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49:
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tribals. He introduced the "taungya" system, in which Karen villagers provided labour for clearing, planting and weeding teak plantations. In return, they were allowed to plant crops for the first few years between the trees. As the teak trees grew, villagers were moved to new land and the process
898:
Herbert Hesmer. "Leben und Werk von
Dietrich Brandis. Begründer der tropischen Forstwirtschaft, Förderer der forstlichen Entwicklung in den U.S.A., Botaniker und Ökologe". Abstracts of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vol. 58. XXIII u. 476. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen,
445:
in
England for eight years (1888–1896). His interest in American affairs led him to take special care of American foresters visiting Europe, for which he received a personal letter of thanks by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. He was succeeded as Inspector General of Forests by
333:
Based on his academic training, Brandis was initially interested in botany. His herbarium and botanical library, which he shipped from
Calcutta to Rangoon, were lost when the boat carrying it capsized. This loss led him to shift his focus from botanical studies to forestry.
337:
Brandis' work included the determination of teak volume, rate of growth, identifying rate of harvest, developing forest protection plans against pests and fire. He also introduced timber purchase rules, clearing rules and the establishment of managed teak areas called
282:. The felling of trees was unregulated, and between 1847 and 1850 the British government started to realize that the forests in India were being lost. In 1850, the British Association in Edinburgh formed a committee to study forest destruction at the behest of
520:
involved in establishing the U.S. national forest system. Pinchot relied heavily upon
Brandis' advice for introducing professional forest management in the U.S. and on how to structure the Forest Service in 1905. His influence was so great that President
412:
He also took an interest in the forest flora of northwest and central India and of Indian trees in general. Even after retirement, Brandis continued to work on Indian forestry and, at the age of 75, he started his principal botanical work,
515:
He influenced the forestry movement in the United States by mentoring
Pinchot, Graves, and others who came to study with him in Germany, and through his voluminous correspondence with many other men, such as Charles Sprague Sargent and
153:
in 1856, shortly afterwards became head of the
British forestry administration in all of Burma, and served as Inspector General of Forests in India from 1864 to 1883. He returned to Europe in 1883, dividing his time between Bonn and
360:
In 1864 Brandis became
Inspector General of Forests in India, a position he served in for 20 years. He formulated new forest legislation and helped establish research and training institutions. The
330:
was repeated. As a result of this process, many villagers became dependent on the state forestry service and local resistance to the state takeover of forests became increasingly difficult.
224:
He studied at the universities of
Copenhagen Biology, Göttingen Botany and Bonn Biology major and minor Geography and Antiquites, and in 1849, he took up a post as a lecturer in
1086:
602:
682:
634:
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982:
658:
626:
618:
1096:
957:
674:
642:
129:
1056:
666:
398:
1116:
737:
Rajan, Ravi (1998). "Imperial environmentalism or environmental imperialism?". In
Richard H. Grove, Vinita Damodaran and Satpal Sangwan (ed.).
908:
368:
was founded by him. Brandis was created a
Companion of the Indian Empire in 1878, and he became a Knight Commander of the same order in 1887.
255:
and eventually India. His first wife died in India in 1862, and during a two-year sabbatical in Europe from 1865 to 1867, he met and married
287:
248:
417:, dealing with 4400 species. It was first published in 1906 and re-issued several times afterwards, the last time in 1971. He was posted at
701:
218:
177:
and has also been described as the father of scientific forestry. In addition to his work in India, he also had a significant influence on
294:
issued a Memorandum of the Government of India. This was based on reports submitted by John McClelland, then Superintendent of Forests in
1076:
1006:
259:, eighteen years his junior. She moved to India with him and the couple had six children, some of whom did not reach adulthood.
1071:
1101:
1061:
811:
King KFS, "Agro-silviculture (the taungya system)". University of Ibadan / Dept. of Forestry, Bulletin no. 1, 1968, 109pp.
529:"To Sir Dietrich Brandis, in high appreciation of his services to forestry in the United States. From Theodore Roosevelt."
