expensive luxury items, and as such very few were sold)
5767:
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5494:
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5194:
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1940:
1603:
1169:
989:
721:, a 1993 entry into professionally edited digital encyclopedias, was once a major rival to
503:
477:
76:
Not all innovations are disruptive, even if they are revolutionary. For example, the first
4021:"AI will boost global GDP by nearly $ 16 trillion by 2030—with much of the gains in China"
343:
69:
and his collaborators beginning in 1995, but the concept had been previously described in
8:
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5824:
5799:
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5335:
5305:
5229:
5214:
5174:
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4979:
2660:"Annals of enterprise: The disruption machine: What the gospel of innovation gets wrong."
2021:
2016:
1935:
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1506:
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1326:
1208:
527:
in the sense that players and fans have instant access to information related to sports.
408:
195:
81:
66:
37:
4576:; Anderson, P. (1986). "Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environments".
3662:"Kodak and The Digital Revolution - Management of Innovation and Change — PRADEEP SINGH"
2625:
The Butterfly Effect in Competitive Markets: Driving Small Changes for Large Differences
2440:
2194:
5841:
5532:
5402:
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5104:
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4774:
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4358:
Anthony, Scott D.; Johnson, Mark W.; Sinfield, Joseph V.; Altman, Elizabeth J. (2008).
3771:
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3257:
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2875:
2776:
2710:
2222:
1985:
1965:
1950:
1914:
1708:
1562:
1422:
1348:, except for high-budget motion pictures and fine art. The rise of digital cameras led
841:
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108:
Beyond business and economics disruptive innovations can also be considered to disrupt
57:
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4515:
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4363:
4098:"The $ 12 Trillion Opportunity Ripe for Investing Dollars: Advancing Gender Equality"
3761:
3717:
3661:
3589:
3475:
3442:
3261:
3249:
3214:
3202:
3183:"Managers' disruptive innovation activities: the construct, measurement and validity"
3127:
2947:
2871:
2831:
2714:
2673:
2628:
2576:
2534:
2448:
2416:
2379:
Johnson, Mark, Christensen, Clayton, et al., 2008, "Reinventing Your Business Model,
2321:
2280:
2214:
2206:
2136:
2062:
2036:
1995:
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1715:
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577:
70:
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4422:
3071:
Guo, Jianfeng; Pan, Jiaofeng; Guo, Jianxin; Gu, Fu; Kuusisto, Jari (February 2019).
2879:
2780:
2573:
Architecting Enterprise: Managing Innovation, Technology, and Global Competitiveness
2226:
2178:
1485:
Penny farthings were popular in the 1870s but rendered obsolete by safety bicycles.
1226:
Synthesizers were initially low-cost, low-weight alternatives to electronic organs,
130:
An innovation that does not significantly affect existing markets. It may be either:
5809:
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3434:
3430:
Silicon Surfaces and Formation of Interfaces: Basic Science in the Industrial World
3401:
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3161:
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3016:
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1795:
1395:
1213:
1095:
1043:
1033:
1008:
1004:
936:
652:
2900:
Christensen, Clayton (January 1995). "Disruptive Technologies Catching the Wave".
2706:
2411:
2394:
318:
attack with a me-too entry, for which survival (not thriving) is the only reward.
241:
existing off-the-shelf components, applied shrewdly to a fledgling value network.
5552:
5397:
5375:
5144:
5059:
5044:
4809:
4781:
4738:
4414:
4401:
3789:
2825:
2041:
1661:
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1413:
compared to computer printers, and superior quality. But as printers, especially
1400:
1381:
1313:
1300:
1290:
973:
968:
768:
763:
535:
90:
2812:
Assignments as Controversies: Digital Literacy and Writing in Classroom Practice
2439:
Christensen, Clayton M.; Raynor, Michael E.; McDonald, Rory (December 1, 2015).
2276:
1334:
Early digital cameras suffered from low picture quality and resolution and long
5814:
5610:
5562:
5517:
5310:
5246:
5159:
5119:
4959:
4919:
3245:
2742:
2664:
2005:
2000:
1990:
1808:
1535:
1490:
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1475:
1454:
1267:
1263:
1227:
1217:
984:
892:
814:
687:
495:
137:
109:
4804:
4394:"Economic crisis and innovation: Is destruction prevailing over accumulation?"
3969:"The firms that trade stocks for mom and pop have a $ 22 trillion opportunity"
3498:
3057:
2772:
2253:
2202:
5902:
5881:
5846:
5422:
5392:
5330:
5131:
5079:
5074:
4984:
4769:
4709:
4329:"Americans Will Waste $ 2.8 Trillion on Traffic by 2030 If Gridlock Persists"
3721:
3253:
3229:
3206:
3131:
2452:
2420:
2210:
1558:
1414:
1406:
1349:
1341:
1248:
1141:
1114:
818:
751:
735:
698:
339:
61:
4393:
3499:"The Foundation of Today's Digital World: The Triumph of the MOS Transistor"
3198:
1581:
flights on offer and passenger numbers have gone down. Examples include the
416:, criticizing disruptive innovation for the social costs it tends to incur.
5750:
5382:
5241:
5179:
4914:
4790:, by Roger Smith in Research Technology Management (September/October 2006)
4565:
3106:"Disruptive innovation from a process view: A systematic literature review"
3020:
2474:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/startup-jargon-10-terms-to-stop-using/
2218:
2112:
1980:
1970:
1590:
1510:
1464:
1295:
1275:
964:
932:
919:
859:
806:
796:
his minisupercomputers) became much larger than the market for mainframes.
