370:
open data consequently, emerges from the abilities to connect and link data from heterogeneous data sources. However, when these operations are performed, legal uncertainty and a lack of clarity emerge. As a result, sometimes it is difficult to understand the limitations of the re-use of the datasets clearly. Consequently a clear definition and standardization of open data licenses represent an important pillar in the re-use of open government data. Europeâs open license panorama is highly fragmented with many licenses adopted by the member states. The lack of uniformity in the open licenses may be problematic also from a market perspective as well, and in promoting the use of open data to stimulate the data economy and the
Digital Single Market, which is one of the central aims of the PSI directive.
310:
obliged member states to âencourage public sector bodies and public undertakings to produce and make available documents in accordance with the principle of âopen by design and by defaultââ. This aspect represented an important step forward because it prioritized and shifted the concept of re-use to the beginning stage in the process of data production. Furthermore, the PSI is clear in terms of who can gain value from the re-use of open government data, making no distinctions about the beneficiaries, and without any restrictions to a specific market or sector.
268:
36:
334:(APIs) in every member state. The availability of APIs stimulates the reuse, dissemination of dynamic data and increases business opportunities. Access to real-time and dynamic data is strongly promoted by the PSI directive, and once the directive will be fully transposed, member states have to publish dynamic open government data through APIs.
381:
licenses as the standards for open licenses under the
European Commissionâs re-use policy. Creative Commons licenses define how to manage copyright terms related to all creative material under copyright. This decision marks an important step in fostering the re-use of open government data produced by
369:
licensing. The public sector is composed of different public bodies which release their open government data using different technical and legal frameworks, unfortunately the different variety of approaches contributes to creating obstacles in the re-use of information. The potential of data, and of
329:
Another important aspect is the definition of âHigh Value
Datasetâ, which includes information from different thematic topics and is expected to play an important role for the society and economy. Datasets included in this category will have to be published completely and freely in machine-readable
320:
Furthermore, the PSI is clear in terms of who can gain value from the re-use of open government data, making no distinctions about the beneficiaries, and without any restrictions to a specific market or sector. In addition, the directive specifies that it is not necessary to have and declare a
316:
Moreover, another important aspect emerging from the directive, is the idea of information and data as infrastructure. In order to boost innovation and make open government data available for re-use, public bodies need to invest in structuring their data into a public infrastructural resource.
309:
and the re-use of public sector information further stresses the importance of the principle of re-using and publishing open government data from public sector bodies for both commercial and non-commercial purposes. Even if the directive focused on the re-use principle, in
Article 5 it clearly
245:
2019/1024 on open data and the re-use of public sector information), which entered into force on 16 July 2019. It consisted of a revision of the public sector information directive from 2003, which was already previously amended by the directive 2013/37/EU. Member states had until
1164:
390:
The deadline for member states to implement the directive was 17 July 2021. Between
September 2021 and July 2022 the Commission began infringement proceedings (letters of formal notice and reasoned opinions) against almost half the EU member states:
1149:
475:
Communication from the
Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions â Re-use of Public Sector Information : review of Directive
665:"Open data: Commission urges Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, The Netherlands, Austria, Slovakia and Sweden to enact EU rules on open data and the reuse of public sector information"
1090:
1062:
775:
1113:
1028:
768:
690:
664:
298:
Every day public bodies create and collect a massive amount of valuable data from many different domains, the need to open up public sector data is not something new, and the
995:
1159:
761:
1200:
606:
886:
382:
the
European Commission and represents a best practice to facilitate the re-use of information that the institution makes publicly available online.
494:"Directive (EU) 2019/1024 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on open data and the re-use of public sector information"
1054:
1205:
1121:
1068:
730:
520:
449:
Directive 2003/98/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 on the re-use of public sector information (
1179:
234:
for this area. The
Directive is an attempt to remove barriers that hinder the re-use of public sector information throughout the
1127:
497:
137:
73:
691:"Open data directive: Commission calls on Romania and Slovenia to comply with EU rules open data and public sector data reuse"
648:"COMMISSION DECISION of 22.2.2019 adopting Creative Commons as an open licence under the European Commission's reuse policy"
968:
647:
313:
In addition, the directive specifies that it is not necessary to have and declare a pre-identified purpose for the re-use.
1220:
954:
797:
1210:
850:
1103:
1023:
1005:
929:
1098:
1074:
474:
450:
1018:
979:
856:
826:
607:"Legal and Institutional Challenges for Opening Data across Public Sectors: Towards Common Policy Solutions"
892:
844:
832:
585:
814:
1165:
Rome
Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations
753:
462:
806:
219:
27:
984:
546:
939:
919:
914:
880:
378:
949:
934:
909:
862:
337:
These categories of âHigh Value Datasetâ, as referred to in Article 13(1) of the directive, are:
547:"The influence of the PSI directive on open government data: An overview of recent developments"
944:
924:
1174:
989:
874:
784:
241:
The PSI Directive was amended again in 2019, becoming the Open Data Directive (Directive (EU)
302:
started to stimulate the reuse of public government data since the end of the 1980s.