764:
485:
442:
1091:
852:
754:
540:
1111:
457:
Shortly after returning to Bonn in late 1906, he was hospitalized and died a few months later on 28 May 1907.
577:
1106:
1066:
780:
546:
447:
347:
133:
39:
856:
429:
After his retirement from the position as Inspector General of Forests in India in 1883, he returned to
1046:
560:
553:
35:
26:
433:, but frequently visited England in the following years. From 1900 until 1906 he lived permanently in
1081:
1051:
291:
146:
903:
712:
493:
210:
198:
109:
842:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, Volume 80, page V paragraph IV
570:
566:
The honorary title Professor awarded by the Prussian Minister for Agriculture and Forestry, 1893
916:
361:
753:
501:
421:
in M.P. as a principal of forester training institute for a long time in his service period.
315:
283:
214:
409:. He was among the earliest in India to formally link forest protection with local peoples.
278:
Among other natural resources, the British government in India was interested in the use of
1041:
1036:
306:
Brandis joined the British civil service in 1856 as superintendent of the teak forests of
8:
932:"Conservation, Exploitation, and Cultural Change in the Indian Forest Service, 1875–1927"
650:
594:
489:
202:
893:
983:
Dietrich Brandis (1824–1907) – Botanist and Founder of the Science of Tropical Forestry
522:
206:
1016:
1003:
393:
in 1868, the hill ranges of the Salem district in the Madras Presidency in 1882, the
256:
239:
In 1854, he married Rachel Marshman, a daughter of the Indian scholar and missionary
229:
178:
962:
943:
792:
471:
263:
974:
739:
Colonial foresters and the agendas of forest management in British India 1800–1900
1010:
912:
509:
505:
497:
451:
267:
240:
251:, the Governor-General of India, and it was this connection that brought him to
966:
716:
517:
512:(the first and second chiefs of the USDA Forest Service) of the United States.
438:
279:
244:
190:
155:
947:
158:. In retirement he dedicated himself to scholarly work, resulting in the book
149:
in colonial India for nearly 30 years. He joined the British civil service in
1030:
797:
402:
385:
372:
326:
160:
314:. In 1858 he became head of the imperial forest administration of all of
166:
781:"Obituary Notices of Fellows deceased. Sir Dietrich Brandis, 1824–1907"
759:
955:
David Prain, rev. M. Rangarajan. "Brandis, Sir Dietrich (1824–1907)".
691:
465:
406:
418:
365:
174:
142:
138:
48:
477:
Illustrations of the Forest Flora of North-West and Central India
311:
171:
1004:
Scanned plates from the Indian forest flora of Dietrich Brandis
380:
355:
233:
225:
990:
905:
The Forest Service and the Greatest Good: A Centennial History
484:
Brandis was also involved in forestry education in England at
390:
295:
252:
150:
954:
851:
430:
383:, the Garo and Khasia hills, which he visited in 1879, the
322:
307:
194:
69:
926:. Dehra Dun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, 1991.
441:. He also supervised training of forestry students at the
273:
434:
262:
Dietrich Brandis was the father of supreme court justice
1021:
197:, Germany, and was the son of the prominent philosopher
145:
academic and administrator, who worked with the British
1017:
The colonial origins of scientific forestry in Britain
1087:
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
711:is used to indicate this person as the author when
525:sent him a photograph in 1896 with the inscription
346:. Based on his experience, he helped formulate the
184:
137:(31 March 1824 – 28 May 1907) was a German-British
892:. Souvenir. Forest Research Institute. Dehra Dun.
924:Sir Dietrich Brandis: Father of Tropical Forestry
1028:
695:Hook.f. & Thomson is also named after him.
500:of Germany (while a visiting professor at the
247:. His brother-in-law Havelock was a friend of
961:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
589:Many species of plants are named after him:
488:. He also influenced and mentored many like
356:Contribution to forestry management in India
219:Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
1097:Academic staff of the University of Giessen
876:"Obituary: Sir Dietrich Brandis, F. R. S".
