1313:
542:
1470:, and in the US most condominiums, neighborhoods, and other homeowner associations tightly restricted their use, except in areas where such restrictions were illegal. These restrictions were altered in 1986 when the Federal Communications Commission ruled all of them illegal. A municipality could require a property owner to relocate the dish if it violated other zoning restrictions, such as a setback requirement, but could not outlaw their use. The necessity of these restrictions would slowly decline as the dishes got smaller.
1080:
849:
11394:
10308:
72:
11404:
357:
11383:
38:
11414:
10320:
4440:
1095:, or TVRO, arose during the early days of satellite television reception to differentiate it from commercial satellite television uplink and downlink operations (transmit and receive). This was the primary method of satellite television transmissions before the satellite television industry shifted, with the launch of higher powered DBS satellites in the early 1990s which transmitted their signals on the
178:. The advantage of this orbit is that the satellite's orbital period equals the rotation rate of the Earth, so the satellite appears at a fixed position in the sky. Thus the satellite dish antenna which receives the signal can be aimed permanently at the location of the satellite and does not have to track a moving satellite. A few systems instead use a highly elliptical orbit with
455:(right-hand and left-hand) and, in the case of K-band, two different frequency bands (lower and upper) to the same frequency range on the cable. Depending on which frequency and polarization a transponder is using, the satellite receiver has to switch the LNB into one of four different modes in order to receive a specific "channel". This is handled by the receiver using the
526:. Uplink satellite dishes are very large, often as much as 9 to 12 metres (30 to 40 feet) in diameter to achieve accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite, to improve reliability. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the
495:. The reason for using this orbit is that the satellite circles the Earth at the same rate as the Earth rotates, so the satellite appears at a fixed point in the sky. Thus satellite dishes can be aimed permanently at that point, and do not need a tracking system to turn to follow a moving satellite. A few satellite TV systems use satellites in a
1294:(DBS), was launched on 30 May 1974. It transmitted at 860 MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels. The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use.
1492:, which gave those using TVRO systems the right to receive signals for free unless they were scrambled, and required those who did scramble to make their signals available for a reasonable fee. Since cable channels could prevent reception by big dishes, other companies had an incentive to offer competition. In January 1986,
1796:
FSS satellite's respective transponders has been achieved by both DirecTV & Dish
Network issuing to their subscribers dishes twice as big in diameter (36") than the previous 18" (& 20" for the Dish Network "Dish500") dishes the services used initially, equipped with 2 circular-polarized LNBFs
1691:
On March 4, 1996, EchoStar introduced
Digital Sky Highway (Dish Network) using the EchoStar 1 satellite. EchoStar launched a second satellite in September 1996 to increase the number of channels available on Dish Network to 170. These systems provided better pictures and stereo sound on 150–200 video
1787:
transponders of existing FSS-class satellites, in addition to the capacity on their own existing fleets of DBS satellites in orbit. This was done in order to provide more channel capacity for their systems, as required by the increasing number of High-Definition and simulcast local station channels.
1508:
systems. The scrambling of HBO was met with much protest from owners of big-dish systems, most of which had no other option at the time for receiving such channels, claiming that clear signals from cable channels would be difficult to receive. Eventually HBO allowed dish owners to subscribe directly
692:
the radio signal and sends the resulting video signal to the television through a cable. To decrypt the signal the receiver box must be "activated" by the satellite company. If the customer fails to pay their monthly bill the box is "deactivated" by a signal from the company, and the system will not
659:
two different reception bands – lower and upper – to one and the same frequency band on the cable, and is a practical problem for home satellite reception. Depending on which frequency a transponder is transmitting at and on what polarisation it is using, the satellite receiver has to switch the LNB
4308:
1548:
By 1987, nine channels were scrambled, but 99 others were available free-to-air. While HBO initially charged a monthly fee of $ 19.95, soon it became possible to unscramble all channels for $ 200 a year. Dish sales went down from 600,000 in 1985 to 350,000 in 1986, but pay television services were
463:
will have to be used in conjunction with a special type of LNB. There are also LNBs available with a multi-switch already integrated. This problem becomes more complicated when several receivers are to use several dishes (or several LNBs mounted in a single dish) pointing to different satellites.
1407:
Christmas catalogue featured the first home satellite TV stations on sale for $ 36,500. The dishes were nearly 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter and were remote controlled. The price went down by half soon after that, but there were only eight more channels. The
Society for Private and Commercial
1683:
in 1994 and 1995, and in 1996 and 1997 in
European countries including France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy and the Netherlands, as well as Japan, North America and Latin America. Digital DVB-S broadcasts in the United Kingdom and Ireland started in 1998. Japan started broadcasting with the
1465:
technology enabled the use of smaller dishes. Five hundred thousand systems, some costing as little as $ 2000, were sold in the US in 1984. Dishes pointing to one satellite were even cheaper. People in areas without local broadcast stations or cable television service could obtain good-quality
467:
A common solution for consumers wanting to access multiple satellites is to deploy a single dish with a single LNB and to rotate the dish using an electric motor. The axis of rotation has to be set up in the north–south direction and, depending on the geographical location of the dish, have a
337:
to an indoor receiver or, in other designs, a downconverter (a mixer and a voltage-tuned oscillator with some filter circuitry) for downconversion to an intermediate frequency. The channel selection was controlled typically by a voltage tuned oscillator with the tuning voltage being fed via a
193:
facility. Uplink satellite dishes are very large, as much as 9 to 12 meters (30 to 40 feet) in diameter. The increased diameter results in more accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are
198:
tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. The transponder re-transmits the signals back to Earth at a different frequency (a process known as translation, used to avoid interference with the uplink signal), typically in the 10.7-12.7 GHz band, but some still transmit in the
1145:
systems tend to resemble DBS systems and can use a smaller dish antenna because of the higher power transmissions and greater antenna gain. TVRO systems tend to use larger rather than smaller satellite dish antennas, since it is more likely that the owner of a TVRO system would have a
668:
must be used in conjunction with a special type of LNB. There are also LNBs available with a multi-switch already integrated. This problem becomes more complicated when several receivers use several dishes or several LNBs mounted in a single dish are aimed at different satellites.
3152:
874:
Programming for satellite television channels comes from multiple sources and may include live studio feeds. The broadcast center assembles and packages programming into channels for transmission and, where necessary, encrypts the channels. The signal is then sent to the
1801:" models respectively, are now the current standard for both providers, with their original 18"/20" single or dual LNBF dishes either now obsolete, or only used for program packages, separate channels, or services only broadcast over the providers' DBS satellites.
1797:(for reception of 2 native DBS satellites of the provider, 1 per LNBF), and 1 standard linear-polarized LNB for reception of channels from an FSS-type satellite. These newer DBS/FSS-hybrid dishes, marketed by DirecTV and Dish Network as the "SlimLine" and "
577:(LNB) or low noise converter (LNC) attached to the horn. The LNB amplifies the weak signals, filters the block of frequencies in which the satellite television signals are transmitted, and converts the block of frequencies to a lower frequency range in the
822:
occurs when the sun lines up directly behind the satellite in the field of view of the receiving satellite dish. This happens for about a 10-minute period daily around midday, twice every year for a two-week period in the spring and fall around the
3573:
619:
is not recommended for this application as it is not technically designed to carry frequencies above 950 MHz, but will work in many circumstances, depending on the quality of the coaxial wire. The shift to more affordable technology from the
1706:
In addition to encryption, the widespread availability, in the US, of DBS services such as PrimeStar and DirecTV had been reducing the popularity of TVRO systems since the early 1990s. Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent
1411:
Early satellite television systems were not very popular due to their expense and large dish size. The satellite television dishes of the systems in the late 1970s and early 1980s were 10 to 16 feet (3.0 to 4.9 m) in diameter, made of
1233:
ocean on 23 July 1962, although a test broadcast had taken place almost two weeks earlier on 11 July. The signals were received and broadcast in North
American and European countries and watched by over 100 million. Launched in 1962, the
1589:. This legislation enabled anyone caught engaging in signal theft to be fined up to $ 50,000 and to be sentenced to a maximum of two years in prison. A repeat offender can be fined up to $ 100,000 and be imprisoned for up to five years.
447:
is not recommended for this application as it is not technically designed to carry frequencies above 950 MHz, but may work in some circumstances, depending on the quality of the coaxial wire, signal levels, cable length, etc.
859:(DTH) can either refer to the communications satellites themselves that deliver service or the actual television service. Most satellite television customers in developed television markets get their programming through a
403:
ranges of 950–2150 MHz to carry the signal from the LNBF at the dish down to the receiver. This allows for the transmission of UHF signals along the same span of coaxial wire at the same time. In some applications
9424:
9419:
894:
services, the data stream is encrypted and requires proprietary reception equipment. While the underlying reception technology is similar, the pay television technology is proprietary, often consisting of a
3744:
1778:
In a return to the older (but proven) technologies of satellite communication, the current DBS-based satellite providers in the US (Dish
Network and DirecTV) are now utilizing additional capacity on the
4040:
8277:
1638:, a direct broadcasting company using medium power satellites. The relatively strong transmissions allowed the use of smaller (90 cm) dishes. Its popularity declined with the 1994 launch of the
1111:
frequencies and the dishes required were large; typically over 3 meters (10 ft) in diameter. Consequently, TVRO is often referred to as "big dish" or "Big Ugly Dish" (BUD) satellite television.
4090:
1828:(ITU) defined a "broadcasting satellite service" as a "space service in which signals transmitted or retransmitted by space stations, or transmitted by reflection from objects in orbit around the
3994:
1809:
1107:
networks rather than received by home viewers. Early satellite television receiver systems were largely constructed by hobbyists and engineers. These early TVRO systems operated mainly on the
368:
The advantages of using an LNB are that cheaper cable can be used to connect the indoor receiver to the satellite television dish and LNB, and that the technology for handling the signal at
326:(LNA) connected to the feedhorn at the focal point of the dish. The amplified signal, still at the higher microwave frequencies, had to be fed via very expensive low-loss 50-ohm impedance
4946:
142:
type satellites, requiring the use of large 2–3-meter dishes. Consequently, these systems were nicknamed "big dish" systems, and were more expensive and less popular. Early systems used
9449:
1477:(ITC) because the equipment necessary to receive the programming was too expensive for consumers. With the growing number of TVRO systems, the program providers and broadcasters had to
2867:
1549:
seeing dishes as something positive since some people would never have cable service, and the industry was starting to recover as a result. Scrambling also led to the development of
1202:
proposed a worldwide communications system which would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit. This was published in the
October 1945 issue of the
396:
industry to change from being a largely hobbyist one where only small numbers of systems costing thousands of US dollars were built, to a far more commercial one of mass production.
9429:
2315:
1399:. They were equipped with powerful on-board transponders, so the size of receiving parabolic antennas of downlink stations was reduced to 4 and 2.5 metres. On October 18, 1979, the
3784:
3467:
2806:
1586:
651:
An LNB can only handle a single receiver. This is due to the fact that the LNB is mapping two different circular polarisations – right hand and left hand – and in the case of the
3700:
1569:
signal unencrypted in order for affiliates to not lose viewers who could not see their advertising. Most of the two million satellite dish users in the United States still used
472:
directly above the equator. The dish will then be capable of receiving any geostationary satellite that is visible at the specific location, i.e. that is above the horizon. The
2836:
7547:
9409:
9439:
2238:
276:(as water is an excellent absorber of microwaves at this particular frequency). The latter is even more adversely affected by ice crystals in thunder clouds. On occasion,
1692:
and audio channels, and allowed small dishes to be used. This greatly reduced the popularity of TVRO systems. In the mid-1990s, channels began moving their broadcasts to
451:
A practical problem relating to home satellite reception is that an LNB can basically only handle a single receiver. This is because the LNB is translating two different
2635:
2776:
4939:
1821:
879:
where it is transmitted to the satellite. With some broadcast centers, the studios, administration and up-link are all part of the same campus. The satellite then
2664:
1859:
which was adopted by a majority vote, however, most States capable of DBS voted against it. The "DBS Principles" resolution is generally regarded as ineffective.
1604:, the first satellite to provide medium power satellite coverage to Western Europe. This was one of the first medium-powered satellites, transmitting signals in
1011:
service, a large number of French channels are free-to-air on satellites at 5°W, and have recently been announced as being official in-fill for the DTT network.
423:
demodulates and converts the signals to the desired form (outputs for television, audio, data, etc.). Often, the receiver includes the capability to selectively
3730:
1424:, and in the United States cost more than $ 5,000, sometimes as much as $ 10,000. Programming sent from ground stations was relayed from eighteen satellites in
9414:
4036:
1526:
4288:
10658:
4066:
1623:
which is influential in the development of regulations and has access to government funding for research. Their entry into the market was protected by the
95:. Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services. It is usually the only television available in many remote geographic areas without
2888:
9466:
9444:
7492:
6158:
5778:
4932:
1839:(NWICO) proposal. However, satellite broadcasts can not be restricted on a per-state basis due to the limitations of the technology. Around the time the
676:
selects the channel desired by the user by filtering that channel from the multiple channels received from the satellite, converts the signal to a lower
130:(12–18 GHz) frequencies requiring only a small dish less than a meter in diameter. The first satellite TV systems were a now-obsolete type known as
2891:
1612:
and allowing reception with small dishes (90 cm). The launch of Astra beat the winner of the UK's state Direct
Broadcast Satellite licence holder,
9357:
7540:
6061:
2744:
930:
satellite constellation. These are not marketed as a DBS service, but are received in approximately 18 million homes, as well as in any home using the
783:
3246:
3216:
9434:
1974:
1852:
1844:
1624:
724:. This baseband comprises the video signal and the audio subcarrier(s). The audio subcarrier is further demodulated to provide a raw audio signal.
7913:
3923:
1847:(COPUOS) where most of the members supported prior consent restrictions for broadcasting in their territories, but some argued this would violate
1169:
or the Vertex-RSI TORUS, is a quasi-parabolic satellite earthstation antenna that is capable of receiving satellite transmissions from 35 or more
468:
specific vertical tilt. Set up properly the motorized dish when turned will sweep across all possible positions for satellites lined up along the
3610:
3136:
2631:
3186:
9946:
779:
10267:
9306:
7533:
7507:
5089:
2859:
2798:
1836:
592:
The reason for using the LNB to do the frequency translation at the dish is so that the signal can be carried into the residence using cheap
291:
receiving dish, which reflects the weak signal to the dish's focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal point is a device called a
4239:
1835:
In the 1970s some states grew concerned that external broadcasting could alter the cultural or political identity of a state leading to the
1305:
1, was launched on 26 October 1976. It used a 714 MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing
11366:
11338:
11333:
10358:
9788:
7915:
6137:
9285:
3457:
8757:
3770:
9041:
7170:
3070:
2010:
1914:
1529:(SBCA) was founded on December 2, 1986, as the result of a merger between SPACE and the Direct Broadcast Satellite Association (DBSA).
914:
Some countries operate satellite television services which can be received for free, without paying a subscription fee. This is called
787:
775:
17:
3980:
3686:
3553:
3359:
1596:
but it initially used low power communication satellites and it required dish sizes of over 1.7 metres. On 11 December 1988, however,
10323:
10293:
8129:
2828:
2625:
Digital Video
Broadcasting (DVB); Implementation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation in DVB satellite transmission systems
2398:
1443:
664:
protocol to control the LNB mode, which handles this. If several satellite receivers are to be attached to a single dish a so-called
2049:
1403:(FCC) began allowing people to have home satellite earth stations without a federal government license. The front cover of the 1979
9513:
7850:
1165:
The narrow beam width of a normal parabolic satellite antenna means it can only receive signals from a single satellite at a time.
