343:
330:'s explanatory notes for the 2007 act characterise its changes as "repeal" of "the Diplock system" and its replacement with "a new system of non-jury trial". On the other hand, courts in such trials have much the same format as the pre-2007 Diplock courts, and have been called "Diplock courts" in the media.
200:
in March 1972 found "no evidence of or of perversity in juries". The report marked the beginning of the policy of "criminalisation", whereby the State removed legal distinctions between political violence and normal crime, with political prisoners treated as common criminals. The report provided the
501:
Currently
Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007 s.4; previously Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1991 s.9(1); Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1996 s.10(1); Terrorism Act 2000 s.74 as enacted and as amended by Constitutional Reform Act 2005 Sch.4
216:
We are convinced on the evidence that we have received, that if juries were to be reintroduced for scheduled offences, their verdicts would still be subject to the influences of intimidation, or the fear of it. We have no evidence of this or of perversity in
562:
Greer & White: Abolishing The
Diplock Courts, page 91: Report of a Committee to consider, in the context of civil liberties and human rights, measures to deal with terrorism in Northern Ireland, Lord
848:
During the trial, distressing CCTV images of the soldiers' final moments were played to the court. It was held in a
Diplock court with a judge but no jury – a measure designed to prevent intimidation of
61:
ended the automatic use of non-jury trials for scheduled offences but they are still used in
Northern Ireland upon certification by the Director of Public Prosecutions on a case-by-case basis.
225:'s (IRA's) long-term aim of making "the Six Counties ... ungovernable except by colonial military rule". This was a central pillar of the "Long War" strategy set out in the 1977
256:
in
Diplock courts were not considerably higher than in jury trials. Between 1984 and 1986 the conviction rate was 51%, compared to 49% for jury trials in Northern Ireland and 50% in
681:
479:
280:
announced that the
Diplock courts were to be phased out, and in August 2006 they announced that the courts were to be abolished effective July 2007. This was achieved under the
1005:
874:
891:
Use of a
Diplock court in Northern Ireland where a judge hears cases without a jury is normally reserved for terrorism matters where jurors could be intimidated.
206:
1035:
304:
315:
and "connected with the affairs of
Northern Ireland". The act seeks to address the concerns which led to the establishment of Diplock courts by enhancing
1025:
1030:
1020:
311:
provided it was committed either from a motive of "religious or political hostility" or by on behalf of a group which is both proscribed under the
300:
281:
202:
58:
46:
868:
Former
British soldier Dennis Hutchings has been given leave to appeal to the Supreme Court against a decision to try him in a Diplock Court.
688:
957:
212:
Two years later, Lord
Gardiner's review of the removal of trial by jury included attempts to bolster Diplock's findings as follows:
1015:
548:
170:
in August 1971). In his report, Diplock cited two primary reasons for his recommendation that jury trials should be suspended:
268:
underpinning the peace process included a British commitment to "security normalisation" including abolition of Diplock courts.
458:
86:
142:
could specify a jury trial of a particular case, so that for example a non-political murder would not use the Diplock courts.
820:
139:
467:
They were tried in a 'diplock court' by a judge with no jury; common in Northern Ireland for crimes connected to terrorism.
127:
350:
665:
523:
Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973 s4; Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) (Amendment) Act 1975 s6(1)
159:
929:
987:
839:
222:
1010:
151:
189:
74:
653:
261:
17:
418:
ruled that slaps of the hand were permissible and not a form of torture or "degrading and inhumane treatment".
272:
pressed for this in the agreement negotiations, arguing that lack of juries denied accused republicans of the
238:
paramilitaries. In the first case in which a person not associated with the Troubles was tried and convicted,
131:
907:
550:
Report of the Commission to consider legal procedures to deal with terrorist activities in Northern Ireland
533:
Report of the Commission to Consider Legal Procedures to deal with Terrorist Activities in Northern Ireland
264:
and paramilitary ceasefires of the latter 1990s, that figure fell to 60 a year in the mid-2000s. The 1998
303:
abolished the idea of "scheduled offences" automatically tried without a jury. Instead it allows for the
296:, applicable throughout the UK, allows jury-less trials where there is a risk of jury tampering (s.44).
746:
260:. The number of cases heard in Diplock courts reached a peak of 329 yearly in the mid-1980s. With the
975:
293:
123:
89:
had power to direct a particular case, or class of cases, or part of a case, to be heard elsewhere.
