566:
freedom of expression. The
Hungarian courts imposed strict liability on the platforms for user comments that were offensive but did not constitute hate speech, constituting a disproportionate interference in the platforms' right to freedom of expression. The ECtHR ruled that imposing strict liability on platforms for user comments, without consideration of the nature of the comments or the context in which they were made, could infringe on freedom of expression. This judgment emphasized the need for a balance between protecting reputation and upholding free speech on digital platforms.
562:
the serious nature of the hate speech, the
Estonian courts' actions were justified to protect the rights of others. In other words, the ECtHR upheld the liability of online platforms for hate speech posted by their users, underlining that platforms could be expected to take proactive steps to control content when there is a clear risk of harm from unlawful comments. This case highlighted the responsibilities of platforms to prevent the spread of harmful content.
2985:
48:
164:. Key requirements include disclosing to regulators how their algorithms work, providing users with explanations for content moderation decisions, and implementing stricter controls on targeted advertising. It also imposes specific rules on "very large" online platforms and search engines (those having more than 45 million monthly active users in the EU).
654:
Tech companies have repeatedly criticised the heavy burden of the rules and the alleged lack of clarity of the
Digital Services Act, and have been accused of lobbying to undermine some of the more far-reaching demands by law-makers, notably on bans for targeted advertising, and a high-profile apology
561:
In Delfi AS v. Estonia, the ECtHR applied proportionality analysis when considering whether the
Estonian courts' decision to hold the online platform Delfi liable for hate speech posted by its users was a proportionate restriction on Delfi's right to freedom of expression. The court found that, given
494:
The
Council of the European Union adopted its position on 25 November 2021. The most significant changes introduced by the Member States are to entrust the European Commission with the enforcement of the new rules, in the wake of allegations and complaints that the Irish Data Protection Watchdog was
263:
Companies that do not comply with the new obligations risk fines of up to 6% on their global annual turnover. In addition, the
Commission can apply periodic penalties up to 5% of the average daily worldwide turnover for each day of delay in complying with remedies, interim measures, and commitments.
202:
The DSA is meant to "govern the content moderation practices of social media platforms" and address illegal content. It is organised in five chapters, with the most important chapters regulating the liability exemption of intermediaries (Chapter 2), the obligations on intermediaries (Chapter 3), and
474:
The
Digital Services Act builds in large parts on the non-binding Commission Recommendation 2018/314 of 1 March 2018 when it comes to illegal content on platforms. However, it goes further in addressing topics such as disinformation and other risks especially on very large online platforms. As part
218:
In addition to the liability exemptions, the DSA would introduce a wide-ranging set of new obligations on platforms, including some that aim to disclose to regulators how their algorithms work, while other obligations would create transparency on how decisions to remove content are taken and on the
565:
On the other hand, the MTE and Index.hu v. Hungary case illustrated the nuanced limits of freedom of speech on digital platforms. In its application of proportionality analysis, the ECtHR found that the
Hungarian courts had failed to strike a fair balance between protecting reputation and ensuring
422:
challenging the designations, claiming unequal treatment compared to other large retailers, and that their core business models are retail not distributing third party content/products. Zalando argued the criteria and methodology lack transparency, for instance in how it counts active users, while
206:
The DSA proposal maintains the current rule according to which companies that host others' data become liable when informed that this data is illegal. This so-called "conditional liability exemption" is fundamentally different from the broad immunities given to intermediaries under the equivalent
569:
These decisions by the ECtHR provided critical legal precedents that shaped the EU’s decision-making process on the framework of the DSA. In particular, the DSA drew from the ECtHR's distinction between different types of illegal content, as well as its proportionality analysis in both cases, by
482:
as rapporteur for the
Digital Services Act. On 20 January 2022 the Parliament voted to introduce amendments in the DSA for tracking-free advertising and a ban on using a minor's data for targeted ads, as well as a new right for users to seek compensation for damages. In the wake of the
426:
As of
December 2023, 13 VLOPs have received a request for information (RFI), the procedure necessary to verify compliance with the DSA, and one is being subjected to a formal proceedings. 3 further platforms, all of them providing adult content, were added on 20 December 2023.
662:
A bipartisan group of US senators have called the DSA and DMA discriminatory, claiming that the legislation would "focus on regulations on a handful of American companies while failing to regulate similar companies based in Europe, China, Russia and elsewhere."
532:
on 16 November 2022. Most services were given 15 months to comply with its provisions (until 17 February 2024). However, "very large" online platforms and search engines, after their designation as such, had only four months to comply (until 23 August 2023).
475:
of the preparatory phase, the European Commission launched a public consultation on the package to gather evidence between July and September 2020. An impact assessment was published alongside the proposal on 15 December 2020 with the relevant evidence base.
517:, the agreement reached in Brussels solidifies the two-bill plan— the Digital Services Act and the Digital Markets Act, a law regulating competition. The latter is aimed at preventing abuse of power against smaller competitors by larger "gatekeepers".
596:
Scholars have begun critically examining the Digital Services Act. Some academics have expressed concerns that the Digital Services Act might be too rigid and prescribed, excessively focused on individual content decisions or vague risk assessments.
1606:
2717:
259:
listed some of new obligations including mandatory "notice-and-action" requirements, for example, respect fundamental rights, mandatory redress for content removal decisions, and a comprehensive risk management and audit framework.
678:, have been criticized as lacking transparency and equitable participation. These criticisms mirror past experiences with the drafting of the EU Regulation on Preventing the Dissemination of Terrorist Content Online as well as the
264:
As a last resort measure, if the infringement persists and causes serious harm to users and entails criminal offences involving threat to persons' life or safety, the Commission can request the temporary suspension of the service.
3567:
460:
502:(DGA) was formally approved by the European Parliament on 6 April 2022. This sets up a legal framework for common data spaces in Europe which will increase data sharing in sectors such as finance, health, and the environment.