8995:
2107:
299:
with a flared front-end that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and conducts them to a probe or pickup connected to a
10288:
8933:
5803:
1812:(SHVIA). The act allowed Americans to receive local broadcast signals via direct broadcast satellite systems for the first time.
1489:
660:
into one of four different modes in order to receive a specific desired program on a specific transponder. The receiver uses the
440:
3647:
3022:
211:(12–18 GHz), or both. The leg of the signal path from the satellite to the receiving Earth station is called the downlink.
11360:
9910:
9661:
9404:
5017:
4477:
3044:
1879:
1317:
1158:-only setup. Additional receiver boxes allow for different types of digital satellite signal reception, such as DVB/MPEG-2 and
11355:
11345:
11325:
11127:
9782:
9388:
9383:
9332:
7927:
6208:
5838:
4444:
4222:
3898:
3000:
2981:
2962:
2943:
2624:
2176:
1869:
1825:
1408:
Earth
Stations (SPACE), an organisation which represented consumers and satellite TV system owners, was established in 1980.
412:
and 2250–3000 MHz, are used. Newer LNBFs in use by DirecTV, called SWM (Single Wire Multiswitch), are used to implement
353:. Central to these designs was concept of block downconversion of a range of frequencies to a lower, more easily handled IF.
3325:
3298:
1458:. Between 1981 and 1985, TVRO systems' sales rates increased as prices fell. Advances in receiver technology and the use of
9760:
9367:
9352:
9342:
9337:
9061:
4385:
Gotlieb, A.E. (1969). "Direct Satellite Broadcasting: A Case Study in the Development of the Law of Space Communications".
3509:
3435:
1509:
to their service for $ 12.95 per month, a price equal to or higher than what cable subscribers were paying, and required a
103:
service. Different receivers are required for the two types. Some transmissions and channels are unencrypted and therefore
10492:
11448:
11417:
11350:
11196:
10221:
9347:
8869:
6331:
2768:
2583:
2538:
3397:
479:
There are five major components in a satellite system: the programming source, the broadcast center, the satellite, the
280:
will occur when the sun lines up directly behind the geostationary satellite to which the receiving antenna is pointed.
11122:
10311:
7905:
7555:
7469:
5293:
4302:
3268:
3084:
2660:
2597:
2507:
2271:
510:
Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an
189:
Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an
2078:
1593:
1466:
reception with no monthly fees. The large dishes were a subject of much consternation, as many people considered them
971:
receiver is required for certain high definition television services). Most of these channels are included within the
11216:
9951:
9852:
8747:
6996:
6456:
5525:
4710:
4686:
3813:
3567:
3493:
2694:
2458:
1984:
1400:
11001:
10549:
10351:
8490:
4974:
3953:
Stecklow, Steve (1984-10-25). "Research Needed in Buying Dish: High Cost Is Important Consideration for Consumer".
2310:
9225:
459:
protocol to control the LNB mode. If several satellite receivers are to be attached to a single dish, a so-called
11453:
11112:
9278:
9195:
6921:
6669:
6336:
6006:
5733:
4847:
4695:
4338:
2489:
1384:, a non-profit public broadcasting service, began to distribute its television programming by satellite in 1978.
4169:
3534:
1525:
in April 1986. One by one, all commercial channels followed HBO's lead and began scrambling their channels. The
731:. In general, digital television, including that transmitted via satellites, is based on open standards such as
538:, a process known as "translation," and transmits them back to earth to be received by home satellite stations.
11443:
11107:
9585:
7638:
7269:
6122:
5657:
4907:
4691:
4549:
4084:
3385:
3146:
3115:
2556:
2544:
1889:
1767:
materials have also had an effect. However, one consequence of the higher frequencies used for DBS services is
1613:
1354:
1008:
611:, a metal pipe to carry the radio waves. The cable connecting the receiver to the LNB are of the low loss type
11438:
11132:
10175:
9743:
9362:
8364:
7274:
6764:
4822:
4744:
1574:
361:
300:
237:
hybrid satellites. Typical transponders each have a bandwidth between 27 and 50 MHz. Each geostationary
147:
65:
2737:
2448:
11407:
11168:
11065:
10608:
10403:
10375:
10272:
9996:
9506:
8965:
8955:
8695:
7962:
6803:
6589:
6584:
5848:
5728:
4789:
1735:
at the receiver than analog modulation methods. Each satellite also can carry up to 32 transponders in the
1720:
4954:
3488:
Public Service Broadcasting in the Age of Globalization, Editors: Indrajit Banerjee, Kalinga Seneviratne.
1581:
were considering scrambling, though CBS was reluctant due to the number of people unable to receive local
1312:
11397:
10904:
10344:
10048:
9311:
8641:
8428:
8190:
8036:
5052:
4761:
4119:
3596:
3238:
3208:
1306:
996:", which is provided as in-fill for the country's terrestrial transmission network. It is broadcast from
871:(12 to 18 GHz) and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality.
698:
432:
1258:
and nicknamed "Early Bird", was launched into geosynchronous orbit on April 6, 1965. The first national
11256:
11178:
11117:
10824:
9737:
9669:
9316:
9271:
8342:
8237:
5626:
5381:
4470:
4137:
4076:
3931:
3838:
1924:
1894:
1514:
1350:
1291:
644:
television tuners which selected the satellite television channel for down conversion to another lower
487:. "Direct broadcast" satellites used for transmission of satellite television signals are generally in
151:
5242:
1446:
and Europe. On 26 April 1982, the first satellite channel in the UK, Satellite Television Ltd. (later
835:
emitted by the sun on the same frequencies used by the satellite's transponders drowns out reception.
11028:
10989:
10834:
10734:
10663:
10596:
10423:
10200:
9900:
9885:
9618:
9025:
7994:
7950:
6386:
6201:
5951:
5831:
4797:
4705:
3854:
3178:
2412:
1660:
896:
574:
413:
1341:
industry as communication satellites were being used to distribute television programming to remote
431:
the received signal to provide premium services to some subscribers; the receiver is then called an
11387:
10629:
10564:
10517:
10477:
10216:
9905:
9861:
9010:
8960:
8894:
8789:
8626:
8507:
8076:
7855:
6871:
6679:
6361:
6261:
3990:
3297:(Press release). Springfield Virginia: U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. 1970. p. 60.
1533:
1342:
1115:
704:
Analog television which was distributed via satellite was usually sent scrambled or unscrambled in
53:
4591:
530:
tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. The transponder then converts the signals to
11226:
11211:
11055:
11006:
10929:
10829:
10507:
10393:
10388:
9956:
9890:
9499:
9020:
8950:
8874:
8824:
8794:
8762:
8554:
8527:
8114:
7785:
7644:
6574:
6496:
5712:
5359:
4625:
4615:
4254:
1884:
1437:
1366:
1244:
1240:
satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan. The first
1211:
1134:
1092:
1074:
1062:
388:
television tuners which selected the satellite television channel for down conversion to a lower
139:
131:
561:"), which reflects the weak signal to the dish's focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's
11148:
10934:
10749:
10694:
10689:
10502:
10467:
10155:
10135:
9961:
9580:
9491:
9471:
8970:
8913:
8804:
8799:
7898:
7860:
7497:
7444:
7106:
6163:
5857:
5788:
5687:
5568:
5540:
4661:
1848:
1455:
1004:
677:
645:
400:
392:
centered on 70 MHz, where it was demodulated. This shift allowed the satellite television
389:
308:
96:
10195:
7229:
1278:
stations. The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was
56:
orbiting the Earth directly to the viewer's location. The signals are received via an outdoor
11050:
10854:
10819:
10739:
10719:
10641:
10529:
10450:
10231:
9845:
9597:
9102:
8918:
8688:
8369:
7999:
7972:
7945:
7733:
6734:
5982:
5652:
5474:
5247:
4463:
4238:
Bell-Jones, Robin; Berbner, Jochen; Chai, Jianfeng; Farstad, Thomas; Pham, Minh (June 2001).
4072:
3696:
1639:
1505:
1501:
1478:
1358:
452:
376:
frequencies. The shift to cheaper technology from the hardline and N-connectors of the early
241:
satellite needs to be spaced 2° longitude from the next satellite to avoid interference; for
10383:
2908:
2018:
248:
the spacing can be 1°. This means that there is an upper limit of 360/2 = 180 geostationary
10964:
10924:
10894:
10651:
10586:
10408:
9570:
9476:
9005:
8359:
7865:
7502:
7299:
7202:
6501:
6486:
6194:
6168:
5992:
5824:
5793:
5783:
5765:
5563:
5094:
4979:
4854:
4068:
Trademark Counterfeiting, Product Piracy, and the Billion Dollar Threat to the U.S. Economy
3876:
3347:
3076:
1058:
972:
9144:
6774:
6476:
5442:
5163:
1960:
ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.39, definition:
922:
is likely the leader in free-to-air with approximately 250 digital channels (including 83
911:
channels to be viewed even by the people with standard equipment available in the market.
8:
10974:
10914:
10673:
10635:
10433:
10418:
10251:
10064:
9986:
9650:
9628:
9245:
8591:
8262:
8200:
8081:
7870:
7194:
6609:
6251:
6022:
5717:
5205:
4756:
4700:
4656:
4563:
4214:
2495:
2045:
1856:
1425:
1396:
1271:
936:
commercial DBS system. All German analogue satellite broadcasts ceased on 30 April 2012.
717:
488:
469:
323:
288:
171:
155:
7611:
6216:
5846:
1391:) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites. They launched the
640:
allowed the early satellite television receivers to use, what were in reality, modified
541:
384:
allowed the early satellite television receivers to use, what were in reality, modified
11201:
11158:
11089:
10959:
10889:
10864:
10799:
10646:
10367:
9623:
9565:
9544:
9087:
9046:
8928:
8381:
8322:
8215:
8157:
8101:
8041:
7359:
6821:
6461:
6401:
6080:
5921:
5754:
5707:
5647:
5447:
5125:
5004:
4900:
4869:
4837:
4544:
4402:
3559:
2099:
1940:
1748:
1728:
1700:
1693:
1652:
1585:. The piracy on satellite television networks in the US led to the introduction of the
1522:
1263:
1259:
1207:
1084:
751:
728:
514:
facility. Uplink facilities transmit the signal to the satellite over a narrow beam of
327:
80:
8606:
7434:
7334:
6506:
4955:
Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in Africa, Asia and Oceania
1026:(with the majority being ethnic or religious in nature). Other FTA satellites include
11241:
11163:
11077:
11060:
11023:
10869:
10699:
10668:
10534:
10428:
9970:
9575:
9215:
9015:
8938:
8884:
8879:
8836:
8185:
8137:
8086:
8014:
7967:
7891:
7512:
7384:
7259:
7076:
6971:
6886:
6346:
6046:
6039:
5877:
5798:
5578:
5558:
5498:
5318:
5168:
5148:
4874:
4842:
4829:
4812:
4779:
4749:
4739:
4734:
4676:
4651:
4642:
4534:
4522:
4406:
4298:
4218:
4080:
3809:
3735:
3669:
Stein, Joe (1989-01-24). "Whatta dish : Home satellite reception a TV turn-on".
3633:
3601:
3563:
3489:
3381:
3142:
3080:
3014:
2719:
2690:
2593:
2552:
2503:
2454:
1980:
1904:
1582:
554:
57:
10909:
3048:
1536:–based encryption on its audio signal. VideoCipher II was defeated, and there was a
1103:
frequencies. Satellite television channels at that time were intended to be used by
11246:
11206:
11186:
11153:
11082:
11040:
10954:
10809:
10794:
10769:
10744:
10704:
10554:
10413:
10398:
10236:
9915:
9838:
9613:
9066:
8975:
8774:
8710:
8663:
8512:
8376:
8096:
7955:
7715:
7677:
7394:
7344:
7138:
7061:
7026:
6916:
6901:
6851:
6704:
6644:
6516:
6511:
6411:
6223:
6026:
5929:
5892:
5047:
4961:
4916:
4729:
4719:
4539:
4394:
3833:
1874:
1459:
1338:
1199:
1104:
948:
903:. This measure assures satellite television providers that only authorized, paying
727:
Later signals were digitized television signals or multiplex of signals, typically
500:
115:
requires the viewer to subscribe and pay a monthly fee to receive the programming.
100:
92:
8302:
6951:
4363:
3894:
3108:"The 1945 Proposal by Arthur C. Clarke for Geostationary Satellite Communications"
283:
The downlink satellite signal, quite weak after traveling the great distance (see
194:
transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the
10874:
10729:
10497:
10472:
10460:
10110:
10006:
9981:
9976:
9880:
9549:
9159:
9154:
9082:
8980:
8727:
8574:
8465:
8354:
8312:
8257:
8210:
8180:
7989:
7977:
7464:
7409:
7114:
7081:
7056:
6941:
6936:
6906:
6846:
6841:
6719:
6684:
6674:
6481:
6431:
6321:
6316:
6266:
6246:
5925:
5738:
5548:
5530:
5354:
5158:
5153:
5114:
5104:
4620:
4576:
4517:
3985:
3671:
3638:
3321:
3294:
2895:
1840:
1760:
1732:
1346:
1195:
932:
7041:
5702:
3513:
3427:
3380:
Long Distance Television Reception (TV-DX) For the Enthusiast, Roger W. Bunney,
3272:
2860:"Cable and satellite TV companies need a miracle to save them from cord-cutting"
960:
927:
549:
The downlinked satellite signal, weaker after traveling the great distance (see
11072:
10944:
10919:
10879:
10849:
10724:
10559:
10512:
10487:
10445:
9966:
9895:
9714:
9539:
9190:
8901:
8779:
8732:
8678:
8564:
8391:
8287:
8167:
8119:
8046:
7982:
7744:
7389:
7066:
7011:
6799:
6784:
6749:
6744:
6699:
6659:
6594:
6471:
6451:
6381:
6371:
6326:
6311:
6145:
6029:
5933:
5573:
5520:
4994:
4784:
4630:
4581:
4567:
3780:
3462:
1919:
1752:
1298:
1270:
in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical
1241:
1203:
956:
940:
891:
562:
558:
480:
393:
112:
84:
61:
7623:
4398:
3731:"Old satellite dish restrictions under fire New laws urged for smaller models"
3069:
Campbell, Richard; Martin, Christopher R.; Fabos, Bettina (23 February 2011).
1631:
channel that is encrypted and can be accessed from NHK dishes with a decoder.
11432:
11221:
10994:
10984:
10899:
10789:
10784:
10774:
10759:
10581:
10440:
10246:
10165:
9936:
9710:
9534:
9180:
9000:
8829:
8715:
8450:
8232:
8061:
7919:
7629:
7561:
7557:
7439:
7429:
7314:
7289:
7279:
7244:
7239:
7210:
7146:
7021:
6986:
6956:
6779:
6694:
6521:
6466:
6441:
6301:
5947:
5697:
5637:
5631:
5503:
5437:
5375:
5313:
5067:
4999:
4893:
4885:
4512:
4502:
4250:
3955:
3930:. Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association. 2014. Archived from
3740:
3691:
3405:
2801:[ZDFneo, 3sat, BR, NDR, SWR, WDR, Phoenix, KiKa launch HD channels].