1215:
1039:
590:
8:
1034:
694:
668:
374:
251:
122:
54:
281:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
838:
1013:
628:
566:
623:
1144:
1080:
820:
618:
558:
223:
58:
724:
1169:
231:
1044:
788:
521:"European legislation on open data and the re-use of public sector information"
299:
235:
562:
1194:
1154:
632:
570:
493:
227:
747:
718:
783:
721:
of 20 June 2019 on open data and the re-use of public sector information
741:
734:
366:
306:
230:
information available for re-use. This directive provides a common
188:
2019/1024 on open data and the re-use of public sector information
1029:
Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions
611:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research
208:
Directive 2003/98/EC on the re-use of public sector information
385:
1160:
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
331:
604:
512:
996:
Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited
463:
Existing rules on re-use of public sector information
869:
Directive on the re-use of public sector information
605:
Dulong de Rosnay, Melanie; Janssen, Katleen (2014).
46:
Directive on the re-use of public sector information
887:
Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market
518:
1192:
583:
1201:Intellectual property law of the European Union
645:
1128:German Law on the Protection of Trade Secrets
769:
1122:Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets
1069:Directive on the legal protection of designs
525:Digital Single Market â European Commission
776:
762:
386:Transposition and infringement proceedings
622:
445:
443:
441:
365:The directive stresses the importance of
222:that stipulates minimum requirements for
1180:WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
544:
456:
321:pre-identified purpose for the re-use.
1193:
498:Official Journal of the European Union
488:
486:
484:
438:
360:
324:
757:
468:
254:the new directive into national law.
519:European Commission (18 July 2019).
377:decided to standardize the usage of
261:
1206:Copyright law of the European Union
545:Janssen, Katleen (1 October 2011).
481:
13:
851:Electronic Commerce Directive 2000
332:Application Programming Interfaces
14:
1232:
1104:Traditional speciality guaranteed
712:
344:Earth observation and environment
586:"Open Data Maturity Report 2019"
551:Government Information Quarterly
266:
83:345, 2003-12-31, pp. 90â96
34:
1099:Protected designation of origin
1075:Regulation on Community designs
683:
657:
624:10.4067/S0718-18762014000300002
353:Companies and company ownership
132:365 E, 2000-12-19, p. 223
639:
598:
577:
538:
1:
857:Information Society Directive
827:Satellite and Cable Directive
432:
257:
893:Customs Regulation 1383/2003
845:Conditional Access Directive
833:Copyright Duration Directive
7:
815:Computer Programs Directive
147:85, 2003-04-08, p. 25
10:
1237:
1221:2003 in the European Union
785:Intellectual property laws
451:OJ L 345, 31.12.2003 p. 90
1211:European Union directives
1137:
1112:
1089:
1053:
1004:
985:European Union trade mark
967:
902:
805:
796:
563:10.1016/j.giq.2011.01.004
275:This section needs to be
200:
192:
180:
172:
164:
159:
151:
136:
121:
116:
108:
100:
92:
87:
72:
64:
50:
42:
33:
26:
1091:Geographical indications
881:Copyright Term Directive
731:Procedure 2018/0111(COD)
719:Directive (EU) 2019/1024
28:European Union directive
16:European Union directive
863:Resale Rights Directive
725:Procedure 2018/0111/COD
478:. Retrieved 2010-01-21
465:. Retrieved 2010-01-21
584:European Data Portal.
373:In February 2019, the
1175:WIPO Copyright Treaty
990:Trade Marks Directive
875:Enforcement Directive
646:European Commission.
232:legislative framework
201:Substantially amended
1040:Unified Patent Court
750:(No longer in force)
748:Directive 2013/37/EU
744:(No longer in force)
742:Directive 2003/98/EC
591:European Data Portal
22:Directive 2003/98/EC
1035:European patent law
695:European Commission
669:European Commission
375:European Commission
361:Open data licensing
325:High Value Datasets
216:Open Data Directive
109:Implementation date
55:European Parliament
23:
839:Database Directive
21:
1188:
1187:
963:
962:
693:(Press release).
667:(Press release).