1661:
1520:
666:
The DSA was mostly welcomed by the European media sector. Due to the influence gatekeepers have in selecting and controlling the visibility of certain journalistic articles over others through their online platforms, the
1865:
1550:
182:
adopted in 2000. In doing so, the DSA aims to harmonise different national laws in the European Union that have emerged at national level to address illegal content. Most prominent amongst these laws has been the German
2778:
214:
The DSA applies to intermediary service providers that offer their services to users based in the European Union, irrespective of whether the intermediary service provider is established in the European Union.
3577:
2539:
2286:
592:
praised the DSA for ensuring the right to pay for digital services anonymously, but criticised the act for not including provisions that would have required a court order for the removal of illegal content.
1598:
545:
and the Democracy Action Plan. The latter of these is focused on addressing the nuanced legal interpretation of free speech on digital platforms, a fundamental right that has been extensively guided by the
2709:
276:
that will be required to comply starting 25 August 2023. They include the following very large online platforms (VLOPs) with more than 45 million monthly active users in the EU as of 17 February 2023.
2809:
2479:
1189:
2747:
2570:
513:. On 22 April 2022, the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament reached a deal on the Digital Services Act in Brussels following sixteen hours of negotiations. According to
3423:
2937:
Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act)
1836:
3831:
1130:
1067:
2656:
893:
3642:
1657:
1512:
509:, European policymakers felt a greater sense of urgency to move the legislation forward to ensure that major tech platforms were transparent and properly regulated, according to
1861:
1542:
2906:
2770:
2710:"Finance Committee Leaders Wyden and Crapo: Biden Administration Must Fight Back Against Discriminatory Digital Trade Policies | The United States Senate Committee on Finance"
570:
incorporating nuanced rules on intermediary liability and ensuring that measures taken by platforms do not unreasonably restrict users' freedom of expression and information.
3846:
2950:
2226:
1011:
3891:
584:
stated that the U.S. could learn from these rules, while whistleblower Frances Haugen stated that it could set a "gold standard" of regulation worldwide. Tech journalist
558:
and Magyar Tartalomszolgáltatók Egyesülete and Index.hu Zrt v. Hungary ECtHR cases, which outlined a framework for assessing intermediary liability on digital platforms.
491:
in the European Parliament, the European Parliament also strengthened the rules on fighting disinformation and harmful content, as well as tougher auditing requirements.
3712:
2972:
776:
3791:
1734:
1320:
3041:
1490:
2531:
2278:
2509:
1891:
1692:
1270:
1773:
612:
has welcomed many aspects of the proposal in terms of fundamental rights balance, but also asked for further restrictions on advertising. Advocacy organisation
3851:
3413:
3189:
2309:
1242:
3821:
2801:
3572:
3562:
178:
The expressed purpose of the DSA is to update the European Union's legal framework for illegal content on intermediaries, in particular by modernising the
3871:
3174:
2471:
3732:
3104:
1181:
2739:
920:
843:
3866:
2562:
2135:
3418:
2368:
2256:
3592:
3194:
3014:
2051:
1219:
3876:
2965:
3697:
1803:
3861:
3687:
2980:
2687:
1826:
1354:
810:
191:"). With the adoption of the Digital Services Act at European level, those national laws would be overwritten and would have to be repealed.
1100:
3647:
1122:
1059:
220:
2185:
3776:
3627:
2941:
2648:
890:
1456:
3717:
2958:
3796:
2840:
3966:
3768:
2931:
891:
Candidate for President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen, 'A Union that strives for more: My agenda for Europe' (2019)
468:
2898:
3632:
3617:
3376:
3205:
423:
Amazon said VLOP rules are disproportionate for its business model and asked to be exempted from transparency around targeted ads.
953:
3976:
2210:
1434:
1003:
3986:
3607:
3371:
3046:
3004:
1572:
525:
77:
2407:
768:
3727:
3433:
3031:
2873:
1978:
986:
1718:
3917:
3702:
3141:
1796:"Digital Services Act: Commission welcomes political agreement on rules ensuring a safe and accountable online environment"
2026:
1482:
1384:
3981:
3961:
3233:
551:
3971:
3386:
2501:
679:
668:
647:'s Digital Forensic Research Lab reported that Breton's letters did not follow DSA processes, and digital rights group
179:
138:
2593:
1887:
1684:
3672:
3612:
3551:
3443:
3248:
3019:
1757:
2186:"The Digital Services Act and the EU as the Global Regulator of the Internet | Chicago Journal of International Law"
232:
article said that while many of its provisions only apply to platforms which have more than 45 million users in the
3722:
3526:
3451:
643:
on how their platforms complied with the DSA regarding content related to the conflict and upcoming elections. The
506:
194:
In practice, this will mean new legislation regarding illegal content, transparent advertising and disinformation.
3806:
1407:"Commission Recommendation (EU) 2018/334 of 1 March 2018 on measures to effectively tackle illegal content online"
520:
On 5 July 2022, the European Parliament approved both the DSA and the DMA. Following this, on 4 October 2022, the
3657:
3486:
3401:
3153:
3119:
2862:
Skiera, Bernd; Miller, Klaus; Jin, Yuxi; Kraft, Lennart; Laub, René; Schmitt, Julia (2022). Skiera, Bernd (ed.).
671:
encouraged EU legislators to further increase the transparency of platforms' recommendation systems via the DSA.
620:
3602:
3582:
3361:
3109:
3061:
3026:
2472:"DSA: EU Parliament Vote Ensures a Free Internet, But a Final Regulation Must Add Stronger Privacy Protections"
601:
547:
419:
3841:
3692:
3667:
3556:
3330:
910:
835:
689:
argued that the DSA's focus on preventing the spread of disinformation and "harmful content" would undermine
608:
has welcomed the transparency and user remedies but called for an end to abusive surveillance and profiling.
448:
70:
1658:"Data governance: Parliament approves new rules boosting intra-EU data sharing | News | European Parliament"
1513:"Digital Services Act: regulating platforms for a safer online space for users | News | European Parliament"
3991:
3737:
3546:
3506:
3501:
3356:
2626:
2068:
1543:"Frances Haugen to MEPs: EU digital rules can be a game changer for the world | News | European Parliament"
707:
137:
adopted in 2022 that addresses illegal content, transparent advertising and disinformation. It updates the
2160:
651:
criticised Breton's letters for drawing a "false equivalence" between illegal content and disinformation.
