Satellite television

1313: 542: 1470:, and in the US most condominiums, neighborhoods, and other homeowner associations tightly restricted their use, except in areas where such restrictions were illegal. These restrictions were altered in 1986 when the Federal Communications Commission ruled all of them illegal. A municipality could require a property owner to relocate the dish if it violated other zoning restrictions, such as a setback requirement, but could not outlaw their use. The necessity of these restrictions would slowly decline as the dishes got smaller. 1080: 849: 11394: 10308: 72: 11404: 357: 11383: 38: 11414: 10320: 4440: 1095:, or TVRO, arose during the early days of satellite television reception to differentiate it from commercial satellite television uplink and downlink operations (transmit and receive). This was the primary method of satellite television transmissions before the satellite television industry shifted, with the launch of higher powered DBS satellites in the early 1990s which transmitted their signals on the 178:. The advantage of this orbit is that the satellite's orbital period equals the rotation rate of the Earth, so the satellite appears at a fixed position in the sky. Thus the satellite dish antenna which receives the signal can be aimed permanently at the location of the satellite and does not have to track a moving satellite. A few systems instead use a highly elliptical orbit with 455:(right-hand and left-hand) and, in the case of K-band, two different frequency bands (lower and upper) to the same frequency range on the cable. Depending on which frequency and polarization a transponder is using, the satellite receiver has to switch the LNB into one of four different modes in order to receive a specific "channel". This is handled by the receiver using the 526:. Uplink satellite dishes are very large, often as much as 9 to 12 metres (30 to 40 feet) in diameter to achieve accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite, to improve reliability. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the 495:. The reason for using this orbit is that the satellite circles the Earth at the same rate as the Earth rotates, so the satellite appears at a fixed point in the sky. Thus satellite dishes can be aimed permanently at that point, and do not need a tracking system to turn to follow a moving satellite. A few satellite TV systems use satellites in a 1294:(DBS), was launched on 30 May 1974. It transmitted at 860 MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels. The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use. 1492:, which gave those using TVRO systems the right to receive signals for free unless they were scrambled, and required those who did scramble to make their signals available for a reasonable fee. Since cable channels could prevent reception by big dishes, other companies had an incentive to offer competition. In January 1986, 1796:

FSS satellite's respective transponders has been achieved by both DirecTV & Dish Network issuing to their subscribers dishes twice as big in diameter (36") than the previous 18" (& 20" for the Dish Network "Dish500") dishes the services used initially, equipped with 2 circular-polarized LNBFs

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On March 4, 1996, EchoStar introduced Digital Sky Highway (Dish Network) using the EchoStar 1 satellite. EchoStar launched a second satellite in September 1996 to increase the number of channels available on Dish Network to 170. These systems provided better pictures and stereo sound on 150–200 video

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transponders of existing FSS-class satellites, in addition to the capacity on their own existing fleets of DBS satellites in orbit. This was done in order to provide more channel capacity for their systems, as required by the increasing number of High-Definition and simulcast local station channels.

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systems. The scrambling of HBO was met with much protest from owners of big-dish systems, most of which had no other option at the time for receiving such channels, claiming that clear signals from cable channels would be difficult to receive. Eventually HBO allowed dish owners to subscribe directly

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the radio signal and sends the resulting video signal to the television through a cable. To decrypt the signal the receiver box must be "activated" by the satellite company. If the customer fails to pay their monthly bill the box is "deactivated" by a signal from the company, and the system will not

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two different reception bands – lower and upper – to one and the same frequency band on the cable, and is a practical problem for home satellite reception. Depending on which frequency a transponder is transmitting at and on what polarisation it is using, the satellite receiver has to switch the LNB

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By 1987, nine channels were scrambled, but 99 others were available free-to-air. While HBO initially charged a monthly fee of $ 19.95, soon it became possible to unscramble all channels for $ 200 a year. Dish sales went down from 600,000 in 1985 to 350,000 in 1986, but pay television services were

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will have to be used in conjunction with a special type of LNB. There are also LNBs available with a multi-switch already integrated. This problem becomes more complicated when several receivers are to use several dishes (or several LNBs mounted in a single dish) pointing to different satellites.

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Christmas catalogue featured the first home satellite TV stations on sale for $ 36,500. The dishes were nearly 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter and were remote controlled. The price went down by half soon after that, but there were only eight more channels. The Society for Private and Commercial

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in 1994 and 1995, and in 1996 and 1997 in European countries including France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy and the Netherlands, as well as Japan, North America and Latin America. Digital DVB-S broadcasts in the United Kingdom and Ireland started in 1998. Japan started broadcasting with the

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technology enabled the use of smaller dishes. Five hundred thousand systems, some costing as little as $ 2000, were sold in the US in 1984. Dishes pointing to one satellite were even cheaper. People in areas without local broadcast stations or cable television service could obtain good-quality

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A common solution for consumers wanting to access multiple satellites is to deploy a single dish with a single LNB and to rotate the dish using an electric motor. The axis of rotation has to be set up in the north–south direction and, depending on the geographical location of the dish, have a

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to an indoor receiver or, in other designs, a downconverter (a mixer and a voltage-tuned oscillator with some filter circuitry) for downconversion to an intermediate frequency. The channel selection was controlled typically by a voltage tuned oscillator with the tuning voltage being fed via a

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facility. Uplink satellite dishes are very large, as much as 9 to 12 meters (30 to 40 feet) in diameter. The increased diameter results in more accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are

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tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. The transponder re-transmits the signals back to Earth at a different frequency (a process known as translation, used to avoid interference with the uplink signal), typically in the 10.7-12.7 GHz band, but some still transmit in the

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systems tend to resemble DBS systems and can use a smaller dish antenna because of the higher power transmissions and greater antenna gain. TVRO systems tend to use larger rather than smaller satellite dish antennas, since it is more likely that the owner of a TVRO system would have a

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must be used in conjunction with a special type of LNB. There are also LNBs available with a multi-switch already integrated. This problem becomes more complicated when several receivers use several dishes or several LNBs mounted in a single dish are aimed at different satellites.

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Programming for satellite television channels comes from multiple sources and may include live studio feeds. The broadcast center assembles and packages programming into channels for transmission and, where necessary, encrypts the channels. The signal is then sent to the

1801:" models respectively, are now the current standard for both providers, with their original 18"/20" single or dual LNBF dishes either now obsolete, or only used for program packages, separate channels, or services only broadcast over the providers' DBS satellites. 1797:(for reception of 2 native DBS satellites of the provider, 1 per LNBF), and 1 standard linear-polarized LNB for reception of channels from an FSS-type satellite. These newer DBS/FSS-hybrid dishes, marketed by DirecTV and Dish Network as the "SlimLine" and " 577:(LNB) or low noise converter (LNC) attached to the horn. The LNB amplifies the weak signals, filters the block of frequencies in which the satellite television signals are transmitted, and converts the block of frequencies to a lower frequency range in the 822:

occurs when the sun lines up directly behind the satellite in the field of view of the receiving satellite dish. This happens for about a 10-minute period daily around midday, twice every year for a two-week period in the spring and fall around the

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is not recommended for this application as it is not technically designed to carry frequencies above 950 MHz, but will work in many circumstances, depending on the quality of the coaxial wire. The shift to more affordable technology from the

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In addition to encryption, the widespread availability, in the US, of DBS services such as PrimeStar and DirecTV had been reducing the popularity of TVRO systems since the early 1990s. Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent

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Early satellite television systems were not very popular due to their expense and large dish size. The satellite television dishes of the systems in the late 1970s and early 1980s were 10 to 16 feet (3.0 to 4.9 m) in diameter, made of

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ocean on 23 July 1962, although a test broadcast had taken place almost two weeks earlier on 11 July. The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million. Launched in 1962, the

1589:. This legislation enabled anyone caught engaging in signal theft to be fined up to $ 50,000 and to be sentenced to a maximum of two years in prison. A repeat offender can be fined up to $ 100,000 and be imprisoned for up to five years. 447:

is not recommended for this application as it is not technically designed to carry frequencies above 950 MHz, but may work in some circumstances, depending on the quality of the coaxial wire, signal levels, cable length, etc.

859:(DTH) can either refer to the communications satellites themselves that deliver service or the actual television service. Most satellite television customers in developed television markets get their programming through a 403:

ranges of 950–2150 MHz to carry the signal from the LNBF at the dish down to the receiver. This allows for the transmission of UHF signals along the same span of coaxial wire at the same time. In some applications

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services, the data stream is encrypted and requires proprietary reception equipment. While the underlying reception technology is similar, the pay television technology is proprietary, often consisting of a

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In a return to the older (but proven) technologies of satellite communication, the current DBS-based satellite providers in the US (Dish Network and DirecTV) are now utilizing additional capacity on the

4040: 8277: 1638:, a direct broadcasting company using medium power satellites. The relatively strong transmissions allowed the use of smaller (90 cm) dishes. Its popularity declined with the 1994 launch of the 1111:

frequencies and the dishes required were large; typically over 3 meters (10 ft) in diameter. Consequently, TVRO is often referred to as "big dish" or "Big Ugly Dish" (BUD) satellite television.

4090: 1828:(ITU) defined a "broadcasting satellite service" as a "space service in which signals transmitted or retransmitted by space stations, or transmitted by reflection from objects in orbit around the 3994: 1809: 1107:

networks rather than received by home viewers. Early satellite television receiver systems were largely constructed by hobbyists and engineers. These early TVRO systems operated mainly on the

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The advantages of using an LNB are that cheaper cable can be used to connect the indoor receiver to the satellite television dish and LNB, and that the technology for handling the signal at

326:(LNA) connected to the feedhorn at the focal point of the dish. The amplified signal, still at the higher microwave frequencies, had to be fed via very expensive low-loss 50-ohm impedance 4946: 142:

type satellites, requiring the use of large 2–3-meter dishes. Consequently, these systems were nicknamed "big dish" systems, and were more expensive and less popular. Early systems used

9449: 1477:(ITC) because the equipment necessary to receive the programming was too expensive for consumers. With the growing number of TVRO systems, the program providers and broadcasters had to 2867: 1549:

seeing dishes as something positive since some people would never have cable service, and the industry was starting to recover as a result. Scrambling also led to the development of

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proposed a worldwide communications system which would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit. This was published in the October 1945 issue of the

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industry to change from being a largely hobbyist one where only small numbers of systems costing thousands of US dollars were built, to a far more commercial one of mass production.

9429: 2315: 1399:. They were equipped with powerful on-board transponders, so the size of receiving parabolic antennas of downlink stations was reduced to 4 and 2.5 metres. On October 18, 1979, the 3784: 3467: 2806: 1586: 651:

An LNB can only handle a single receiver. This is due to the fact that the LNB is mapping two different circular polarisations – right hand and left hand – and in the case of the

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signal unencrypted in order for affiliates to not lose viewers who could not see their advertising. Most of the two million satellite dish users in the United States still used

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directly above the equator. The dish will then be capable of receiving any geostationary satellite that is visible at the specific location, i.e. that is above the horizon. The

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and audio channels, and allowed small dishes to be used. This greatly reduced the popularity of TVRO systems. In the mid-1990s, channels began moving their broadcasts to

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A practical problem relating to home satellite reception is that an LNB can basically only handle a single receiver. This is because the LNB is translating two different

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where it is transmitted to the satellite. With some broadcast centers, the studios, administration and up-link are all part of the same campus. The satellite then

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which was adopted by a majority vote, however, most States capable of DBS voted against it. The "DBS Principles" resolution is generally regarded as ineffective.

1604:, the first satellite to provide medium power satellite coverage to Western Europe. This was one of the first medium-powered satellites, transmitting signals in 1011:

service, a large number of French channels are free-to-air on satellites at 5°W, and have recently been announced as being official in-fill for the DTT network.