781:
550:
509:
491:
425:
403:
315:
245:
165:
98:
85:
3166:
5745:
5740:
5417:
5114:
5084:
5069:
4934:
4929:
4490:
The innovator's solution : creating and sustaining successful growth
3637:"Inventor of digital camera says Kodak never let it see the light of day"
2655:
2511:
1945:
1674:
1614:
1598:
1372:
1335:
1321:
1309:
1065:
1055:
1016:
810:
391:
293:
266:
Success is not a requirement and some business can be disruptive but fail
5660:
4446:
The innovator's dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail
179:
was coined by Clayton M. Christensen and introduced in his 1995 article
5705:
5350:
5345:
5290:
4954:
4924:
4906:
4599:
4072:"How advancing women's equality can add $ 12 trillion to global growth"
3816:"$ 100 Trillion by 2025: the Digital Dividend for Society and Business"
3122:
3105:
2916:"World Bank World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work"
1960:
1901:
1853:
1837:
1782:
1728:
1700:
1618:
1549:
1514:
1444:
1428:
1345:
1279:
1235:
1203:
1172:
1146:
1075:
1060:
994:
886:
745:
726:
618: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
499:
464:
399:
353:
226:
151:
141:
77:
53:
4794:
Diffusion of Innovations, Strategy and Innovations The D.S.I Framework
2487:"Clayton Christensen On What He Got Wrong About Disruptive Innovation"
5735:
5527:
4994:
4969:
4848:
4223:
3917:"These 7 Disruptive Technologies Could Be Worth Trillions of Dollars"
2760:
International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making
2325:
1459:
1410:
1154:
1149:
1108:
1079:
977:
903:
874:
864:
740:
692:
440:
216:
4632:"Disruptive Technology Reconsidered: A Critique and Research Agenda"
4591:
4380:
3147:"Exploring the Role of Managers in Nurturing Disruptive Innovations"
2179:"Large teams develop and small teams disrupt science and technology"
935:) were "vastly superior" to the new 5.25 inch drives (used in
593:
219:, described the dynamics of "business model innovation" in the 2008
4382:
Blade Runner Economics: Will Innovation Lead the Economic Recovery?
4360:
Innovator's Guide to Growth - Putting Disruptive Innovation to Work
4302:"Cybercrime may cost the world $ 11.4 million every minute in 2021"
4047:"At Davos, bosses paint climate change as $ 7 trillion opportunity"
1609:
1390:
1190:
851:
775:
102:
4508:
Christensen, Clayton M.; Scott, Anthony D.; Roth, Erik A. (2004).
3561:
2601:
4871:
4753:
The disruption con: why big tech's favourite buzzword is nonsense
3737:"Understanding Disruption: Insights From The History Of Business"
1617:). Supersonic flight is also banned above inhabited land, due to
1543:
1305:
1240:
1182:
1103:
718:
4747:
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14479338.2015.1061896
5504:
3943:"$ 22 trillion e-commerce opportunity for developing countries"
3181:
Sadiq, Fawad; Hussain, Tasweer; Naseem, Afshan (May 19, 2020).
2797:
Enactments of change: Becoming textually active at Youthline NZ
1553:
1126:
1020:
280:
3378:
3376:
2143:
1121:, as it was capable of the highest performance up until then.
269:
New firm's business model differs significantly from incumbent
4614:
Eric Chaniot (2007). "The Red Pill of Technology Innovation"
3292:"After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses"
3277:"Views from the front lines of the data-analytics revolution"
2361:
1495:
1221:
1199:
1083:
911:
4805:
Lecture (video), VoIP as an example of disruptive technology
4357:
3549:
3104:
Petzold, Neele; Landinez, Lina; Baaken, Thomas (June 2019).
3073:"Measurement framework for assessing disruptive innovations"
2827:
A New Theory of Serendipity: Nature, Emergence and Mechanism
2718:|Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice 17:4, 417-428
2589:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2177:
Wu, Lingfei; Wang, Dashun; Evans, James A. (February 2019).
1046:(CRT) technology for computer displays and television sets.
97:
Disruptive innovations tend to be produced by outsiders and
32:
4149:"Waste to Wealth: Creating advantage in a circular economy"
3373:
2730:"Can Entrepreneurs Innovate Without Disrupting Industries?"
2627:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 108.
2575:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 201.
2160:
2158:
1846:
1830:
1817:
1539:
1377:
1312:
offerings. The Netflix co-founders approached rental chain
1094:
successfully commercialized the technology with the pocket
1091:
823:
Personal computers combined all functions into one device.
275:
4479:. (2000). "Will Disruptive Innovations Cure Health Care?"
2092:
Bower, Joseph L.; Christensen, Clayton M. (January 1995).
4796:
by Francisco Rodrigues Gomes, Academia.edu share research
2547:
2438:
2395:"Addressing Policy Challenges of Disruptive Technologies"
2063:"Emerging Technologies with Disruptive Effects: A Review"
1257:
1087:
878:
4388:
3866:"A world of free movement would be $ 78 trillion richer"
2349:
2155:
350:
management understood the systemic benefits as a whole.
4766:
chapter on Disruptive Innovation by Clayton Christensen
4544:
International Journal of Law and Information Technology
3227:
3036:
International Journal of Management and Decision Making
2337:
2266:
1274:
technologies, and then by online retailers such as the
1253:
873:
The inherent portability of mobile phones and eventual
2853:"Opening up the innovation process: towards an agenda"
2533:. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 70.
2516:"The next big thing will start out looking like a toy"
2302:
1548:
At the beginning of the 20th century, rail (including
4537:
Could New Technologies Cause Great Law Firms to Fail?
4430:
How to Identify and Build Disruptive New Businesses,
4124:"A Trade War on the World's Poorest by Bjørn Lomborg"
3318:"Victim Of Knowledge: Microsoft To Shut Down Encarta"
3103:
4507:
4487:
Christensen, Clayton M.; Raynor, Michael E. (2003).
4385:, Social Science Research Network, January 29, 2015.
3145:
Sadiq, Fawad; Hussain, Tasweer (December 10, 2018).
1113:
Up until the late 1950s, germanium was the dominant
715:
articles with most of them updated more frequently.
710:
ended its print production after 244 years in 2012.
512:
described the above phenomenon. He also wrote that:
433:
upgrades, or replaces the outdated support network.
4768:with public commentaries by notable designers like
3521:
4839:
4443:
4221:
4195:
4169:
3581:
3180:
549:On differences between high and low technologies,
4486:
3567:
3006:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2607:
2367:
2149:
5879:
4475:Christensen, Clayton M., Bohmer, Richard, &
3461:
2528:
2091:
4572:
3423:Dabrowski, Jarek; MĂĽssig, Hans-Joachim (2000).
3422:
2800:(PhD). Melbourne, Australia: Deakin University.
2119:Cooper, Arnold; Schendel, Dan (February 1976).
450:Regarding this evolving process of technology,
4800:CREATING THE FUTURE: Building Tomorrow’s World
3611:"Blockbuster to remake itself under creditors"
2641:
2324:adapted the idea of creative destruction from
2121:"Strategic Responses to Technological Threats"
2118:
836:Equivalent computing performance and portable
646:In the practical world, the popularization of
5676:
4825:
3468:Silicon: Evolution and Future of a Technology
4392:; Filippetti, Andrea; Frenz, Marion (2013).