3752:
3496:
3476:
3131:
2360:
2338:
2248:
30:
23:
2649:"How corporate lobbying undermined the EU's push to ban surveillance ads | Corporate Europe Observatory"
3912:
3907:
3541:
3381:
3243:
3136:
2936:
1599:"What is illegal offline should be illegal online: Council agrees position on the Digital Services Act"
1211:
203:
the cooperation and enforcement framework between the commission and national authorities (Chapter 4).
2532:"Amnesty International Position on the Proposals for a Digital Services Act and a Digital Markets Act"
1033:
866:
3747:
3742:
3662:
3491:
3471:
3456:
3148:
3009:
578:
Media reactions to the Digital Services Act have been mixed. In January 2022, the editorial board of
273:
2771:"Digital Brief: Calls for biometrical ban, online marketplaces' threat, Germany's antitrust crusade"
1155:
554:. Accordingly, the Democracy Action Plan, and subsequently the DSA, were strongly influenced by the
524:
gave its final approval to the DSA. The DSA was adopted on 19 October 2022 and was published in the
3531:
3511:
1795:
1628:
452:
2679:
1939:
1346:
802:
3682:
3288:
2310:"EU Parliament's 'More Thoughtful' Approach To Regulating The Internet Still A Complete Disaster"
1090:
949:
675:
184:
175:
proposed a "new Digital Services Act", in her 2019 bid for the European Commission's presidency.
1321:"Commission designates second set of Very Large Online Platforms under the Digital Services Act"
3886:
3811:
3303:
3253:
3179:
290:
38:
2456:
3930:
3801:
3707:
3597:
3308:
3278:
3273:
3258:
945:
609:
1156:"The enforcement framework under the Digital Services Act | Shaping Europe's digital future"
1091:"How the E.U's Sweeping New Regulations Against Big Tech Could Have an Impact Beyond Europe"
3956:
3652:
3552:
Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation
3521:
3228:
3216:
3127:
2832:
722:
479:
285:
172:
8:
3781:
3568:
Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport
3516:
3346:
3238:
3089:
3079:
3051:
1799:
978:
The Responsibility of Online Intermediaries for Illegal User Content in the EU and the US
839:
702:
580:
555:
542:
499:
444:
440:
436:
146:
108:
66:
461:
Executive Vice President of the European Commission for A Europe Fit for the Digital Age
3826:
3637:
3622:
3536:
3428:
3351:
3298:
3283:
2990:
2435:
605:
484:
456:
1426:
1295:
495:
not effectively policing the bloc's data protection rules against platform companies.
3466:
3407:
3366:
3268:
3184:
3084:
2879:
2869:
2452:
2218:
2114:
2094:
2045:
1974:
1765:
1726:
982:
976:
690:
2110:
1914:
3677:
3099:
2444:
2399:
2391:
2106:
717:
644:
529:
521:
3481:
3391:
3320:
3293:
3263:
3036:
2601:
1966:
1683:
Daly, Sidley Austin LLP-Ken; Zdzieborska, Monika; Shajko, Fiona (27 April 2022).
1483:"Impact assessment of the Digital Services Act | Shaping Europe's digital future"
1406:
1350:
1095:
897:
750:
686:
616:
has compared the Digital Services Act to the Paris Agreement for climate change.
315:
228:
187:, and similar laws in Austria ("Kommunikationsplattformen-Gesetz") and France ("
3461:
3396:
3314:
3094:
3069:
2984:
2403:
2000:
1862:"Digital Services: landmark rules adopted for a safer, open online environment"
1376:
1274:
1182:"EU names 19 large tech platforms that must follow Europe's new Internet rules"
659:
to Breton on leaked plans by Google to lobby against the Digital Services Act.
632:
624:
488:
464:
407:
233:
153:
2883:
867:"The EU's Digital Services Act goes into effect today: here's what that means"
3950:
3836:
3786:
3587:
3074:
2222:
2118:
1769:
1730:
1685:"EU Data Governance Act - Edging Closer to a European Single Market for Data"
656:
412:
134:
83:
2802:"Media sector eyes opportunity to rebalance relations with online platforms"
1271:"Unpacking Amazon's legal challenge to its Digital Services Act designation"
1243:"Amazon joins Zalando in challenging very large online platform designation"
505:
With Russia using social media platforms to spread misinformation about the
3856:
3816:
3325:
2899:"The EU's Digital Services Act is undermining free speech, Brussels Report"
2863:
2430:
2279:"European values are starting to define U.S. tech privacy, says journalist"
2161:"Magyar Tartalomszolgáltatók Egyesülete and Index.hu Zrt v. Hungary (2016)"
946:"The EU's attempt to regulate Big Tech: What it brings and what is missing"
585:
1888:"The EU Digital Services Act - Europe's New Regime for Content Moderation"
3881:
2680:"Google apologises to Thierry Breton over plan to target EU commissioner"
2448:
674:
Nevertheless, the DSA's later stage inter-institutional negotiations, or
310:
305:
295:
208:
157:
2740:"Lawmakers Argue Pending European Tech Laws Disadvantage American Firms"
1940:"Digital Services Act starts applying to all online platforms in the EU"
3935:
1719:"Europe to slap new regulations on Big Tech, beating U.S. to the punch"
648:
280:
2945:
2594:"European Commission misfires in initial DSA enforcement, experts say"
1347:"Brussels' plans to tackle digital 'gatekeepers' spark fevered debate"
236:, the Act could have repercussions beyond Europe. Platforms including
1123:"The Digital Services Act: risk-based regulation of online platforms"
369:
352:
330:
320:
161:
2563:"Could the EU be on the cusp of a Paris Agreement For The Internet?"