395:
812:
434:
406:
379:
327:
277:
78:
428:
806:
720:
209:
and subsequent renewals), continued as the basis for counter-terrorist legislation in the UK.
599:
383:
273:
265:
69:
Technically, the Diplock court was not a specially constituted court, but rather an ordinary
227:
770:
631:
613:
8:
167:
82:
855:
85:
until that was abolished in 1975). A Diplock Crown Court usually sat in Belfast but the
787:
401:
389:
354:
312:
308:
175:
134:, and several acts passed in 1968 and 1969 in response to the outbreak of the Troubles.
97:
480:"'Diplock' trials could be coming to an end 50 years after they were first introduced"
983:
816:
661:
484:
415:
374:
257:
182:
119:
38:
933:
912:
774:
316:
253:
246:
sympathiser, was found guilty of having information that could assist bombing an
235:
122:
relating to explosives, firearms, rioting, and subversion, as defined under the
45:
of specified serious crimes ("scheduled offences"). They were introduced by the
320:
221:
The establishment of the Diplock Courts can be seen as an early example of the
92:
The list of scheduled offences required to be tried by Diplock court included:
42:
945:
999:
536:
239:
925:
155:
105:
54:
34:
946:"In response to the serialisation of loyalist killer Michael Stone's book"
574:
Counter Terrorist Law and Emergency Powers in the United Kingdom 1922–2000
532:
269:
70:
721:"Explanatory Notes to Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007"
163:
150:
The courts were established in response to a report submitted to the
50:
658:
The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Morality of Terrorism
636:
618:
247:
243:
962:
462:
333:
250:. A sentence of six years was handed down on 20 December 2005.
101:
875:"Judge-only trials urged amid 'unique risk of jury tampering'"
553:, Lord Diplock, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1972, page 17
109:
459:"Two jailed for life for killing policeman Stephen Carroll"
113:
747:"Northern Ireland's Diplock courts to be abolished soon"
431:: Republic of Ireland's equivalent of the Diplock courts
682:"Replacement Arrangements for the Diplock Court System"
511:
Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1978 s.6(1)
207:
Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1974
788:"Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007 s.1"
305:
Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland
319:to prevent intimidation, and increasing randomised
840:"Brian Shivers found guilty of Massereene murders"
715:
713:
711:
709:
1006:Former courts and tribunals in the United Kingdom
687:(consultation paper). August 2006. Archived from
997:
908:British plan to abolish Diplock courts next year
301:Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007
282:Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007
203:Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973
59:Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007
47:Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973
706:
958:"Patrick Kane, Sean Kelly and Michael Timmons"
980:Loyalists: War and Peace in Northern Ireland
334:List of famous cases tried in Diplock courts
287:
158:, which addressed the issue of dealing with
27:Non-jury criminal courts in Northern Ireland
1036:Courts and tribunals disestablished in 2007
856:"Ex-soldier appeals Diplock Court decision"
660:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 171.
648:
646:
1026:2007 disestablishments in Northern Ireland
519:
517:
234:Diplock courts mainly tried republican or
205:, which, although later amended (with the
926:"Christy Walsh: a miscarriage of justice"
497:
495:
1031:Courts and tribunals established in 1973
837:
652:
643:
453:
451:
449:
185:, "of which we have had ample evidence".
1021:1973 establishments in Northern Ireland
966:, HC Deb 15 March 1995 vol 256 cc874-82
744:
514:
73:. From 1991 the relevant court was the
14:
998:
804:
539:5185); full text of the Diplock Report
526:
492:
87:Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland
903:
901:
446:
140:Attorney General for Northern Ireland
919:
337:
307:to certify a non-jury trial for any
128:Offences against the Person Act 1861
71:criminal court before a single judge
838:McDonald, Henry (20 January 2012).
764:
674:
632:"Al-Qaeda terror suspect is jailed"
614:"Al-Qaeda terror suspect convicted"
604:, Syracuse University Press, p. 23.
601:The Long War: The IRA and Sinn Féin
24:
898:
771:"Jury trials 'to become the norm'"
160:physical force Irish republicanism
25:
1047:
223:Provisional Irish Republican Army
138:For some scheduled offences, the
745:Bowcott, Owen (11 August 2006).