3753:
3144:
2529:Akkizidis, Ioannis; Stagars, Manuel (2016).
2094:"Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave"
147:Revolutionary (discontinuous but sustaining)
4698:IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management
4438:
3555:
3382:
3077:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
3070:
2899:
2595:
2558:
2510:
2355:
2343:
2308:
2176:
2164:
5860:
5683:
5669:
4832:
4818:
3493:
3491:
3416:
2686:
2472:Conner Forrest, May 1, 2014, 5:52 AM PST,
1627:
1007:, and now several cities are switching to
530:
181:Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave
36:An 1880 penny-farthing (left), and a 1886
5690:
4555:
4299:
4273:Froville, Jean-Baptiste (March 8, 2018).
3346:
3315:
3165:
3121:
3088:
3047:
2741:
2622:
2570:
2410:
2242:European Journal of Innovation Management
2060:
1082:in 1947, but was initially overlooked by
1023:are also becoming competitive with LCDs.
634:Learn how and when to remove this message
4724:
4669:Journal of Product Innovation Management
4666:
4640:Journal of Product Innovation Management
4629:
4541:
4272:
3992:
3394:
2889:from the original on September 21, 2017.
2850:
2728:Carton, Guillaume (September 15, 2023).
2392:
419:
377:
352:
168:, which displaced horse-drawn carriages)
31:
4121:
4044:
3634:
3608:
3579:
3488:
3455:
3397:"Education and the Innovator's Dilemma"
2269:Complex Systems Design & Management
2061:Ab Rahman, Airini; et al. (2017).
914:and retained limited computing power).
357:How low-end disruption occurs over time
14:
5880:
5716:Differential technological development
4300:Samartsev, Dmitry (December 7, 2020).
3509:from the original on December 11, 2021
3289:
3033:
2987:
2968:
2793:
2756:
2727:
2654:
2239:
1587:Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line
140:for gasoline engines, which displaced
5664:
4813:
4326:
3695:
3472:Springer Science & Business Media
3462:Heywang, W.; Zaininger, K.H. (2013).
3274:
2945:
2823:
2692:
2618:
2616:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2233:
1583:Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line
1011:. Incandescent light bulbs are being
570:
365:
3696:Geels, Frank W. (December 1, 2002).
3609:Spector, Mike (September 24, 2010).
3316:Tartakoff, Joseph (March 30, 2009).
3110:Creativity and Innovation Management
2734:Entrepreneur and Innovation Exchange
1867:
616:adding citations to reliable sources
587:
278:as an example. In an interview with
5805:Future-oriented technology analysis
5326:Digital media use and mental health
5040:Sociology of the history of science
4775:The Myth of Disruptive Technologies
4695:
4095:
3734:
3635:McAlone, Nathan (August 17, 2015).
3395:Kozinsky, Sieva (January 8, 2014).
274:competitive business models, using
24:
4623:
4327:McNew, Linsey (October 14, 2014).
4045:Whiting, Alex (January 26, 2018).
4018:
3760:. University of California Press.
2613:
2427:
1621:. Concorde service ended in 2003.
1371:When first introduced, high speed
25:
5919:
5035:Sociology of scientific ignorance
4880:History and philosophy of science
4862:Economics of scientific knowledge
4758:
4514:. Harvard Business School Press.
4362:. Harvard Business School Press.
4122:Lomborg, Bjørn (March 15, 2018).
2484:
2399:Journal of Economic Policy Reform
2170:
1003:. Later models could be used for
959:5.25 inch floppy disk drive
412:, also published a book in 2023,
122:Christensen's Types of Innovation
5859:
5628:
5627:
5602:
4681:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2005.00174.x
4653:10.1111/j.0737-6782.2004.00076.x
4579:Administrative Science Quarterly
3347:Sandström, Christian G. (2010).
3290:Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012).
2872:10.1111/j.1467-9310.2006.00437.x
2441:"What Is Disruptive Innovation?"
948:5.25 inch floppy disk drive
592:
202:, Christensen replaced the term
115:
4320:
4293:
4266:
4241:
4215:
4189:
4163:
4141:
4115:
4089:
4064:
4038:
4012:
3986:
3961:
3935:
3909:
3884:
3858:
3833:
3808:
3782:
3754:Schivelbusch, Wolfgang (2014).
3747:
3728:
3689:
3680:
3654:
3628:
3602:
3573:
3388:
3340:
3309:
3283:
3268:
3221:
3174:
3138:
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3027:
3000:
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2939:
2925:
2908:
2893:
2844:
2817:
2804:
2787:
2750:
2721:
2564:
2522:
2504:
2478:
2466:
2393:Taeihagh, Araz (July 3, 2023).
2386:
2373:
2314:
1523:Effects of the car on societies
1070:Vacuum tubes were the dominant
956:3.5 inch floppy disk drive
891:All prior types of rudimentary
603:needs additional citations for
4841:Science and technology studies
4450:. Boston, Massachusetts, USA:
3154:Business & Economic Review
3090:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.10.015
2293:
2260:
2085:
2054:
1074:up until the 1950s. The first
951:8 inch floppy disk drive
679:Market disrupted by innovation
519:business process reengineering
314:can at best only fend off the
13:
1:
5832:Technology in science fiction
4452:Harvard Business School Press
4350:
3714:10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00062-8
3568:Christensen & Raynor 2003
2851:Gassmann, Oliver (May 2006).
2707:10.1080/14479338.2015.1061896
2608:Christensen & Raynor 2003
2412:10.1080/17487870.2023.2238867
2368:Christensen & Raynor 2003
2150:Christensen & Raynor 2003
2100:. Harvard Business Publishing
1976:List of emerging technologies
1090:up until the mid-1950s, when
924:8 inch floppy disk drive
251:
160:An innovation that creates a
5388:Normalization process theory
4945:Philosophy of social science
4739:10.1016/j.respol.2015.01.004
4415:10.1016/j.respol.2012.07.002
3790:"Concorde grounded for good"
3234:Review of Managerial Science
3009:Strategic Management Journal
2933:"HBS Faculty & Research"
2814:. New York, N.Y.: Routledge.
2137:10.1016/0007-6813(76)90024-0
1266:phased out the vinyl record
927:14 inch hard disk drive
833:3.5 standard calculator
7:
4432:MIT Sloan Management Review
2971:Advanced Management Systems
2794:Haxell, A. (October 2012).
