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707:. Two of the differential's three shafts are made to rotate through angles that represent (are proportional to) two numbers, and the angle of the third shaft's rotation represents the sum or difference of the two input numbers. The earliest known use of a differential gear is in the Antikythera mechanism, c. 80 BCE, which used a differential gear to control a small sphere representing the Moon from the difference between the Sun and Moon position pointers. The ball was painted black and white in hemispheres, and graphically showed the phase of the Moon at a particular point in time. An
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supported by the carrier. The pinion pairs only mesh for the part of their length between the two spur gears, and rotate in opposite directions. The remaining length of a given pinion meshes with the nearer spur gear on its axle. Each pinion connects the associated spur gear to the other spur gear (via the other pinion). As the carrier is rotated (by the input torque), the relationship between the speeds of the input (i.e. the carrier) and that of the output shafts is the same as other types of open differentials.
752:. During the 18th century, sundials were considered to show the "correct" time, so an ordinary clock would frequently have to be readjusted, even if it worked perfectly, because of seasonal variations in the equation of time. Williamson's and other equation clocks showed sundial time without needing readjustment. Nowadays, we consider clocks to be "correct" and sundials usually incorrect, so many sundials carry instructions about how to use their readings to obtain clock time.
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728:. It is widely thought that a differential mechanism responded to any difference between the speeds of rotation of the two wheels of the chariot, and turned the pointer appropriately. However, the mechanism was not precise enough, and, after a few miles of travel, the dial could be pointing in the wrong direction.
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is a technology employed in automobile differentials that has the ability to vary the torque to each half-shaft with an electronic system; or in rail vehicles which achieve the same using individually motored wheels. In the case of automobiles, it is used to augment the stability or cornering ability
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have the ability to overcome the chief limitation of a standard open differential by essentially "locking" both wheels on an axle together as if on a common shaft. This forces both wheels to turn in unison, regardless of the traction (or lack thereof) available to either wheel individually. When this
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Input torque is applied to the ring gear (purple), which rotates the carrier (purple) at the same speed. The left sun gear (red) provides more resistance than the right sun gear (yellow), which causes the planet gear (green) to rotate anti-clockwise. This produces slower rotation in the left sun gear
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Input torque is applied to the ring gear (purple), which rotates the carrier (purple) at the same speed. When the resistance from both wheels is the same, the planet gear (green) doesn't rotate on its axis (although the gear and its pin are orbiting due to being attached to the carrier). This causes
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A spur-gear differential has an equal-sized spur gears at each end, each of which is connected to an output shaft. The input torque (i.e. from the engine or transmission) is applied to the differential via the rotating carrier. Pinion pairs are located within the carrier and rotate freely on pins
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An undesirable side-effect of a regular ("open") differential is that it can send most of the power to the wheel with the lesser traction (grip). In situation when one wheel has reduced grip (e.g. due to cornering forces or a low-grip surface under one wheel), an open differential can cause
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The purpose of a differential is to transfer the engine's power to the wheels while still allowing the wheels to rotate at different speeds when required. An illustration of the operating principle for a ring-and-pinion differential is shown below.
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Chinese south-pointing chariots may also have been very early applications of differentials. The chariot had a pointer which constantly pointed to the south, no matter how the chariot turned as it travelled. It could therefore be used as a type of
215:. Differentials can also provide a gear ratio between the input and output shafts (called the "axle ratio" or "diff ratio"). For example, many differentials in motor vehicles provide a gearing reduction by having fewer teeth on the
400:) use axles without a differential, thus relying on wheel slip when cornering. However, for improved cornering abilities, many vehicles use a differential, which allows the two wheels to rotate at different speeds.
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gear connected to the transmission. The functions of this design are to change the axis of rotation by 90 degrees (from the propshaft to the half-shafts) and provide a reduction in the
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c. 1961. The motors drive the Sun and annular gears, while the output is taken from the planet gear carrier. This gives 3 different speeds depending on which motors are on.
243:, and modern research suggests that it used a differential gear to determine the angle between the ecliptic positions of the Sun and Moon, and thus the phase of the Moon.
763:, a type of mechanical analogue computer, were used from approximately 1900 to 1950. These devices used differential gear trains to perform addition and subtraction.
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During cornering, the outer wheels of a vehicle must travel further than the inner wheels (since they are on a larger radius). This is easily accommodated when
260:, a precursor to the compass. Its mechanism of action is unclear, though some 20th century engineers put forward the argument that it used a differential gear.
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and faster rotation in the right sun gear, resulting in the car's right wheel turning faster (and thus travelling farther) than the left wheel.
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Basic
Mechanisms in Fire Control Computers, Part 1, Shafts Gears Cams and Differentials, posted as 'U.S. Navy Vintage Fire Control Computers'
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vehicle. An advantage of the epicyclic design is that it is relatively compact width (when viewed along the axis of its input shaft).
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The earliest verified use of a differential was in a clock made by Joseph
Williamson in 1720. It employed a differential to add the
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that used a differential for addition was made in 1720. In the 20th century, large assemblies of many differentials were used as
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of
Germany invents a four-wheel steering system for carriages, which some later writers mistakenly report as a differential.