2723:
2548:
2403:
2324:
1909:
1851:. The parties were unable to reach a consensus on this and in 1982 submitted
1772:
1764:
1744:
1724:
1570:
1558:
1485:
1404:
1374:
1362:
1321:
1236:
1222:
1170:
1147:
1119:
1108:
943:
has approximately 160 digital channels (including the regional variations of
629:
593:
582:
519:
496:
377:
373:
350:
346:
330:
319:
304:
261:
249:
238:
234:
223:
200:
183:
143:
135:
7656:
3874:
Dawidziak, Mark (1984-12-30). "Satellite TV Dishes Getting Good Reception".
1274:
satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to ground
162:
from Brazil is the only remaining satellite broadcasting in analog signals.
11099:
10939:
10884:
10814:
10779:
10714:
10613:
10603:
10455:
10150:
10074:
9830:
9805:
9766:
9700:
9092:
8990:
8819:
8636:
8403:
8327:
8252:
8205:
8142:
8056:
8051:
7773:
7697:
7691:
7474:
7379:
7354:
6754:
6391:
6085:
6035:
5986:
5939:
5759:
5662:
5427:
5412:
5183:
5032:
4989:
4724:
4647:
4635:
4610:
4486:
4272:
Satellites: Operations and Applications: The New Communication Technologies
3775:
2070:
1805:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1646:
1550:
1537:
1361:) were among the first to use satellite television to deliver programming.
1267:
1054:
993:
689:
476:
protocol has been extended to encompass commands for steering dish rotors.
182:
of +/−63.4 degrees and an orbital period of about twelve hours, known as a
108:
5961:
3852:
Reibstein, Larry (1981-09-27). "Watching TV Via Satellite Is Their Dish".
1079:
118:
Modern systems signals are relayed from a communications satellite on the
11299:
10949:
10859:
10844:
10804:
10764:
10623:
10160:
10094:
9730:
9705:
9230:
8943:
8923:
8841:
8814:
8720:
8673:
8601:
8433:
8267:
8247:
8242:
8106:
8009:
7935:
7779:
7709:
7598:
7479:
7459:
7414:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7319:
7071:
7006:
6991:
6966:
6931:
6896:
6816:
6811:
6769:
6724:
6649:
6564:
6559:
6376:
6236:
6231:
5996:
5882:
5749:
5553:
5463:
5365:
5308:
5109:
4807:
4802:
4715:
4507:
4450:
4165:
3606:
3538:
1899:
1716:
1672:
1510:
1497:
1130:
989:
915:
908:
832:
803:
791:
771:
673:
665:
637:
625:
586:
527:
504:
484:
460:
420:
381:
356:
334:
195:
179:
159:
104:
88:
31:
1619:
Commercial satellite broadcasts have existed in Japan since 1992 led by
1053:
Satellite TV has seen a decline in consumers since the 2010s due to the
848:
30:
For the television channel "Satellite Television" launched in 1982, see
11304:
11011:
10709:
10618:
10574:
10544:
10522:
10125:
9210:
9205:
9200:
8579:
8470:
8455:
8332:
8004:
7940:
7791:
7650:
7454:
7404:
7349:
7249:
7154:
6876:
6836:
6729:
6709:
6629:
6599:
6531:
6406:
6356:
6296:
6286:
6276:
6271:
5955:
5743:
5692:
5682:
5677:
5514:
5509:
5493:
5469:
5344:
5328:
5277:
5272:
5252:
5083:
5057:
4864:
4666:
3643:
1697:
1597:
1413:
1370:
1320:(OTC) for an early global satellite broadcast event in 1973, featuring
1255:
904:
900:
880:
819:
807:
767:
694:
681:
424:
342:
277:
71:
49:
6759:
5483:
4330:
4015:
Wolf, Ron (1985-01-20). "Direct-Broadcast TV Is Still Not Turned On".
2831:[HDTV: New HD channels from ARD and ZDF after 30 April 2012].
11289:
10754:
10569:
10336:
10079:
9819:
9293:
9250:
9123:
9097:
9056:
8621:
8500:
8475:
8423:
8396:
8292:
8152:
8019:
7721:
7703:
7565:
7399:
7329:
7130:
7036:
7001:
6881:
6856:
6624:
6579:
6491:
6446:
6436:
6281:
5667:
5583:
5349:
5339:
5267:
5257:
5193:
5130:
5072:
5062:
4984:
4859:
4817:
4294:
2499:
1798:
1768:
1723:
of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than
1715:) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the
1635:
1540:
for descrambler devices which were initially sold as "test" devices.
1474:
1395:
communication satellites later that same year. These satellites used
1337:
The satellite television industry developed first in the US from the
1047:
1043:
1035:
1023:
952:
907:
have access to pay television content but at the same time can allow
828:
755:
693:
work until the company reactivates it. Some receivers are capable of
685:
608:
604:
570:
550:
523:
515:
296:
284:
273:
6981:
6217:
Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in Europe
3107:
1332:
11284:
11274:
11191:
11016:
10839:
10180:
10145:
10140:
10130:
10120:
10115:
10043:
9991:
9694:
9450:
List of Canadian television stations available in the United States
8906:
8889:
8683:
8569:
8559:
8532:
8485:
8408:
8317:
8307:
8220:
8066:
7762:
7685:
7588:
7339:
7264:
7186:
7046:
6961:
6911:
6689:
6664:
6654:
6619:
6614:
6426:
6396:
6341:
6112:
6107:
6016:
6002:
5723:
5616:
5606:
5588:
5453:
5432:
5417:
5282:
5262:
5210:
5099:
4529:
2685:
Bruce R. Elbert (2008). "9 Earth Stations and Network Technology".
1929:
1601:
1518:
1417:
1392:
1275:
1248:
1230:
1166:
799:
721:
566:
292:
2799:"ZDFneo, 3sat, BR, NDR, SWR, WDR, Phoenix, KiKa starten HD Kanäle"
1634:
In the US in the early 1990s, four large cable companies launched
1297:
The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry
134:. These systems received weaker analog signals transmitted in the
11279:
11264:
10482:
10185:
10170:
10089:
10069:
10038:
10028:
9810:
9051:
8985:
8809:
8784:
8752:
8631:
8596:
8517:
8460:
8147:
8091:
8031:
8024:
7822:
7817:
7797:
7768:
7756:
7662:
7593:
7419:
7304:
7294:
7091:
7051:
7016:
6926:
6831:
6826:
6789:
6714:
6634:
6604:
6569:
6306:
6256:
6117:
6102:
6097:
5943:
5911:
5487:
5458:
5334:
5323:
5237:
5199:
5188:
5119:
5078:
5042:
5027:
4969:
4571:
3138:
Wireless technologies and the national information infrastructure
1789:
1780:
1736:
1708:
1656:
1642:
1605:
1562:
1467:
1447:
1226:
1174:
1151:
1138:
1123:
1096:
997:
979:
919:
864:
824:
795:
652:
597:
531:
492:
428:
405:
265:
253:
242:
227:
215:
204:
175:
170:
The satellites used for broadcasting television are usually in a
123:
9521:
4138:
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
1843:
was released, satellite broadcasting was being discussed at the
1655:
satellite broadcasts began in 1994 in the United States through
1587:
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
843:
507:
of +/-63.4 degrees and an orbital period of about twelve hours.
37:
11309:
11269:
10591:
10241:
10190:
10084:
10033:
10018:
9941:
9931:
9749:
9686:
9149:
8846:
8700:
8616:
8542:
8522:
8495:
8438:
8418:
8297:
7827:
7309:
7284:
7254:
7178:
7162:
7086:
7031:
6739:
6536:
6421:
6241:
6127:
6090:
6012:
5965:
5915:
5907:
5642:
5621:
5422:
5404:
5303:
5298:
5221:
5173:
4455:
4439:
2589:
1685:
1388:
1325:
1283:
1279:
1218:
1039:
1019:
1015:
968:
876:
744:
740:
732:
661:
578:
511:
473:
456:
409:
369:
312:
190:
119:
7556:
Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in
5847:
Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in
4451:
Digital Satellite Television by Chris Muriel (June 21st, 2000)
2898:. Los Angeles Times, July 26, 2007. Retrieved on May 14, 2010.
1532:
Videocipher II used analog scrambling on its video signal and
1254:
The world's first commercial communications satellite, called
264:
transmission is susceptible to terrestrial interference while
11294:
11231:
10539:
10226:
10023:
9754:
9725:
9720:
9680:
9674:
9656:
9240:
9235:
9185:
9164:
9139:
9118:
8742:
8737:
8705:
8668:
8658:
8549:
8480:
8443:
8413:
8386:
8227:
8071:
7617:
7449:
7424:
7324:
7122:
7096:
6946:
6866:
6541:
6351:
5370:
5232:
5227:
5022:
4586:
1935:
1829:
1664:
1628:
1421:
1302:
1287:
1031:
1027:
985:
964:
887:
763:
736:
720:
and is converted from an FM signal to what is referred to as
713:
616:
444:
372:
and UHF was far cheaper than that for handling the signal at
107:, while many other channels are transmitted with encryption.
7914:
Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers (
4237:
1832:, are intended for direct reception by the general public."
443:, etc.) is used to connect the receiver to the LNBF or LNB.
11236:
9644:
9220:
8769:
8651:
8646:
8584:
8537:
8172:
7748:
7234:
6861:
6639:
6366:
6291:
6069:
5672:
5611:
5399:
5391:
5215:
5037:
3355:
1756:
1159:
926:
channels and various regional channels) broadcast from the
923:
759:
705:
612:
585:
into the residence to the satellite television receiver, a
436:
150:
which allow transmission of the modern television standard
3981:"Satellite TV Skies Brighten As War With Programmers Ends"
3295:"Soviet-bloc Research in Geophysics, Astronomy, and Space"
2592:: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 279–80.
1775:
satellite television signals are less prone to rain fade.
1442:
By 1980, satellite television was well established in the
8195:
6976:
6891:
6526:
6416:
5479:
5287:
5178:
4287:
Khaplil, Vidya R.; Bhalachandra, Anjali R. (April 2008).
3831:
Stecklow, Steve (1984-07-07). "America's Favorite Dish".
3458:"Taylor Howard, 70, Pioneer In Satellite TV for the Home"
2046:"Installing Consumer-Owned Antennas and Satellite Dishes"
1620:
1578:
1554:
1493:
1462:
1451:
1381:
1114:
TVRO systems were designed to receive analog and digital
975:
944:
831:
of the dish's reception pattern, so the strong microwave
810:. Many conditional access systems have been compromised.
709:
641:
596:. To transport the signal into the house at its original
385:
3072:
Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication
2829:"HDTV: Neue HD-Kanäle von ARD und ZDF ab 30. April 2012"
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
338:
separate cable to the headend, but this design evolved.
4290:
Advances in Recent Trends in Communication and Networks
2988:
2950:
2931:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
1450:), was launched. Its signals were transmitted from the
1431:
1428:
located 22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the Earth.
1057:
trend where people are shifting towards internet-based
852:
DBS satellite dishes installed on an apartment complex.
697:
the received signal itself. These receivers are called
1377:
satellite signals with his home-built system in 1976.
1022:) there are over 80 FTA digital channels available on
27:
Broadcasting of television using artificial satellites
4123:. United Press International. 1988-11-03. p. E3.
3806:
Ku-Band Satellite TV: Theory, Installation and Repair
2969:
2207:
1527:
Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association
716:
television broadcast standards. The analog signal is
75:
Diagram showing how modern satellite television works
4331:"Rain fade: satellite TV signal and adverse weather"
2491:
Satellite Systems Engineering in an IPv6 Environment
2195:
2183:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2121:
416:
and use a wider frequency range of 2–2150 MHz.
380:
systems to the cheaper and simpler 75-ohm cable and
4286:
3068:
2339:
2282:. Communications Technology, Incorporated: 84. 1984
1771:where viewers lose signal during a heavy downpour.
1387:In 1979, Soviet engineers developed the Moskva (or
1217:The first public satellite television signals from
9358:List of United States stations available in Canada
9307:List of local television stations in North America
4166:"ASTRA 1A Satellite details 1988-109B NORAD 19688"
3771:"SATELLITE DISHES SURVIVE GREAT SCRAMBLE OF 1980S"
3015:"Sensing SATCOM Success Is New Simulsat From ATCi"
2889:NBC tacks on Telemundo oversight to Gaspin's tasks
2351:
648:centered on 70 MHz where it was demodulated.
491:37,000 km (23,000 mi) above the earth's
174:36,000 km (22,000 mi) above the earth's
111:channels are encrypted but not charged-for, while
9294:Additional resources on North American television
6175:More than 400,000 television service subscribers.
3141:. DIANE Publishing. September 1995. p. 138.
2622:
2453:. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
1333:Beginning of the satellite TV industry, 1976–1980
1290:, the world's first experimental educational and
959:) that are broadcast without encryption from the
11430:
9755:Multichannel Video and Data Distribution Service
9435:1989 South Florida television affiliation switch
4422:UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
4420:Francis Lyall (2019). "satellite Broadcasting".
4117:"Scrambled NBC Bad News for Satellite Pirates".
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
1845:UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
399:In the United States, service providers use the
4387:The Canadian Yearbook of International Law 1969
4240:"High Technology Strategy and Entrepreneurship"
4143:(1460, STATUTE-106-Pg1460.pdf). 8 October 1992
4035:Lyman, Rick; Borowski, Neill (April 29, 1986).
2684:
2632:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
1481:their signal and develop subscription systems.
963:satellite constellation, and receivable on any
4915:
3172:
3170:
1972:
1000:at 93.5°E and contains about 80 FTA channels.
863:(DBS) provider. Signals are transmitted using
10352:
10268:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
9846:
9507:
9410:List of American cable and satellite networks
9279:
7899:
7541:
6202:
5832:
4940:
4901:
4471:
4419:
4193:Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture
4060:
4058:
4034:
3597:"Tiny Satellite Dishes Sprout in Rural Areas"
2909:"Satellite Communications Training from NRI!"
2450:Satellite Systems:Principles and Technologies
2363:
1932:: provides television via internet connection
1837:New World Information and Communication Order
1788:The reception of the channels carried on the
844:Direct-to-home and direct broadcast satellite
52:programming to viewers by relaying it from a
9860:
9789:Multichannel multipoint distribution service
9522:Wireless video and data distribution methods
7916:multi-channel video programming distributors
2703:
1118:feeds of both television or audio from both
827:. During this period, the sun is within the
349:frequencies were adapted for the 4 GHz
11367:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
4132:
4130:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3512:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
3503:
3501:
3167:
2999:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 (
2980:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 (
2961:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 (
2942:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 (
2718:(8). Hearst Magazines: 57–60. August 1994.
2678:
2618:
2616:
1592:Satellite television had also developed in
1513:to be purchased for $ 395. This led to the
581:range. The signal is then passed through a
295:or collector. The feedhorn is a section of
11403:
10359:
10345:
9853:
9839:
9514:
9500:
9286:
9272:
7906:
7892:
7548:
7534:
6209:
6195:
5839:
5825:
4947:
4933:
4908:
4894:
4478:
4464:
4270:Mirabito, M., and Morgenstern, B. (2004).
4055:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3889:
3887:
3764:
3762:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3625:
3555:The Guide to United States Popular Culture
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
1915:Murphy v Media Protection Services Limited
1068:
10294:List of communication satellite companies
6062:Defunct cable and DBS companies of Canada
4323:
4274:(fifth edition). Burlington: Focal Press.
4204:
4202:
4030:
4028:
4026:
3959:. Knight-Ridder News Service. p. 6C.