2277:10.1007/978-3-319-49103-5_4
1956:Embrace, extend, extinguish
1928:
1405:Offset printing has a high
1132:Bipolar junction transistor
583:
473:The Changing Nature of Work
40:safety bicycle with gearing
10:
5924:
5837:Technology readiness level
5773:Technological unemployment
5011:construction of technology
4493:. Harvard Business Press.
4224:"Young Workers Index 2017"
3275:Brown, Brad (March 2014).
3246:10.1007/s11846-021-00456-x
2946:Bower, Joseph (May 2002).
2830:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
2824:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2022).
2743:10.32617/939-65044516eeed5
2678:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2447:. No. December 2015.
2027:Robotic Process Automation
2011:Technology readiness level
385:
5855:
5820:Technological singularity
5780:Technological convergence
5698:
5598:
5543:Politicization of science
5503:
5289:
5058:
4993:
4905:
4870:
4847:
4051:The Sydney Morning Herald
3058:10.1504/IJMDM.2006.008168
2773:10.1142/S021962201240010X
2254:10.1108/14601060610663587
2203:10.1038/s41586-019-0941-9
1889:Drug resistant infections
1824:Workforce life extension
1756:Climate change mitigation
1453:
1389:
1320:
1272:peer-to-peer file sharing
1198:
1140:
1054:
983:
929:
918:
774:
734:
299:
4950:Philosophy of technology
4710:10.1109/tem.2013.2259590
4630:Danneels, Erwin (2004).
4222:PricewaterhouseCoopers.
4196:PricewaterhouseCoopers.
4170:PricewaterhouseCoopers.
3704:. NELSON + WINTER + 20.
3588:. New York: Free Press.
2048:
469:World Development Report
200:The Innovator's Solution
5785:Technological evolution
5758:Exploratory engineering
4530:Harvard Business Review
4481:Harvard Business Review
4470:Harvard Business Review
4440:Christensen, Clayton M.
4279:GlobeNewswire News Room
3999:GlobeNewswire News Room
3993:Van de Wille, Patrick.
3580:Knopper, Steve (2009).
3534:Computer History Museum
3503:Computer History Museum
3199:10.1108/MD-08-2019-1047
2952:Harvard Business Review
2902:Harvard Business Review
2445:Harvard Business Review
2381:Harvard Business Review
2334:, January–February 1995
2331:Harvard Business Review
2098:Harvard Business Review
2032:Artificial Intelligence
1743:Artificial intelligence
1688:Disruptive technologies
1628:Potential opportunities
1344:recording has replaced
1187:Metal, wood, glass etc.
1040:liquid-crystal displays
707:Encyclopædia Britannica
688:Printed reference works
531:High-technology effects
506:in writing technology.
445:technology support nets
222:Harvard Business Review
186:The Innovator's Dilemma
176:disruptive technologies
5795:Technology forecasting
5790:Technological paradigm
5763:Proactionary principle
5023:Sociology of knowledge
4076:McKinsey & Company
3896:McKinsey & Company
3021:10.1002/smj.4250160804
2990:Acta Mechanica Slovaca
1649:Digital transformation
1576:Short-distance flights
908:cellular data services
661:Clayton M. Christensen
560:
540:technology support net
524:
487:
461:
358:
332:
306:Clayton M. Christensen
290:
41:
5721:Disruptive innovation
5692:Emerging technologies
5590:Transition management
5580:Technology assessment
5548:Regulation of science
5523:Evidence-based policy
5408:Sociotechnical system
5257:Traditional knowledge
5137:Psychology of science
5110:Mapping controversies
5016:shaping of technology
4975:Social constructivism
4940:Philosophy of science
4897:History of technology
4535:Mountain, Darryl R.,
4172:"Women in Work Index"
4159:on February 22, 2018.
3949:(in European Spanish)
3279:. McKinsey Quarterly.
1170:Vertically integrated
1119:semiconductor devices
1072:electronic technology
990:Light-emitting diodes
847:Mechanical calculator
756:Alexander Graham Bell
754:declined to purchase
676:Disruptive innovation
555:
514:
482:
456:
420:Disruptive technology
378:New market disruption
356:
344:focus on the customer
336:competitive advantage
327:
323:sustaining innovation
286:
208:disruptive innovation
204:disruptive technology
50:disruptive innovation
35:
18:Disruptive technology
5908:Technological change
5768:Technological change
5711:Collingridge dilemma
5495:Women in engineering
5341:Financial technology
5321:Digital anthropology
5090:Criticism of science
5003:Actor–network theory
4965:Religion and science
4857:Economics of science
4780:May 1, 2009, at the
4662:on January 12, 2006.
4566:10.1093/ijlit/eal019
3820:World Economic Forum
3464:"2.2. Early history"
3328:on February 28, 2012
1941:Creative destruction
1709:Developing countries
1604:Supersonic transport
1532:Horse-drawn vehicles
1500:Horse-drawn vehicles
1331:Chemical photography
1157:-operated excavators
904:new services/markets
612:improve this article
504:information overload
82:horse-drawn vehicles
27:Technological change
5825:Technology scouting
5800:Accelerating change
5336:Engineering studies
5306:Cyborg anthropology
5095:Demarcation problem
4980:Social epistemology
4472:, March–April 2000.
3776:10.1525/j.ctt6wqbk7
3757:The Railway Journey
3615:Wall Street Journal
3425:"6.1. Introduction"
3187:Management Decision
3167:10.22547/BER/10.4.5
2948:"Disruptive Change"
2514:(January 3, 2010).
2195:2019Natur.566..378W
2022:Creative disruption
2017:Technology strategy
1936:Blue Ocean Strategy
1873:
1633:
1507:joint-stock company
1385:film applications.
1327:Digital photography
1209:Digital synthesizer
1015:in many countries.
409:Blue Ocean Strategy
284:magazine he stated:
196:hydraulic actuation
191:Innovator's Dilemma
67:Clayton Christensen
56:that creates a new
5898:Technology by type
5893:Product management
5842:Technology roadmap
5616:History of science
5533:Funding of science
5403:Skunkworks project
5100:Double hermeneutic
4885:History of science
4511:Seeing What's Next
4390:Archibugi, Daniele
4198:"Golden Age Index"
3474:. pp. 26–28.