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suspensions to keep the rover body balanced as the wheels on the left and right move up and down over uneven terrain. The
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the sun gears (red and yellow) to rotate at the same speed, resulting in the car's wheels also rotating at the same speed.
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The components of the ring-and-pinion differential shown in the schematic diagram on the right are: 1. Output shafts (
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in the tyre with less grip, while the tyre with more grip receives very little power to propel the vehicle forward.
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Locking differentials are mostly used on off-road vehicles, to overcome low-grip and variable grip surfaces.
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function is not required, the differential can be "unlocked" to function as a regular open differential.
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list a crane locomotive in their catalogue fitted with their patent differential gear on the rear axle.
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1030:"David Shearer's Steam Car at Mannum in 1897 – Australia's First – with World-First Differential"
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of one shaft is the average of the speeds of the others. A common use of differentials is in
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rovers used a differential bar instead of gears to perform the same function.
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Illustration of a ring-and-pinion differential for a rear-wheel drive vehicle
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to rotate at different speeds while cornering. Other uses include clocks and
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1165:"The Development of a Differential for the Improvement of Traction Control"
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has been dated to this period. It was discovered in 1902 on a shipwreck by
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1183:(Training Film). U.S. Navy. 1953. Event occurs at 37 seconds. MN-6783a.
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660: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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are used to limit the difference in power sent to each of the wheels.
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1055:"Inventor Of Automotive Technologies – Vernon Gleasman's Legacy"
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Mitman, Carl W. (1947). "Arnold, Aza". In
Johnson, Allen (ed.).
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1827: Modern automotive differential patented by watchmaker
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Milestones in the design or use of differentials include:
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783:(both launched in 2004) used differential gears in their
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Non-automotive uses of differentials include performing
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Differential operation while driving in a straight line:
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made the first use of a differential in a motor vehicle.
1115:. Elsevier Science & Technology Books. p. 22.
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A relatively simple design of differential is used in
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In order to avoid this situation, various designs of
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Schematic diagram of a ring-and pinion differential
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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274:develops a differential drive train for use in
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1279:A video of a 3D model of an open differential
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553:Uses of spur-gear differentials include the
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321:invents chain-drive differential for use on
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529:to the front axle and the rear axle in an
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380:1937 film about how differentials function
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288:Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
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925:. 4 Part 2. Taipei: Caves Books: 296–306.
676:Learn how and when to remove this message
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325:; invention later used on automobiles by
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
863:"The Antikythera Mechanism Reconsidered"
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692:Planetary differential used to drive a
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1142:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 123.
1112:Automotive Computer Controlled Systems
1089:SergeantClutchDiscountTransmission.com
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829:Hermann Aron § Electricity meters
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1187:from the original on 18 November 2021
969:American Council of Learned Societies
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71:"Differential" mechanical device
2047:Automotive transmission technologies
1232:"Curiosity Mobility System, Labeled"
1008:. North Kent Books. pp. 13–14.
1006:Aveling & Porter, Ltd. Rochester
658:adding citations to reliable sources
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332:1897: While building his Australian
172:Differential gears (in yellow) in a
60:adding citations to reliable sources
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1085:"What Is a Spur Gear Differential?"
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27:Type of simple planetary gear train
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1737:Continuously variable transmission
1467:Continuously variable transmission
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1139:Automotive Science and Mathematics
343:1958: Vernon Gleasman patents the
256:creates the first well-documented
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923:Science and Civilization in China
870:Interdisciplinary Science Reviews
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960:Dictionary of American Biography
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557:American front-wheel drive car.
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1847:Semi-automatic transmission
983:"History of the Automobile"
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1265:How Your Car Turns Corners
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602:limited-slip differentials
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1163:Chocholek, S. E. (1988).
963:. Vol. 1. New York:
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588:Limited-slip differential
348:limited-slip differential
2057:Mechanisms (engineering)
1762:Dual-clutch transmission
890:10.1179/030801807X163670
809:Anti-lock braking system
145:Differential unit for a
18:Differential (mechanics)
1732:Constant-velocity joint
1136:Bonnick, Allan (2008).
1109:Bonnick, Allan (2001).
985:. General Motors Canada
965:Charles Scribner's Sons
834:Traction control system
355:Use in wheeled vehicles
1712:Automatic transmission
1004:Preston, J.M. (1987).
861:Wright, M. T. (2007).
761:Differential analysers
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258:south-pointing chariot
819:Drifting (motorsport)
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572:Locking differentials
561:Locking differentials
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237:Antikythera mechanism
1817:Locking differential
1752:Direct-shift gearbox
1510:Shaft-driven bicycle
719:Compass-like devices
654:improve this article
567:Locking differential
474:vehicles, whereby a
235:100 BCE–70 BCE: The
56:improve this article
1842:Preselector gearbox
1822:Manual transmission
1349:Sun and planet gear
971:. pp. 361–362.