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demodulates and converts the signals to the desired form (outputs for television, audio, data, etc.). Often, the receiver includes the capability to selectively

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which is influential in the development of regulations and has access to government funding for research. Their entry into the market was protected by the

95:. Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services. It is usually the only television available in many remote geographic areas without 2888: 9466: 9444: 7492: 6158: 5778: 4932: 1839:(NWICO) proposal. However, satellite broadcasts can not be restricted on a per-state basis due to the limitations of the technology. Around the time the 676:

selects the channel desired by the user by filtering that channel from the multiple channels received from the satellite, converts the signal to a lower

130:(12–18 GHz) frequencies requiring only a small dish less than a meter in diameter. The first satellite TV systems were a now-obsolete type known as 2891: 1612:

and allowing reception with small dishes (90 cm). The launch of Astra beat the winner of the UK's state Direct Broadcast Satellite licence holder,

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satellite constellation. These are not marketed as a DBS service, but are received in approximately 18 million homes, as well as in any home using the

783: 3246: 3216: 9434: 1974: 1852: 1844: 1624: 724:. This baseband comprises the video signal and the audio subcarrier(s). The audio subcarrier is further demodulated to provide a raw audio signal. 7913: 3923: 1847:(COPUOS) where most of the members supported prior consent restrictions for broadcasting in their territories, but some argued this would violate 1169:

or the Vertex-RSI TORUS, is a quasi-parabolic satellite earthstation antenna that is capable of receiving satellite transmissions from 35 or more

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specific vertical tilt. Set up properly the motorized dish when turned will sweep across all possible positions for satellites lined up along the

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The reason for using the LNB to do the frequency translation at the dish is so that the signal can be carried into the residence using cheap

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receiving dish, which reflects the weak signal to the dish's focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal point is a device called a

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In the 1970s some states grew concerned that external broadcasting could alter the cultural or political identity of a state leading to the

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1, was launched on 26 October 1976. It used a 714 MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing

11366: 11338: 11333: 10358: 9788: 7915: 6137: 9285: 3457: 8757: 3770: 9041: 7170: 3070: 2010: 1914: 1529:(SBCA) was founded on December 2, 1986, as the result of a merger between SPACE and the Direct Broadcast Satellite Association (DBSA). 914:

Some countries operate satellite television services which can be received for free, without paying a subscription fee. This is called

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but it initially used low power communication satellites and it required dish sizes of over 1.7 metres. On 11 December 1988, however,

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Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Implementation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation in DVB satellite transmission systems

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protocol to control the LNB mode, which handles this. If several satellite receivers are to be attached to a single dish a so-called

2049: 1403:(FCC) began allowing people to have home satellite earth stations without a federal government license. The front cover of the 1979 9513: 7850: 1165:

The narrow beam width of a normal parabolic satellite antenna means it can only receive signals from a single satellite at a time.

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with a flared front-end that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and conducts them to a probe or pickup connected to a

10288: 8933: 5803: 1812:(SHVIA). The act allowed Americans to receive local broadcast signals via direct broadcast satellite systems for the first time. 1489: 660:

into one of four different modes in order to receive a specific desired program on a specific transponder. The receiver uses the

440: 3647: 3022: 211:(12–18 GHz), or both. The leg of the signal path from the satellite to the receiving Earth station is called the downlink. 11360: 9910: 9661: 9404: 5017: 4477: 3044: 1879: 1317: 1158:-only setup. Additional receiver boxes allow for different types of digital satellite signal reception, such as DVB/MPEG-2 and 11355: 11345: 11325: 11127: 9782: 9388: 9383: 9332: 7927: 6208: 5838: 4444: 4222: 3898: 3000: 2981: 2962: 2943: 2624: 2176: 1869: 1825: 1408:

Earth Stations (SPACE), an organisation which represented consumers and satellite TV system owners, was established in 1980.

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and 2250–3000 MHz, are used. Newer LNBFs in use by DirecTV, called SWM (Single Wire Multiswitch), are used to implement

353:. Central to these designs was concept of block downconversion of a range of frequencies to a lower, more easily handled IF. 3325: 3298: 1458:. Between 1981 and 1985, TVRO systems' sales rates increased as prices fell. Advances in receiver technology and the use of 9760: 9367: 9352: 9342: 9337: 9061: 4385:

Gotlieb, A.E. (1969). "Direct Satellite Broadcasting: A Case Study in the Development of the Law of Space Communications".

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to their service for $ 12.95 per month, a price equal to or higher than what cable subscribers were paying, and required a

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service. Different receivers are required for the two types. Some transmissions and channels are unencrypted and therefore

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There are five major components in a satellite system: the programming source, the broadcast center, the satellite, the

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will occur when the sun lines up directly behind the geostationary satellite to which the receiving antenna is pointed.

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Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an

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Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an

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reception with no monthly fees. The large dishes were a subject of much consternation, as many people considered them

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receiver is required for certain high definition television services). Most of these channels are included within the

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Stecklow, Steve (1984-10-25). "Research Needed in Buying Dish: High Cost Is Important Consideration for Consumer".

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protocol to control the LNB mode. If several satellite receivers are to be attached to a single dish, a so-called

11453: 11112: 9278: 9195: 6921: 6669: 6336: 6006: 5733: 4847: 4695: 4338: 2489: 1384:, a non-profit public broadcasting service, began to distribute its television programming by satellite in 1978. 4169: 3534: 1525:

in April 1986. One by one, all commercial channels followed HBO's lead and began scrambling their channels. The

731:. In general, digital television, including that transmitted via satellites, is based on open standards such as 538:, a process known as "translation," and transmits them back to earth to be received by home satellite stations. 11443: 11107: 9585: 7638: 7269: 6122: 5657: 4907: 4691: 4549: 4084: 3385: 3146: 3115: 2556: 2544: 1889: 1767:

materials have also had an effect. However, one consequence of the higher frequencies used for DBS services is

1613: 1354: 1008: 611:, a metal pipe to carry the radio waves. The cable connecting the receiver to the LNB are of the low loss type 11438: 11132: 10175: 9743: 9362: 8364: 7274: 6764: 4822: 4744: 1574: 361: 300: 237:

hybrid satellites. Typical transponders each have a bandwidth between 27 and 50 MHz. Each geostationary

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at the receiver than analog modulation methods. Each satellite also can carry up to 32 transponders in the

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Public Service Broadcasting in the Age of Globalization, Editors: Indrajit Banerjee, Kalinga Seneviratne.

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were considering scrambling, though CBS was reluctant due to the number of people unable to receive local

1312: 11397: 10904: 10344: 10048: 9311: 8641: 8428: 8190: 8036: 5052: 4761: 4119: 3596: 3238: 3208: 1306: 996:", which is provided as in-fill for the country's terrestrial transmission network. It is broadcast from 871:(12 to 18 GHz) and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality. 698: 432: 1258:

and nicknamed "Early Bird", was launched into geosynchronous orbit on April 6, 1965. The first national

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television tuners which selected the satellite television channel for down conversion to another lower

487:. "Direct broadcast" satellites used for transmission of satellite television signals are generally in 151: 5242: 1446:

and Europe. On 26 April 1982, the first satellite channel in the UK, Satellite Television Ltd. (later

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emitted by the sun on the same frequencies used by the satellite's transponders drowns out reception.

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industry as communication satellites were being used to distribute television programming to remote

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the received signal to provide premium services to some subscribers; the receiver is then called an

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Analog television which was distributed via satellite was usually sent scrambled or unscrambled in

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tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. The transponder then converts the signals to

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satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan. The first

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television tuners which selected the satellite television channel for down conversion to a lower

139: 131: 561:"), which reflects the weak signal to the dish's focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's 11148: 10934: 10749: 10694: 10689: 10502: 10467: 10155: 10135: 9961: 9580: 9491: 9471: 8970: 8913: 8804: 8799: 7898: 7860: 7497: 7444: 7106: 6163: 5857: 5788: 5687: 5568: 5540: 4661: 1848: 1455: 1004: 677: 645: 400: 392:

centered on 70 MHz, where it was demodulated. This shift allowed the satellite television

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stations. The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was

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orbiting the Earth directly to the viewer's location. The signals are received via an outdoor

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Bell-Jones, Robin; Berbner, Jochen; Chai, Jianfeng; Farstad, Thomas; Pham, Minh (June 2001).

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frequencies. The shift to cheaper technology from the hardline and N-connectors of the early

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satellite needs to be spaced 2° longitude from the next satellite to avoid interference; for

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the spacing can be 1°. This means that there is an upper limit of 360/2 = 180 geostationary

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Trademark Counterfeiting, Product Piracy, and the Billion Dollar Threat to the U.S. Economy

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ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.39, definition:

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is likely the leader in free-to-air with approximately 250 digital channels (including 83

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channels to be viewed even by the people with standard equipment available in the market.

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commercial DBS system. All German analogue satellite broadcasts ceased on 30 April 2012.

717: 488: 469: 323: 288: 171: 155: 7611: 6216: 5846: 1391:) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites. They launched the 640:

allowed the early satellite television receivers to use, what were in reality, modified

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allowed the early satellite television receivers to use, what were in reality, modified

11201: 11158: 11089: 10959: 10889: 10864: 10799: 10646: 10367: 9623: 9565: 9544: 9087: 9046: 8928: 8381: 8322: 8215: 8157: 8101: 8041: 7359: 6821: 6461: 6401: 6080: 5921: 5754: 5707: 5647: 5447: 5125: 5004: 4900: 4869: 4837: 4544: 4402: 3559: 2099: 1940: 1748: 1728: 1700: 1693: 1652: 1585:. The piracy on satellite television networks in the US led to the introduction of the 1522: 1263: 1259: 1207: 1084: 751: 728: 514:

facility. Uplink facilities transmit the signal to the satellite over a narrow beam of

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Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in Africa, Asia and Oceania

1026:(with the majority being ethnic or religious in nature). Other FTA satellites include 11241: 11163: 11077: 11060: 11023: 10869: 10699: 10668: 10534: 10428: 9970: 9575: 9215: 9015: 8938: 8884: 8879: 8836: 8185: 8137: 8086: 8014: 7967: 7891: 7512: 7384: 7259: 7076: 6971: 6886: 6346: 6046: 6039: 5877: 5798: 5578: 5558: 5498: 5318: 5168: 5148: 4874: 4842: 4829: 4812: 4779: 4749: 4739: 4734: 4676: 4651: 4642: 4534: 4522: 4406: 4298: 4218: 4080: 3809: 3735: 3669:

Stein, Joe (1989-01-24). "Whatta dish : Home satellite reception a TV turn-on".

3633: 3601: 3563: 3489: 3381: 3142: 3080: 3014: 2719: 2690: 2593: 2552: 2503: 2454: 1980: 1904: 1582: 554: 57: 10909: 3048: 1536:–based encryption on its audio signal. VideoCipher II was defeated, and there was a 1103:

frequencies. Satellite television channels at that time were intended to be used by

11246: 11206: 11186: 11153: 11082: 11040: 10954: 10809: 10794: 10769: 10744: 10704: 10554: 10413: 10398: 10236: 9915: 9838: 9613: 9066: 8975: 8774: 8710: 8663: 8512: 8376: 8096: 7955: 7715: 7677: 7394: 7344: 7138: 7061: 7026: 6916: 6901: 6851: 6704: 6644: 6516: 6511: 6411: 6223: 6026: 5929: 5892: 5047: 4961: 4916: 4729: 4719: 4539: 4394: 3833: 1874: 1459: 1338: 1199: 1104: 948: 903:. This measure assures satellite television providers that only authorized, paying 727:

Later signals were digitized television signals or multiplex of signals, typically

500: 115:

requires the viewer to subscribe and pay a monthly fee to receive the programming.

100: 92: 8302: 6951: 4363: 3894: 3108:"The 1945 Proposal by Arthur C. Clarke for Geostationary Satellite Communications" 283:

The downlink satellite signal, quite weak after traveling the great distance (see

194:

transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the

10874: 10729: 10497: 10472: 10460: 10110: 10006: 9981: 9976: 9880: 9549: 9159: 9154: 9082: 8980: 8727: 8574: 8465: 8354: 8312: 8257: 8210: 8180: 7989: 7977: 7464: 7409: 7114: 7081: 7056: 6941: 6936: 6906: 6846: 6841: 6719: 6684: 6674: 6481: 6431: 6321: 6316: 6266: 6246: 5925: 5738: 5548: 5530: 5354: 5158: 5153: 5114: 5104: 4620: 4576: 4517: 3985: 3671: 3638: 3321: 3294: 2895: 1840: 1760: 1732: 1346: 1195: 932: 7041: 5702: 3513: 3427: 3380:

Long Distance Television Reception (TV-DX) For the Enthusiast, Roger W. Bunney,

3272: 2860:"Cable and satellite TV companies need a miracle to save them from cord-cutting" 960: 927: 549:

The downlinked satellite signal, weaker after traveling the great distance (see

11072: 10944: 10919: 10879: 10849: 10724: 10559: 10512: 10487: 10445: 9966: 9895: 9714: 9539: 9190: 8901: 8779: 8732: 8678: 8564: 8391: 8287: 8167: 8119: 8046: 7982: 7744: 7389: 7066: 7011: 6799: 6784: 6749: 6744: 6699: 6659: 6594: 6471: 6451: 6381: 6371: 6326: 6311: 6145: 6029: 5933: 5573: 5520: 4994: 4784: 4630: 4581: 4567: 3780: 3462: 1919: 1752: 1298: 1270:

in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical

1241: 1203: 956: 940: 891: 562: 558: 480: 393: 112: 84: 61: 7623: 4398: 3731:"Old satellite dish restrictions under fire New laws urged for smaller models" 3069:

Campbell, Richard; Martin, Christopher R.; Fabos, Bettina (23 February 2011).