305:The directive on
296:
295:
226:regarding making
214:, now called the
205:
204:
160:Other legislation
117:Preparative texts
1228:
1150:Lisbon Agreement
1145:Berne Convention
1081:Community design
821:Rental Directive
803:
802:
778:
771:
764:
755:
754:
707:
706:
704:
702:
687:
681:
680:
678:
676:
661:
655:
654:
652:
643:
637:
636:
626:
602:
596:
595:
581:
575:
574:
542:
536:
535:
533:
531:
516:
510:
509:
507:
505:
490:
479:
472:
466:
460:
454:
447:
291:
288:
282:
270:
269:
262:
249:
244:
224:EU member states
187:
146:
131:
101:Entry into force
82:
38:
37:
24:
20:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1170:TRIPS Agreement
1133:
1108:
1085:
1063:Hague Agreement
1049:
1019:The Netherlands
1000:
959:
898:
792:
782:
715:
710:
700:
698:
689:
688:
684:
674:
672:
663:
662:
658:
650:
644:
640:
603:
599:
582:
578:
543:
539:
529:
527:
517:
513:
503:
501:
492:
491:
482:
473:
469:
461:
457:
448:
439:
435:
413:The Netherlands
388:
379:Creative Common
363:
330:format and via
327:
292:
286:
283:
280:
271:
267:
260:
247:
242:
210:, known as the
185:
144:
129:
80:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1234:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1045:Unitary patent
1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
987:
982:
980:United Kingdom
977:
973:
971:
965:
964:
961:
960:
958:
957:
955:United Kingdom
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
906:
904:
900:
899:
897:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
811:
809:
800:
794:
793:
789:European Union
781:
780:
773:
766:
758:
752:
751:
745:
739:
738:
737:
728:
714:
713:External links
711:
709:
708:
697:. 6 April 2022
682:
671:. 6 April 2022
656:
638:
597:
576:
557:(4): 446â456.
537:
511:
500:. 26 June 2019
480:
467:
455:
436:
434:
431:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
387:
384:
362:
359:
358:
357:
354:
351:
348:
347:Meteorological
345:
342:
326:
323:
300:European Union
294:
293:
274:
272:
265:
259:
256:
203:
202:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
184:Directive (EU)
182:
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
141:
134:
133:
126:
119:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
77:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1233:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Madrid system
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1114:Trade secrets
1111:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
975:
974:
972:
970:
966:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
905:
903:National laws
901:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
812:
810:
808:
804:
801:
799:
795:
790:
786:
779:
774:
772:
767:
765:
760:
759:
756:
749:
746:
743:
740:
736:
732:
729:
726:
723:
722:
720:
717:
716:
696:
692:
686:
670:
666:
660:
649:
642:
634:
630:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
593:
592:
587:
580:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
541:
526:
522:
515:
499:
495:
489:
487:
485:
477:
471:
464:
459:
452:
446:
444:
442:
437:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
393:
392:
383:
380:
376:
371:
368:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
339:
338:
335:
333:
322:
318:
314:
311:
308:
303:
301:
290:
278:
273:
264:
263:
255:
253:
250:July 2021 to
239:
237:
233:
229:
228:public sector
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:PSI Directive
209:
199:
195:
191:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
142:
139:
135:
127:
124:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
29:
25:
19:
868:
699:. Retrieved
685:
673:. Retrieved
659:
641:
614:
610:
600:
589:
579:
554:
550:
540:
530:23 September
528:. Retrieved
524:
514:
502:. Retrieved
470:
458:
389:
372:
364:
336:
328:
319:
315:
312:
304:
297:
284:
276:
240:
220:EU directive
215:
211:
207:
206:
18:
1216:2003 in law
930:Netherlands
617:(3): 1â14.
193:Replaced by
1195:Categories
969:Trade mark
807:Directives
727:on EUR-Lex
476:2003/98/EC
433:References
350:Statistics
341:Geospatial
258:Definition
181:Amended by
123:Commission
112:2008-05-08
104:2003-12-31
96:2003-11-17
65:Made under
798:Copyright
633:0718-1876
571:0740-624X
367:open data
307:open data
252:transpose
93:Date made
76:reference
1138:Treaties
428:Slovenia
419:Slovakia
398:Bulgaria
356:Mobility
287:May 2020
218:, is an
165:Replaces
125:proposal
1055:Designs
1024:Romania
1014:Germany
976:Ireland
940:Romania
920:Ireland
915:Germany
787:in the
701:19 June
675:19 June
425:Romania
416:Austria
407:Hungary
404:Croatia
401:Czechia
395:Belgium
277:updated
152:Reports
140:opinion
88:History
74:Journal
68:Art. 95
59:Council
51:Made by
1130:(2019)
1124:(2016)
1077:(2001)
1071:(1998)
1065:(1999)
1031:(1998)
1006:Patent
992:(1988)
950:Sweden
935:Poland
910:France
895:(2003)
889:(2019)
883:(2006)
877:(2004)
871:(2003)
865:(2001)
859:(2001)
853:(2000)
847:(1998)
841:(1996)
835:(1993)
829:(1993)
823:(1992)
817:(1991)
631:
569:
422:Sweden
410:Latvia
248:
243:
186:
173:Amends
155:
145:
130:
81:
57:&
945:Spain
925:Italy
651:(PDF)
504:2 May
236:Union
43:Title
791:(EU)
703:2022
677:2022
629:ISSN
567:ISSN
532:2019
506:2020
138:EESC
735:ĆIL
733:on
619:doi
559:doi
1197::
627:.
613:.
609:.
588:.
565:.
555:28
553:.
549:.
523:.
496:.
483:^
440:^
246:16
238:.
777:e
770:t
763:v
705:.
679:.
653:.
635:.
621::
615:9
594:.
573:.
561::
534:.
508:.
453:)
289:)
285:(
279:.
196:â
176:â
168:â
143:C
128:C
79:L
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.