3873:
3851:
3845:
3594:
3545:
3449:
3319:
3179:"The Birth of Satellite TV, 50 Years Ago"
2540:The Essential Guide to Telecommunications
1763:due to improved microwave technology and
1286:, which was launched on 9 November 1972.
992:, promotes a free-to-air DBS package as "
522:frequency range due to its resistance to
303:(LNB). The LNB amplifies the signals and
79:A satellite receiver decodes the desired
4358:
4356:
4282:
4280:
4127:
4064:
3952:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3830:
3819:
3498:
3269:"Encyclopedia Astronautica - Intelsat I"
2994:
2975:
2956:
2937:
2730:
2687:Introduction To Satellite Communications
2613:
2175:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTirro1993 (
1973:Campbell, Dennis; Cotter, Susan (1998).
1625:Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
1473:Originally, all channels were broadcast
1311:
1078:
847:
540:
355:
252:satellites or 360/1 = 360 geostationary
70:
36:
10289:List of communications satellite firsts
8934:Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment
7581:
4384:
4190:
4160:
4158:
3963:
3946:
3918:
3916:
3884:
3759:
3715:
3631:
2881:
2577:
2575:
2474:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2399:"Leaky dishes drown out terrestrial TV"
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2266:
2264:
2249:. Reed Business Publishing: 60–62. 1985
2233:
2231:
2229:
1759:) on a single transponder. Advances in
1490:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
1137:-type satellites. The higher frequency
1046:promotes FTA religious broadcasters on
14:
11431:
10366:
10171:Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology
9662:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
9415:List of American over-the-air networks
4231:
4199:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4023:
4008:
3978:
3799:
3728:
3551:
3456:Feder, Barnaby J. (15 November 2002).
3236:
3201:
2857:
2585:Satellite Communication Systems Design
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2487:
2446:
2220:
2201:
2189:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2005:
2003:
1880:List of satellite television companies
1318:Overseas Telecommunications Commission
978:, and an increasing number within the
754:encryption/scrambling methods include
10340:
9834:
9783:Local multipoint distribution service
9495:
9467:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania
9267:
7887:
7851:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania
7529:
7493:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania
6190:
6159:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania
5820:
5779:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania
4928:
4889:
4459:
4364:Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act
4353:
4277:
4264:
4208:
3862:
3668:
3662:
3482:
3455:
3420:
3345:
3322:"Anik A1 launching: bridging the gap"
3176:
3025:from the original on 16 December 2014
2839:from the original on 27 December 2012
2809:from the original on 27 February 2019
2641:from the original on 13 December 2016
2581:
2170:
2040:
2038:
2036:
1870:Basic Interoperable Scrambling System
1826:International Telecommunication Union
1810:Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act
1663:format. They were launched (with the
1373:, became the first person to receive
607:frequency would require an expensive
408:AU9-S and AT-9), ranges of the lower
158:of digital broadcasting. As of 2022,
11413:
10319:
9761:Multipoint Video Distribution System
9368:2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment
9343:List of Canadian television channels
9338:List of Canadian television networks
9062:United States Satellite Broadcasting
4155:
4065:Paradise, Paul R. (1 January 1999).
4037:"On The Trail Of 'Captain Midnight'"
4014:
3913:
3687:"Earth Station Is Very Popular Dish"
3374:
3189:from the original on 25 October 2014
2919:. Bonnier Corporation. February 1986
2769:"Satellitenfernsehen in Deutschland"
2653:
2623:Antipolis, Sophia (September 1997).
2572:
2536:
2427:
2357:
2345:
2294:
2261:
2226:
1432:TVRO/C-band satellite era, 1980–1986
1087:satellite dish used by TVRO systems.
322:satellite television systems used a
154:, due to the significantly improved
9348:List of Canadian specialty channels
8870:Adelphia Communications Corporation
4105:
3787:from the original on 7 October 2017
3768:
3703:from the original on 13 August 2021
3595:Giarrusso, Michael (28 July 1996).
3588:
3527:
3404:. Astronautix. 2007. Archived from
3346:Ezell, Linda N. (22 January 2010).
3339:
3177:Klein, Christopher (23 July 2012).
2771:[Satellite TV in Germany].
2523:
2396:
2000:
569:which passes the signals through a
553:), is collected by using a rooftop
24:
5294:Pacific Broadcasting Services Fiji
4297:: Allied Publishers. p. 119.
3895:"Broadband Cable 10th Anniversary"
3729:Brooks, Andree (10 October 1993).
2779:from the original on 15 April 2016
2488:Minoli, Daniel (3 February 2009).
2243:Electronics World + Wireless World
2033:
1543:
1504:. Other channels used less secure
1316:An advertisment by the Australian
1309:rather than microwave technology.
25:
11465:
9952:Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish
4432:
4341:from the original on 15 June 2014
4172:from the original on 30 June 2014
4043:from the original on May 21, 2014
3901:from the original on 6 March 2014
3747:from the original on 14 July 2014
3650:from the original on 14 July 2014
3613:from the original on 15 July 2014
3362:from the original on 6 April 2013
3249:from the original on 14 July 2019
3045:"The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation"
2311:"Microwave Journal International"
1954:
1804:On 29 November 1999 US President
1401:Federal Communications Commission
1262:of television satellites, called
1014:In North America (United States,
214:A typical satellite has up to 32
11412:
11402:
11393:
11392:
11381:
11002:Free-space optical communication
10318:
10307:
10306:
9706:Mobile broadband wireless access
8890:MediaOne/Continental Cablevision
4592:BitTorrent television and movies
4485:
4438:
3507:
2773:kabelfernsehen-kabelanschluss.de
1251:, was launched on 26 July 1963.
1189:
890:standard for transmission. With
545:A DTH Satellite dish from India.
360:Back view of a linear polarised
9317:North American TV mini-template
7508:Latin America and the Caribbean
5804:Latin America and the Caribbean
4848:Director of network programming
4413:
4378:
4311:from the original on 2 May 2024
4211:Communication Technology Update
4184:
4093:from the original on 2 May 2024
3997:from the original on 2014-04-15
3979:Takiff, Jonathan (1987-05-22).
3679:
3576:from the original on 2 May 2024
3535:"The "Glory Days" of Satellite"
3470:from the original on 2 May 2024
3438:from the original on 2020-01-02
3390:
3328:from the original on 2007-12-19
3320:Robertson, Lloyd (1972-11-09).
3313:
3301:from the original on 2 May 2024
3287:
3261:
3230:
3219:from the original on 2019-07-14
3155:from the original on 2 May 2024
3129:
3118:from the original on 2020-03-08
3100:
3062:
3037:
3007:
2901:
2870:from the original on 2020-02-26
2851:
2821:
2791:
2761:
2750:from the original on 2014-04-07
2667:from the original on 2014-07-27
2447:Pattan, Bruno (31 March 1993).
2316:Microwave Journal International
2110:from the original on 2023-12-10
2100:"Lista completa de frequências"
2081:from the original on 2023-12-10
2052:from the original on 2011-04-29
2017:. 25 April 2008. Archived from
9425:Local American TV stations (K)
9420:Local American TV stations (W)
7659:(Mexico & Central America)
5290:(Middle East and North Africa)
4550:Digital terrestrial television
3562:: Popular Press. p. 706.
2835:(in German). 20 January 2012.
2545:Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
2272:"Microstrip Impedance Program"
2092:
2063:
1966:
1962:Broadcasting-satellite service
1890:Satellite television by region
1755:(MCPC) or carried separately (
1731:methods now used require less
1649:satellite television systems.
1614:British Satellite Broadcasting
1355:Christian Broadcasting Network
1009:digital terrestrial television
615:, quad shield RG-6, or RG-11.
13:
1:
9744:Educational Broadband Service
9440:1994–1996 U.S. TV realignment
9363:2001 Vancouver TV realignment
4823:Television news screen layout
3769:Nye, Doug (14 January 1990).
3237:Darcey, RJ (16 August 2013).
2738:"Intelsat New Media Brochure"
1947:
1553:events. On November 1, 1988,
1496:began using the now-obsolete
1003:While originally launched as
883:and broadcasts the channels.
813:
435:or IRD. Low-loss cable (e.g.
301:low-noise block downconverter
165:
66:low-noise block downconverter
11388:Telecommunication portal
11169:Telecommunications equipment
10273:ETSI Satellite Digital Radio
9997:Very-small-aperture terminal
9430:Spanish-language TV networks
8966:Graceba Total Communications
8956:Community Home Entertainment
8696:Racetrack Television Network
4790:Broadcast television systems
4696:Children's television series
2858:Newman, Jared (2019-02-13).
2805:(in German). 13 March 2012.
2634:. pp. 1–7. TR 101 198.
1979:. Kluwer Law International.
699:integrated receiver/decoders
272:transmission is affected by
87:. Receivers can be external
41:A number of satellite dishes
7:
10905:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
10049:Digital audio radio service
9957:Motor-driven Satellite dish
8191:Consolidated Communications
8037:Consolidated Communications
4692:Children's interest channel
4120:The San Francisco Chronicle
2239:"Europe's Best Kept Secret"
1862:
1181:satellites simultaneously.
433:integrated receiver/decoder
48:is a service that delivers
10:
11470:
11449:International broadcasting
10609:Telecommunications history
9738:Advanced Wireless Services
9670:Digital Video Broadcasting
9353:Local Canadian TV stations
9011:TelePrompTer/Group W Cable
8238:North State Communications
7803:Zapping (Brazil and Chile)
4077:Greenwood Publishing Group
3839:Knight-Ridder News Service
3634:"Stealing Free TV, Part 2"
2582:Tirró, S. (30 June 1993).
1925:Satellite subcarrier audio
1895:Commercialization of space
1855:("DBS Principles") to the
1435:
1351:Turner Broadcasting System
1292:direct broadcast satellite
1184:
1150:-only setup rather than a
1072:
861:direct broadcast satellite
419:The satellite receiver or
226:transponders, or more for
152:high-definition television
60:commonly referred to as a
29:
18:Direct Broadcast Satellite
11376:
11318:
11255:
11217:Public Switched Telephone
11177:
11141:
11098:
11039:
11029:telecommunication circuit
10990:Fiber-optic communication
10973:
10735:Francis Blake (telephone)
10682:
10530:Optical telecommunication
10374:
10302:
10281:
10260:
10209:
10104:Relay satellite companies
10103:
10057:
10005:
9924:
9901:High-throughput satellite
9886:Satellite Internet access
9868:
9798:
9775:
9637:
9619:Satellite Internet access
9606:
9558:
9527:
9462:
9397:
9389:Local Mexican TV stations
9376:
9325:
9299:
9263:
9173:
9132:
9111:
9075:
9034:
9026:Windjammer Communications
8875:Alameda Power and Telecom
8862:
8855:
8341:
8276:
8166:
8128:
7995:Blue Ridge Communications
7951:Suddenlink Communications
7926:
7883:
7846:
7810:
7743:
7676:
7607:
7572:
7525:
7488:
7222:
7105:
6798:
6550:
6222:
6186:
6154:
6136:
6068:
5975:
5900:
5891:
5868:
5855:
5816:
5774:
5766:Vodafone TV (New Zealand)
5597:
5539:
5390:
5139:
4960:
4924:
4798:Digital on-screen graphic
4770:
4711:Movie television channels
4687:Adult television channels
4675:
4601:
4493:
4399:10.1017/S0069005800011826
4366:(00-96). 29 November 1999
4209:Grant, August E. (2010).
4017:The Philadelphia Inquirer
3855:The Philadelphia Inquirer
3632:Keating, Stephen (1999).
2803:kabel-internet-telefon.de
2537:Dodd, Annabel Z. (2002).
2413:Reed Business Information
1343:cable television headends
1307:UHF television technology
1206:magazine and won him the
988:'s national broadcaster,
897:conditional-access module
632:systems to the cheaper 75
575:low-noise block converter
414:single cable distribution
307:them to a lower block of
11128:Orbital angular-momentum
10565:Satellite communications
10404:Communications satellite
9862:Satellite communications
9445:2006 U.S. TV realignment
9246:Smithsonian Channel Plus
8961:FairPoint Communications
8895:Tele-Communications Inc.
8181:Cincinnati Bell Fioptics
8077:Northland Communications
7139:EVOtv (Hrvatski Telekom)
6917:MAXtv (Hrvatski Telekom)
6645:MAXtv (Hrvatski Telekom)
4762:Women's interest channel
4253:: INSEAD. Archived from
4191:Buckley, Sandra (2002).
3991:Knight-Ridder Newspapers
2661:"JEDI Innovation report"
2011:"Frequency letter bands"
1815:
1534:Data Encryption Standard
624:ohm impedance cable and
589:next to the television.
333:with relatively complex
309:intermediate frequencies
54:communications satellite
11007:Molecular communication
10830:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
10659:Undersea telegraph line
10394:Cable protection system
10210:Satellite manufacturers
9021:UA-Columbia Cablevision
8951:Cobridge Communications
8115:TruVista Communications
7688:(Brazil & Colombia)
6497:Vodafone Czech Republic
5713:Multivision (Sri Lanka)
4626:Multichannel television
4616:Commercial broadcasting
4587:Peer-to-peer television
2071:"Star One D2 at 70.0°W"
1885:Television receive-only
1696:transmission using the
1627:(MPT) resulting in the
1456:Orbital Test Satellites
1438:Television receive-only
1245:communication satellite
1212:Stuart Ballantine Medal
1093:television receive-only
1075:Television receive-only
1069:Television receive-only
1063:over-the-air television
838:
287:), is collected with a
132:television receive-only
11454:Television terminology
11149:Communication protocol
10935:Charles Sumner Tainter
10750:Walter Houser Brattain
10695:Edwin Howard Armstrong
10503:Information revolution
9581:Terrestrial television
8971:Insight Communications
8914:Bresnan Communications
8800:Warner Bros. Discovery
7712:(Argentina & Peru)
5688:Independent TV (India)
5569:Freeview (New Zealand)
5510:StarHub TV (Singapore)
5494:Singtel TV (Singapore)
4706:Men's interest channel
4662:Religious broadcasting
3808:. Frank Baylin et al.
1976:Copyright Infringement
1849:freedom of information
1822:1963 Radio Regulations
1502:encrypt their channels
1329:
1088:
918:satellite television.
853:
678:intermediate frequency
646:intermediate frequency
546:
453:circular polarizations
401:intermediate frequency
390:intermediate frequency
365:
345:-based converters for
146:, but modern ones use
97:terrestrial television
76:
42:
32:Sky One § History
11444:Television technology
11123:Polarization-division
10855:Narinder Singh Kapany
10820:Erna Schneider Hoover
10740:Jagadish Chandra Bose
10720:Alexander Graham Bell
10451:online video platform
9598:Visual sensor network
9145:HD HomeRun Premium TV
9103:Virtual Digital Cable
8919:Bright House Networks
8508:The Criterion Channel
7973:Grande Communications
7946:Optimum (TV/Internet)
7782:(Argentina and Chile)
7759:(Trinidad and Tobago)
7635:Green Dot (Caribbean)
7072:Vodafone North Cyprus
5653:Easy TV (Philippines)
5475:Saudi Telecom Company
4168:. N2YO. 9 July 2014.
4073:Westport, Connecticut
3743:: The Baltimore Sun.