1631:

channel that is encrypted and can be accessed from NHK dishes with a decoder.

11432: 11221: 10994: 10984: 10899: 10789: 10784: 10774: 10759: 10581: 10440: 10246: 10165: 9936: 9710: 9534: 9180: 9000: 8829: 8715: 8450: 8232: 8061: 7919: 7629: 7561: 7557: 7439: 7429: 7314: 7289: 7279: 7244: 7239: 7210: 7146: 7021: 6986: 6956: 6779: 6694: 6521: 6466: 6441: 6301: 5947: 5697: 5637: 5631: 5503: 5437: 5375: 5313: 5067: 4999: 4893: 4885: 4512: 4502: 4250: 3955: 3930:. Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association. 2014. Archived from 3740: 3691: 3405: 2801:[ZDFneo, 3sat, BR, NDR, SWR, WDR, Phoenix, KiKa launch HD channels]. 2723: 2548: 2403: 2324: 1909: 1851:. The parties were unable to reach a consensus on this and in 1982 submitted 1772: 1764: 1744: 1724: 1570: 1558: 1485: 1404: 1374: 1362: 1321: 1236: 1222: 1170: 1147: 1119: 1108: 943:

has approximately 160 digital channels (including the regional variations of

629: 593: 582: 519: 496: 377: 373: 350: 346: 330: 319: 304: 261: 249: 238: 234: 223: 200: 183: 143: 135: 7656: 3874:

Dawidziak, Mark (1984-12-30). "Satellite TV Dishes Getting Good Reception".

1274:

satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to ground

162:

from Brazil is the only remaining satellite broadcasting in analog signals.

11099: 10939: 10884: 10814: 10779: 10714: 10613: 10603: 10455: 10150: 10074: 9830: 9805: 9766: 9700: 9092: 8990: 8819: 8636: 8403: 8327: 8252: 8205: 8142: 8056: 8051: 7773: 7697: 7691: 7474: 7379: 7354: 6754: 6391: 6085: 6035: 5986: 5939: 5759: 5662: 5427: 5412: 5183: 5032: 4989: 4724: 4647: 4635: 4610: 4486: 4272:

Satellites: Operations and Applications: The New Communication Technologies

3775: 2070: 1805: 1680: 1676: 1668: 1646: 1550: 1537: 1361:) were among the first to use satellite television to deliver programming. 1267: 1054: 993: 689: 476:

protocol has been extended to encompass commands for steering dish rotors.

182:

of +/−63.4 degrees and an orbital period of about twelve hours, known as a

108: 5961: 3852:

Reibstein, Larry (1981-09-27). "Watching TV Via Satellite Is Their Dish".

1079: 118:

Modern systems signals are relayed from a communications satellite on the

11299: 10949: 10859: 10844: 10804: 10764: 10623: 10160: 10094: 9730: 9705: 9230: 8943: 8923: 8841: 8814: 8720: 8673: 8601: 8433: 8267: 8247: 8242: 8106: 8009: 7935: 7779: 7709: 7598: 7479: 7459: 7414: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7319: 7071: 7006: 6991: 6966: 6931: 6896: 6816: 6811: 6769: 6724: 6649: 6564: 6559: 6376: 6236: 6231: 5996: 5882: 5749: 5553: 5463: 5365: 5308: 5109: 4807: 4802: 4715: 4507: 4450: 4165: 3606: 3538: 1899: 1716: 1672: 1510: 1497: 1130: 989: 915: 908: 832: 803: 791: 771: 673: 665: 637: 625: 586: 527: 504: 484: 460: 420: 381: 356: 334: 195: 179: 159: 104: 88: 31: 1619:

Commercial satellite broadcasts have existed in Japan since 1992 led by

1053:

Satellite TV has seen a decline in consumers since the 2010s due to the

848: 30:

For the television channel "Satellite Television" launched in 1982, see

11304: 11011: 10709: 10618: 10574: 10544: 10522: 10125: 9210: 9205: 9200: 8579: 8470: 8455: 8332: 8004: 7940: 7791: 7650: 7454: 7404: 7349: 7249: 7154: 6876: 6836: 6729: 6709: 6629: 6599: 6531: 6406: 6356: 6296: 6286: 6276: 6271: 5955: 5743: 5692: 5682: 5677: 5514: 5509: 5493: 5469: 5344: 5328: 5277: 5272: 5252: 5083: 5057: 4864: 4666: 3643: 1697: 1597: 1413: 1370: 1320:(OTC) for an early global satellite broadcast event in 1973, featuring 1255: 904: 900: 880: 819: 807: 767: 694: 681: 424: 342: 277: 71: 49: 6759: 5483: 4330: 4015:

Wolf, Ron (1985-01-20). "Direct-Broadcast TV Is Still Not Turned On".

2831:[HDTV: New HD channels from ARD and ZDF after 30 April 2012]. 11289: 10754: 10569: 10336: 10079: 9819: 9293: 9250: 9123: 9097: 9056: 8621: 8500: 8475: 8423: 8396: 8292: 8152: 8019: 7721: 7703: 7565: 7399: 7329: 7130: 7036: 7001: 6881: 6856: 6624: 6579: 6491: 6446: 6436: 6281: 5667: 5583: 5349: 5339: 5267: 5257: 5193: 5130: 5072: 5062: 4984: 4859: 4817: 4294: 2499: 1798: 1768: 1723:

of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than

1715:) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the 1635: 1540:

for descrambler devices which were initially sold as "test" devices.

1474: 1395:

communication satellites later that same year. These satellites used

1337:

The satellite television industry developed first in the US from the

1047: 1043: 1035: 1023: 952: 907:

have access to pay television content but at the same time can allow

828: 755: 693:

work until the company reactivates it. Some receivers are capable of

685: 608: 604: 570: 550: 523: 515: 296: 284: 273: 6981: 6217:

Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in Europe

3107: 1332: 11284: 11274: 11191: 11016: 10839: 10180: 10145: 10140: 10130: 10120: 10115: 10043: 9991: 9694: 9450:

List of Canadian television stations available in the United States

8906: 8889: 8683: 8569: 8559: 8532: 8485: 8408: 8317: 8307: 8220: 8066: 7762: 7685: 7588: 7339: 7264: 7186: 7046: 6961: 6911: 6689: 6664: 6654: 6619: 6614: 6426: 6396: 6341: 6112: 6107: 6016: 6002: 5723: 5616: 5606: 5588: 5453: 5432: 5417: 5282: 5262: 5210: 5099: 4529: 2685:

Bruce R. Elbert (2008). "9 Earth Stations and Network Technology".

1929: 1601: 1518: 1417: 1392: 1275: 1248: 1230: 1166: 799: 721: 566: 292: 2799:"ZDFneo, 3sat, BR, NDR, SWR, WDR, Phoenix, KiKa starten HD Kanäle" 1634:

In the US in the early 1990s, four large cable companies launched

1297:

The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry

134:. These systems received weaker analog signals transmitted in the 11279: 11264: 10482: 10185: 10170: 10089: 10069: 10038: 10028: 9810: 9051: 8985: 8809: 8784: 8752: 8631: 8596: 8517: 8460: 8147: 8091: 8031: 8024: 7822: 7817: 7797: 7768: 7756: 7662: 7593: 7419: 7304: 7294: 7091: 7051: 7016: 6926: 6831: 6826: 6789: 6714: 6634: 6604: 6569: 6306: 6256: 6117: 6102: 6097: 5943: 5911: 5487: 5458: 5334: 5323: 5237: 5199: 5188: 5119: 5078: 5042: 5027: 4969: 4571: 3138:

Wireless technologies and the national information infrastructure

1789: 1780: 1736: 1708: 1656: 1642: 1605: 1562: 1467: 1447: 1226: 1174: 1151: 1138: 1123: 1096: 997: 979: 919: 864: 824: 795: 652: 597: 531: 492: 428: 405: 265: 253: 242: 227: 215: 204: 175: 170:

The satellites used for broadcasting television are usually in a

123: 9521: 4138:

Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992

1843:

was released, satellite broadcasting was being discussed at the

1655:

satellite broadcasts began in 1994 in the United States through

1587:

Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992

843: 507:

of +/-63.4 degrees and an orbital period of about twelve hours.

37: 11309: 11269: 10591: 10241: 10190: 10084: 10033: 10018: 9941: 9931: 9749: 9686: 9149: 8846: 8700: 8616: 8542: 8522: 8495: 8438: 8418: 8297: 7827: 7309: 7284: 7254: 7178: 7162: 7086: 7031: 6739: 6536: 6421: 6241: 6127: 6090: 6012: 5965: 5915: 5907: 5642: 5621: 5422: 5404: 5303: 5298: 5221: 5173: 4455: 4439: 2589: 1685: 1388: 1325: 1283: 1279: 1218: 1039: 1019: 1015: 968: 876: 744: 740: 732: 661: 578: 511: 473: 456: 409: 369: 312: 190: 119: 7556:

Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in

5847:

Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in

4451:

Digital Satellite Television by Chris Muriel (June 21st, 2000)

2898:. Los Angeles Times, July 26, 2007. Retrieved on May 14, 2010. 1532:

Videocipher II used analog scrambling on its video signal and

1254:

The world's first commercial communications satellite, called

264:

transmission is susceptible to terrestrial interference while

11294: 11231: 10539: 10226: 10023: 9754: 9725: 9720: 9680: 9674: 9656: 9240: 9235: 9185: 9164: 9139: 9118: 8742: 8737: 8705: 8668: 8658: 8549: 8480: 8443: 8413: 8386: 8227: 8071: 7617: 7449: 7424: 7324: 7122: 7096: 6946: 6866: 6541: 6351: 5370: 5232: 5227: 5022: 4586: 1935: 1829: 1664: 1628: 1421: 1302: 1287: 1031: 1027: 985: 964: 887: 763: 736: 720:

and is converted from an FM signal to what is referred to as

713: 616: 444: 372:

and UHF was far cheaper than that for handling the signal at

107:, while many other channels are transmitted with encryption. 7914:

Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers (

4237: 1832:, are intended for direct reception by the general public." 443:, etc.) is used to connect the receiver to the LNBF or LNB. 11236: 9644: 9220: 8769: 8651: 8646: 8584: 8537: 8172: 7748: 7234: 6861: 6639: 6366: 6291: 6069: 5672: 5611: 5399: 5391: 5215: 5037: 3355: 1756: 1159: 926:

channels and various regional channels) broadcast from the

923: 759: 705: 612: 585:

into the residence to the satellite television receiver, a

436: 150:

which allow transmission of the modern television standard

3981:"Satellite TV Skies Brighten As War With Programmers Ends" 3295:"Soviet-bloc Research in Geophysics, Astronomy, and Space" 2592:: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 279–80. 1775:

satellite television signals are less prone to rain fade.

1442:

By 1980, satellite television was well established in the

8195: 6976: 6891: 6526: 6416: 5479: 5287: 5178: 4287:

Khaplil, Vidya R.; Bhalachandra, Anjali R. (April 2008).

3831:

Stecklow, Steve (1984-07-07). "America's Favorite Dish".

3458:"Taylor Howard, 70, Pioneer In Satellite TV for the Home" 2046:"Installing Consumer-Owned Antennas and Satellite Dishes" 1620: 1578: 1554: 1493: 1462: 1451: 1381: 1114:

TVRO systems were designed to receive analog and digital

975: 944: 831:

of the dish's reception pattern, so the strong microwave

810:. Many conditional access systems have been compromised. 709: 641: 596:. To transport the signal into the house at its original 385: 3072:

Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication

2829:"HDTV: Neue HD-Kanäle von ARD und ZDF ab 30. April 2012" 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 338:

separate cable to the headend, but this design evolved.

4290:

Advances in Recent Trends in Communication and Networks

2988: 2950: 2931: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 1450:), was launched. Its signals were transmitted from the 1431: 1428:

located 22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the Earth.