2252:
2136:"Magyar Tartalomszolgáltatók Egyesülete and Index.hu Zrt v. Hungary"
1967:"EU Digital Services Act: The White Hope of Intermediary Regulation"
1457:"Europe asks for views on platform governance and competition tools"
1827:"EU sets new online rules for Google, Meta to curb illegal content"
1377:"EU Digital Services Act set to bring in new rules for tech giants"
1247:
712:
589:
588:
has argued that the DSA will shape US tech policy. Mike Masnick of
347:
325:
300:
272:
On 23 April 2023, the European Commission named a first list of 19
252:
would meet that threshold and be subjected to the new obligations.
237:
188:
3832:
Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd
536:
3772:
3578:
Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources
3221:
1831:
1411:
915:
640:
628:
397:
392:
386:
374:
335:
249:
241:
3643:
Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions
2622:
1150:
1148:
803:"Internal Google document reveals campaign against EU lawmakers"
1573:"Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen speaks to EU parliament"
727:
636:
364:
245:
152:
The DSA applies to online platforms and intermediaries such as
142:
2334:
2025:
Kuczerawy, Pieter-Jan Ombelet, Aleksandra (20 February 2016).
2007:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 84–119, 2 November 2020
1758:"E.U. Takes Aim at Social Media's Harms With Landmark New Law"
3847:
Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA
1629:"Ireland's privacy watchdog sued over Google adtech inaction"
1145:
613:
341:
3598:
Directive on the enforcement of intellectual property rights
1915:"When Does the Digital Services Act (DSA) Come Into Effect?"
1004:"How Other Countries Have Dealt With Intermediary Liability"
3713:
European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products
3603:
Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely
1973:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 69–84,
380:
358:
2502:"EU: Put Fundamental Rights at Top of Digital Regulation"
2335:"DSA Observatory – a hub of expertise on the DSA package"
2027:"Delfi revisited: the MTE & Index.hu v. Hungary case"
1060:"EU launches research centre on algorithmic transparency"
478:
The European Parliament appointed Danish Social Democrat
2211:"The U.S. could learn from Europe's online speech rules"
197:
2865:
The impact of the GDPR on the online advertising market
3414:
European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances
2833:"The EU's Opaque Policy-Making Has Never Been Clearer"
1712:
1710:
2005:
Law, Democracy and the European Court of Human Rights
1682:
1345:
Espinoza, Javier; Hindley, Scott (16 December 2019).
1212:"DSA: Very Large Online Platforms and Search Engines"
418:
Amazon and Zalando both initiated proceedings in the
16:
European Union regulation on digital services content
3573:
Directive on the re-use of public sector information
2861:
1034:"Questions and answers on the Digital Services Act*"
1002:
Johnson, Ashley; Castro, Daniel (22 February 2021).
3733:
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive
2392:"The DSA's Industrial Model for Content Moderation"
2249:"EU could set 'gold standard' on big tech - Haugen"
1707:
762:
760:
3867:Peter Paul and Others v Bundesrepublik Deutschland
3563:Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications
1749:
58:Regulation on a Single Market For Digital Services
3948:
3593:Directive on the energy performance of buildings
1082:
1008:Information Technology and Innovation Foundation
757:
3877:Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent und Markenamt
1344:
769:"Digital agenda: Autumn/Winter Policy Briefing"
537:Influence of the European Court of Human Rights
1788:
1652:
1650:
604:have called for stronger privacy protections.
3862:Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios SA
3688:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
2966:
2932:European Commission: The Digital Services Act
1912:
1856:
1854:
1676:
1001:
751:"Regulation - 2022/2065 - EN - DSA - EUR-Lex"
451:on 15 December 2020. The DSA was prepared by
3698:Directive on services in the internal market
3648:Directive on the legal protection of designs
2050:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1824:
796:
794:
223:was created to aid the enforcement of this.
221:European Centre for Algorithmic Transparency
3777:Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College
3628:Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
3547:Directive 2000/43/EC on Anti-discrimination
3522:Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC)
1647:
403:Very Large Online Search Engines (VLOSEs):
3653:Markets in Financial Instruments Directive
2973:
2959:
2396:Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional
1851:
1716:
685:Swedish member of the European Parliament
2024:
1971:Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business
1755:
1431:European Commission - European Commission
1300:European Commission - European Commission
1216:European Commission - European Commission
791:
469:European Commissioner for Internal Market
267:
3633:Internal Market in Electricity Directive
3618:European units of measurement directives
3507:Copyright Duration Directive (93/98/EEC)
3377:Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1170/2011
2768:
2677:
2431:"Content Moderation as Systems Thinking"
1057:
800:
487:and a hearing by Facebook Whistleblower
3797:ChacĂłn Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA
2991:Judiciary and law of the European Union
2896:
2799:
2591:
2560:
2307:
1179:
1088:
766:
3949:
3512:Copyright Term Directive (2006/116/EC)
3419:Commission Regulation (EC) No 474/2006
3372:Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94
3005:Court of Justice of the European Union
2469:
2389:
974:
940:
938:
526:Official Journal of the European Union
430:
3728:Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive
3718:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
3434:Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation
3352:Council Regulation (EC) No. 1348/2000
3347:Council Regulation (EC) No. 1206/2001
2954:
2830:
2678:Espinoza, Javier (13 November 2020).
2470:Schmon, Christoph (20 January 2022).
2428:
2130:
2128:
2099:American Journal of International Law
2063:
2061:
1964:
1913:O'Donnell, Meghan (5 February 2024).
1437:from the original on 27 December 2020
1338:
1268:
838:. Directorate-General CONNECT of the
779:from the original on 4 September 2020
198:New obligations on platform companies
3918:Accountability in the European Union
2909:from the original on 11 October 2022
2868:. Frankfurt am Main: Skiera, Bernd.
2592:Smalley, Suzanne (27 October 2023).
2542:from the original on 4 February 2022
2229:from the original on 31 January 2022
2092:
1894:from the original on 10 October 2022
1868:from the original on 16 October 2022
1776:from the original on 23 October 2022
1387:from the original on 30 October 2021
1357:from the original on 30 October 2021
1103:from the original on 30 October 2021
975:Wilman, Folkert (19 November 2020).