3697:Kansas City, Missouri
1743:, but only 24 in the
1557:began scrambling its
1517:on HBO's transponder
1506:television encryption
1484:In October 1984, the
1436:Further information:
1315:
1266:, was created by the
1225:were relayed via the
1082:
886:Most systems use the
851:
573:to a device called a
544:
359:
311:(IF), usually in the
74:
40:
11439:Satellite television
10965:Vladimir K. Zworykin
10925:Almon Brown Strowger
10895:Charles Grafton Page
10550:Prepaid mobile phone
10478:Electrical telegraph
9876:Satellite television
9593:Satellite television
9006:Rapid Communications
8820:Food Network Kitchen
8611:Kino Film Collection
7612:Canal+ Caraïbes
6502:Vodafone Deutschland
6487:Virgin Media Ireland
5627:Cable TV (Hong Kong)
5564:Freeview (Australia)
5531:Vision (Philippines)
5218:(Sub-Saharan Africa)
4980:Cable Networks Akita
4855:Outside broadcasting
4447:at Wikimedia Commons
4445:Satellite television
4215:Taylor & Francis
3877:Akron Beacon-Journal
3699:. 21 December 1980.
3552:Browne, Ray (2001).
3077:Macmillan Publishers
1561:signal but left its
1397:geostationary orbits
1324:giving a concert in
1059:streaming television
1042:5. A company called
138:(4–8 GHz) from
46:Satellite television
10915:Johann Philipp Reis
10674:Wireless revolution
10636:The Telephone Cases
10493:Hydraulic telegraph
10261:Trade organizations
10252:Thales Alenia Space
10065:Astra Digital Radio
10058:Broadcast companies
9987:Satellite data unit
9651:Long Term Evolution
9629:Wireless local loop
9571:Internet television
8592:Hallmark Movies Now
8424:IFC Films Unlimited
8370:Lifetime Movie Club
8201:Frontier FiberOptic
8082:Liberty Puerto Rico
7769:Digicel (Caribbean)
5734:SelecTV (Australia)
5718:Neighbourhood Cable
5683:Igloo (New Zealand)
5526:Unifi TV (Malaysia)
5409:Cellcom TV (Israel)
5206:Dish TV (Sri Lanka)
4757:Sports broadcasting
4701:Documentary channel
4657:Public broadcasting
4564:Internet television
3934:on 19 February 2014
3646:: The Denver Post.
3408:on 12 November 2013
3185:. History Channel.
3021:. 1 November 2009.
2551:. pp. 307–10.
2496:Boca Raton, Florida
2397:Fox, Barry (1995).
1857:UN General Assembly
1749:digital subchannels
1426:geostationary orbit
1229:satellite over the
718:frequency modulated
636:ohm technology and
518:, typically in the
489:geostationary orbit
470:geostationary orbit
328:gas filled hardline
324:low-noise amplifier
172:geostationary orbit
156:spectral efficiency
122:(8–12 GHz) or
11113:Frequency-division
11090:Telephone exchange
10960:Charles Wheatstone
10890:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
10865:Innocenzo Manzetti
10800:Reginald Fessenden
10535:Optical telegraphy
10368:Telecommunications
10080:Sirius XM Holdings
9971:Parabolic antennas
9624:Wireless broadband
9566:Amateur television
9545:Radio broadcasting
9191:Comedy Central Now
9047:GlobeCast World TV
8929:Champion Broadband
8885:AT&T Broadband
8323:Spectrum TV Stream
8263:Windstream Kinetic
8158:Headend in the Sky
8102:SRT Communications
8042:Cox Communications
7727:TV-Cable (Ecuador)
7360:North-West Telecom
6822:A1 Telekom Austria
5755:TVB Network Vision
5708:Mega TV (Malaysia)
5658:Galaxy (Australia)
5648:Dream Satellite TV
5466:(Réunion, Mayotte)
5423:Foxtel (Australia)
4870:Television licence
4838:Broadcast designer
3924:"Industry History"
3560:Madison, Wisconsin
3432:space.skyrocket.de
3324:. CBC English TV.
3275:on 16 January 2010
2894:2020-02-26 at the
2276:Ham Radio Magazine
1941:Television antenna
1729:digital modulation
1701:conditional access
1694:digital television
1688:standard in 2000.
1583:network affiliates
1523:John R. MacDougall
1359:The Family Channel
1330:
1208:Franklin Institute
1089:
1085:Andrew Corporation
854:
752:conditional access
547:
366:
81:television program
77:
43:
11426:
11425:
11164:Store and forward
11159:Data transmission
11073:Network switching
11024:Transmission line
10870:Guglielmo Marconi
10835:Internet pioneers
10700:Mohamed M. Atalla
10669:Whistled language
10334:
10333:
9891:Amateur satellite
9828:
9827:
9576:Mobile television
9489:
9488:
9485:
9484:
9458:
9457:
9405:American networks
9333:Canadian networks
9259:
9258:
9016:Time Warner Cable
8880:Astound Broadband
8837:WOW Presents Plus
8733:Shout! Factory TV
8233:NEP Datastream TV
8138:Claro Puerto Rico
8087:Satview Broadband
8015:Buckeye Broadband
7968:Astound Broadband
7879:
7878:
7811:Defunct satellite
7672:
7671:
7521:
7520:
7385:Quiero Television
7260:Boom Extrasatelit
7077:Vodafone Portugal
6377:Orange Luxembourg
6182:
6181:
6176:
6056:
6055:
6025:(select areas of
6007:Prince Rupert, BC
5878:Bell Satellite TV
5812:
5811:
5319:Sky (New Zealand)
5149:Airtel digital TV
4883:
4882:
4875:Television studio
4843:Broadcast license
4830:Network affiliate
4813:On-screen display
4780:Broadcast network
4750:Livestreamed news
4740:Business channels
4735:News broadcasting
4652:Pirate television
4643:News broadcasting
4523:Mobile television
4443:Media related to
4224:978-0-240-81475-9
4213:(10th ed.).
3736:The Baltimore Sun
3602:Los Angeles Times
3541:on March 3, 2014.
2712:Popular Mechanics
2106:(in Portuguese).
2015:Microwaves101.com
1905:Microwave antenna
1721:energy efficiency
1616:, to the market.
1282:'s geostationary
557:receiving dish ("
83:for viewing on a
58:parabolic antenna
16:(Redirected from
11461:
11416:
11415:
11406:
11405:
11396:
11395:
11386:
11385:
11384:
11257:Notable networks
11247:Wireless network
11187:Cellular network
11179:Types of network
11154:Computer network
11041:Network topology
10955:Thomas A. Watson
10810:Oliver Heaviside
10795:Philo Farnsworth
10770:Daniel Davis Jr.
10745:Charles Bourseul
10705:John Logie Baird
10414:Data compression
10409:Computer network
10361:
10354:
10347:
10338:
10337:
10322:
10321:
10310:
10309:
10237:Northrop Grumman
9916:Carriage dispute
9855:
9848:
9841:
9832:
9831:
9614:Mobile broadband
9516:
9509:
9502:
9493:
9492:
9384:Mexican networks
9288:
9281:
9274:
9265:
9264:
9155:TVision Live TV+
9083:AT&T U-verse
9067:Voom HD Networks
8976:Jones Intercable
8860:
8859:
8664:Paramount Global
8513:Curiosity Stream
8355:A&E Networks
8111:Troy Cablevision
7990:AT&T Alascom
7956:Service Electric
7908:
7901:
7894:
7885:
7884:
7579:
7578:
7550:
7543:
7536:
7527:
7526:
7395:Southern Telecom
7345:Mediaset Premium
7215:
7207:
7199:
7191:
7183:
7175:
7167:
7159:
7151:
7143:
7135:
7127:
7119:
7062:Vodafone Ireland
7027:Telia Digital-tv
6852:Bouygues Telecom
6517:Vodafone Romania
6512:Vodafone Hungary
6477:Turksat Kablo TV
6211:
6204:
6197:
6188:
6187:
6174:
5930:Northern Ontario
5898:
5897:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5818:
5817:
5559:Canal+ (Myanmar)
5554:Baron Digital TV
5169:Canal+ (Myanmar)
5164:Canal+ Calédonie
5154:Astro (Malaysia)
4949:
4942:
4935:
4926:
4925:
4917:Cable television
4910:
4903:
4896:
4887:
4886:
4730:Shopping channel
4720:Music television
4480:
4473:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4442:
4426:
4425:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4360:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4284:
4275:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4244:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4206:
4197:
4196:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4162:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4134:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4062:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4032:
4021:
4020:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3976:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3920:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3834:The Miami Herald
3828:
3817:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3783:: Deseret News.
3766:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3726:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3537:. Archived from
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3505:
3496:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3428:"Ekran (11F647)"
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3394:
3388:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3271:. Archived from
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:on July 25, 2011
3047:. Archived from
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2905:
2899:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2689:. Artech House.
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2543:(5th ed.).
2534:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2444:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2394:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2307:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2235:
2224:
2218:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2042:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1875:Cable television
1460:gallium arsenide
1339:cable television
1200:Arthur C. Clarke
1194:In 1945 British
1105:cable television
818:An event called
635:
623:
203:(4–8 GHz),
101:cable television
93:television tuner
91:, or a built-in
21:
11469:
11468:
11464:
11463:
11462:
11460:
11459:
11458:
11429:
11428:
11427:
11422:
11382:
11380:
11372:
11314:
11251:
11173:
11137:
11094:
11043:
11035:
10976:
10969:
10875:Robert Metcalfe
10730:Tim Berners-Lee
10678:
10498:Information Age
10370:
10365:
10335:
10330:
10298:
10277:
10256:
10232:Lockheed Martin
10205:
10111:AST SpaceMobile
10099:
10053:
10007:Satellite radio
10001:
9982:Satellite modem
9977:Satellite phone
9962:Multi-satellite
9920:
9906:Relay satellite
9881:Satellite radio
9864:
9859:
9829:
9824:
9814:
9794:
9771:
9633:
9602:
9554:
9550:Satellite radio
9523:
9520:
9490:
9481:
9454:
9393:
9372:
9321:
9295:
9292:
9255:
9169:
9160:PlayStation Vue
9128:
9107:
9093:Google Fiber TV
9071:
9030:
8981:King Videocable
8851:
8728:Samsung TV Plus
8575:Fox Corporation
8346:
8344:
8337:
8279:
8272:
8258:Whidbey Telecom
8211:Hawaiian Telcom
8170:
8162:
8124:
8032:Comcast Xfinity
7978:RCN Corporation
7922:
7912:
7875:
7842:
7806:
7739:
7668:
7639:Inter Satélital
7603:
7568:
7554:
7517:
7484:
7465:Uralsvyazinform
7355:Neuf Cegetel TV
7218:
7213:
7205:
7197:
7189:
7181:
7173:
7165:
7157:
7149:
7141:
7133:
7125:
7117:
7101:
7082:Vodafone Turkey
7057:Vodafone Greece
6907:Magnet Networks
6842:Andorra Telecom
6794:
6745:Telekom Hungary
6705:Orange Slovakia
6575:Bis Télévisions
6546:
6507:Vodafone España
6482:UPC Switzerland
6322:Magnet Networks
6317:Magenta Telekom
6312:M&H Company
6218:
6215:
6178:
6150:
6132:
6086:Fibe TV (ON/QC)
6064:
6059:See also :
6052:
5971:
5887:
5864:
5851:
5845:
5808:
5770:
5599:
5593:
5579:MYTV (Malaysia)
5549:ABS-CBN TV Plus
5535:
5386:
5355:TelOne Zimbabwe
5135:
5115:Unitel (Angola)
5105:tn TV (Namibia)
5012:Fil-Products TV
4975:Asianet Digital
4956:
4953:
4920:
4914:
4884:
4879:
4772:
4766:
4678:
4671:
4621:Community radio
4603:
4597:
4577:Streaming media
4489:
4484:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4418:
4414:
4383:
4379:
4369:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4354:
4344:
4342:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4305:
4285:
4278:
4269:
4265:
4257:
4242:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4207:
4200:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4173:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4128:
4116:
4115:
4106:
4096:
4094:
4087:
4079:. p. 147.
4063:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4033:
4024:
4013:
4009:
4000:
3998:
3986:Chicago Tribune
3977:
3964:
3951:
3947:
3937:
3935:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3904:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3885:
3872:
3863:
3850:
3846:
3829:
3820:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3788:
3767:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3727:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3672:Evening Tribune
3667:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3639:The Denver Post
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3577:
3570:
3550:
3546:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3519:
3517:
3506:
3499:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3454:
3450:
3441:
3439:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3402:Astronautix.com
3396:
3395:
3391:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3344:
3340:
3331:
3329:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3175:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3149:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3079:. p. 152.