3296:The New York Times
3123:10.1111/caim.12313
2860:R&D Management
2810:Bhatt, I. (2017).
2623:Rajagopal (2015).
2571:Rajagopal (2014).
2271:. pp. 41–56.
1986:Pace of innovation
1966:Killer application
1951:Digital Revolution
1915:Traffic congestion
1872:
1632:
1563:Traffic congestion
1423:Desktop publishing
1362:CMOS image sensors
1262:In the 1990s, the
1086:companies such as
842:Digital calculator
802:Personal computers
648:personal computers
571:Proactive approach
396:Seagate Technology
366:Low-end disruption
359:
42:
5875:
5874:
5658:
5657:
5585:Technology policy
5316:Dematerialization
5125:black swan events
4521:978-1-59139-185-2
4500:978-1-57851-852-4
4483:, September 2000.
4461:978-0-87584-585-2
4377:Daniele Archibugi
4369:978-1-59139-846-2
4308:. Printline Media
4128:Project Syndicate
4096:McGrath, Maggie.
3595:978-1-4165-5215-4
3570:, pp. 37–39.
3558:, pp. 61–76.
3505:. July 13, 2010.
2658:(June 23, 2014),
2322:Joseph Schumpeter
2286:978-3-319-49102-8
2189:(7744): 378–382.
2125:Business Horizons
2067:PERINTIS eJournal
2037:Frugal Innovation
1996:Product lifecycle
1926:
1925:
1868:Potential threats
1865:
1864:
1716:Wealth management
1692:$ 14–33 trillion
1625:
1624:
1527:Mass automobility
1396:Computer printers
1367:Photographic film
1009:LED street lights
937:desktop computers
829:Pocket calculator
644:
643:
636:
414:Beyond Disruption
244:Online news site
71:Richard N. Foster
16:(Redirected from
5915:
5863:
5862:
5810:Horizon scanning
5726:Ephemeralization
5685:
5678:
5671:
5662:
5661:
5631:
5630:
5606:
5558:Right to science
5538:Horizon scanning
5513:Academic freedom
5413:Technical change
5274:Women in science
5269:Unity of science
5050:Strong programme
4834:
4827:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4742:
4733:(8): 1555–1565.
4721:
4692:
4663:
4661:
4655:. Archived from
4636:
4611:
4569:
4559:
4532:, December 2006.
4525:
4504:
4465:
4449:
4426:
4398:
4373:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4155:. Archived from
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3973:Business Insider
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3796:. April 10, 2003
3786:
3780:
3779:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3735:Denning, Steve.
3732:
3726:
3725:
3708:(8): 1257–1274.
3693:
3687:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3641:Business Insider
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3587:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3556:Christensen 1997
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3435:World Scientific
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3392:
3386:
3383:Christensen 1997
3380:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3354:. Archived from
3353:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3324:. Archived from
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3151:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2866:(3): P 223–366.
2857:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2821:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2669:
2652:
2639:
2638:
2620:
2611:
2610:, p. 23-45.
2605:
2599:
2598:, p. i-iii.
2596:Christensen 1997
2593:
2587:
2586:
2568:
2562:
2559:Christensen 1997
2556:
2545:
2544:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2436:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2390:
2384:
2383:, December 2008.
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2356:Christensen 1997
2353:
2347:
2344:Christensen 1997
2341:
2335:
2318:
2312:
2309:Christensen 1997
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2174:
2168:
2165:Christensen 1997
2162:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2058:
1906:$ 6 quadrillion
1874:
1871:
1796:Circular economy
1769:Women's equality
1747:$ 15.7 trillion
1634:
1631:
1214:Electronic organ
1166:Mini steel mills
1096:transistor radio
1078:was invented by
1044:cathode-ray tube
1001:indicator lights
969:USB flash drives
670:
669:
639:
632:
628:
625:
619:
596:
588:
21:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5851:
5694:
5689:
5659:
5654:
5594:
5553:Research ethics
5499:
5398:Reverse salient
5292:
5285:
5061:
5054:
5045:Sociotechnology
4989:
4901:
4866:
4843:
4838:
4782:Wayback Machine
4761:
4727:Research Policy
4659:
4634:
4626:
4624:Further reading
4621:
4618:, October 2007.
4592:10.2307/2392832
4557:10.1.1.473.3109
4522:
4501:
4462:
4402:Research Policy
4396:
4370:
4353:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4335:(Press release)
4325:
4321:
4311:
4309:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4178:
4168:
4164:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4094:
4090:
4080:
4078:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4053:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4017:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3952:
3950:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3923:. June 16, 2017
3921:Singularity Hub
3915:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3872:. July 13, 2017
3864:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3822:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3768:
3752:
3748:
3733:
3729:
3702:Research Policy
3694:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3668:. March 5, 2015
3660:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3537:. April 2, 2018
3527:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3393:
3389:
3385:, p. 3-28.
3381:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3361:on May 11, 2011
3358:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3288:
3284:
3273:
3269:
3226:
3222:
3179:
3175:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3102:
3098:
3069:
3065:
3049:10.1.1.334.3208
3032:
3028:
3005:
3001:
2986:
2982:
2967:
2963:
2944:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2805:
2792:
2788:
2755:
2751:
2726:
2722:
2691:
2687:
2671:
2670:
2653:
2642:
2635:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2548:
2541:
2527:
2523:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2437:
2428:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2265:
2261:
2238:
2234:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:Open Innovation
1931:
1919:$ 2.8 trillion
1893:$ 100 trillion
1870:
1843:$ 1.2 trillion
1838:Young workforce
1800:$ 4.5 trillion
1666:$ 100 trillion
1662:Asteroid mining
1653:$ 100 trillion
1630:
1571:High speed rail
1513:and ultimately
1481:Penny-farthings
1476:Safety bicycles
1440:Word Processing
1409:, but very low
1401:Offset printing
1382:digital cameras
1314:Blockbuster LLC
1301:Video on demand
1291:Streaming video
1228:electric pianos
1005:indoor lighting
974:Bernoulli drive
815:word processors
667:
640:
629:
623:
620:
609:
597:
586:
578:Middle managers
573:
536:High technology
533:
430:support network
422:
388:
380:
368:
302:
254:
171:
124:
118:
110:complex systems
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5921:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5688:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5665:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5563:Science policy
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5518:Digital divide
5515:
5509:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5434:Technological
5432:
5431:
5430:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5311:Design studies
5308:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5254:
5249:
5247:Scientometrics
5244:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5120:Paradigm shift
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5066:
5064:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4960:Postpositivism
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:Antipositivism
4917:
4911:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4890:and technology
4882:
4876:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4772:
4764:Peer-reviewed
4760:
4759:External links
4757:
4756:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4722:
4693:
4664:
4647:(4): 246–258.