1057:

trend where people are shifting towards internet-based

852:

DBS satellite dishes installed on an apartment complex.

697:

the received signal itself. These receivers are called

1377:

satellite signals with his home-built system in 1976.

1022:) there are over 80 FTA digital channels available on 27:

Broadcasting of television using artificial satellites

4123:. United Press International. 1988-11-03. p. E3. 3806:

Ku-Band Satellite TV: Theory, Installation and Repair

2969: 2207: 1527:

Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association

716:

television broadcast standards. The analog signal is

75:

Diagram showing how modern satellite television works

4331:"Rain fade: satellite TV signal and adverse weather" 2491:

Satellite Systems Engineering in an IPv6 Environment

2195: 2183: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2121: 416:

and use a wider frequency range of 2–2150 MHz.

380:

systems to the cheaper and simpler 75-ohm cable and

4286: 3068: 2339: 2282:. Communications Technology, Incorporated: 84. 1984 1771:where viewers lose signal during a heavy downpour. 1387:In 1979, Soviet engineers developed the Moskva (or 1217:The first public satellite television signals from 9358:List of United States stations available in Canada 9307:List of local television stations in North America 4166:"ASTRA 1A Satellite details 1988-109B NORAD 19688" 3771:"SATELLITE DISHES SURVIVE GREAT SCRAMBLE OF 1980S" 3015:"Sensing SATCOM Success Is New Simulsat From ATCi" 2889:NBC tacks on Telemundo oversight to Gaspin's tasks 2351: 648:centered on 70 MHz where it was demodulated. 491:37,000 km (23,000 mi) above the earth's 174:36,000 km (22,000 mi) above the earth's 111:channels are encrypted but not charged-for, while 9294:Additional resources on North American television 6175:More than 400,000 television service subscribers. 3141:. DIANE Publishing. September 1995. p. 138. 2622: 2453:. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 1333:Beginning of the satellite TV industry, 1976–1980 1290:, the world's first experimental educational and 959:) that are broadcast without encryption from the 11430: 9755:Multichannel Video and Data Distribution Service 9435:1989 South Florida television affiliation switch 4422:UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 4420:Francis Lyall (2019). "satellite Broadcasting". 4117:"Scrambled NBC Bad News for Satellite Pirates". 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 1845:UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 399:In the United States, service providers use the 4387:The Canadian Yearbook of International Law 1969 4240:"High Technology Strategy and Entrepreneurship" 4143:(1460, STATUTE-106-Pg1460.pdf). 8 October 1992 4035:Lyman, Rick; Borowski, Neill (April 29, 1986). 2684: 2632:European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1481:their signal and develop subscription systems. 963:satellite constellation, and receivable on any 4915: 3172: 3170: 1972: 1000:at 93.5°E and contains about 80 FTA channels. 863:(DBS) provider. Signals are transmitted using 10352: 10268:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems 9846: 9507: 9410:List of American cable and satellite networks 9279: 7899: 7541: 6202: 5832: 4940: 4901: 4471: 4419: 4193:Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture 4060: 4058: 4034: 3597:"Tiny Satellite Dishes Sprout in Rural Areas" 2909:"Satellite Communications Training from NRI!" 2450:Satellite Systems:Principles and Technologies 2363: 1932:: provides television via internet connection 1837:New World Information and Communication Order 1788:The reception of the channels carried on the 844:Direct-to-home and direct broadcast satellite 52:programming to viewers by relaying it from a 9860: 9789:Multichannel multipoint distribution service 9522:Wireless video and data distribution methods 7916:multi-channel video programming distributors 2703: 1118:feeds of both television or audio from both 827:. During this period, the sun is within the 349:frequencies were adapted for the 4 GHz 11367:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 4132: 4130: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3512:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 3503: 3501: 3167: 2999:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 ( 2980:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 ( 2961:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 ( 2942:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 ( 2718:(8). Hearst Magazines: 57–60. August 1994. 2678: 2618: 2616: 1592:Satellite television had also developed in 1513:to be purchased for $ 395. This led to the 581:range. The signal is then passed through a 295:or collector. The feedhorn is a section of 11403: 10359: 10345: 9853: 9839: 9514: 9500: 9286: 9272: 7906: 7892: 7548: 7534: 6209: 6195: 5839: 5825: 4947: 4933: 4908: 4894: 4478: 4464: 4270:Mirabito, M., and Morgenstern, B. (2004). 4055: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3889: 3887: 3764: 3762: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3625: 3555:The Guide to United States Popular Culture 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 1915:Murphy v Media Protection Services Limited 1068: 10294:List of communication satellite companies 6062:Defunct cable and DBS companies of Canada 4323: 4274:(fifth edition). Burlington: Focal Press. 4204: 4202: 4030: 4028: 4026: 3959:. Knight-Ridder News Service. p. 6C. 3873: 3851: 3845: 3594: 3545: 3449: 3319: 3179:"The Birth of Satellite TV, 50 Years Ago" 2540:The Essential Guide to Telecommunications 1763:due to improved microwave technology and 1286:, which was launched on 9 November 1972. 992:, promotes a free-to-air DBS package as " 522:frequency range due to its resistance to 303:(LNB). The LNB amplifies the signals and 79:A satellite receiver decodes the desired 4358: 4356: 4282: 4280: 4127: 4064: 3952: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3830: 3819: 3498: 3269:"Encyclopedia Astronautica - Intelsat I" 2994: 2975: 2956: 2937: 2730: 2687:Introduction To Satellite Communications 2613: 2175:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTirro1993 ( 1973:Campbell, Dennis; Cotter, Susan (1998). 1625:Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications 1473:Originally, all channels were broadcast 1311: 1078: 847: 540: 355: 252:satellites or 360/1 = 360 geostationary 70: 36: 10289:List of communications satellite firsts 8934:Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment 7581: 4384: 4190: 4160: 4158: 3963: 3946: 3918: 3916: 3884: 3759: 3715: 3631: 2881: 2577: 2575: 2474: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2399:"Leaky dishes drown out terrestrial TV" 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2266: 2264: 2249:. Reed Business Publishing: 60–62. 1985 2233: 2231: 2229: 1759:) on a single transponder. Advances in 1490:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 1137:-type satellites. The higher frequency 1046:promotes FTA religious broadcasters on 14: 11431: 10366: 10171:Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology 9662:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 9415:List of American over-the-air networks 4231: 4199: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4023: 4008: 3978: 3799: 3728: 3551: 3456:Feder, Barnaby J. (15 November 2002). 3236: 3201: 2857: 2585:Satellite Communication Systems Design 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2487: 2446: 2220: 2201: 2189: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2005: 2003: 1880:List of satellite television companies 1318:Overseas Telecommunications Commission 978:, and an increasing number within the 754:encryption/scrambling methods include 10340: 9834: 9783:Local multipoint distribution service 9495: 9467:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania 9267: 7887: 7851:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania 7529: 7493:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania 6190: 6159:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania 5820: 5779:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania 4928: 4889: 4459: 4364:Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act 4353: 4277: 4264: 4208: 3862: 3668: 3662: 3482: 3455: 3420: 3345: 3322:"Anik A1 launching: bridging the gap" 3176: 3025:from the original on 16 December 2014 2839:from the original on 27 December 2012 2809:from the original on 27 February 2019 2641:from the original on 13 December 2016 2581: 2170: 2040: 2038: 2036: 1870:Basic Interoperable Scrambling System 1826:International Telecommunication Union 1810:Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act 1663:format. They were launched (with the 1373:, became the first person to receive 607:frequency would require an expensive 408:AU9-S and AT-9), ranges of the lower 158:of digital broadcasting. As of 2022, 11413: 10319: 9761:Multipoint Video Distribution System 9368:2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment 9343:List of Canadian television channels 9338:List of Canadian television networks 9062:United States Satellite Broadcasting 4155: 4065:Paradise, Paul R. (1 January 1999). 4037:"On The Trail Of 'Captain Midnight'" 4014: 3913: 3687:"Earth Station Is Very Popular Dish" 3374: 3189:from the original on 25 October 2014 2919:. Bonnier Corporation. February 1986 2769:"Satellitenfernsehen in Deutschland" 2653: 2623:Antipolis, Sophia (September 1997). 2572: 2536: 2427: 2357: 2345: 2294: 2261: 2226: 1432:TVRO/C-band satellite era, 1980–1986 1087:satellite dish used by TVRO systems. 322:satellite television systems used a 154:, due to the significantly improved 9348:List of Canadian specialty channels 8870:Adelphia Communications Corporation 4105: 3787:from the original on 7 October 2017 3768: 3703:from the original on 13 August 2021 3595:Giarrusso, Michael (28 July 1996). 3588: 3527: 3404:. Astronautix. 2007. Archived from 3346:Ezell, Linda N. (22 January 2010). 3339: 3177:Klein, Christopher (23 July 2012). 2771:[Satellite TV in Germany]. 2523: 2396: 2000: 569:which passes the signals through a 553:), is collected by using a rooftop 24: 5294:Pacific Broadcasting Services Fiji 4297:: Allied Publishers. p. 119. 3895:"Broadband Cable 10th Anniversary" 3729:Brooks, Andree (10 October 1993). 2779:from the original on 15 April 2016 2488:Minoli, Daniel (3 February 2009). 2243:Electronics World + Wireless World 2033: 1543: 1504:. Other channels used less secure 1316:An advertisment by the Australian 1309:rather than microwave technology. 25: 11465: 9952:Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish 4432: 4341:from the original on 15 June 2014 4172:from the original on 30 June 2014 4043:from the original on May 21, 2014 3901:from the original on 6 March 2014 3747:from the original on 14 July 2014 3650:from the original on 14 July 2014 3613:from the original on 15 July 2014 3362:from the original on 6 April 2013 3249:from the original on 14 July 2019 3045:"The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation" 2311:"Microwave Journal International" 1954: 1804:On 29 November 1999 US President 1401:Federal Communications Commission 1262:of television satellites, called 1014:In North America (United States, 214:A typical satellite has up to 32 11412: 11402: 11393: 11392: 11381: 11002:Free-space optical communication 10318: 10307: 10306: 9706:Mobile broadband wireless access 8890:MediaOne/Continental Cablevision 4592:BitTorrent television and movies 4485: 4438: 3507: 2773:kabelfernsehen-kabelanschluss.de 1251:, was launched on 26 July 1963. 1189: 890:standard for transmission. With 545:A DTH Satellite dish from India. 360:Back view of a linear polarised 9317:North American TV mini-template 7508:Latin America and the Caribbean 5804:Latin America and the Caribbean 4848:Director of network programming 4413: 4378: 4311:from the original on 2 May 2024 4211:Communication Technology Update 4184: 4093:from the original on 2 May 2024 3997:from the original on 2014-04-15 3979:Takiff, Jonathan (1987-05-22). 3679: 3576:from the original on 2 May 2024 3535:"The "Glory Days" of Satellite" 3470:from the original on 2 May 2024 3438:from the original on 2020-01-02 3390: 3328:from the original on 2007-12-19 3320:Robertson, Lloyd (1972-11-09). 3313: 3301:from the original on 2 May 2024 3287: 3261: 3230: 3219:from the original on 2019-07-14 3155:from the original on 2 May 2024 3129: 3118:from the original on 2020-03-08 3100: 3062: 3037: 3007: 2901: 2870:from the original on 2020-02-26 2851: 2821: 2791: 2761: 2750:from the original on 2014-04-07 2667:from the original on 2014-07-27 2447:Pattan, Bruno (31 March 1993). 2316:Microwave Journal International 2110:from the original on 2023-12-10 2100:"Lista completa de frequências" 2081:from the original on 2023-12-10 2052:from the original on 2011-04-29 2017:. 25 April 2008. Archived from 9425:Local American TV stations (K) 9420:Local American TV stations (W) 7659:(Mexico & Central America) 5290:(Middle East and North Africa) 4550:Digital terrestrial television 3562:: Popular Press. p. 706. 2835:(in German). 20 January 2012. 2545:Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 2272:"Microstrip Impedance Program" 2092: 2063: 1966: 1962:Broadcasting-satellite service 1890:Satellite television by region 1755:(MCPC) or carried separately ( 1731:methods now used require less 1649:satellite television systems. 