864:
830:
828:
813:from the original on 30 October 2021
801:Espinoza, Javier (28 October 2020).
745:
743:
600:Civil Society organisations such as
3703:Temporary and Agency Work Directive
3190:Commission and Council acting alone
2361:"DSA in Perspective Seminar Series"
1240:
1089:Perrigo, Billy (15 December 2020).
935:
552:European Convention on Human Rights
13:
2897:Stegrud, Jessica (25 April 2022).
2843:from the original on 30 April 2022
2720:from the original on 23 April 2022
2690:from the original on 10 April 2022
2573:from the original on 10 April 2022
2561:Nicotra, Luca (24 February 2022).
2512:from the original on 10 April 2022
2289:from the original on 10 April 2022
2259:from the original on 10 April 2022
2125:
2058:
1839:from the original on 23 April 2022
1806:from the original on 23 April 2022
1737:from the original on 23 April 2022
1664:from the original on 29 April 2022
1609:from the original on 10 April 2022
1553:from the original on 29 March 2022
1222:from the original on 25 April 2023
1192:from the original on 25 April 2023
1133:from the original on 23 March 2022
1070:from the original on 20 April 2023
1014:from the original on 10 April 2022
956:from the original on 16 April 2021
923:from the original on 10 April 2022
846:from the original on 17 April 2021
836:"The Digital Services Act package"
767:Stolton, Samuel (18 August 2020).
680:General Data Protection Regulation
669:European Federation of Journalists
219:way advertisers target users. The
139:Electronic Commerce Directive 2000
14:
4003:
3613:European SEA Directive 2001/42/EC
3608:Environmental liability directive
2925:
2812:from the original on 26 June 2021
2781:from the original on 27 June 2021
2750:from the original on 7 March 2022
2659:from the original on 4 March 2022
2482:from the original on 8 April 2022
2429:Douek, Evelyn (10 January 2022).
2410:from the original on 9 March 2022
2341:from the original on 3 April 2022
2308:Masnick, Mike (28 January 2022).
1756:Satariano, Adam (22 April 2022).
1717:Zakrzewski, Cat (22 April 2022).
1523:from the original on 8 April 2022
1493:from the original on 2 April 2022
825:
740:
541:The DSA was passed alongside the
145:, and was proposed alongside the
3967:E-commerce in the European Union
3527:Dangerous Preparations Directive
3452:Good Clinical Practice Directive
2983:
2629:from the original on 19 May 2022
2371:from the original on 16 May 2022
1695:from the original on 8 June 2022
1058:Bertuzzi, Luca (19 April 2023).
507:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
439:submitted the DSA alongside the
46:
3658:Measuring Instruments Directive
3487:Capital Requirements Directives
3402:Regulation on Community designs
2890:
2855:
2824:
2800:Killeen, Molly (25 June 2021).
2793:
2769:Bertuzzi, Luca (25 June 2021).
2762:
2732:
2702:
2671:
2641:
2615:
2585:
2554:
2524:
2494:
2463:
2422:
2383:
2353:
2327:
2301:
2271:
2241:
2203:
2178:
2153:
2111:10.5305/amerjintelaw.108.2.0295
2086:
2018:
1993:
1958:
1932:
1906:
1880:
1818:
1621:
1591:
1565:
1535:
1505:
1475:
1449:
1419:
1399:
1369:
1313:
1288:
1262:
1234:
1204:
1173:
1115:
1051:
1026:
995:
621:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
3977:Policies of the European Union
3872:Procureur du Roi v Dassonville
3583:End of Life Vehicles Directive
3175:Ordinary legislative procedure
2476:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1825:Foo Yun Chee (22 April 2022).
1180:Brodkin, Jon (25 April 2023).
968:
903:
884:
858:
602:Electronic Frontier Foundation
548:European Court of Human Rights
84:OJ L 277, 27.10.2022, p. 1–102
1:
3987:Internet censorship in Europe
3842:Microsoft Corp. v. Commission
3693:Satellite and Cable Directive
3557:Information Society Directive
3387:Regulation on roaming charges
3105:Charter of Fundamental Rights
2831:Allen, Asha (29 April 2022).
1487:digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu
1325:digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu
1160:digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu
865:Roth, Emma (25 August 2023).
733:
167:
71:Council of the European Union
3738:Waste Incineration Directive
3673:Pressure Equipment Directive
3502:Conditional Access Directive
3357:Customs Regulation 1383/2003
3294:Principle of legal certainty
2536:European Institutions Office
2140:Global Freedom of Expression
2073:Global Freedom of Expression
1269:Rauer, Nils (13 July 2023).
708:Trade and Technology Council
573:
7:
3723:Universal Service Directive
3559:(first Copyright directive)
3497:Computer Programs Directive
3477:Biocidal Products Directive
3362:Regulation (EC) No 261/2004
1798:(Press release). Brussels:
1241:Tar, Julia (11 July 2023).
696:
10:
4008:
3982:European Union regulations
3962:2020 in the European Union
3913:European Anti-Fraud Office
3382:Customs Regulation 3295/94
3244:European Enforcement Order
2404:10.17176/20220224-121133-0
952:(EDRi). 18 December 2020.
485:Facebook Files revelations
248:, and Google's subsidiary
3972:European Digital Strategy
3926:
3900:
3761:
3748:Water Framework Directive
3743:Waste framework directive
3663:Medical Devices Directive
3492:Clinical Trials Directive
3472:Best available technology
3457:Data Protection Directive
3442:
3339:
3203:
3167:
3118:
3060:
3010:European Court of Justice
2997:
2093:Susi, Mart (April 2014).
1965:Heldt, Amélie P. (2022),
211:") in the United States.
118:
107:
102:
94:
89:
76:
62:
54:
45:
36:
31:European Union regulation
29:
3668:Posted Workers Directive
3532:Data Retention Directive
2942:Procedure 2020/0361(COD)
627:wrote public letters to
453:von der Leyen Commission
389:(added 20 December 2023)
355:(added 20 December 2023)
338:(added 20 December 2023)
3683:Resale Rights Directive
3289:Precautionary principle
3195:Commission acting alone
2390:Keller, Daphne (2022).