3067:
3063:
3054:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2913:Popular Science
2907:
2906:
2902:
2896:Wayback Machine
2886:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2627:
2621:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2580:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2535:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2486:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2445:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2395:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2309:
2308:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2237:
2236:
2227:
2219:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2021:on 14 July 2014
2009:
2008:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1865:
1841:MacBride report
1818:
1793:
1784:
1761:noise reduction
1740:
1733:signal strength
1712:
1609:
1566:
1546:
1544:1987 to present
1440:
1434:
1347:Home Box Office
1335:
1196:science fiction
1192:
1187:
1178:
1155:
1142:
1127:
1100:
1077:
1071:
933:Sky Deutschland
868:
846:
841:
816:
784:SECA Mediaguard
656:
633:
621:
601:
535:
269:
257:
246:
231:
219:
208:
168:
148:digital signals
127:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11467:
11457:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11424:
11423:
11421:
11420:
11410:
11400:
11390:
11377:
11374:
11373:
11371:
11370:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11342:
11341:
11336:
11328:
11322:
11320:
11316:
11315:
11313:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11261:
11259:
11253:
11252:
11250:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11183:
11181:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11145:
11143:
11139:
11138:
11136:
11135:
11130:
11125:
11120:
11115:
11110:
11108:Space-division
11104:
11102:
11096:
11095:
11093:
11092:
11087:
11086:
11085:
11080:
11070:
11069:
11068:
11058:
11053:
11047:
11045:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11033:
11032:
11031:
11021:
11020:
11019:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10998:
10997:
10987:
10981:
10979:
10971:
10970:
10968:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10945:Camille Tissot
10942:
10937:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10920:Claude Shannon
10917:
10912:
10910:Tivadar Puskás
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10880:Antonio Meucci
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10850:Charles K. Kao
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10825:Harold Hopkins
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10725:Emile Berliner
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10686:
10684:
10680:
10679:
10677:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10664:Videotelephony
10661:
10656:
10655:
10654:
10649:
10639:
10632:
10627:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10600:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10579:
10578:
10577:
10567:
10562:
10560:Radiotelephone
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10526:
10525:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10464:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10446:Internet video
10438:
10437:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10380:
10378:
10372:
10371:
10364:
10363:
10356:
10349:
10341:
10332:
10331:
10329:
10328:
10316:
10303:
10300:
10299:
10297:
10296:
10291:
10285:
10283:
10279:
10278:
10276:
10275:
10270:
10264:
10262:
10258:
10257:
10255:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10213:
10211:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10203:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10107:
10105:
10101:
10100:
10098:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10061:
10059:
10055:
10054:
10052:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10015:
10013:
10003:
10002:
10000:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9967:Satellite dish
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9928:
9926:
9922:
9921:
9919:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9896:Ground station
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9872:
9870:
9866:
9865:
9858:
9857:
9850:
9843:
9835:
9826:
9825:
9823:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9808:
9802:
9800:
9796:
9795:
9793:
9792:
9786:
9779:
9777:
9773:
9772:
9770:
9769:
9764:
9758:
9752:
9747:
9741:
9735:
9734:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9708:
9703:
9692:
9691:
9690:
9684:
9678:
9667:
9666:
9665:
9659:
9654:
9641:
9639:
9635:
9634:
9632:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9610:
9608:
9604:
9603:
9601:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9589:
9588:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9562:
9560:
9556:
9555:
9553:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9540:Internet radio
9537:
9531:
9529:
9525:
9524:
9519:
9518:
9511:
9504:
9496:
9487:
9486:
9483:
9482:
9480:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9463:
9460:
9459:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9401:
9399:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9391:
9386:
9380:
9378:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9329:
9327:
9323:
9322:
9320:
9319:
9314:
9312:DTV transition
9309:
9303:
9301:
9297:
9296:
9291:
9290:
9283:
9276:
9268:
9261:
9260:
9257:
9256:
9254:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9177:
9175:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9136:
9134:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9126:
9121:
9115:
9113:
9109:
9108:
9106:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9079:
9077:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9038:
9036:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8947:
8946:
8941:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8910:
8909:
8902:Baja Broadband
8899:
8898:
8897:
8892:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8866:
8864:
8857:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8833:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8780:UFC Fight Pass
8777:
8772:
8770:Tivo Stream 4k
8767:
8766:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8724:
8723:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8692:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8661:
8656:
8655:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8613:
8612:
8609:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8588:
8587:
8582:
8572:
8567:
8565:Facebook Watch
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8546:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8401:
8400:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8351:
8349:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8303:Hulu + Live TV
8300:
8295:
8290:
8288:DirecTV Stream
8284:
8282:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8177:
8175:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8134:
8132:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8047:Docomo Pacific
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8028:
8027:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7986:
7985:
7983:Wave Broadband
7980:
7975:
7965:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7938:
7932:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7911:
7910:
7903:
7896:
7888:
7881:
7880:
7877:
7876:
7874:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7834:
7831:
7825:
7823:DirecTV Mexico
7820:
7818:DirecTV Brazil
7814:
7812:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7795:
7789:
7783:
7777:
7771:
7766:
7760:
7753:
7751:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7737:
7731:
7730:Une (Colombia)
7728:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7707:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7682:
7680:
7674:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7660:
7654:
7648:
7642:
7636:
7633:
7627:
7621:
7615:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7585:
7583:
7576:
7570:
7569:
7553:
7552:
7545:
7538:
7530:
7523:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7390:Radijus Vektor
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7226:
7224:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7208:
7200:
7192:
7184:
7176:
7168:
7160:
7152:
7144:
7136:
7128:
7120:
7111:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7067:Vodafone Italy
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7012:Telekom Srbija
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6937:Movistar Plus+
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6897:La TV d'Orange
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6808:
6806:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6785:Viasat Ukraine
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6750:Telekom Srbija
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6700:Orange Romania
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6675:Movistar Plus+
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6650:La TV d'Orange
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6595:Canal Digitaal
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6556:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6452:Telekom Srbija
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6382:Orange Romania
6379:
6374:
6372:Orange Belgium
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6327:Magyar Telekom
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6191:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6146:Craig Wireless
6142:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6113:Telus Optik TV
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6074:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6043:
6033:
6030:Lower Mainland
6020:
6010:
6000:
5990:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5959:
5956:Western Canada
5937:
5934:Western Canada
5919:
5904:
5902:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5844:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5821:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5603:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5574:GMA Affordabox
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5545:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5521:Uganda Telecom
5518:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5464:La TV d'Orange
5461:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5159:Canal+ Afrique
5156:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5122:(South Africa)
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5002:
4997:
4995:Docomo Pacific
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4929:
4922:
4921:
4913:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4890:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4792:
4787:
4785:Broadcast-safe
4782:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4745:Public affairs
4742:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4631:Pay television
4623:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4589:
4584:
4582:Web television
4579:
4574:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4542:
4537:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4434:
4433:External links
4431:
4428:
4427:
4412:
4377:
4352:
4335:Dish-cable.com
4322:
4304:978-1466651708
4303:
4276:
4263:
4260:on 2014-07-24.
4247:INSEAD Journal
4230:
4223:
4217:. p. 87.
4198:
4183:
4154:
4126:
4104:
4085:
4054:
4022:
4019:. p. C01.
4007:
3962:
3945:
3912:
3883:
3880:. p. F-1.
3861:
3858:. p. E01.
3844:
3818:
3798:
3781:Salt Lake City
3758:
3714:
3678:
3675:. p. C-8.
3661:
3624:
3587:
3568:
3544:
3526:
3497:
3481:
3463:New York Times
3448:
3419:
3389:
3373:
3338:
3312:
3286:
3260:
3229:
3200:
3166:
3147:
3128:
3099:
3086:978-1457628313
3085:
3075:. London, UK:
3061:
3036:
3006:
2997:, p. 293.
2987:
2968:
2959:, p. 246.
2949:
2940:, p. 274.
2930:
2900:
2880:
2850:
2820:
2790:
2760:
2729:
2702:
2695:
2677:
2652:
2612:
2599:978-0306441479
2598:
2571:
2557:
2522:
2509:978-1420078688
2508:
2473:
2459:
2426:
2362:
2350:
2348:, p. 308.
2338:
2293:
2260:
2225:
2223:, p. 194.
2206:
2194:
2182:
2173:, p. 279.
2163:
2161:, p. 327.
2151:
2149:, p. 330.
2139:
2137:, p. 207.
2120:
2091:
2062:
2032:
1999:
1985:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1922:
1920:Satellite dish
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1853:UNGA Res 37/92
1817:
1814:
1791:
1782:
1747:, and several
1738:
1710:
1607:
1564:
1545:
1542:
1433:
1430:
1334:
1331:
1299:direct-to-home
1242:geosynchronous
1204:Wireless World
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1176:
1153:
1140:
1125:
1098:
1073:Main article:
1070:
1067:
941:United Kingdom
892:pay television
866:
857:Direct-to-home
845:
842:
840:
837:
815:
812:
654:
599:
559:satellite dish
533:
481:satellite dish
267:
255:
244:
229:
217:
206:
167:
164:
144:analog signals
125:
113:pay television
85:television set
62:satellite dish
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11466:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11436:
11434:
11419:
11411:
11409:
11401:
11399:
11391:
11389:
11379:
11378:
11375:
11368:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11331:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11323:
11321:
11317:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11262:
11260:
11258:
11254:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11182:
11180:
11176:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11146:
11144:
11140:
11134:
11133:Code-division
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11118:Time-division
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11105:
11103:
11101:
11097:
11091:
11088:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11075:
11074:
11071:
11067:
11064:
11063:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11048:
11046:
11044:and switching
11042:
11038:
11030:
11027:
11026:
11025:
11022:
11018:
11015:
11014:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10996:
10995:optical fiber
10993:
10992:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10985:Coaxial cable
10983:
10982:
10980:
10978:
10972:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10900:Radia Perlman
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10790:Lee de Forest
10788:
10786:
10785:Thomas Edison
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10775:Donald Davies
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10760:Claude Chappe
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10687:
10685:
10681:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10644:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10637:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10604:Smoke signals
10602:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10584:
10583:
10582:Semiconductor
10580:
10576:
10573:
10572:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10524:
10521:
10520:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10443:
10442:
10441:Digital media
10439:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10416:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10381:
10379:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10362:
10357:
10355:
10350:
10348:
10343:
10342:
10339:
10327:
10326:
10317:
10315:
10314:
10305:
10304:
10301:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10286:
10284:
10280:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10265:
10263:
10259:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10214:
10212:
10208:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10108:
10106:
10102:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10056:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10016:
10014:
10012:
10008:
10004:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9972:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9937:Monoblock LNB
9935:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9923:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9873:
9871:
9869:Main articles
9867:
9863:
9856:
9851:
9849:
9844:
9842:
9837:
9836:
9833:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9803:
9801:
9797:
9790:
9787:
9784:
9781:
9780:
9778:
9774:
9768:
9765:
9762:
9759:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9745:
9742:
9739:
9736:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9716:
9712:
9711:IEEE 802.15.3
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9688:
9685:
9682:
9679:
9676:
9673:
9672:
9671:
9668:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9652:
9649:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9642:
9640:
9636:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9611:
9609:
9605:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9587:
9584:
9583:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9563:
9561:
9557:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9535:Digital radio
9533:
9532:
9530:
9526:
9517:
9512:
9510:
9505:
9503:
9498:
9497:
9494:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9464:
9461:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9398:United States
9396:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9375:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9324:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9304:
9302:
9300:North America
9298:
9289:
9284:
9282:
9277:
9275:
9270:
9269:
9266:
9262:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9181:Anime Network
9179:
9178:
9176:
9172:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9131:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9110:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9074:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9033:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
9001:Paragon Cable
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8936:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8908:
8905:
8904:
8903:
8900:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8861:
8858:
8854:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8831:
8830:Rooster Teeth
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8758:Univision NOW
8756:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8722:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8639:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8577:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8530:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8478:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8451:Angel Studios
8449:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8402:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8378:
8375:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8365:History Vault
8363:
8361:
8360:Crime Central
8358:
8357:
8356:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8348:
8340:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8281:
8275:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8176:
8174:
8169:
8165:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8131:
8127:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7920:United States
7917:
7909:
7904:
7902:
7897:
7895:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7882:
7872:
7871:United States
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7848:
7845:
7838:
7835:
7833:Sky Argentina
7832:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7802:
7799:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7787:
7784:
7781:
7778:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7735:
7732:
7729:
7726:
7723:
7720:
7717:
7716:Personal Flow
7714:
7711:
7708:
7705:
7702:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7692:Columbus/FLOW
7690:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7675:
7664:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7640:
7637:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7606:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7562:Latin America
7559:
7551:
7546:
7544:
7539:
7537:
7532:
7531:
7528:
7524:
7514:
7513:United States
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7430:TV di Fastweb
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7315:Infostrada TV
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7290:CenterTelecom
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7280:Canal Digital
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7245:Alpha Digital
7243:
7241:
7240:Alice Home TV
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7221:
7212:
7211:TV Vlaanderen
7209:
7204:
7201:
7196:
7193:
7188:
7185:
7180:
7177:
7172:
7169:
7164:
7161:
7156:
7153:
7148:
7145:
7140:
7137:
7132:
7129:
7124:
7121:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6987:Smart Telecom
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6957:Orange Polska
6955:
6953:
6952:Orange España
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6780:TV Vlaanderen
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6695:Orange Polska
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6590:Canal+ Polska
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6522:VodafoneZiggo
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6442:Tele Columbus
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6302:Kazakhtelecom
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6212:
6207:
6205:
6200:
6198:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6185:
6177:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6103:SaskTel MaxTV
6101:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6081:Fibe (Aliant)
6079:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5854:
5850:
5842:
5837:
5835:
5830:
5828:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5799:United States
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:(Philippines)
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5698:Kristal-Astro
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5638:Destiny Cable
5636:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5596:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:(Philippines)
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:(Philippines)
5505:
5504:Sky On Demand
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:Maroc Telecom
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:(Ivory Coast)
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5314:SKY PerfecTV!
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5258:ME Digital TV
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:(Philippines)
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:(Philippines)
5074:
5071:
5069:
5068:Siti Networks
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:Ethio telecom
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4950:
4945:
4943:
4938:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4600:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:Radio program
4501:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4476:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4423:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4283:
4281:
4273:
4267:
4256:
4252:
4251:Fontainebleau
4248:
4241:
4234:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4203:
4194:
4187:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4061:
4059:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4018:
4011:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3958:
3957:
3956:Wichita Eagle
3949:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3848:
3841:. p. 1C.
3840:
3836:
3835:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3815:
3814:9780917893148
3811:
3807:
3802:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3765:
3763:
3746:
3742:
3741:Baltimore, MD
3738:
3737:
3732:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3692:Reading Eagle
3688:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3665:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3628:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3591:
3575:
3571:
3569:9780879728212
3565:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3516:on 2008-06-17
3515:
3511:
3504:
3502:
3495:
3494:9789814136013
3491:
3485:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3171:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3065:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3002:
2996:
2995:Prentiss 1989
2991:
2983:
2977:
2976:Prentiss 1989
2972:
2964:
2958:
2957:Prentiss 1989
2953:
2945:
2939:
2938:Prentiss 1989
2934:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2778:
2775:(in German).
2774:
2770:
2764:
2746:
2739:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2696:9781596932111
2692:
2688:
2681:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2576:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2549:Prentice Hall
2546:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2462:
2460:9780442013578
2456:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2404:New Scientist
2400:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2360:, p. 72.
2359:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2327:: 26–28. 2000
2326:
2325:Horizon House
2322:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2204:, p. 27.
2203:
2198:
2192:, p. 60.
2191:
2186:
2178:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1988:
1986:90-247-3002-3
1982:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Molniya orbit
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:semiconductor
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:standard) in
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1500:II system to
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:U.S. Congress
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1405:Neiman-Marcus
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:Taylor Howard
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1327:
1323:
1322:Elvis Presley
1319:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:North America
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:Early history
1182:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
981:
977:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
872:
870:
862:
858:
850:
836:
834:
830:
826:
821:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
667:
663:
658:
649:
647:
643:
639:
631:
628:of the early
627:
618:
614:
610:
606:
603:
595:
594:coaxial cable
590:
588:
584:
583:coaxial cable
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
543:
539:
537:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
497:Molniya orbit
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
465:
462:
458:
454:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
363:
358:
354:
352:
348:
347:amateur radio
344:
339:
336:
332:
331:coaxial cable
329:
325:
321:
318:The original
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
263:
259:
251:
247:
240:
236:
232:
225:
221:
212:
210:
202:
197:
192:
187:
185:
184:Molniya orbit
181:
177:
173:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:set-top boxes
86:
82:
73:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
11100:Multiplexing
10975:Transmission
10940:Nikola Tesla
10930:Henry Sutton
10885:Samuel Morse
10815:Robert Hooke
10780:Amos Dolbear
10715:John Bardeen
10634:
10614:Telautograph
10518:Mobile phone
10473:Edholm's law
10456:social media
10389:Broadcasting
10324:
10312:
10151:Intersputnik
10075:Dish Network
10010:
9875:
9806:Broadcasting
9776:Technologies
9767:Wireless USB
9701:Mobile WiMAX
9657:5G New Radio
9592:
9174:Over-the-top
9133:Virtual MVPD
8991:Marcus Cable
8711:Roku Channel
8637:NBCUniversal
8491:Dove Channel
8434:Sundance Now
8404:AMC Networks
8328:Xfinity Flex
8253:Verizon FiOS
8206:GTA Teleguam
8143:Dish Network
8057:Full Channel
8052:Emery Telcom
7839:Sky Colombia
7698:Izzi Telecom
7573:
7475:VolgaTelecom
7380:Real Digital
7275:Canal+ Spain
7047:Turkcell TV+
6551:
6392:Post Telecom
6347:Monaco Cable
6173:
6058:
6040:Hamilton, ON
5997:Val-d'Or, QC
5940:Rogers Cable
5869:
5861:
5760:U Television
5663:Global Cable
5428:GTA Teleguam
5243:K+ (Vietnam)
5184:DD Free Dish
5140:
5005:Fil-Products
4990:DEN Networks
4834:Occupations
4725:Quiz channel
4648:Pirate radio
4636:Pay-per-view
4611:Campus radio
4602:Broadcasting
4556:
4487:Broadcasting
4421:
4415:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4368:. Retrieved
4343:. Retrieved
4334:
4325:
4313:. Retrieved
4289:
4271:
4266:
4255:the original
4246:
4233:
4210:
4195:. Routledge.