1614:British Satellite Broadcasting 1355:Christian Broadcasting Network 1009:digital terrestrial television 615:, quad shield RG-6, or RG-11. 13: 1: 9744:Educational Broadband Service 9440:1994–1996 U.S. TV realignment 9363:2001 Vancouver TV realignment 4823:Television news screen layout 3769:Nye, Doug (14 January 1990). 3237:Darcey, RJ (16 August 2013). 2738:"Intelsat New Media Brochure" 1947: 1553:events. On November 1, 1988, 1496:began using the now-obsolete 1003:While originally launched as 883:and broadcasts the channels. 813: 435:or IRD. Low-loss cable (e.g. 301:low-noise block downconverter 165: 66:low-noise block downconverter 11388:Telecommunication portal 11169:Telecommunications equipment 10273:ETSI Satellite Digital Radio 9997:Very-small-aperture terminal 9430:Spanish-language TV networks 8966:Graceba Total Communications 8956:Community Home Entertainment 8696:Racetrack Television Network 4790:Broadcast television systems 4696:Children's television series 2858:Newman, Jared (2019-02-13). 2805:(in German). 13 March 2012. 2634:. pp. 1–7. TR 101 198. 1979:. Kluwer Law International. 699:integrated receiver/decoders 272:transmission is affected by 87:. Receivers can be external 41:A number of satellite dishes 7: 10905:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 10049:Digital audio radio service 9957:Motor-driven Satellite dish 8191:Consolidated Communications 8037:Consolidated Communications 4692:Children's interest channel 4120:The San Francisco Chronicle 2239:"Europe's Best Kept Secret" 1862: 1181:satellites simultaneously. 433:integrated receiver/decoder 48:is a service that delivers 10: 11470: 11449:International broadcasting 10609:Telecommunications history 9738:Advanced Wireless Services 9670:Digital Video Broadcasting 9353:Local Canadian TV stations 9011:TelePrompTer/Group W Cable 8238:North State Communications 7803:Zapping (Brazil and Chile) 4077:Greenwood Publishing Group 3839:Knight-Ridder News Service 3634:"Stealing Free TV, Part 2" 2582:Tirró, S. (30 June 1993). 1925:Satellite subcarrier audio 1895:Commercialization of space 1855:("DBS Principles") to the 1435: 1351:Turner Broadcasting System 1292:direct broadcast satellite 1184: 1150:-only setup rather than a 1072: 861:direct broadcast satellite 419:The satellite receiver or 226:transponders, or more for 152:high-definition television 60:commonly referred to as a 29: 11376: 11318: 11255: 11217:Public Switched Telephone 11177: 11141: 11098: 11039: 11029:telecommunication circuit 10990:Fiber-optic communication 10973: 10735:Francis Blake (telephone) 10682: 10530:Optical telecommunication 10374: 10302: 10281: 10260: 10209: 10104:Relay satellite companies 10103: 10057: 10005: 9924: 9901:High-throughput satellite 9886:Satellite Internet access 9868: 9798: 9775: 9637: 9619:Satellite Internet access 9606: 9558: 9527: 9462: 9397: 9389:Local Mexican TV stations 9376: 9325: 9299: 9263: 9173: 9132: 9111: 9075: 9034: 9026:Windjammer Communications 8875:Alameda Power and Telecom 8862: 8855: 8341: 8276: 8166: 8128: 7995:Blue Ridge Communications 7951:Suddenlink Communications 7926: 7883: 7846: 7810: 7743: 7676: 7607: 7572: 7525: 7488: 7222: 7105: 6798: 6550: 6222: 6186: 6154: 6136: 6068: 5975: 5900: 5891: 5868: 5855: 5816: 5774: 5766:Vodafone TV (New Zealand) 5597: 5539: 5390: 5139: 4960: 4924: 4798:Digital on-screen graphic 4770: 4711:Movie television channels 4687:Adult television channels 4675: 4601: 4493: 4399:10.1017/S0069005800011826 4366:(00-96). 29 November 1999 4209:Grant, August E. (2010). 4017:The Philadelphia Inquirer 3855:The Philadelphia Inquirer 3632:Keating, Stephen (1999). 2803:kabel-internet-telefon.de 2537:Dodd, Annabel Z. (2002). 2413:Reed Business Information 1343:cable television headends 1307:UHF television technology 1206:magazine and won him the 988:'s national broadcaster, 897:conditional-access module 632:systems to the cheaper 75 575:low-noise block converter 414:single cable distribution 307:them to a lower block of 11128:Orbital angular-momentum 10565:Satellite communications 10404:Communications satellite 9862:Satellite communications 9445:2006 U.S. TV realignment 9246:Smithsonian Channel Plus 8961:FairPoint Communications 8895:Tele-Communications Inc. 8181:Cincinnati Bell Fioptics 8077:Northland Communications 7139:EVOtv (Hrvatski Telekom) 6917:MAXtv (Hrvatski Telekom) 6645:MAXtv (Hrvatski Telekom) 4762:Women's interest channel 4253:: INSEAD. Archived from 4191:Buckley, Sandra (2002). 3991:Knight-Ridder Newspapers 2661:"JEDI Innovation report" 2011:"Frequency letter bands" 1815: 1534:Data Encryption Standard 624:ohm impedance cable and 589:next to the television. 333:with relatively complex 309:intermediate frequencies 54:communications satellite 18:Direct Broadcast Service 11007:Molecular communication 10830:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 10659:Undersea telegraph line 10394:Cable protection system 10210:Satellite manufacturers 9021:UA-Columbia Cablevision 8951:Cobridge Communications 8115:TruVista Communications 7688:(Brazil & Colombia) 6497:Vodafone Czech Republic 5713:Multivision (Sri Lanka) 4626:Multichannel television 4616:Commercial broadcasting 4587:Peer-to-peer television 2071:"Star One D2 at 70.0°W" 1885:Television receive-only 1696:transmission using the 1627:(MPT) resulting in the 1456:Orbital Test Satellites 1438:Television receive-only 1245:communication satellite 1212:Stuart Ballantine Medal 1093:television receive-only 1075:Television receive-only 1069:Television receive-only 1063:over-the-air television 838: 287:), is collected with a 132:television receive-only 11454:Television terminology 11149:Communication protocol 10935:Charles Sumner Tainter 10750:Walter Houser Brattain 10695:Edwin Howard Armstrong 10503:Information revolution 9581:Terrestrial television 8971:Insight Communications 8914:Bresnan Communications 8800:Warner Bros. Discovery 7712:(Argentina & Peru) 5688:Independent TV (India) 5569:Freeview (New Zealand) 5510:StarHub TV (Singapore) 5494:Singtel TV (Singapore) 4706:Men's interest channel 4662:Religious broadcasting 3808:. Frank Baylin et al. 1976:Copyright Infringement 1849:freedom of information 1822:1963 Radio Regulations 1502:encrypt their channels 1329: 1088: 918:satellite television. 853: 678:intermediate frequency 646:intermediate frequency 546: 453:circular polarizations 401:intermediate frequency 390:intermediate frequency 365: 345:-based converters for 146:, but modern ones use 97:terrestrial television 76: 42: 32:Sky One § History 11444:Television technology 11123:Polarization-division 10855:Narinder Singh Kapany 10820:Erna Schneider Hoover 10740:Jagadish Chandra Bose 10720:Alexander Graham Bell 10451:online video platform 9598:Visual sensor network 9145:HD HomeRun Premium TV 9103:Virtual Digital Cable 8919:Bright House Networks 8508:The Criterion Channel 7973:Grande Communications 7946:Optimum (TV/Internet) 7782:(Argentina and Chile) 7759:(Trinidad and Tobago) 7635:Green Dot (Caribbean) 7072:Vodafone North Cyprus 5653:Easy TV (Philippines) 5475:Saudi Telecom Company 4168:. N2YO. 9 July 2014. 4073:Westport, Connecticut 3743:: The Baltimore Sun. 3697:Kansas City, Missouri 1743:, but only 24 in the 1557:began scrambling its 1517:on HBO's transponder 1506:television encryption 1484:In October 1984, the 1436:Further information: 1315: 1266:, was created by the 1225:were relayed via the 1082: 886:Most systems use the 851: 573:to a device called a 544: 359: 311:(IF), usually in the 74: 40: 11439:Satellite television 10965:Vladimir K. Zworykin 10925:Almon Brown Strowger 10895:Charles Grafton Page 10550:Prepaid mobile phone 10478:Electrical telegraph 9876:Satellite television 9593:Satellite television 9006:Rapid Communications 8820:Food Network Kitchen 8611:Kino Film Collection 7612:Canal+ Caraïbes 6502:Vodafone Deutschland 6487:Virgin Media Ireland 5627:Cable TV (Hong Kong) 5564:Freeview (Australia) 5531:Vision (Philippines) 5218:(Sub-Saharan Africa) 4980:Cable Networks Akita 4855:Outside broadcasting 4447:at Wikimedia Commons 4445:Satellite television 4215:Taylor & Francis 3877:Akron Beacon-Journal 3699:. 21 December 1980. 3552:Browne, Ray (2001). 3077:Macmillan Publishers 1561:signal but left its 1397:geostationary orbits 1324:giving a concert in 1059:streaming television 1042:5. A company called 138:(4–8 GHz) from 46:Satellite television 10915:Johann Philipp Reis 10674:Wireless revolution 10636:The Telephone Cases 10493:Hydraulic telegraph 10261:Trade organizations 10252:Thales Alenia Space 10065:Astra Digital Radio 10058:Broadcast companies 9987:Satellite data unit 9651:Long Term Evolution 9629:Wireless local loop 9571:Internet television 8592:Hallmark Movies Now 8424:IFC Films Unlimited 8370:Lifetime Movie Club 8201:Frontier FiberOptic 8082:Liberty Puerto Rico 7769:Digicel (Caribbean) 5734:SelecTV (Australia) 5718:Neighbourhood Cable 5683:Igloo (New Zealand) 5526:Unifi TV (Malaysia) 5409:Cellcom TV (Israel) 5206:Dish TV (Sri Lanka) 4757:Sports broadcasting 4701:Documentary channel 4657:Public broadcasting 4564:Internet television 3934:on 19 February 2014 3646:: The Denver Post. 3408:on 12 November 2013 3185:. History Channel. 3021:. 1 November 2009. 2551:. pp. 307–10. 2496:Boca Raton, Florida 2397:Fox, Barry (1995). 1857:UN General Assembly 1749:digital subchannels 1426:geostationary orbit 1229:satellite over the 718:frequency modulated 636:ohm technology and 518:, typically in the 489:geostationary orbit 470:geostationary orbit 328:gas filled hardline 324:low-noise amplifier 172:geostationary orbit 156:spectral efficiency 122:(8–12 GHz) or 11113:Frequency-division 11090:Telephone exchange 10960:Charles Wheatstone 10890:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 10865:Innocenzo Manzetti 10800:Reginald Fessenden 10535:Optical telegraphy 10368:Telecommunications 10080:Sirius XM Holdings 9971:Parabolic antennas 9624:Wireless broadband 9566:Amateur television 9545:Radio broadcasting 9191:Comedy Central Now 9047:GlobeCast World TV 8929:Champion Broadband 8885:AT&T Broadband 8323:Spectrum TV Stream 8263:Windstream Kinetic 8158:Headend in the Sky 8102:SRT Communications 8042:Cox Communications 7727:TV-Cable (Ecuador) 7360:North-West Telecom 6822:A1 Telekom Austria 5755:TVB Network Vision 5708:Mega TV (Malaysia) 5658:Galaxy (Australia) 5648:Dream Satellite TV 5466:(Réunion, Mayotte) 5423:Foxtel (Australia) 4870:Television licence 4838:Broadcast designer 3924:"Industry History" 3560:Madison, Wisconsin 3432:space.skyrocket.de 3324:. CBC English TV. 3275:on 16 January 2010 2894:2020-02-26 at the 2276:Ham Radio Magazine 1941:Television antenna 1729:digital modulation 1701:conditional access 1694:digital television 1688:standard in 2000. 1583:network affiliates 1523:John R. MacDougall 1359:The Family Channel 1330: 1208:Franklin Institute 1089: 1085:Andrew Corporation 854: 752:conditional access 547: 366: 81:television program 77: 43: 11426: 11425: 11164:Store and forward 11159:Data transmission 11073:Network switching 11024:Transmission line 10870:Guglielmo Marconi 10835:Internet pioneers 10700:Mohamed M. Atalla 10669:Whistled language 10334: 10333: 9891:Amateur satellite 9828: 9827: 9576:Mobile television 9489: 9488: 9485: 9484: 9458: 9457: 9405:American networks 9333:Canadian networks 9259: 9258: 9016:Time Warner Cable 8880:Astound Broadband 8837:WOW Presents Plus 8733:Shout! Factory TV 8233:NEP Datastream TV 8138:Claro Puerto Rico 8087:Satview Broadband 8015:Buckeye Broadband 7968:Astound Broadband 7879: 7878: 7811:Defunct satellite 7672: 7671: 7521: 7520: 7385:Quiero Television 7260:Boom Extrasatelit 7077:Vodafone Portugal 6377:Orange Luxembourg 6182: 6181: 6176: 6056: 6055: 6025:(select areas of 6007:Prince Rupert, BC 5878:Bell Satellite TV 5812: 5811: 5319:Sky (New Zealand) 5149:Airtel digital TV 4883: 4882: 4875:Television studio 4843:Broadcast license 4830:Network affiliate 4813:On-screen display 4780:Broadcast network 4750:Livestreamed news 4740:Business channels 4735:News broadcasting 4652:Pirate television 4643:News broadcasting 4523:Mobile television 4443:Media related to 4224:978-0-240-81475-9 4213:(10th ed.). 3736:The Baltimore Sun 3602:Los Angeles Times 3541:on March 3, 2014. 2712:Popular Mechanics 2106:(in Portuguese). 2015:Microwaves101.com 1905:Microwave antenna 1721:energy efficiency 1616:, to the market. 