4625:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4612:
4586:(3): 439–465.
4570:
4550:(2): 170–191.
4539:
4533:
4526:
4520:
4505:
4499:
4484:
4473:
4466:
4460:
4436:
4427:
4409:(2): 303–314.
4386:
4374:
4368:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4319:
4292:
4265:
4240:
4214:
4188:
4162:
4140:
4114:
4088:
4063:
4037:
4019:Nelson, Eshe.
4011:
3985:
3960:
3934:
3908:
3883:
3857:
3832:
3807:
3781:
3766:
3746:
3727:
3688:
3679:
3653:
3627:
3601:
3594:
3572:
3560:
3548:
3520:
3487:
3480:
3454:
3447:
3415:
3387:
3372:
3339:
3308:
3282:
3267:
3240:(2): 551–581.
3220:
3193:(2): 153–174.
3173:
3160:(4): 103–120.
3137:
3116:(2): 157–174.
3096:
3063:
3026:
3015:(8): 621–636.
2999:
2980:
2961:
2958:(5): P 95–101.
2938:
2924:
2907:
2892:
2843:
2836:
2816:
2803:
2786:
2749:
2720:
2701:(4): 417–428,
2685:
2665:The New Yorker
2640:
2633:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2581:
2563:
2546:
2539:
2521:
2503:
2485:Adams, Susan.
2477:
2465:
2426:
2405:(3): 239–249.
2385:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2313:
2301:
2292:
2285:
2259:
2248:(2): 215–233.
2232:
2169:
2154:
2142:
2111:
2084:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:Stranded asset
2003:
2001:Shock doctrine
1998:
1993:
1991:Paradigm shift
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1809:Gender pay gap
1805:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:$ 11 trillion
1785:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:$ 12 trillion
1772:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:$ 20 trillion
1732:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:$ 22 trillion
1718:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1705:$ 22 trillion
1703:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:$ 78 trillion
1677:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1546:
1536:Rail transport
1529:
1519:
1518:
1502:
1493:
1491:Rail transport
1487:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:Transportation
1451:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1415:laser printers
1403:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1369:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1264:music industry
1260:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1218:electric piano
1211:
1206:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1024:
997:
992:
987:
981:
980:
971:
961:
960:
957:
953:
952:
949:
945:
944:
933:mini computers
928:
925:
922:
916:
915:
899:
893:feature phones
889:
883:
882:
871:
862:
856:
855:
849:
844:
838:
837:
834:
831:
825:
824:
821:
804:
798:
797:
794:daisy chaining
789:
784:
779:
772:
771:
766:
760:
759:
748:
743:
738:
732:
731:
701:
695:
690:
684:
683:
680:
677:
674:
642:
641:
600:
598:
591:
585:
582:
572:
569:
532:
529:
496:printing press
421:
418:
387:
384:
379:
376:
367:
364:
340:profit margins
311:value networks
301:
298:
271:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
253:
250:
212:business model
170:
169:
158:
155:
148:
145:
138:fuel injection
134:
131:
128:
120:
119:
117:
114:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5920:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5868:
5867:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5848:
5847:Transhumanism
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5686:
5681:
5679:
5674:
5672:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5423:Technoscience
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5393:Media studies
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5331:Early adopter
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5301:Co-production
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5288:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5150:communication
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5132:Pseudoscience
5130:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:Boundary-work
5078:
5076:
5075:Bibliometrics
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4985:Transhumanism
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4770:Donald Norman
4767:
4763:
4762:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4704:(1): 90–100.
4703:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4574:Tushman, M.L.
4571:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3871:
3870:The Economist
3867:
3861:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3767:9780520282261
3763:
3759:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3686:iPhone 7 Plus
3683:
3667:
3666:PRADEEP SINGH
3663:
3657:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3576:
3569:
3564:
3557:
3552:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3481:9783662098974
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3448:9789810232863
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3419:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3042:(1): P 3–18.
3041:
3037:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2928:
2917:
2911:
2903:
2896:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2837:9788366675582
2833:
2829:
2828:
2820:
2813:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2634:9781349493128
2630:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2582:9781137366771
2578:
2574:
2567:
2561:, p. 15.
2560:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2540:9781119099185
2536:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2296:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2167:, p. 47.
2166:
2161:
2159:
2152:, p. 49.