2001:"Freedom of Expression"
1603:www.consilium.europa.eu
950:European Digital Rights
528:on 27 October 2022. It
3887:Van Duyn v Home Office
3812:Coleman v Attridge Law
3753:Working Time Directive
3304:Principle of conferral
3180:Consultation procedure
3042:Relationship with ECHR
3032:Civil Service Tribunal
2714:www.finance.senate.gov
1547:www.europarl.europa.eu
1517:www.europarl.europa.eu
1127:Internet Policy Review
268:Large online platforms
257:Internet Policy Review
3931:European Union portal
3708:Trade Marks Directive
3279:Maximum harmonisation
3274:Minimum harmonisation
3259:Home state regulation
2095:"Delfi AS v. Estonia"
2069:"Delfi AS v. Estonia"
610:Amnesty International
344:(added 26 April 2024)
3229:Direct applicability
3217:Acquis communautaire
3159:Digital Services Act
2449:10.2139/ssrn.4005326
2365:Brussels Privacy Hub
1489:. 15 December 2020.
1383:. 15 December 2020.
1129:. 16 November 2021.
896:17 July 2019 at the
723:Online Streaming Act
480:Christel Schaldemose
383:(added 10 July 2024)
180:e-Commerce Directive
173:Ursula von der Leyen
127:Digital Services Act
3992:Data laws of Europe
3782:Apostolides v Orams
3517:Cosmetics Directive
3239:European labour law
3142:Framework Directive
3080:Single European Act
3052:European civil code
2746:. 2 February 2022.
2653:corporateeurope.org
2255:. 8 November 2021.
2215:The Washington Post
1944:European Commission
1800:European Commission
1723:The Washington Post
1519:. 20 January 2022.
1038:European Commission
911:"Primacy of EU law"
840:European Commission
703:Digital Markets Act
581:The Washington Post
556:Delfi AS v. Estonia
515:The Washington Post
511:The Washington Post
500:Data Governance Act
445:European Parliament
441:Digital Markets Act
437:European Commission
431:Legislative history
361:(added 31 May 2024)
255:A 16 November 2021
147:Digital Markets Act
119:Current legislation
67:European Parliament
26:
3638:Landfill Directive
3623:Habitats Directive
3537:Database Directive
3429:Rome II Regulation
3284:Preliminary ruling
2508:. 7 January 2022.
2506:Human Rights Watch
2436:Harvard Law Review
2165:hudoc.echr.coe.int
1946:. 16 February 2024
1890:. 4 October 2022.
1762:The New York Times
1549:. 11 August 2021.
606:Human Rights Watch
543:Digital Market Act
457:Margrethe Vestager
377:(formerly Twitter)
281:Alibaba AliExpress
114:COM/2020/825 final
21:
3944:
3943:
3908:Court of Auditors
3467:Battery Directive
3408:Societas Europaea
3367:EU-Eco-regulation
3269:Incidental effect
3185:Consent procedure
3085:Maastricht Treaty
3047:Public Prosecutor
3020:Advocates General
2875:978-3-9824173-0-1
2538:. 30 March 2021.
2190:cjil.uchicago.edu
1980:978-3-030-95219-8
1802:. 23 April 2022.
1579:. 9 November 2021
988:978-1-83910-483-1
691:freedom of speech
123:
122:
103:Preparative texts
3999:
3892:Van Gend en Loos
3678:Rental Directive
3090:Amsterdam Treaty
2989:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2775:www.euractiv.com
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2567:www.euractiv.com
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1660:. 6 April 2022.
1654:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1064:www.euractiv.com
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
999:
993:
992:
981:. Edward Elgar.
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
942:
933:
932:
930:
928:
907:
901:
888:
882:
881:
879:
877:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
832:
823:
822:
820:
818:
798:
789:
788:
786:
784:
764:
755:
754:
747:
718:Platform economy
645:Atlantic Council
550:(ECtHR) and the
522:European Council
274:online platforms
226:A December 2020
50:
49:
27:
22:Regulation (EU)
20:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3922:
3896:
3792:Cassis de Dijon
3757:
3482:Birds Directive
3438:
3392:Brussels Regime
3335:
3321:State liability
3309:Proportionality
3264:Indirect effect
3210:
3208:
3199:
3163:
3114:
3056:
3037:European lawyer
2993:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2903:Brussels Report
2895:
2891:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2684:Financial Times
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2602:Recorded Future
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2468:
2464:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1864:. 5 July 2022.
1860:
1859:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1715:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1635:. 15 March 2022
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1415:. 6 March 2018.
1405:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1351:Financial Times
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1000:
996:
989:
973:
969:
959:
957:
944:
943:
936:
926:
924:
909:
908:
904:
898:Wayback Machine
889:
885:
875:
873:
863:
859:
849:
847:
834:
833:
826:
816:
814:
807:Financial Times
799:
792:
782:
780:
765:
758:
749:
748:
741:
736:
699:
687:Jessica Stegrud
576:
539:
530:came into force
433:
316:Google Shopping
270:
209:Section 230 CDA
200:
170:
154:social networks
98:19 October 2022
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4005:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3542:Database right
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:ATEX directive
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3397:CLP Regulation
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3315:Staatenverbund
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3154:Recommendation
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2939:
2934:
2927:
2926:External links
2924:
2921:
2920:
2889:
2874:
2854:
2823:
2792:
2761:
2731:
2701:
2670:
2640:
2614:
2584:
2553:
2523:
2493:
2462:
2421:
2382:
2352:
2326:
2300:
2270:
2240:
2202:
2177:
2152:
2124:
2105:(2): 295–302.