1282:'s geostationary 557:receiving dish (" 83:for viewing on a 58:parabolic antenna 16:(Redirected from 11461: 11416: 11415: 11406: 11405: 11396: 11395: 11386: 11385: 11384: 11257:Notable networks 11247:Wireless network 11187:Cellular network 11179:Types of network 11154:Computer network 11041:Network topology 10955:Thomas A. Watson 10810:Oliver Heaviside 10795:Philo Farnsworth 10770:Daniel Davis Jr. 10745:Charles Bourseul 10705:John Logie Baird 10414:Data compression 10409:Computer network 10361: 10354: 10347: 10338: 10337: 10322: 10321: 10310: 10309: 10237:Northrop Grumman 9916:Carriage dispute 9855: 9848: 9841: 9832: 9831: 9614:Mobile broadband 9516: 9509: 9502: 9493: 9492: 9384:Mexican networks 9288: 9281: 9274: 9265: 9264: 9155:TVision Live TV+ 9083:AT&T U-verse 9067:Voom HD Networks 8976:Jones Intercable 8860: 8859: 8664:Paramount Global 8513:Curiosity Stream 8355:A&E Networks 8111:Troy Cablevision 7990:AT&T Alascom 7956:Service Electric 7908: 7901: 7894: 7885: 7884: 7579: 7578: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7527: 7526: 7395:Southern Telecom 7345:Mediaset Premium 7215: 7207: 7199: 7191: 7183: 7175: 7167: 7159: 7151: 7143: 7135: 7127: 7119: 7062:Vodafone Ireland 7027:Telia Digital-tv 6852:Bouygues Telecom 6517:Vodafone Romania 6512:Vodafone Hungary 6477:Turksat Kablo TV 6211: 6204: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6174: 5930:Northern Ontario 5898: 5897: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5818: 5817: 5559:Canal+ (Myanmar) 5554:Baron Digital TV 5169:Canal+ (Myanmar) 5164:Canal+ Calédonie 5154:Astro (Malaysia) 4949: 4942: 4935: 4926: 4925: 4917:Cable television 4910: 4903: 4896: 4887: 4886: 4730:Shopping channel 4720:Music television 4480: 4473: 4466: 4457: 4456: 4442: 4426: 4425: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4360: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4284: 4275: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4244: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4206: 4197: 4196: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4162: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4142: 4134: 4125: 4124: 4114: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4062: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4032: 4021: 4020: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3976: 3961: 3960: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3871: 3860: 3859: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3834:The Miami Herald 3828: 3817: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3783:: Deseret News. 3766: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3726: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3537:. Archived from 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3505: 3496: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3428:"Ekran (11F647)" 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3394: 3388: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3271:. Archived from 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3174: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3051:on July 25, 2011 3047:. Archived from 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2905: 2899: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2689:. Artech House. 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2640: 2629: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2543:(5th ed.). 2534: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2485: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2444: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2394: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2307: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2268: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2235: 2224: 2218: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2042: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2007: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1875:Cable television 1460:gallium arsenide 1339:cable television 1200:Arthur C. Clarke 1194:In 1945 British 1105:cable television 818:An event called 635: 623: 203:(4–8 GHz), 101:cable television 93:television tuner 91:, or a built-in 21: 11469: 11468: 11464: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11459: 11458: 11429: 11428: 11427: 11422: 11382: 11380: 11372: 11314: 11251: 11173: 11137: 11094: 11043: 11035: 10976: 10969: 10875:Robert Metcalfe 10730:Tim Berners-Lee 10678: 10498:Information Age 10370: 10365: 10335: 10330: 10298: 10277: 10256: 10232:Lockheed Martin 10205: 10111:AST SpaceMobile 10099: 10053: 10007:Satellite radio 10001: 9982:Satellite modem 9977:Satellite phone 9962:Multi-satellite 9920: 9906:Relay satellite 9881:Satellite radio 9864: 9859: 9829: 9824: 9814: 9794: 9771: 9633: 9602: 9554: 9550:Satellite radio 9523: 9520: 9490: 9481: 9454: 9393: 9372: 9321: 9295: 9292: 9255: 9169: 9160:PlayStation Vue 9128: 9107: 9093:Google Fiber TV 9071: 9030: 8981:King Videocable 8851: 8728:Samsung TV Plus 8575:Fox Corporation 8346: 8344: 8337: 8279: 8272: 8258:Whidbey Telecom 8211:Hawaiian Telcom 8170: 8162: 8124: 8032:Comcast Xfinity 7978:RCN Corporation 7922: 7912: 7875: 7842: 7806: 7739: 7668: 7639:Inter Satélital 7603: 7568: 7554: 7517: 7484: 7465:Uralsvyazinform 7355:Neuf Cegetel TV 7218: 7213: 7205: 7197: 7189: 7181: 7173: 7165: 7157: 7149: 7141: 7133: 7125: 7117: 7101: 7082:Vodafone Turkey 7057:Vodafone Greece 6907:Magnet Networks 6842:Andorra Telecom 6794: 6745:Telekom Hungary 6705:Orange Slovakia 6575:Bis Télévisions 6546: 6507:Vodafone España 6482:UPC Switzerland 6322:Magnet Networks 6317:Magenta Telekom 6312:M&H Company 6218: 6215: 6178: 6150: 6132: 6086:Fibe TV (ON/QC) 6064: 6059:See also : 6052: 5971: 5887: 5864: 5851: 5845: 5808: 5770: 5599: 5593: 5579:MYTV (Malaysia) 5549:ABS-CBN TV Plus 5535: 5386: 5355:TelOne Zimbabwe 5135: 5115:Unitel (Angola) 5105:tn TV (Namibia) 5012:Fil-Products TV 4975:Asianet Digital 4956: 4953: 4920: 4914: 4884: 4879: 4772: 4766: 4678: 4671: 4621:Community radio 4603: 4597: 4577:Streaming media 4489: 4484: 4435: 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2145: 2141: 2133: 2122: 2113: 2111: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2084: 2082: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2055: 2053: 2044: 2043: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2021:on 14 July 2014 2009: 2008: 2001: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1865: 1841:MacBride report 1818: 1793: 1784: 1761:noise reduction 1740: 1733:signal strength 1712: 1609: 1566: 1546: 1544:1987 to present 1440: 1434: 1347:Home Box Office 1335: 1196:science fiction 1192: 1187: 1178: 1155: 1142: 1127: 1100: 1077: 1071: 933:Sky Deutschland 868: 846: 841: 816: 784:SECA Mediaguard 656: 633: 621: 601: 535: 269: 257: 246: 231: 219: 208: 168: 148:digital signals 127: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11467: 11457: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11424: 11423: 11421: 11420: 11410: 11400: 11390: 11377: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11370: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11342: 11341: 11336: 11328: 11322: 11320: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11261: 11259: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11183: 11181: 11175: 11174: 11172: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11145: 11143: 11139: 11138: 11136: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11108:Space-division 11104: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11093: 11092: 11087: 11086: 11085: 11080: 11070: 11069: 11068: 11058: 11053: 11047: 11045: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11031: 11021: 11020: 11019: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10998: 10997: 10987: 10981: 10979: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10945:Camille Tissot 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10920:Claude Shannon 10917: 10912: 10910:Tivadar Puskás 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10880:Antonio Meucci 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10850:Charles K. Kao 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10825:Harold Hopkins 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10725:Emile Berliner 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10686: 10684: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10664:Videotelephony 10661: 10656: 10655: 10654: 10649: 10639: 10632: 10627: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10600: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10579: 10578: 10577: 10567: 10562: 10560:Radiotelephone 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10446:Internet video 10438: 10437: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10380: 10378: 10372: 10371: 10364: 10363: 10356: 10349: 10341: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10328: 10316: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10296: 10291: 10285: 10283: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10275: 10270: 10264: 10262: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10213: 10211: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10107: 10105: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10061: 10059: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10015: 10013: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9967:Satellite dish 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9928: 9926: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9896:Ground station 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9865: 9858: 9857: 9850: 9843: 9835: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9808: 9802: 9800: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9786: 9779: 9777: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9769: 9764: 9758: 9752: 9747: 9741: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9708: 9703: 9692: 9691: 9690: 9684: 9678: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9659: 9654: 9641: 9639: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9610: 9608: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9562: 9560: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9540:Internet radio 9537: 9531: 9529: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9496: 9487: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9401: 9399: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9380: 9378: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9329: 9327: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9319: 9314: 9312:DTV transition 9309: 9303: 9301: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9290: 9283: 9276: 9268: 9261: 9260: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9177: 9175: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9121: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9038: 9036: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8941: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8910: 8909: 8902:Baja Broadband 8899: 8898: 8897: 8892: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8866: 8864: 8857: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8780:UFC Fight Pass 8777: 8772: 8770:Tivo Stream 4k 8767: 8766: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8661: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8613: 8612: 8609: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8572: 8567: 8565:Facebook Watch 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8447: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8374: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8351: 8349: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8303:Hulu + Live TV 8300: 8295: 8290: 8288:DirecTV Stream 8284: 8282: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8177: 8175: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8134: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8047:Docomo Pacific 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7983:Wave Broadband 7980: 7975: 7965: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7938: 7932: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7911: 7910: 7903: 7896: 7888: 7881: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7825: 7823:DirecTV Mexico 7820: 7818:DirecTV Brazil 7814: 7812: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7766: 7760: 7753: 7751: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7731: 7730:Une (Colombia) 7728: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7682: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7553: 7552: 7545: 7538: 7530: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7390:Radijus Vektor 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7208: 7200: 7192: 7184: 7176: 7168: 7160: 7152: 7144: 7136: 7128: 7120: 7111: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7067:Vodafone Italy 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7012:Telekom Srbija 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6937:Movistar Plus+ 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6897:La TV d'Orange 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6808: 6806: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6785:Viasat Ukraine 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6750:Telekom Srbija 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6700:Orange Romania 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6675:Movistar Plus+ 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6650:La TV d'Orange 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6595:Canal Digitaal 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6452:Telekom Srbija 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6382:Orange Romania 6379: 6374: 6372:Orange Belgium 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6327:Magyar Telekom 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6228: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6191: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6146:Craig Wireless 6142: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6113:Telus Optik TV 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6074: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6043: 6033: 6030:Lower Mainland 6020: 6010: 6000: 5990: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5959: 5956:Western Canada 5937: 5934:Western Canada 5919: 5904: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5844: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5821: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5574:GMA Affordabox 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5521:Uganda Telecom 5518: 5512: 5507: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5464:La TV d'Orange 5461: 5456: 5451: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5159:Canal+ Afrique 5156: 5151: 5145: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5122:(South Africa) 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5002: 4997: 4995:Docomo Pacific 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4929: 4922: 4921: 4913: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4792: 4787: 4785:Broadcast-safe 4782: 4776: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4745:Public affairs 4742: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4645: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4631:Pay television 4623: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4589: 4584: 4582:Web television 4579: 4574: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4542: 4537: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4483: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4434: 4433:External links 4431: 4428: 4427: 4412: 4377: 4352: 4335:Dish-cable.com 4322: 4304:978-1466651708 4303: 4276: 4263: 4260:on 2014-07-24. 