4192:
4186:
4174:. Retrieved
4145:. Retrieved
4118:
4095:. Retrieved
4067:
4045:. Retrieved
4016:
4010:
3999:. Retrieved
3984:
3954:
3948:
3936:. Retrieved
3932:the original
3927:
3903:. Retrieved
3875:
3853:
3847:
3832:
3805:
3801:
3789:. Retrieved
3776:Deseret News
3774:
3749:. Retrieved
3734:
3705:. Retrieved
3690:
3681:
3670:
3664:
3652:. Retrieved
3637:
3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3600:
3590:
3578:. Retrieved
3554:
3547:
3539:the original
3529:
3518:. Retrieved
3514:the original
3508:Wade, Mark.
3484:
3472:. Retrieved
3461:
3451:
3440:. Retrieved
3431:
3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3406:the original
3401:
3392:
3376:
3364:. Retrieved
3351:
3348:"NASA - ATS"
3341:
3330:. Retrieved
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3273:the original
3263:
3251:. Retrieved
3242:
3232:
3221:. Retrieved
3212:
3203:
3191:. Retrieved
3182:
3157:. Retrieved
3137:
3131:
3120:. Retrieved
3111:
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3071:
3064:
3053:. Retrieved
3049:the original
3039:
3027:. Retrieved
3018:
3009:
2990:
2978:, p. 1.
2971:
2952:
2933:
2921:. Retrieved
2916:
2912:
2903:
2887:James, Meg.
2883:
2872:. Retrieved
2864:Fast Company
2863:
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2832:
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2802:
2793:
2781:. Retrieved
2772:
2763:
2752:. Retrieved
2732:
2715:
2711:
2710:"Space TV".
2705:
2686:
2680:
2669:. Retrieved
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2603:. Retrieved
2584:
2562:. Retrieved
2539:
2513:. Retrieved
2490:
2464:. Retrieved
2449:
2417:. Retrieved
2408:
2402:
2353:
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2320:
2314:
2284:. Retrieved
2279:
2275:
2251:. Retrieved
2246:
2242:
2197:
2185:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2112:. Retrieved
2103:
2094:
2083:. Retrieved
2074:
2065:
2054:. Retrieved
2023:. Retrieved
2019:the original
2014:
1992:18 September
1990:. Retrieved
1975:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1834:
1819:
1806:Bill Clinton
1803:
1777:
1717:solar panels
1705:
1690:
1681:Asia-Pacific
1677:North Africa
1669:South Africa
1651:
1647:Dish Network
1633:
1618:
1591:
1551:pay-per-view
1547:
1538:black market
1531:
1483:
1475:in the clear
1472:
1441:
1410:
1386:
1379:
1357:(CBN, later
1336:
1301:television,
1296:
1268:Soviet Union
1253:
1235:
1216:
1193:
1164:
1131:transponders
1113:
1090:
1055:cord-cutting
1052:
1013:
1002:
994:DD Free Dish
984:
967:receiver (a
961:Astra 28.2°E
938:
931:
928:Astra 19.2°E
913:
885:
873:
860:
856:
855:
817:
780:Beta digital
749:
726:
703:
671:
650:
638:F-connectors
626:N-connectors
591:
548:
528:transponders
509:
478:
466:
450:
418:
398:
382:F-connectors
367:
341:Designs for
340:
335:N-connectors
317:
305:downconverts
282:
260:satellites.
213:
196:transponders
188:
169:
117:
109:Free-to-view
78:
45:
44:
11300:NPL network
11012:Radio waves
10950:Alfred Vail
10860:Hedy Lamarr
10845:Dawon Kahng
10805:Elisha Gray
10765:Yogen Dalal
10690:Nasir Ahmed
10624:Teleprinter
10488:Heliographs
10161:SED Systems
10095:1worldspace
9911:Transponder
9675:Terrestrial
9196:DC Universe
9112:Terrestrial
9088:CenturyLink
8944:Popcornflix
8924:Cablevision
8842:WWE Network
8721:Crunchyroll
8602:Kino Lorber
8466:Brown Sugar
8382:Prime Video
8268:Ziply Fiber
8248:TDS Telecom
8107:TDS Telecom
8010:Broadstripe
8000:Blue Stream
7936:Adams Cable
7780:Movistar TV
7776:(Caribbean)
7718:(Argentina)
7710:Movistar TV
7694:(Caribbean)
7641:(Venezuela)
7620:(Venezuela)
7614:(Caribbean)
7599:Movistar TV
7480:Wind Vision
7460:UPC Romania
7445:UPC Hungary
7415:Tele2Vision
7375:On Telecoms
7365:Numericable
7320:ITV Digital
7107:Terrestrial
7007:TalkTalk TV
6967:Proximus TV
6932:Moldtelecom
6817:A1 Hrvatska
6812:A1 Bulgaria
6770:Tricolor TV
6725:Sky Ireland
6720:Sky Germany
6565:A1 Hrvatska
6560:A1 Bulgaria
6237:A1 Hrvatska
6232:A1 Bulgaria
6108:TekSavvy TV
6091:MTS TV (MB)
6047:Brandon, MB
6023:Novus Cable
5993:Cablevision
5883:Shaw Direct
5858:Terrestrial
5750:Thai Sky TV
5720:(Australia)
5541:Terrestrial
5450:(Hong Kong)
5366:TrueVisions
5362:(Indonesia)
5360:Transvision
5309:Sky Pacific
5224:(Australia)
5196:(Sri Lanka)
5110:TrueVisions
5095:Tokai Cable
5018:First Media
4808:News ticker
4803:Lower third
4773:and funding
4716:Music radio
3897:. TinyPic.
3607:Los Angeles
3305:16 December
3183:History.com
3112:lakdiva.org
3029:16 December
2923:16 December
2833:T-online.de
2221:Minoli 2009
2202:Minoli 2009
2190:Minoli 2009
2159:Pattan 1993
2147:Pattan 1993
2135:Pattan 1993
2075:lyngsat.com
1900:Free-to-air
1808:signed the
1753:multiplexed
1673:Middle East
1511:descrambler
1498:VideoCipher
1488:passed the
1380:In the US,
1367:San Andreas
1353:(TBS), and
990:Doordarshan
916:free-to-air
909:free-to-air
905:subscribers
804:Videocipher
792:Nagravision
772:Cryptoworks
690:demodulates
674:set-top box
666:multiswitch
587:set-top box
563:focal point
505:inclination
503:orbit with
499:, a highly
461:multiswitch
421:set-top box
180:inclination
160:Star One D2
105:free-to-air
11433:Categories
11346:Antarctica
11305:Toasternet
11227:Television
10710:Paul Baran
10642:Television
10626:(teletype)
10619:Telegraphy
10597:transistor
10575:Phryctoria
10545:Photophone
10523:Smartphone
10513:Mass media
10126:Globalstar
9211:Funimation
9206:FilmStruck
9201:DramaFever
8815:Discovery+
8674:Paramount+
8607:MHz Choice
8580:Fox Nation
8471:BroadwayHD
8333:YouTube TV
8005:Breezeline
7941:Altice USA
7657:Sky México
7651:SKY Brasil
7455:UPC Poland
7440:UPC France
7435:Unitymedia
7250:Athina Sat
6992:Sunrise TV
6902:Magenta TV
6872:eir Vision
6862:CytaVision
6710:Polsat Box
6600:Cosmote TV
6532:WightFibre
6407:Rostelecom
6357:NetCologne
6297:Kabelnoord
6277:ER-Telecom
6272:Elta-Kabel
6118:Tbaytel TV
5762:(Malaysia)
5744:Sky Direct
5693:Kamalak TV
5678:Home Cable
5634:(Thailand)
5515:Streamtech
5470:Rostelecom
5345:Sun Direct
5329:Sky Vision
5273:MNC Vision
5253:KT SkyLife
5084:Streamtech
5058:Rostelecom
4865:Press pool
4771:Production
4667:Talk radio
4086:1567202500
4039:. Philly.
4001:2014-04-10
3644:Denver, CO
3520:2008-06-29
3510:"Gorizont"
3442:2019-12-06
3386:0900162716
3332:2007-01-25
3239:"Syncom 2"
3223:2014-07-20
3148:0160481805
3122:2019-12-06
3055:2016-06-01
2874:2019-07-05
2754:2014-07-21
2671:2014-07-22
2630:(Report).
2558:0130649074
2171:Tirro 1993
2114:2023-12-10
2104:Portal BSD
2085:2023-12-10
2056:2008-11-21
2025:30 January
1948:References
1727:, and the
1698:DigiCipher
1659:using the
1598:Luxembourg
1414:fibreglass
1371:California
1256:Intelsat I
1007:for their
951:channels,
947:channels,
901:smart card
881:translates
820:sun outage
814:Sun outage
808:VideoGuard
770:, Irdeto,
768:Digicipher
695:decrypting
516:microwaves
501:elliptical
483:, and the
425:unscramble
343:microstrip
278:sun outage
166:Technology
50:television
11330:Americas
11319:Locations
11290:Internet2
11051:Bandwidth
10755:Vint Cerf
10652:streaming
10630:Telephone
10570:Semaphore
10461:streaming
9932:SAT>IP
9820:Microwave
9687:Satellite
9638:Standards
9251:SnagFilms
9124:MovieBeam
9098:Sky Angel
9057:PrimeStar
9042:AlphaStar
9035:Satellite
8996:NPG Cable
8805:Boomerang
8748:Univision
8622:Local Now
8501:Screambox
8476:Cineverse
8456:Apple TV+
8397:ScreenPix
8293:Frndly TV
8243:Sonic.net
8153:Glorystar
8130:Satellite
8020:Cable One
7963:Armstrong
7918:) in the
7836:Sky Chile
7763:Claro tv+
7722:Totalplay
7704:Megacable
7574:Satellite
7566:Caribbean
7400:Stream TV
7330:Kosmos-TV
7131:Digitenne
7037:TIMvision
6882:HT Eronet
6857:Bulsatcom
6730:Sky Italy
6625:Focus Sat
6580:Bulsatcom
6552:Satellite
6492:Virgin TV
6447:Telekabel
6437:Telecable
6282:Euskaltel
6045:Westman (
5962:Vidéotron
5870:Satellite
5862:satellite
5668:HKBN bbTV
5598:Defunct /
5584:StarTimes
5499:SKY Media
5350:Tata Play
5340:StarTimes
5194:Dialog TV
5141:Satellite
5131:WorldCall
5073:Sky Cable
5063:Safaricom
5009:Cine Cebu
4985:Cablelink
4919:providers
4860:Press box
4818:Score bug
4794:Graphics
4677:Specialty
4557:Satellite
4518:Satellite
4407:169142288
4393:: 33–60.
4295:New Delhi
3209:"Relay 1"
3159:15 August
3092:15 August
2724:0032-4558
2500:CRC Press
2358:Dodd 2002
2346:Dodd 2002
2323:(10–12).
1799:SuperDish
1769:rain fade
1636:PrimeStar
1600:launched
1416:or solid
1214:in 1963.
1116:satellite
1091:The term
1083:A C-band
1061:and free
1048:Galaxy 19
1044:GloryStar
1036:Galaxy 18
1024:Galaxy 19
957:Channel 5
953:Channel 4
829:main lobe
701:or IRDs.
686:encrypted
609:waveguide
605:microwave
571:waveguide
555:parabolic
551:path loss
524:rain fade
297:waveguide
289:parabolic
285:path loss
11398:Category
11285:Internet
11275:CYCLADES
11192:Ethernet
11142:Concepts
11066:terminal
11017:wireless
10840:Bob Kahn
10683:Pioneers
10508:Internet
10399:Cable TV
10313:Category
10181:Starlink
10176:Star One
10146:Intelsat
10141:Inmarsat
10131:Hispasat
10121:Eutelsat
10116:EchoStar
9992:Spacebus
9925:Hardware
9695:IEEE 802
9689:(DVB-S2)
9681:Handheld
9472:Americas
9231:NickHits
9226:MTV Hits
8907:US Cable
8689:Showtime
8684:Pluto TV
8570:FilmRise
8560:Eros Now
8486:Docurama
8409:Acorn TV
8318:Sling TV
8308:LocalBTV
8221:Prism TV
8097:Spectrum
8067:Mediacom
7856:Americas
7830:(Brazil)
7800:(Brazil)
7794:(Brazil)
7788:(Brazil)
7765:(Brazil)
7724:(Mexico)
7706:(Mexico)
7700:(Mexico)
7686:Claro TV
7665:(Brazil)
7653:(Brazil)
7647:(Brazil)
7626:(Mexico)
7589:Claro TV
7582:Regional
7564:and the
7498:Americas
7340:Madritel
7335:Kabel BW
7265:Bragatel
7187:Saorview
7147:Freeview
6997:Super TV
6962:PrimeTel
6912:MagtiCom
6765:Total TV
6690:NTV Plus
6665:MagtiCom
6660:Magio TV
6620:Digiturk
6615:DigitAlb
6457:Telemach
6432:Tango TV
6427:Swisscom
6397:Primacom
6342:Miss.Net
6164:Americas
6003:CityWest
5926:Atlantic
5922:Eastlink
5789:Americas
5739:Showtime
5724:OrangeTV
5703:Kwesé TV
5617:AstraSat
5607:ABNXcess
5600:inactive
5589:Sulit TV
5454:Olleh TV
5433:LG Uplus
5418:Fetch TV
5378:(Israel)
5283:NTV Plus
5263:MediaNet
5211:DishHome
5100:TransACT
4679:channels
4530:Teletext
4339:Archived
4337:. 2010.
4309:Archived
4170:Archived
4091:Archived
4041:Archived
3995:Archived
3928:sbca.com
3899:Archived
3785:Archived
3745:Archived
3701:Archived
3648:Archived
3611:Archived
3574:Archived
3468:Archived
3436:Archived
3360:Archived
3352:Nasa.gov
3326:Archived
3299:Archived
3247:Archived
3245:. NASA.
3243:NASA.gov
3217:Archived
3215:. NASA.
3213:NASA.gov
3187:Archived
3153:Archived
3116:Archived
3023:Archived
2892:Archived
2868:Archived
2837:Archived
2807:Archived
2777:Archived
2745:Archived
2665:Archived
2636:Archived
2108:Archived
2079:Archived
2050:Archived
1930:Smart TV
1863:See also
1703:system.