882:2007ISRv...32...27W
555:Oldsmobile Toronado
285:(1792–1852) of the
283:Onésiphore Pecqueur
252:: Chinese engineer
2062:Vehicle technology
1988:Electric generator
1893:Wheel hub assembly
1578:Gear manufacturing
1414:Geartooth profiles
1059:TheAutoChannel.com
824:List of auto parts
767:Vehicle suspension
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713:analogue computers
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814:Ball differential
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176:reader, built by
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643:This section
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349:
346:
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338:David Shearer
335:
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316:
315:James Starley
312:
309:
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298:
295:for use on a
294:
290:
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250: 250 CE
245:
242:
241:sponge divers
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97:
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73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
1930:Racing slick
1867:Transfer box
1837:Park-by-wire
1832:Parking pawl
1747:Differential
1746:
1722:Direct-drive
1704:Transmission
1694:Steam engine
1639:Part of the
1638:
1447:Differential
1446:
1442:Transmission
1395:Spiral bevel
1264:
1263:, May 1946,
1260:
1239:. Retrieved
1235:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:
1201:
1191:20 September
1189:. Retrieved
1179:
1173:
1158:
1138:
1131:
1111:
1104:
1092:. Retrieved
1088:
1062:. Retrieved
1058:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:
1024:
1005:
999:
987:. Retrieved
977:
959:
952:
940:|title=
931:cite journal
922:
913:
901:. Retrieved
876:(1): 27–43.
873:
869:
796:Perseverance
794:
788:
785:rocker-bogie
778:
772:
770:
759:
735:
722:
699:
672:
663:
652:Please help
647:verification
644:
618:
617:
601:
599:
591:
577:
571:
570:
552:
548:
518:
516:
488:
469:
436:
419:
402:
390:drive wheels
383:
286:
230:
197:drive shafts
189:differential
188:
186:
174:punched tape
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
1908:Alloy wheel
1767:Drive wheel
1757:Drive shaft
1717:Chain drive
1573:Chain drive
1533:Wheel train
1405:Herringbone
1039:27 February
839:Whippletree
780:Opportunity
297:steam wagon
195:with three
157: 2004
2042:Auto parts
2036:Categories
1993:Alternator
1641:Automobile
1630:Powertrain
1568:Belt drive
1553:Ball screw
1500:Derailleur
1334:Worm drive
1241:18 January
1216:18 January
845:References
746:solar time
705:arithmetic
666:March 2023
626:Other uses
495:driveshaft
484:gear ratio
272:Aza Arnold
209:drive axle
193:gear train
82:newspapers
1862:Transaxle
1827:Manumatic
1797:Gearshift
1669:Fuel cell
1583:Freewheel
1563:Jackscrew
1558:Leadscrew
1435:Mechanics
1064:27 August
989:9 January
790:Curiosity
595:wheelspin
476:ring gear
334:steam car
327:Karl Benz
221:ring gear
219:than the
112:July 2015
2021:Category
1960:Tubeless
1945:Run-flat
1925:Off-road
1742:Coupling
1664:Electric
1546:See also
1525:Horology
1515:Sprocket
1505:Hub gear
1488:Bicycles
1481:Examples
1452:Coupling
1421:Involute
1185:Archived
1094:27 March
921:(1986).
898:54663891
803:See also
702:analogue
394:go-karts
323:bicycles
319:Coventry
1426:Cycloid
1400:Helical
1322:Systems
878:Bibcode
750:sundial
726:compass
360:Purpose
227:History
180:c. 1962
96:scholar
2011:Portal
1971:Hybrid
1935:Radial
1913:Hubcap
1727:Clutch
1674:Hybrid
1643:series
1495:Cogset
1472:Offset
1373:Shapes
1146:
1119:
1012:
903:8 June
896:
774:Spirit
732:Clocks
527:torque
513:system
480:pinion
345:Torsen
313:1876:
302:1874:
293:France
270:1823:
263:1810:
254:Ma Jun
217:pinion
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
2052:Gears
1955:Spare
1898:Wheel
1802:Giubo
1457:Train
1390:Crown
1385:Bevel
1315:Gears
894:S2CID
866:(PDF)
521:uses
491:axles
398:trams
191:is a
178:Tally
103:JSTOR
89:books
1950:Snow
1940:Rain
1920:Tire
1380:Spur
1243:2023
1218:2023
1193:2021
1144:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1096:2023
1066:2023
1041:2023
1010:ISBN
991:2011
944:help
905:2023
793:and
777:and
396:and
75:news
1903:Rim
886:doi
740:to
656:by
517:An
317:of
306:of
291:in
58:by
2038::
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1209:.
1087:.
1074:^
1057:.
1032:.
967:,
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933:}}
929:{{
892:.
884:.
874:32
872:.
868:.
853:^
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486:.
336:,
247:c.
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187:A
154:c.
151:ZF
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1195:.
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1068:.
1043:.
1018:.
993:.
946:)
942:(
907:.
888::
880::
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673:(
668:)
664:(
650:.
350:.
329:.
299:.
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