2085:
2057:
2017:
1992:
1979:
1957:
1931:
1905:
1879:
1850:
1817:
1787:
1748:
1706:
1675:
1646:
1620:
1590:
1564:
1534:
1504:
1474:
1448:
1427:"Press corner"
1418:
1398:
1368:
1337:
1312:
1296:"Press corner"
1287:
1275:Pinsent Masons
1261:
1233:
1203:
1172:
1144:
1114:
1081:
1050:
1025:
994:
987:
967:
934:
902:
883:
857:
824:
790:
756:
738:
737:
735:
732:
731:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
698:
695:
633:Meta Platforms
625:Thierry Breton
619:Following the
575:
572:
538:
535:
489:Frances Haugen
465:Thierry Breton
432:
429:
416:
415:
410:
401:
400:
395:
390:
384:
378:
372:
367:
362:
356:
350:
345:
339:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
291:Apple AppStore
288:
283:
269:
266:
234:European Union
199:
196:
169:
166:
121:
120:
116:
115:
112:
105:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
87:
86:
81:
74:
73:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:
34:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4004:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:CHP Directive
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Four freedoms
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Direct effect
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:Lisbon Treaty
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Merger Treaty
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:General Court
3025:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:(in German).
2397:
2393:
2386:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2047:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1463:. 2 June 2020
1462:
1458:
1452:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
990:
984:
980:
979:
971:
955:
951:
947:
941:
939:
922:
918:
917:
912:
906:
899:
895:
892:
887:
872:
868:
861:
845:
841:
837:
831:
829:
812:
808:
804:
797:
795:
778:
774:
770:
763:
761:
752:
746:
744:
739:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
694:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
672:
670:
664:
660:
658:
657:Sundar Pichai
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
594:
591:
587:
583:
582:
571:
567:
563:
559:
557:
553:
549:
544:
534:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
496:
492:
490:
486:
481:
476:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:(DMA) to the
442:
438:
428:
424:
421:
420:General Court
414:
413:Google Search
411:
409:
406:
405:
404:
399:
396:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
277:
275:
265:
261:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:
224:
222:
216:
212:
210:
204:
195:
192:
190:
186:
181:
176:
174:
165:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:EU regulation
132:
128:
117:
113:
110:
106:
101:
97:
93:
88:
85:
82:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
44:
40:
35:
32:
28:
25:
19:
3817:Costa v ENEL
3807:Ciarán Tobin
3406:
3326:Subsidiarity
3313:
3249:Gold-plating
3158:
2911:. Retrieved
2902:
2892:
2864:
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2836:
2826:
2814:. Retrieved
2805:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2774:
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2743:
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2713:
2704:
2692:. Retrieved
2683:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2652:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2597:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2566:
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2535:
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2505:
2496:
2484:. Retrieved
2475:
2465:
2440:
2434:
2424:
2412:. Retrieved
2395:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2364:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2313:
2303:
2291:. Retrieved
2282:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2189:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:
2020:
2009:, retrieved
2004:
1995:
1984:, retrieved
1970:
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1943:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1841:. Retrieved
1830:
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1761:
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1722:
1697:. Retrieved
1688:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1637:. Retrieved
1632:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1602:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1576:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1546:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1516:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1486:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1460:
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1430:
1421:
1410:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1299:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1246:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1215:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1186:Ars Technica
1185:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:
1135:. Retrieved
1126:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1094:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1063:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1007:
997:
977:
970:
958:. Retrieved
925:. Retrieved
914:
905:
886:
874:. Retrieved
870:
860:
848:. Retrieved
815:. Retrieved
806:
781:. Retrieved
772:
684:
673:
665:
661:
653:
618:
599:
595:
586:Casey Newton
579:
577:
568:
564:
560:
540:
519:
514:
510:
504:
497:
493:
477:
473:
434:
425:
417:
402:
286:Amazon Store
271:
262:
256:
254:
227:
225:
217:
213:
205:
201:
193:
177:
171:
158:marketplaces
151:
130:
126:
124:
18:
3957:2020 in law
3882:Tanja Kreil
3769:ECJ Rulings
3340:Regulations
3095:Nice Treaty
3070:Rome Treaty
2744:Nextgov.com
2623:"Documents"
1467:2 September
1441:2 September
1361:29 December
1330:29 December
1305:19 December
1165:19 December
1107:29 December
1043:5 September
960:29 December
850:29 December
783:2 September
311:Google Maps
306:Google Play
296:Booking.com
3951:Categories
3936:Law portal
3827:Francovich
3822:Factortame
3444:Directives
3206:Principles
3168:Procedures
3132:Regulation
2913:11 October
2884:1303894344
2598:The Record
2319:12 October
2031:CiTiP blog
1898:10 October
1633:TechCrunch
1577:TechCrunch
1461:TechCrunch
1391:24 January
817:29 October
734:References
649:Access Now
168:Objectives
162:app stores
109:Commission
37:Text with
3331:Supremacy
3299:Recasting
3209:and terms
3137:Directive
2998:Judiciary
2223:0190-8286
2119:0002-9300
1770:0362-4331
1731:0190-8286
1280:26 August
1254:26 August
871:The Verge
676:trilogues
574:Reactions
370:Knowledge
353:Stripchat
331:Pinterest
321:Instagram
95:Date made
80:reference
41:relevance
24:2022/2065
3149:Decision
3110:Opt-outs
3062:Treaties
2907:Archived
2841:Archived
2810:Archived
2806:Euractiv
2779:Archived
2754:10 April
2748:Archived
2724:10 April
2718:Archived
2694:10 April
2688:Archived
2663:10 April
2657:Archived
2633:10 April
2627:Archived
2607:24 March
2577:10 April
2571:Archived
2546:10 April
2540:Archived
2516:10 April
2510:Archived
2486:10 April
2480:Archived
2414:10 April
2408:Archived
2375:10 April
2369:Archived
2345:10 April
2339:Archived
2314:Techdirt
2293:10 April
2287:Archived
2263:10 April
2257:Archived
2233:10 April
2227:Archived
2046:cite web
1950:1 August
1924:1 August
1892:Archived
1866:Archived
1843:23 April
1837:Archived
1810:23 April
1804:Archived
1780:29 April
1774:Archived
1741:29 April
1735:Archived
1699:29 April
1693:Archived
1689:Lexology
1668:29 April
1662:Archived
1639:10 April
1613:10 April
1607:Archived
1583:10 April
1557:10 April
1551:Archived
1527:10 April
1521:Archived
1497:10 April
1491:Archived
1435:Archived
1385:Archived
1381:BBC News
1355:Archived
1248:Euractiv
1226:26 April
1220:Archived
1196:25 April
1190:Archived
1137:10 April
1131:Archived
1101:Archived
1074:20 April
1068:Archived
1018:10 April
1012:Archived
954:Archived
927:10 April
921:Archived
894:Archived
876:1 August
844:Archived
811:Archived
777:Archived
773:Euractiv
713:Big Tech
697:See also
682:(GDPR).