2151:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2104:September 14,
2099:
2095:
2088:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1860:
1858:$ 1 trillion
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1827:$ 2 trillion
1826:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1814:$ 2 trillion
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:$ 7 trillion
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:technologies
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:ton-kilometer
1555:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1465:Sailing ships
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:overhead cost
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:Eastman Kodak
1347:
1343:
1342:digital video
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:Digital media
1247:Downloadable
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1142:Manufacturing
1139:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1117:material for
1116:
1115:semiconductor
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
982:
979:
975:
972:
970:
966:
965:Optical discs
963:
962:
958:
955:
954:
950:
947:
946:
943:
938:
934:
926:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
888:
885:
884:
880:
876:
872:
870:
866:
863:
861:
860:Mobile Phones
858:
857:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
822:
820:
819:Lisp machines
816:
812:
808:
807:Minicomputers
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
790:
788:
785:
783:
782:Minicomputers
780:
777:
773:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
757:
753:
752:Western Union
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
736:Communication
733:
730:
728:
724:
720:
713:
709:
708:
702:
700:
699:encyclopedias
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
681:
678:
675:
672:
671:
668:
665:
662:
657:
654:
649:
638:
635:
627:
617:
613:
607:
606:
601:This section
599:
595:
590:
589:
581:
579:
568:
564:
559:
554:
552:
547:
543:
541:
537:
528:
523:
520:
513:
511:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
486:
481:
479:
474:
470:
466:
460:
455:
453:
448:
446:
442:
437:
434:
431:
427:
417:
415:
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
383:
375:
371:
363:
355:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
331:
326:
324:
319:
317:
312:
307:
297:
295:
292:Entrepreneur
289:
285:
283:
282:
277:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
249:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
228:
224:
223:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
167:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
123:
116:Usage history
113:
111:
106:
104:
100:
99:entrepreneurs
95:
93:
92:
91:mass-produced
88:in 1908. The
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
63:
62:value network
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
34:
30:
19:
5864:
5751:Robot ethics
5720:
5638:Associations
5473:criticism of
5383:Leapfrogging
5366:linear model
5360:
5252:Team science
5242:Scientocracy
5165:Neo-colonial
4915:Anthropocene
4730:
4726:
4701:
4697:
4672:
4668:
4657:the original
4644:
4638:
4615:
4583:
4577:
4547:
4543:
4529:
4510:
4489:
4480:
4477:Kenagy, John
4469:
4445:
4431:
4406:
4400:
4381:
4359:
4337:. Retrieved
4332:
4322:
4310:. Retrieved
4305:
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4278:
4268:
4258:February 21,
4256:. Retrieved
4252:
4243:
4233:February 21,
4231:. Retrieved
4227:
4217:
4207:February 21,
4205:. Retrieved
4201:
4191:
4181:February 21,
4179:. Retrieved
4175:
4165:
4157:the original
4152:
4143:
4131:. Retrieved
4127:
4117:
4105:. Retrieved
4101:
4091:
4079:. Retrieved
4075:
4066:
4056:February 21,
4054:. Retrieved
4050:
4040:
4028:. Retrieved
4024:
4014:
4004:February 21,
4002:. Retrieved
3998:
3988:
3976:. Retrieved
3972:
3963:
3951:. Retrieved
3946:
3937:
3925:. Retrieved
3920:
3911:
3899:. Retrieved
3895:
3886:
3876:February 21,
3874:. Retrieved
3869:
3860:
3848:. Retrieved
3844:
3835:
3823:. Retrieved
3819:
3810:
3798:. Retrieved
3793:
3784:
3756:
3749:
3740:
3730:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3682:
3672:November 20,
3670:. Retrieved
3665:
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3640:
3630:
3618:. Retrieved
3614:
3604:
3583:
3575:
3563:
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3532:
3523:
3511:. Retrieved
3467:
3457:
3429:
3418:
3406:. Retrieved
3400:
3390:
3365:November 22,
3363:. Retrieved
3356:the original
3342:
3330:. Retrieved
3326:the original
3321:
3311:
3299:. Retrieved
3295:
3285:
3270:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3157:
3153:
3140:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2996:(1): P 6–19.
2993:
2989:
2983:
2977:(1): P 8–21.
2974:
2970:
2964:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2927:
2910:
2901:
2895:
2863:
2859:
2846:
2826:
2819:
2806:
2796:
2789:
2767:(2): P 441.
2764:
2758:
2752:
2733:
2723:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2663:
2656:Lepore, Jill
2624:
2603:
2591:
2572:
2566:
2530:
2524:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2490:
2480:
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2444:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2380:
2375:
2363:
2358:, p. 3.
2351:
2339:
2329:
2316:
2304:
2295:
2268:
2262:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2145:
2131:(1): 61–69.
2128:
2124:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2097:
2087:
2077:December 21,
2075:. Retrieved
2070:
2066:
2056:
1981:Obsolescence
1971:Leapfrogging
1675:Open borders
1591:High Speed 1
1511:railway time
1427:Traditional
1373:CMOS sensors
1339:
1296:Video rental
1283:
1276:iTunes Store
1047:
1017:LED displays
940:
920:Data storage
811:workstations
722:
716:
711:
705:
697:Traditional
666:
658:
645:
630:
621:
610:Please help
605:verification
602:
574:
565:
561:
556:
551:Milan Zeleny
548:
544:
534:
525:
515:
510:Milan Zeleny
508:
492:electric car
488:
483:
478:Joseph Bower
472:
462:
457:
449:
438:
435:
429:
426:Milan Zeleny
423:
413:
407:
389:
381:
372:
369:
360:
348:
333:
328:
320:
316:market share
310:
303:
291:
287:
279:
272:
246:TechRepublic
243:
239:
235:
231:
220:
211:
207:
203:
199:
190:
184:
180:
175:
174:
172:
166:Ford Model T
161:
133:Evolutionary
121:
107:
96:
89:
86:Ford Model T
75:
49:
43:
29:
5815:Moore's law
5746:Neuroethics
5741:Cyberethics
5483:theories of
5468:and society
5464:Technology
5458:transitions
5448:determinism
5443:convergence
5418:Technocracy
5200:controversy
5186:Scientific
5170:post-normal
5115:Metascience
5085:Consilience
5070:Antiscience
4935:Neo-Luddism
4930:Fuzzy logic
4434:Spring 2002
3437:. pp.
3408:October 14,
3322:paidContent
3083:: 250–265.
2512:Chris Dixon
2496:October 16,
1946:Culture lag
1840:empowering
1619:sonic booms
1599:Private jet
1336:shutter lag
1322:Photography
1310:DVD by mail
1194:and glass.
1173:steel mills
1066:Vacuum tube
1056:Electronics
995:Light bulbs
887:Smartphones
869:MP3 players
727:smartphones
712:Britannica'
452:Christensen
392:Jill Lepore
294:Chris Dixon
152:automobiles
142:carburetors
78:automobiles
5888:Innovation
5882:Categories
5706:Automation
5621:Technology
5573:science of
5568:history of
5453:revolution
5361:disruptive
5351:Innovation
5346:Hype cycle
5291:Technology
5262:ecological
5235:skepticism
5225:misconduct
5210:enterprise
5028:scientific
4955:Positivism
4925:Empiricism
4907:Philosophy
4675:(1): 2–4.
4351:References
3947:Unctad.org
2695:Innovation
1961:Hype cycle
1902:Cybercrime
1854:Carsharing
1783:Free trade
1729:Smart city
1701:E-commerce
1550:streetcars
1515:time zones
1460:Steamboats
1445:Typewriter
1429:publishing
1359:High speed
1346:film stock
1280:Amazon.com
1236:Gramophone
1150:excavators
1076:transistor
1061:Transistor
1038:The first
1013:phased out
865:Car Phones
787:Mainframes
746:Telegraphy
723:Britannica
624:March 2010
500:censorship
476:products.