4247:INSEAD Journal 4230: 4223: 4217:. p. 87. 4198: 4183: 4154: 4126: 4104: 4085: 4054: 4022: 4019:. p. C01. 4007: 3962: 3945: 3912: 3883: 3880:. p. F-1. 3861: 3858:. p. E01. 3844: 3818: 3798: 3781:Salt Lake City 3758: 3714: 3678: 3675:. p. C-8. 3661: 3624: 3587: 3568: 3544: 3526: 3497: 3481: 3463:New York Times 3448: 3419: 3389: 3373: 3338: 3312: 3286: 3260: 3229: 3200: 3166: 3147: 3128: 3099: 3086:978-1457628313 3085: 3075:. London, UK: 3061: 3036: 3006: 2997:, p. 293. 2987: 2968: 2959:, p. 246. 2949: 2940:, p. 274. 2930: 2900: 2880: 2850: 2820: 2790: 2760: 2729: 2702: 2695: 2677: 2652: 2612: 2599:978-0306441479 2598: 2571: 2557: 2522: 2509:978-1420078688 2508: 2473: 2459: 2426: 2362: 2350: 2348:, p. 308. 2338: 2293: 2260: 2225: 2223:, p. 194. 2206: 2194: 2182: 2173:, p. 279. 2163: 2161:, p. 327. 2151: 2149:, p. 330. 2139: 2137:, p. 207. 2120: 2091: 2062: 2032: 1999: 1985: 1965: 1952: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1927: 1922: 1920:Satellite dish 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1853:UNGA Res 37/92 1817: 1814: 1791: 1782: 1747:, and several 1738: 1710: 1607: 1564: 1545: 1542: 1433: 1430: 1334: 1331: 1299:direct-to-home 1242:geosynchronous 1204:Wireless World 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1176: 1153: 1140: 1125: 1098: 1073:Main article: 1070: 1067: 941:United Kingdom 892:pay television 866: 857:Direct-to-home 845: 842: 840: 837: 815: 812: 654: 599: 559:satellite dish 533: 481:satellite dish 267: 255: 244: 229: 217: 206: 167: 164: 144:analog signals 125: 113:pay television 85:television set 62:satellite dish 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11466: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11436: 11434: 11419: 11411: 11409: 11401: 11399: 11391: 11389: 11379: 11378: 11375: 11368: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11317: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11262: 11260: 11258: 11254: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11180: 11176: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11140: 11134: 11133:Code-division 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11118:Time-division 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11101: 11097: 11091: 11088: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11075: 11074: 11071: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11044:and switching 11042: 11038: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11025: 11022: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10996: 10995:optical fiber 10993: 10992: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10985:Coaxial cable 10983: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10972: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10900:Radia Perlman 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10790:Lee de Forest 10788: 10786: 10785:Thomas Edison 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10775:Donald Davies 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10760:Claude Chappe 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10681: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10637: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10604:Smoke signals 10602: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10584: 10583: 10582:Semiconductor 10580: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10524: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10442: 10441:Digital media 10439: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10416: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10362: 10357: 10355: 10350: 10348: 10343: 10342: 10339: 10327: 10326: 10317: 10315: 10314: 10305: 10304: 10301: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10280: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10208: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10106: 10102: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10056: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10012: 10008: 10004: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9972: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9937:Monoblock LNB 9935: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9923: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9873: 9871: 9869:Main articles 9867: 9863: 9856: 9851: 9849: 9844: 9842: 9837: 9836: 9833: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9790: 9787: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9774: 9768: 9765: 9762: 9759: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9745: 9742: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9716: 9712: 9711:IEEE 802.15.3 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9688: 9685: 9682: 9679: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9671: 9668: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9636: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9611: 9609: 9605: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9557: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9535:Digital radio 9533: 9532: 9530: 9526: 9517: 9512: 9510: 9505: 9503: 9498: 9497: 9494: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9461: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9398:United States 9396: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9300:North America 9298: 9289: 9284: 9282: 9277: 9275: 9270: 9269: 9266: 9262: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9181:Anime Network 9179: 9178: 9176: 9172: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9131: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9110: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9033: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 9001:Paragon Cable 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8903: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8854: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8831: 8830:Rooster Teeth 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8758:Univision NOW 8756: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8451:Angel Studios 8449: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8365:History Vault 8363: 8361: 8360:Crime Central 8358: 8357: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8340: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8275: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7920:United States 7917: 7909: 7904: 7902: 7897: 7895: 7890: 7889: 7886: 7882: 7872: 7871:United States 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7838: 7835: 7833:Sky Argentina 7832: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7716:Personal Flow 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7692:Columbus/FLOW 7690: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7675: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7562:Latin America 7559: 7551: 7546: 7544: 7539: 7537: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7514: 7513:United States 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7430:TV di Fastweb 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7315:Infostrada TV 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7290:CenterTelecom 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7280:Canal Digital 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7245:Alpha Digital 7243: 7241: 7240:Alice Home TV 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7221: 7212: 7211:TV Vlaanderen 7209: 7204: 7201: 7196: 7193: 7188: 7185: 7180: 7177: 7172: 7169: 7164: 7161: 7156: 7153: 7148: 7145: 7140: 7137: 7132: 7129: 7124: 7121: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7104: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6987:Smart Telecom 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6957:Orange Polska 6955: 6953: 6952:Orange España 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6780:TV Vlaanderen 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6695:Orange Polska 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6590:Canal+ Polska 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6522:VodafoneZiggo 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6442:Tele Columbus 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6302:Kazakhtelecom 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6212: 6207: 6205: 6200: 6198: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6103:SaskTel MaxTV 6101: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6081:Fibe (Aliant) 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5837: 5835: 5830: 5828: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:United States 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746:(Philippines) 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5698:Kristal-Astro 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5638:Destiny Cable 5636: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517:(Philippines) 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506:(Philippines) 5505: 5504:Sky On Demand 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5438:Maroc Telecom 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331:(Ivory Coast) 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5314:SKY PerfecTV! 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5258:ME Digital TV 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086:(Philippines) 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075:(Philippines) 5074: 5071: 5069: 5068:Siti Networks 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5001: 5000:Ethio telecom 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4938: 4936: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4600: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 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3814:9780917893148 3811: 3807: 3802: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3763: 3746: 3742: 3741:Baltimore, MD 3738: 3737: 3732: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3692:Reading Eagle 3688: 3682: 3674: 3673: 3665: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3575: 3571: 3569:9780879728212 3565: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3516:on 2008-06-17 3515: 3511: 3504: 3502: 3495: 3494:9789814136013 3491: 3485: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3171: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3132: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3065: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3002: 2996: 2995:Prentiss 1989 2991: 2983: 2977: 2976:Prentiss 1989 2972: 2964: 2958: 2957:Prentiss 1989 2953: 2945: 2939: 2938:Prentiss 1989 2934: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2778: 2775:(in German). 2774: 2770: 2764: 2746: 2739: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2698: 2696:9781596932111 2692: 2688: 2681: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2619: 2617: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2578: 2576: 2560: 2554: 2550: 2549:Prentice Hall 2546: 2542: 2541: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2511: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2462: 2460:9780442013578 2456: 2452: 2451: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2404:New Scientist 2400: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2360:, p. 72. 2359: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2327:: 26–28. 2000 2326: 2325:Horizon House 2322: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2265: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2204:, p. 27. 2203: 2198: 2192:, p. 60. 