590:Techdirt
455:members
447:and the
348:Snapchat
326:LinkedIn
301:Facebook
238:Facebook
189:Loi Avia
149:(DMA).
133:) is an
111:proposal
3857:Nordsee
3773:Caselex
3222:EUR-Lex
3015:members
2816:29 June
2785:29 June
2457:4005326
2283:NPR.org
1919:Trolley
1832:Reuters
1412:EUR-Lex
916:EUR-Lex
641:YouTube
449:Council
398:Zalando
393:YouTube
387:XVideos
336:PornHub
250:YouTube
242:Twitter
207:rule ("
90:History
78:Journal
63:Made by
3852:Metock
3837:Kolpak
3787:Bosman
3128:Acquis
2882:
2872:
2455:
2253:RTÉ.ie
2221:
2195:16 May
2170:16 May
2145:16 May
2117:
2078:16 May
2036:16 May
2011:16 May
1986:16 May
1977:
1872:5 July
1768:
1729:
985:
900:(PDF).
728:WeChat
639:, and
637:TikTok
463:) and
365:TikTok
246:TikTok
185:NetzDG
143:EU law
3901:Fraud
3762:Cases
3424:REACH
2847:3 May
2837:WIRED
2443:(4).
655:from
614:Avaaz
342:Shein
55:Title
3802:Chen
3120:Acts
2915:2022
2880:OCLC
2870:ISBN
2849:2022
2818:2021
2787:2021
2756:2022
2726:2022
2696:2022
2665:2022
2635:2022
2609:2024
2579:2022
2548:2022
2518:2022
2488:2022
2453:SSRN
2416:2022
2377:2022
2347:2022
2321:2023
2295:2022
2265:2022
2235:2022
2219:ISSN
2197:2024
2172:2024
2147:2024
2115:ISSN
2080:2024
2052:link
2038:2024
2013:2024
1988:2024
1975:ISBN
1952:2024
1926:2024
1900:2022
1874:2022
1845:2022
1812:2022
1782:2022
1766:ISSN
1743:2022
1727:ISSN
1701:2022
1670:2022
1641:2022
1615:2022
1585:2022
1559:2022
1529:2022
1499:2022
1469:2020
1443:2020
1393:2021
1363:2020
1332:2023
1307:2023
1282:2023
1256:2023
1228:2023
1198:2023
1167:2023
1139:2022
1109:2020
1096:Time
1076:2023
1045:2024
1020:2022
983:ISBN
962:2020
929:2022
878:2024
852:2020
819:2020
785:2020
498:The
435:The
408:Bing
381:XNXX
359:Temu
229:Time
160:and
125:The
69:and
3775:):
2946:Ĺ’IL
2944:on
2445:doi
2441:136
2400:doi
2107:doi
2103:108
471:).
141:in
131:DSA
39:EEA
3953::
3130::
2905:.
2901:.
2878:.
2839:.
2835:.
2808:.
2804:.
2777:.
2773:.
2742:.
2716:.
2712:.
2686:.
2682:.
2655:.
2651:.
2625:.
2600:.
2596:.
2569:.
2565:.
2534:.
2504:.
2478:.
2474:.
2451:.
2439:.
2433:.
2406:.
2394:.
2367:.
2363:.
2337:.
2312:.
2285:.
2281:.
2251:.
2225:.
2217:.
2213:.
2188:.
2163:.
2138:.
2127:^
2113:.
2101:.
2097:.
2071:.
2060:^
2048:}}
2044:{{
2029:.
2003:,
1969:,
1942:.
1917:.
1853:^
1835:.
1829:.
1772:.
1764:.
1760:.
1733:.
1725:.
1721:.
1709:^
1691:.
1687:.
1649:^
1631:.
1605:.
1601:.
1575:.
1545:.
1515:.
1485:.
1459:.
1433:.
1429:.
1409:.
1379:.
1353:.
1349:.
1323:.
1298:.
1273:.
1245:.
1218:.
1214:.
1188:.
1184:.
1158:.
1147:^
1125:.
1099:.
1093:.
1066:.
1062:.
1036:.
1010:.
1006:.
948:.
937:^
919:.
913:.
869:.
842:.
827:^
809:.
805:.
793:^
775:.
771:.
759:^
742:^
693:.
635:,
631:,
623:,
244:,
240:,
156:,
3771:(
2974:e
2967:t
2960:v
2917:.
2886:.
2851:.
2820:.
2789:.
2758:.
2728:.
2698:.
2667:.
2637:.
2611:.
2581:.
2550:.
2520:.
2490:.
2459:.
2447::
2418:.
2402::
2379:.
2349:.
2323:.
2297:.
2267:.
2237:.
2199:.
2174:.
2149:.
2121:.
2109::
2082:.
2054:)
2040:.
1954:.
1928:.
1902:.
1876:.
1847:.
1814:.
1784:.
1745:.
1703:.
1672:.
1643:.
1617:.
1587:.
1561:.
1531:.
1501:.
1471:.
1445:.
1395:.
1365:.
1334:.
1309:.
1284:.
1258:.
1230:.
1200:.
1169:.
1141:.
1111:.
1078:.
1047:.
1022:.
991:.
964:.
931:.
880:.
854:.
821:.
787:.
753:.
629:X
467:(
459:(
375:X
129:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.