465:World Bank
400:U.S. Steel
252:Definition
227:innovation
157:Disruptive
127:Sustaining
54:innovation
5736:Bioethics
5528:Factor 10
5356:diffusion
5195:consensus
5190:community
5155:education
4995:Sociology
4970:Scientism
4849:Economics
4552:CiteSeerX
4306:The Print
4253:The Verge
4153:Accenture
4133:March 24,
4107:March 24,
4081:March 11,
4030:March 11,
3978:March 11,
3953:March 11,
3927:March 24,
3901:March 11,
3850:March 24,
3825:March 24,
3722:0048-7333
3646:August 6,
3620:August 6,
3262:233686783
3254:1863-6691
3215:219449627
3207:0025-1747
3132:0963-1690
3044:CiteSeerX
2715:146250314
2453:0017-8012
2421:1748-7870
2326:Karl Marx
2211:1476-4687
1771:advances
1411:unit cost
1147:Hydraulic
1109:Germanium
1080:Bell Labs
978:Zip drive
879:MP3 files
875:Bluetooth
741:Telephony
693:Knowledge
441:organisms
424:In 2009,
217:Innosight
173:The term
5648:Scholars
5643:Journals
5633:Category
5607:Portals
5488:transfer
5478:dynamics
5428:feminist
5230:priority
5215:literacy
5175:rhetoric
5141:Science
5105:Logology
4778:Archived
4718:22937655
4689:26286417
4616:Red Pill
4608:15075668
4442:(1997).
4423:56038790
4339:July 26,
4312:July 26,
4285:July 26,
4281:. Sanofi
3845:Futurism
3794:BBC News
3541:July 28,
3513:July 21,
3507:Archived
3332:April 1,
3301:April 1,
2884:Archived
2880:10483066
2781:34883719
2674:citation
2458:June 25,
2227:61156556
2219:30760923
1929:See also
1880:At risk
1811:closing
1610:Concorde
1554:suburban
1391:Printing
1191:Bakelite
852:Facit AB
778:hardware
776:Computer
769:AM radio
764:FM radio
673:Category
584:Examples
467:'s 2019
103:startups
48:theory,
46:business
5611:Science
5293:studies
5205:dissent
5145:citizen
5062:studies
5060:Science
5007:Social
4872:History
4600:2392832
3439:344–346
2191:Bibcode
1909:Global
1896:Global
1877:Threat
1861:Global
1803:Global
1790:Global
1777:Global
1763:Global
1750:Global
1737:Global
1723:Global
1695:Global
1682:Global
1669:Global
1656:Global
1544:Walking
1380:-based
1306:Netflix
1241:Pianola
1183:Plastic
1104:Silicon
985:Display
719:Encarta
553:wrote:
404:Bucyrus
386:Critics
5731:Ethics
5699:Topics
5505:Policy
5438:change
5371:system
5220:method
5160:normal
4716:
4687:
4606:
4598:
4554:
4518:
4497:
4458:
4421:
4366:
4102:Forbes
4025:Quartz
3800:May 4,
3774:
3764:
3741:Forbes
3720:
3592:
3478:
3445:
3260:
3252:
3213:
3205:
3130:
3046:
2904:: P 3.
2878:
2834:
2779:
2713:
2631:
2579:
2537:
2491:Forbes
2451:
2419:
2283:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2183:Nature
2013:(NASA)
1883:Scope
1643:Scope
1640:Value
1585:, the
1496:Canals
1268:single
1127:MOSFET
1021:AMOLED
682:Notes
454:said:
402:, and
300:Theory
281:Forbes
58:market
4714:S2CID
4685:S2CID
4660:(PDF)
4635:(PDF)
4604:S2CID
4596:JSTOR
4419:S2CID
4397:(PDF)
4333:INRIX
3772:JSTOR
3402:Wired
3359:(PDF)
3352:(PDF)
3258:S2CID
3211:S2CID
3150:(PDF)
2919:(PDF)
2887:(PDF)
2876:S2CID
2856:(PDF)
2777:S2CID
2711:S2CID
2223:S2CID
2049:Notes
1637:Idea
1540:Trams
1222:piano
1204:video
1200:Music
1155:Cable
1084:radio
912:Wi-Fi
792:Cray—
750:When
522:work.
206:with
38:Rover
5903:Risk
5866:List
5376:user
5279:STEM
5180:wars
4516:ISBN
4495:ISBN
4456:ISBN
4364:ISBN
4341:2024
4314:2024
4287:2024
4260:2018
4235:2018
4209:2018
4183:2018
4135:2018
4109:2018
4083:2018
4058:2018
4032:2018
4006:2018
3980:2018
3955:2018
3929:2018
3903:2018
3878:2018
3852:2018
3827:2018
3802:2012
3762:ISBN
3718:ISSN
3674:2018
3648:2017
3622:2017
3590:ISBN
3543:2019
3515:2019
3476:ISBN
3443:ISBN
3410:2019
3367:2010
3334:2012
3303:2012
3250:ISSN
3203:ISSN
3128:ISSN
2832:ISBN
2680:link
2629:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2535:ISBN
2498:2019
2460:2019
2449:ISSN
2417:ISSN
2281:ISBN
2215:PMID
2207:ISSN
2106:2023
2079:2017
1847:OECD
1831:OECD
1818:OECD
1608:The
1378:CMOS
1278:and
1258:DVDs
1220:and
1202:and
1092:Sony
1019:and
976:and
967:and
897:PDAs
895:and
867:and
653:loci
502:and
463:The
276:Uber
60:and
4735:doi
4706:doi
4677:doi
4649:doi
4588:doi
4562:doi
4411:doi
4228:PwC
4202:PwC
4176:PwC
3710:doi
3242:doi
3195:doi
3162:doi
3118:doi
3085:doi
3081:139
3054:doi
3017:doi
2868:doi
2769:doi
2738:doi
2703:doi
2407:doi
2273:doi
2250:doi
2199:doi
2187:566
2133:doi
2073:(2)
1922:US
1615:hub
1254:CDs
1088:RCA
1034:CRT
1029:LCD
939:).
614:by
471:on
162:new
101:in
52:is
44:In
5884::
4731:44
4729:.
4712:.
4702:61
4700:.
4683:.
4673:23
4671:.
4645:21
4643:.
4637:.
4602:.
4594:.
4584:31
4582:.
4560:.
4548:15
4546:.
4454:.
4417:.
4407:42
4405:.
4399:.
4379:,
4331:.
4304:.
4277:.
4251:.
4226:.
4200:.
4174:.
4151:.
4126:.
4100:.
4074:.
4049:.
4023:.
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