341:
1016:The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
969:
951:
939:
829:
798:
780:
738:
625:
607:
592:
579:
566:
556:
542:
505:
472:
262:Northern Ireland peace process
64:
13:
1:
587:Abolishing the Diplock Courts
440:
132:Explosive Substances Act 1883
936:, British Irish Rights Watch
7:
422:
81:(alternatively the Belfast
10:
1052:
183:jurors had been threatened
145:
49:and used for serious and
294:Criminal Justice Act 2003
288:Post-2007 non-jury trials
162:through means other than
124:Malicious Damage Act 1861
77:; before that it was the
948:. Relatives for Justice]
932:16 February 2007 at the
396:Milltown Cemetery attack
276:. On 1 August 2005, the
1011:Law of Northern Ireland
813:Oxford University Press
572:Donohue, Laura (2007),
435:Court of Castle Chamber
328:Northern Ireland Office
278:Northern Ireland Office
79:Belfast City Commission
805:Walker, Clive (2011).
792:www.legislation.gov.uk
725:www.legislation.gov.uk
429:Special Criminal Court
382:, who perpetrated the
219:
53:-related cases during
808:Terrorism and the Law
465:News. 30 March 2012.
384:Shankill Road bombing
274:right to a fair trial
266:Good Friday Agreement
214:
982:. TV Books, p. 158.
694:on 29 September 2006
355:adding missing items
168:had been implemented
154:in December 1972 by
858:. 11 September 2018
585:Greer & White,
176:perverse acquittals
98:common law offences
881:. 29 December 2017
640:, 20 December 2005
622:, 24 November 2005
488:. 7 November 2022.
402:corporals killings
390:Christy Walsh case
353:; you can help by
313:Terrorism Act 2000
309:indictable offence
120:statutory offences
879:Belfast Telegraph
822:978-0-19-956117-9
654:Shanahan, Timothy
598:Brendan O'Brien,
485:Belfast Telegraph
416:Justice McGonigal
375:Shankill Butchers
371:
370:
323:to prevent bias.
317:jurors' anonymity
258:England and Wales
16:(Redirected from
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991:
973:
967:
955:
949:
943:
937:
923:
917:
916:, 11 August 2006
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254:Conviction rates
83:Recorder's Court
39:Northern Ireland
21:
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996:
995:
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974:
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934:Wayback Machine
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913:The Irish Times
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799:
786:
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775:BBC News Online
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321:juror selection
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217:juries ...
196:as part of the
194:Minority Report
190:Gerald Gardiner
148:
67:
35:criminal courts
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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871:
852:
828:
821:
815:. Chapter 11.
797:
779:
763:
737:
705:
673:
667:978-0748635306
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407:Danny Morrison
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242:, a suspected
201:basis for the
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174:the danger of
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136:
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66:
63:
43:non-jury trial
31:Diplock courts
26:
18:Diplock Courts
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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988:1-57500-047-4
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976:Taylor, Peter
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412:R v McCormick
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349:This list is
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240:Abbas Boutrab
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199:
198:Parker Report
195:
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152:UK Parliament
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883:. Retrieved
878:
867:
860:. Retrieved
847:
844:The Guardian
843:
831:
807:
800:
791:
782:
766:
754:. Retrieved
751:The Guardian
750:
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728:. Retrieved
724:
696:. Retrieved
689:the original
676:
657:
635:
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291:
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233:
226:
220:
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211:
197:
193:
188:
156:Lord Diplock
149:
137:
106:manslaughter
91:
68:
55:the Troubles
30:
29:
885:15 February
862:15 February
756:15 February
730:15 February
414:(1978) NI:
362:August 2008
75:Crown Court
65:Description
1000:Categories
502:par.288(2)
441:References
380:Sean Kelly
351:incomplete
228:Green Book
164:internment
698:11 August
563:Gardiner.
270:Sinn Féin
51:terrorism
978:(1999).
930:Archived
656:(2008).
637:BBC News
619:BBC News
589:, p. 91.
576:, p. 155
423:See also
248:airliner
244:al-Qaeda
236:loyalist
963:Hansard
849:jurors.
166:(which
146:History
986:
819:
664:
178:, and,
112:, and
102:murder
57:. The
692:(PDF)
685:(PDF)
537:Cmmd.
181:that
110:arson
33:were
984:ISBN
887:2019
864:2019
817:ISBN
758:2019
732:2019
700:2006
662:ISBN
400:The
394:The
388:The
326:The
299:The
292:The
114:riot
96:the
41:for
463:ITV
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284:.
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794:.
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702:.
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535:(
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360:(
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20:)
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