2191: 2186: 2178: 2172: 2167: 2160: 2155: 2148: 2143: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2004: 1988: 1986:90-247-3002-3 1982: 1978: 1977: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1953: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1910:Molniya orbit 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765:semiconductor 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1667:standard) in 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1500:II system to 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486:U.S. Congress 1482: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1405:Neiman-Marcus 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363:Taylor Howard 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1327: 1323: 1322:Elvis Presley 1319: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223:North America 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1190:Early history 1182: 1180: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1144: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1094: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 981: 977: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 934: 929: 925: 921: 917: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 872: 870: 862: 858: 850: 836: 834: 830: 826: 821: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 667: 663: 658: 649: 647: 643: 639: 631: 628:of the early 627: 618: 614: 610: 606: 603: 595: 594:coaxial cable 590: 588: 584: 583:coaxial cable 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 543: 539: 537: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 497:Molniya orbit 494: 490: 486: 482: 477: 475: 471: 465: 462: 458: 454: 449: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 402: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 363: 358: 354: 352: 348: 347:amateur radio 344: 339: 336: 332: 331:coaxial cable 329: 325: 321: 318:The original 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 263: 259: 251: 247: 240: 236: 232: 225: 221: 212: 210: 202: 197: 192: 187: 185: 184:Molniya orbit 181: 177: 173: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 121: 116: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 89:set-top boxes 86: 82: 73: 69: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 39: 33: 19: 11100:Multiplexing 10975:Transmission 10940:Nikola Tesla 10930:Henry Sutton 10885:Samuel Morse 10815:Robert Hooke 10780:Amos Dolbear 10715:John Bardeen 10634: 10614:Telautograph 10518:Mobile phone 10473:Edholm's law 10456:social media 10389:Broadcasting 10324: 10312: 10151:Intersputnik 10075:Dish Network 10010: 9875: 9806:Broadcasting 9776:Technologies 9767:Wireless USB 9701:Mobile WiMAX 9657:5G New Radio 9592: 9174:Over-the-top 9133:Virtual MVPD 8991:Marcus Cable 8711:Roku Channel 8637:NBCUniversal 8491:Dove Channel 8434:Sundance Now 8404:AMC Networks 8328:Xfinity Flex 8253:Verizon FiOS 8206:GTA Teleguam 8143:Dish Network 8057:Full Channel 8052:Emery Telcom 7839:Sky Colombia 7698:Izzi Telecom 7573: 7475:VolgaTelecom 7380:Real Digital 7275:Canal+ Spain 7047:Turkcell TV+ 6551: 6392:Post Telecom 6347:Monaco Cable 6173: 6058: 6040:Hamilton, ON 5997:Val-d'Or, QC 5940:Rogers Cable 5869: 5861: 5760:U Television 5663:Global Cable 5428:GTA Teleguam 5243:K+ (Vietnam) 5184:DD Free Dish 5140: 5005:Fil-Products 4990:DEN Networks 4834:Occupations 4725:Quiz channel 4648:Pirate radio 4636:Pay-per-view 4611:Campus radio 4602:Broadcasting 4556: 4487:Broadcasting 4421: 4415: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4368:. Retrieved 4343:. Retrieved 4334: 4325: 4313:. Retrieved 4289: 4271: 4266: 4255:the original 4246: 4233: 4210: 4195:. Routledge. 4192: 4186: 4174:. Retrieved 4145:. Retrieved 4118: 4095:. Retrieved 4067: 4045:. Retrieved 4016: 4010: 3999:. Retrieved 3984: 3954: 3948: 3936:. Retrieved 3932:the original 3927: 3903:. Retrieved 3875: 3853: 3847: 3832: 3805: 3801: 3789:. Retrieved 3776:Deseret News 3774: 3749:. Retrieved 3734: 3705:. Retrieved 3690: 3681: 3670: 3664: 3652:. Retrieved 3637: 3627: 3615:. Retrieved 3600: 3590: 3578:. Retrieved 3554: 3547: 3539:the original 3529: 3518:. Retrieved 3514:the original 3508:Wade, Mark. 3484: 3472:. Retrieved 3461: 3451: 3440:. Retrieved 3431: 3422: 3410:. Retrieved 3406:the original 3401: 3392: 3376: 3364:. Retrieved 3351: 3348:"NASA - ATS" 3341: 3330:. Retrieved 3315: 3303:. Retrieved 3289: 3277:. Retrieved 3273:the original 3263: 3251:. Retrieved 3242: 3232: 3221:. Retrieved 3212: 3203: 3191:. Retrieved 3182: 3157:. Retrieved 3137: 3131: 3120:. Retrieved 3111: 3102: 3090:. Retrieved 3071: 3064: 3053:. Retrieved 3049:the original 3039: 3027:. Retrieved 3018: 3009: 2990: 2978:, p. 1. 2971: 2952: 2933: 2921:. Retrieved 2916: 2912: 2903: 2887:James, Meg. 2883: 2872:. Retrieved 2864:Fast Company 2863: 2853: 2841:. Retrieved 2832: 2823: 2811:. Retrieved 2802: 2793: 2781:. Retrieved 2772: 2763: 2752:. Retrieved 2732: 2715: 2711: 2710:"Space TV". 2705: 2686: 2680: 2669:. Retrieved 2655: 2643:. Retrieved 2603:. Retrieved 2584: 2562:. Retrieved 2539: 2513:. Retrieved 2490: 2464:. Retrieved 2449: 2417:. Retrieved 2408: 2402: 2353: 2341: 2329:. Retrieved 2320: 2314: 2284:. Retrieved 2279: 2275: 2251:. Retrieved 2246: 2242: 2197: 2185: 2166: 2154: 2142: 2112:. Retrieved 2103: 2094: 2083:. Retrieved 2074: 2065: 2054:. Retrieved 2023:. Retrieved 2019:the original 2014: 1992:18 September 1990:. Retrieved 1975: 1968: 1961: 1956: 1834: 1819: 1806:Bill Clinton 1803: 1777: 1717:solar panels 1705: 1690: 1681:Asia-Pacific 1677:North Africa 1669:South Africa 1651: 1647:Dish Network 1633: 1618: 1591: 1551:pay-per-view 1547: 1538:black market 1531: 1483: 1475:in the clear 1472: 1441: 1410: 1386: 1379: 1357:(CBN, later 1336: 1301:television, 1296: 1268:Soviet Union 1253: 1235: 1216: 1193: 1164: 1131:transponders 1113: 1090: 1055:cord-cutting 1052: 1013: 1002: 994:DD Free Dish 984: 967:receiver (a 961:Astra 28.2°E 938: 931: 928:Astra 19.2°E 913: 885: 873: 860: 856: 855: 817: 780:Beta digital 749: 726: 703: 671: 650: 638:F-connectors 626:N-connectors 591: 548: 528:transponders 509: 478: 466: 450: 418: 398: 382:F-connectors 367: 341:Designs for 340: 335:N-connectors 317: 305:downconverts 282: 260:satellites. 213: 196:transponders 188: 169: 117: 109:Free-to-view 78: 45: 44: 11300:NPL network 11012:Radio waves 10950:Alfred Vail 10860:Hedy Lamarr 10845:Dawon Kahng 10805:Elisha Gray 10765:Yogen Dalal 10690:Nasir Ahmed 10624:Teleprinter 10488:Heliographs 10161:SED Systems 10095:1worldspace 9911:Transponder 9675:Terrestrial 9196:DC Universe 9112:Terrestrial 9088:CenturyLink 8944:Popcornflix 8924:Cablevision 8842:WWE Network 8721:Crunchyroll 8602:Kino Lorber 8466:Brown Sugar 8382:Prime Video 8268:Ziply Fiber 8248:TDS Telecom 8107:TDS Telecom 8010:Broadstripe 8000:Blue Stream 7936:Adams Cable 7780:Movistar TV 7776:(Caribbean) 7718:(Argentina) 7710:Movistar TV 7694:(Caribbean) 7641:(Venezuela) 7620:(Venezuela) 7614:(Caribbean) 7599:Movistar TV 7480:Wind Vision 7460:UPC Romania 7445:UPC Hungary 7415:Tele2Vision 7375:On Telecoms 7365:Numericable 7320:ITV Digital 7107:Terrestrial 7007:TalkTalk TV 6967:Proximus TV 6932:Moldtelecom 6817:A1 Hrvatska 6812:A1 Bulgaria 6770:Tricolor TV 6725:Sky Ireland 6720:Sky Germany 6565:A1 Hrvatska 6560:A1 Bulgaria 6237:A1 Hrvatska 6232:A1 Bulgaria 6108:TekSavvy TV 6091:MTS TV (MB) 6047:Brandon, MB 6023:Novus Cable 5993:Cablevision 5883:Shaw Direct 5858:Terrestrial 5750:Thai Sky TV 5720:(Australia) 5541:Terrestrial 5450:(Hong Kong) 5366:TrueVisions 5362:(Indonesia) 5360:Transvision 5309:Sky Pacific 5224:(Australia) 5196:(Sri Lanka) 5110:TrueVisions 5095:Tokai Cable 5018:First Media 4808:News ticker 4803:Lower third 4773:and funding 4716:Music radio 3897:. TinyPic. 3607:Los Angeles 3305:16 December 3183:History.com 3112:lakdiva.org 3029:16 December 2923:16 December 2833:T-online.de 2221:Minoli 2009 2202:Minoli 2009 2190:Minoli 2009 2159:Pattan 1993 2147:Pattan 1993 2135:Pattan 1993 2075:lyngsat.com 1900:Free-to-air 1808:signed the 1753:multiplexed 1673:Middle East 1511:descrambler 1498:VideoCipher 1488:passed the 1380:In the US, 1367:San Andreas 1353:(TBS), and 990:Doordarshan 916:free-to-air 909:free-to-air 905:subscribers 804:Videocipher 792:Nagravision 772:Cryptoworks 690:demodulates 674:set-top box 666:multiswitch 587:set-top box 563:focal point 505:inclination 503:orbit with 499:, a highly 461:multiswitch 421:set-top box 180:inclination 160:Star One D2 105:free-to-air 11433:Categories 11346:Antarctica 11305:Toasternet 11227:Television 10710:Paul Baran 10642:Television 10626:(teletype) 10619:Telegraphy 10597:transistor 10575:Phryctoria 10545:Photophone 10523:Smartphone 10513:Mass media 10126:Globalstar 9211:Funimation 9206:FilmStruck 9201:DramaFever 8815:Discovery+ 8674:Paramount+ 8607:MHz Choice 8580:Fox Nation 8471:BroadwayHD 8333:YouTube TV 8005:Breezeline 7941:Altice USA 7657:Sky México 7651:SKY Brasil 7455:UPC Poland 7440:UPC France 7435:Unitymedia 7250:Athina Sat 6992:Sunrise TV 6902:Magenta TV 6872:eir Vision 6862:CytaVision 6710:Polsat Box 6600:Cosmote TV 6532:WightFibre 6407:Rostelecom 6357:NetCologne 6297:Kabelnoord 6277:ER-Telecom 6272:Elta-Kabel 6118:Tbaytel TV 5762:(Malaysia) 5744:Sky Direct 5693:Kamalak TV 5678:Home Cable 5634:(Thailand) 5515:Streamtech 5470:Rostelecom 5345:Sun Direct 5329:Sky Vision 5273:MNC Vision 5253:KT SkyLife 5084:Streamtech 5058:Rostelecom 4865:Press pool 4771:Production 4667:Talk radio 4086:1567202500 4039:. Philly. 4001:2014-04-10 3644:Denver, CO 3520:2008-06-29 3510:"Gorizont" 3442:2019-12-06 3386:0900162716 3332:2007-01-25 3239:"Syncom 2" 3223:2014-07-20 3148:0160481805 3122:2019-12-06 3055:2016-06-01 2874:2019-07-05 2754:2014-07-21 2671:2014-07-22 2630:(Report). 2558:0130649074 2171:Tirro 1993 2114:2023-12-10 2104:Portal BSD 2085:2023-12-10 2056:2008-11-21 2025:30 January 1948:References 1727:, and the 1698:DigiCipher 1659:using the 1598:Luxembourg 1414:fibreglass 1371:California 1256:Intelsat I 1007:for their 951:channels, 947:channels, 901:smart card 881:translates 820:sun outage 814:Sun outage 808:VideoGuard 770:, Irdeto, 768:Digicipher 695:decrypting 516:microwaves 501:elliptical 483:, and the 425:unscramble 343:microstrip 278:sun outage 166:Technology 50:television 11330:Americas 11319:Locations 11290:Internet2 11051:Bandwidth 10755:Vint Cerf 10652:streaming 10630:Telephone 10570:Semaphore 10461:streaming 9932:SAT>IP 9820:Microwave 9687:Satellite 9638:Standards 9251:SnagFilms 9124:MovieBeam 9098:Sky Angel 9057:PrimeStar 9042:AlphaStar 9035:Satellite 8996:NPG Cable 8805:Boomerang 8748:Univision 8622:Local Now 8501:Screambox 8476:Cineverse 8456:Apple TV+ 8397:ScreenPix 8293:Frndly TV 8243:Sonic.net 8153:Glorystar 8130:Satellite 8020:Cable One 7963:Armstrong 7918:) in the 7836:Sky Chile 7763:Claro tv+ 7722:Totalplay 7704:Megacable 7574:Satellite 7566:Caribbean 7400:Stream TV 7330:Kosmos-TV 7131:Digitenne 7037:TIMvision 6882:HT Eronet 6857:Bulsatcom 6730:Sky Italy 6625:Focus Sat 6580:Bulsatcom 6552:Satellite 6492:Virgin TV 6447:Telekabel 6437:Telecable 6282:Euskaltel 6045:Westman ( 5962:Vidéotron 5870:Satellite 5862:satellite 5668:HKBN bbTV 5598:Defunct / 5584:StarTimes 5499:SKY Media 5350:Tata Play 5340:StarTimes 5194:Dialog TV 5141:Satellite 5131:WorldCall 5073:Sky Cable 5063:Safaricom 5009:Cine Cebu 4985:Cablelink 4919:providers 4860:Press box 4818:Score bug 4794:Graphics 4677:Specialty 4557:Satellite 4518:Satellite 4407:169142288 4393:: 33–60. 4295:New Delhi 3209:"Relay 1" 3159:15 August 3092:15 August 2724:0032-4558 2500:CRC Press 2358:Dodd 2002 2346:Dodd 2002 2323:(10–12). 1799:SuperDish 1769:rain fade 1636:PrimeStar 1600:launched 1416:or solid 1214:in 1963. 1116:satellite 1091:The term 1083:A C-band 1061:and free 1048:Galaxy 19 1044:GloryStar 1036:Galaxy 18 1024:Galaxy 19 957:Channel 5 953:Channel 4 829:main lobe 701:or IRDs. 686:encrypted 609:waveguide 605:microwave 571:waveguide 555:parabolic 551:path loss 524:rain fade 297:waveguide 289:parabolic 285:path loss 11398:Category 11285:Internet 11275:CYCLADES 11192:Ethernet 11142:Concepts 11066:terminal 11017:wireless 10840:Bob Kahn 10683:Pioneers 10508:Internet 10399:Cable TV 10313:Category 10181:Starlink 10176:Star One 10146:Intelsat 10141:Inmarsat 10131:Hispasat 10121:Eutelsat 10116:EchoStar 9992:Spacebus 9925:Hardware 9695:IEEE 802 9689:(DVB-S2) 9681:Handheld 9472:Americas 9231:NickHits 9226:MTV Hits 8907:US Cable 8689:Showtime 8684:Pluto TV 8570:FilmRise 8560:Eros Now 8486:Docurama 8409:Acorn TV 8318:Sling TV 8308:LocalBTV 8221:Prism TV 8097:Spectrum 8067:Mediacom 7856:Americas 7830:(Brazil) 7800:(Brazil) 7794:(Brazil) 7788:(Brazil) 7765:(Brazil) 7724:(Mexico) 7706:(Mexico) 7700:(Mexico) 7686:Claro TV 7665:(Brazil) 7653:(Brazil) 7647:(Brazil) 7626:(Mexico) 7589:Claro TV 7582:Regional 7564:and the 7498:Americas 7340:Madritel 7335:Kabel BW 7265:Bragatel 7187:Saorview 7147:Freeview 6997:Super TV 6962:PrimeTel 6912:MagtiCom 6765:Total TV 6690:NTV Plus 6665:MagtiCom 6660:Magio TV 6620:Digiturk 6615:DigitAlb 6457:Telemach 6432:Tango TV 6427:Swisscom 6397:Primacom 6342:Miss.Net 6164:Americas 6003:CityWest 5926:Atlantic 5922:Eastlink 5789:Americas 5739:Showtime 5724:OrangeTV 5703:Kwesé TV 5617:AstraSat 5607:ABNXcess 5600:inactive 5589:Sulit TV 5454:Olleh TV 5433:LG Uplus 5418:Fetch TV 5378:(Israel) 5283:NTV Plus 5263:MediaNet 5211:DishHome 5100:TransACT 4679:channels 4530:Teletext 4339:Archived 4337:. 2010. 4309:Archived 4170:Archived 4091:Archived 4041:Archived 3995:Archived 3928:sbca.com 3899:Archived 3785:Archived 3745:Archived 3701:Archived 3648:Archived 3611:Archived 3574:Archived 3468:Archived 3436:Archived 3360:Archived 3352:Nasa.gov 3326:Archived 3299:Archived 3247:Archived 3245:. NASA. 3243:NASA.gov 3217:Archived 3215:. 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