1602:Astra 1A
1519:Galaxy 1
1479:scramble
1468:eyesores
1418:aluminum
1393:Gorizont
1276:downlink
1249:Syncom 2
1231:Atlantic
1167:Simulsat
1005:backhaul
800:Viaccess
788:Logiways
776:DG Crypt
722:baseband
688:signal,
682:decrypts
567:feedhorn
485:receiver
293:feedhorn
11418:Commons
11408:Outline
11361:Oceania
11280:FidoNet
11265:ARPANET
11078:circuit
10647:digital
10376:History
10325:Commons
10196:Turksat
10186:Telesat
10156:Iridium
10090:Allente
10070:DirecTV
10044:ISDB-S3
10039:DVB-S2X
10029:DVB-RCS
9799:Related
9757:(MVDDS)
9697:family
9683:(DVB-H)
9677:(DVB-T)
9647:family
9586:Digital
9052:Orby TV
8986:Knology
8939:Crackle
8856:Defunct
8810:Cinemax
8785:Viaplay
8753:Pantaya
8642:Peacock
8632:Netflix
8597:Here TV
8555:Dropout
8533:Disney+
8518:CW Seed
8461:BritBox
8429:Shudder
8392:Freevee
8345:the-top
8278:Virtual
8148:DirecTV
8092:Shentel
8025:Hargray
7798:Vivo TV
7757:bmobile
7736:(Chile)
7663:Vivo TV
7632:(Chile)
7594:DirecTV
7420:Telfort
7405:Starman
7305:Easy TV
7295:Com Hem
7223:Defunct
7115:BoxerTV
7092:YouView
7052:Vivacom
7017:Telenor
6972:Scarlet
6927:Moja TV
6847:Beeline
6832:Altibox
6827:Allente
6790:Vivacom
6775:Turksat
6760:Tivùsat
6755:Télésat
6735:Skylink
6715:Saorsat
6635:Freesat
6630:Fransat
6605:D-Smart
6570:Allente
6462:Telenet
6307:Kujtesa
6123:TotalTV
6098:Comwave
5488:Mayotte
5484:Réunion
5459:Omantel
5335:StarSat
5324:Sky Net
5304:SatLite
5238:Indosat
5202:(India)
5200:Dish TV
5189:DDishTV
5120:Vodacom
5079:Sonatel
5048:Parasat
5043:Malitel
5028:Hathway
4970:Alma TV
4572:Webcast
4545:Digital
4513:Digital
4370:30 July
4345:16 July
4315:16 July
4176:12 July
4047:May 20,
3791:30 June
3707:21 July
3474:19 July
3398:"Ekran"
3279:5 April
3019:Satnews
2843:8 April
2813:8 April
2783:5 April
2645:20 July
2605:29 July
2564:29 July
2515:29 July
2466:29 July
2419:28 July
2415:: 19–22
2331:28 July
2286:28 July
2253:28 July
2048:. FCC.
1824:of the
1751:can be
1657:DirecTV
1653:Digital
1643:DirecTV
1448:Sky One
1349:(HBO),
1272:Molniya
1260:network
1237:Relay 1
1227:Telstar
1198:writer
1185:History
998:GSAT-15
980:Freesat
920:Germany
825:equinox
796:PowerVu
493:equator
429:decrypt
406:DirecTV
176:equator
11356:Europe
11326:Africa
11310:Usenet
11270:BITNET
11207:Mobile
11083:packet
10592:MOSFET
10587:device
10384:Beacon
10242:SpaceX
10222:Boeing
10217:Airbus
10201:Viasat
10191:Tooway
10136:Hughes
10085:Sky UK
10034:DVB-S2
10019:DVB-SH
9942:DiSEqC
9791:(MMDS)
9785:(LMDS)
9763:(MVDS)
9750:HomeRF
9664:(MBMS)
9477:Europe
9377:Mexico
9326:Canada
9150:Locast
8847:YuppTV
8701:Redbox
8679:Noggin
8617:Kocowa
8528:Disney
8523:Dekkoo
8496:Fandor
8444:WE TV+
8439:Allblk
8419:Hidive
8377:Amazon
8298:FuboTV
7866:Europe
7861:Canada
7828:GVT TV
7503:Canada
7470:Viasat
7285:Casema
7255:blizoo
7179:RiksTV
7163:PlusTV
7087:XS4ALL
7042:Tivibu
7032:Teo LT
6982:Síminn
6740:Sky UK
6585:Canal+
6537:YouSee
6422:STV AS
6332:Melita
6242:Caiway
6169:Europe
6128:VMedia
6036:Source
5983:Access
5908:Cogeco
5849:Canada
5794:Canada
5784:Europe
5643:DishHD
5622:Austar
5448:Now TV
5405:Cignal
5299:RealVU
5222:Foxtel
5174:Cignal
5126:VTVCab
4535:Analog
4494:Medium
4405:
4301:
4221:
4147:3 July
4097:3 July
4083:
3938:5 June
3812:
3751:1 July
3654:3 July
3617:1 July
3580:1 July
3566:
3492:
3412:1 July
3384:
3366:1 July
3253:5 June
3193:5 June
3145:
3083:
2722:
2693:
2596:
2590:Berlin
2555:
2506:
2457:
1983:
1773:C-band
1745:C band
1725:C-band
1686:ISDB-S
1640:Hughes
1594:Europe
1571:C-band
1559:C-band
1515:attack
1389:Moscow
1375:C-band
1326:Hawaii
1284:Anik 1
1280:Canada
1264:Orbita
1219:Europe
1173:- and
1148:C-band
1120:C-band
1109:C-band
1040:Satmex
1038:, and
1020:Mexico
1016:Canada
969:DVB-S2
877:uplink
806:, and
745:ISDB-S
741:DVB-S2
662:DiSEqC
634:
630:C-band
622:
579:L-band
520:C-band
512:uplink
474:DiSEqC
457:DiSEqC
410:B-band
378:C-band
374:C-band
370:L-band
351:C-band
320:C-band
313:L-band
262:C-band
250:C-band
239:C-band
224:C-band
222:or 24
201:C-band
191:uplink
136:C-band
120:X band
64:and a
11339:South
11334:North
11295:JANET
11232:Telex
11222:Radio
11061:Nodes
11056:Links
10977:media
10555:Radio
10540:Pager
10468:Drums
10434:video
10429:image
10419:audio
10282:Lists
10227:INVAP
10024:S-DMB
9947:USALS
9746:(EBS)
9740:(AWS)
9726:WiMAX
9721:Wi-Fi
9653:(LTE)
9559:Video
9528:Radio
9241:Seeso
9236:Quibi
9165:Vidgo
9140:Aereo
9119:USDTV
8863:Cable
8775:Topic
8743:Stirr
8738:Starz
8706:Revry
8550:DOGTV
8543:ESPN+
8481:CONtv
8343:Over-
8313:Philo
8228:Midco
8216:Lumen
8186:Claro
8168:Fiber
8072:Midco
7928:Cable
7786:Oi TV
7745:Fiber
7678:Cable
7645:Oi TV
7630:Entel
7618:CANTV
7558:Ibero
7450:Ziggo
7425:TVTEL
7325:Joyne
7230:@Home
7123:Digea
7097:Ziggo
7022:Telia
6947:Odido
6867:EE TV
6800:Fiber
6542:Ziggo
6352:Naxoo
6267:Elisa
6247:Delta
6224:Cable
6077:Bell
5976:Minor
5901:Major
5893:Cable
5729:Orbit
5371:Wowow
5233:G Sat
5228:GMM Z
5090:TACTV
5053:PPCTV
5023:GMM Z
4962:Cable
4604:niche
4568:radio
4540:Cable
4508:Cable
4403:S2CID
4258:(PDF)
4243:(PDF)
4141:(PDF)
3905:5 May
2748:(PDF)
2741:(PDF)
2639:(PDF)
2628:(PDF)
1936:SMATV
1830:Earth
1816:Legal
1794:-band
1785:-band
1665:DVB-S
1629:WOWOW
1422:steel
1303:Ekran
1288:ATS-6
1179:-band
1143:-band
1128:-band
1032:AMC-6
1028:AMC-4
986:India
982:EPG.
965:DVB-S
888:DVB-S
833:noise
764:Conax
737:DVB-S
714:SECAM
712:, or
657:-band
617:RG-59
565:is a
445:RG-59
441:RG-11
270:-band
258:-band
220:-band
209:-band
11351:Asia
11237:UUCP
11197:ISDN
9815:band
9731:WRAN
9645:3GPP
9607:Data
9221:go90
9186:CNN+
9076:IPTV
8790:Viki
8716:Sony
8669:BET+
8659:NFL+
8652:Xumo
8647:Vudu
8627:MUBI
8585:Tubi
8538:Hulu
8414:AMC+
8387:MGM+
8280:MVPD
8173:IPTV
8120:WOW!
7792:Sky+
7774:Flow
7749:IPTV
7624:Dish
7235:Akta
7214:(BE)
7206:(FR)
7198:(ES)
7190:(IE)
7182:(NO)
7174:(PT)
7171:PTDT
7166:(FI)
7158:(MT)
7150:(UK)
7142:(HR)
7134:(NL)
7126:(GR)
7118:(SE)
6942:Nova
6887:iNES
6877:Free
6837:Amis
6804:IPTV
6685:Nova
6610:Digi
6472:Toya
6387:Play
6367:Nowo
6292:IPKO
6252:Digi
6138:MMDS
6070:IPTV
5860:and
5673:HiTV
5612:Aora
5443:My.T
5400:B TV
5392:IPTV
5278:NJOI
5248:beIN
5216:DStv
5038:Inwi
4566:and
4372:2014
4347:2014
4317:2014
4299:ISBN
4219:ISBN
4178:2014
4149:2014
4099:2014
4081:ISBN
4049:2014
3940:2014
3907:2013
3810:ISBN
3793:2014
3753:2014
3709:2014
3656:2014
3619:2014
3582:2014
3564:ISBN
3490:ISBN
3476:2014
3414:2014
3382:ISBN
3368:2014
3356:NASA
3307:2014
3281:2010
3255:2014
3195:2014
3161:2014
3143:ISBN
3094:2014
3081:ISBN
3031:2014
3001:help
2982:help
2963:help
2944:help
2925:2014
2845:2012
2815:2012
2785:2016
2720:ISSN
2691:ISBN
2647:2014
2607:2014
2594:ISBN
2566:2014
2553:ISBN
2517:2014
2504:ISBN
2468:2014
2455:ISBN
2421:2014
2333:2014
2288:2014
2255:2014
2177:help
2027:2014
1994:2014
1981:ISBN
1820:The
1757:SCPC
1741:band
1719:and
1713:band
1679:and
1645:and
1610:band
1577:and
1567:band
1160:4DTV
1156:band
1122:and
1101:band
1018:and
955:and
939:The
924:HDTV
899:and
869:band
839:Uses
760:BISS
750:The
735:and
733:MPEG
729:QPSK
706:NTSC
684:the
672:The
613:RG-6
602:band
536:band
437:RG-6
274:rain
128:band
11242:WAN
11212:NGN
11202:LAN
10483:Fax
10424:DCT
10247:SSL
10166:SES
9715:UWB
9216:FX+
8825:Max
8795:ViX
8763:ViX
8347:VOD
8196:EPB
8062:GCI
7734:VTR
7410:TDC
7370:ONO
7310:Get
7300:CTV
7270:BSB
7203:TNT
7195:TDT
7002:T-2
6977:SFR
6922:MEO
6892:KPN
6680:NOS
6670:MEO
6640:HD+
6527:Voo
6467:Tet
6417:SFR
6412:SBB
6362:NOS
6337:MEO
6262:Eir
6257:DNA
6013:MTS
5632:CTH
5480:SFR
5382:ZAP
5376:Yes
5288:OSN
5268:MBC
5179:D2h
5033:Hot
4395:doi
2917:228
2716:171
2409:145
1661:DSS
1621:NHK
1579:CBS
1575:ABC
1555:NBC
1521:by
1494:HBO
1463:FET
1454:'s
1452:ESA
1420:or
1382:PBS
1365:of
1221:to
1210:'s
1135:FSS
1133:on
976:EPG
973:Sky
949:ITV
945:BBC
756:NDS
743:or
710:PAL
642:UHF
427:or
394:DTH
386:UHF
362:LNB
140:FSS
99:or
11435::
10011:TV
10009:/
8171:/
7155:GO
6655:M7
6287:Go
6027:BC
6017:MB
5987:SK
5966:QC
5954:,
5952:NL
5950:,
5948:NB
5946:,
5944:ON
5932:,
5928:,
5916:QC
5914:,
5912:ON
5486:,
5413:DU
4718:/
4694:/
4650:/
4401:.
4389:.
4355:^
4333:.
4307:.
4293:.
4279:^
4249:.
4245:.
4201:^
4157:^
4129:^
4107:^
4089:.
4075::
4071:.
4057:^
4025:^
3993:.
3989:.
3983:.
3965:^
3926:.
3915:^
3886:^
3864:^
3837:.
3821:^
3779:.
3773:.
3761:^
3739:.
3733:.
3717:^
3695:.
3689:.
3642:.
3636:.
3609:.
3605:.
3599:.
3572:.
3558:.
3500:^
3466:.
3460:.
3434:.
3430:.
3400:.
3358:.
3354:.
3350:.
3241:.
3211:.
3181:.
3169:^
3151:.
3114:.
3110:.
3017:.
2915:.
2911:.
2866:.
2862:.
2743:.
2714:.
2663:.
2615:^
2588:.
2574:^
2547::
2525:^
2502:.
2498::
2494:.
2476:^
2429:^
2411:.
2407:.
2401:.
2365:^
2321:43
2319:.
2313:.
2296:^
2280:17
2278:.
2274:.
2263:^
2247:95
2245:.
2241:.
2228:^
2209:^
2123:^
2102:.
2077:.
2073:.
2035:^
2013:.
2002:^
1675:,
1671:,
1573:.
1444:US
1369:,
1345:.
1247:,
1162:.
1065:.
1050:.
1034:,
1030:,
802:,
798:,
794:,
790:,
786:,
782:,
778:,
774:,
766:,
762:,
758:,
747:.
708:,
680:,
620:50
439:,
315:.
186:.
68:.
11369:)
11365:(
10360:e
10353:t
10346:v
9973:)
9969:(
9854:e
9847:t
9840:v
9813:u
9811:K
9717:)
9713:(
9515:e
9508:t
9501:v
9287:e
9280:t
9273:v
7907:e
7900:t
7893:v
7747:/
7560:/
7549:e
7542:t
7535:v
7350:N
6802:/
6402:R
6210:e
6203:t
6196:v
6049:)
6042:)
6038:(
6032:)
6019:)
6015:(
6009:)
6005:(
5999:)
5995:(
5989:)
5985:(
5968:)
5964:(
5958:)
5942:(
5936:)
5924:(
5918:)
5910:(
5840:e
5833:t
5826:v
5490:)
5482:(
4948:e
4941:t
4934:v
4909:e
4902:t
4895:v
4594:)
4570:(
4479:e
4472:t
4465:v
4424:.
4409:.
4397::
4391:7
4374:.
4349:.
4319:.
4227:.
4180:.
4151:.
4101:.
4051:.
4004:.
3942:.
3909:.
3816:.
3795:.
3755:.
3711:.
3658:.
3621:.
3584:.
3523:.
3478:.
3445:.
3416:.
3370:.
3335:.
3309:.
3283:.
3257:.
3226:.
3197:.
3163:.
3125:.
3096:.
3058:.
3033:.
3003:)
2984:)
2965:)
2946:)
2927:.
2877:.
2847:.
2817:.
2787:.
2757:.
2726:.
2699:.
2674:.
2649:.
2609:.
2568:.
2519:.
2470:.
2423:.
2335:.
2290:.
2257:.
2179:)
2117:.
2088:.
2059:.
2029:.
1996:.
1792:u
1790:K
1783:u
1781:K
1739:u
1737:K
1711:u
1709:K
1608:u
1606:K
1565:u
1563:K
1328:.
1177:u
1175:K
1171:C
1154:u
1152:K
1141:u
1139:K
1126:u
1124:K
1099:u
1097:K
867:u
865:K
739:/
655:u
653:K
600:u
598:K
534:u
532:K
404:(
364:.
268:u
266:K
256:u
254:K
245:u
243:K
235:C
233:/
230:u
228:K
218:u
216:K
207:u
205:K
126:u
124:K
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.