736:
266:and the grandfather of the microbiologist
97:Botanist, forestry academic, civil servant
47:
796:
298:, at the time part of the British India.
1057:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
464:
16:German botanist and forester (1824–1907)
958:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
274:Forestry administrator in British India
1117:German emigrants to the United Kingdom
1029:
170:. Brandis is considered the father of
751:
541:Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society
929:
460:
342:with officers who were appointed as
325:forests were controlled by militant
401:, the sacred grove at Pudur on the
205:and Professor of Philosophy at the
13:
1077:Imperial Forestry Service officers
785:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
405:and several sacred forests on the
14:
1128:
997:
215:Queen Marie of Denmark and Norway
769:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
765:Dictionary of National Biography
443:Royal Indian Engineering College
185:Early life, education and family
853:International Plant Names Index
833:Whos Who in India, Riddick 1998
193:, Dietrich Brandis was born in
845:
836:
827:
814:
805:
773:
745:
730:
1:
1072:History of forestry education
869:
578:Society of American Foresters
569:Doctor honoris causa of law,
424:
201:, who was tutor to the young
1102:Expatriates in British India
1062:Fellows of the Royal Society
975:UK public library membership
890:100 years of Indian Forestry
243:and a sister of the wife of
110:Author abbrev. (botany)
7:
547:Fellow of the Royal Society
10:
1133:
561:Order of the Indian Empire
554:Order of the Indian Empire
533:
213:was personal physician to
189:A member of the patrician
755:"Brandis, Dietrich"
584:
349:Indian Forest Act of 1865
321:During that time Burma's
292:Governor-General of India
228:at Bonn. His interest in
147:Imperial Forestry Service
118:
108:
101:
93:
77:
55:
46:
23:
987:MIDA Archival Reflexicon
878:The Geographical Journal
723:
559:Knight Commander of the
301:
211:Joachim Dietrich Brandis
199:Christian August Brandis
1009:3 February 2007 at the
948:10.1093/envhis/11.2.319
930:Weil, Benjamin (2006).
603:Dendrocalamus brandisii
576:Honorary member of the
571:University of Edinburgh
539:Honorary member of the
448:Lt Col Frederick Bailey
371:Brandis documented the
1092:Scholars from Dehradun
967:10.1093/ref:odnb/32045
917:Forest History Society
798:10.1098/rspb.1908.0046
531:
481:
362:Imperial Forest School
181:in the United States.
1112:19th century in Burma
1022:http://www.ifs.nic.in
936:Environmental History
911:11 March 2017 at the
752:Prain, David (1912).
683:Loranthus brandisanus
646:Hook.f. & Thomson
635:Millettia brandisiana
611:Diospyros brandisiana
527:
502:University of Giessen
468:
232:was initially from a
310:division in eastern
217:and a member of the
822:The Indian Forester
741:. pp. 324–371.
702:author abbreviation
659:Ardisia brandisiana
651:Quercus brandisiana
627:Macaranga brandisii
619:Ochlandra brandisii
595:Cananga brandisiana
490:Berthold Ribbentrop
203:King Otho of Greece
1107:German expatriates
1067:Forestry academics
482:
209:. His grandfather
207:University of Bonn
1047:British foresters
973:(Subscription or
888:Rao, V. S. 1961.
675:Ixora brandisiana
643:Orophea brandisii
552:Companion of the
461:Broader influence
375:in Rajputana and
230:forest management
179:forest management
122:
121:
103:Scientific career
1124:
1082:Indian foresters
1052:German foresters
978:
970:
951:
902:James G. Lewis.
885:
863:
862:
849:
843:
840:
834:
831:
825:
824:, vol. 112, 1986
818:
812:
809:
803:
802:
800:
791:: iii–vi. 1908.
777:
771:
770:
767:(2nd supplement)
757:
749:
743:
742:
734:
720:
710:
709:
708:
472:Dalbergia sissoo
264:Bernhard Brandis
245:General Havelock
136:
126:Dietrich Brandis
84:
65:
63:
51:
32:Dietrich Brandis
21:
20:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1027:
1026:
1011:Wayback Machine
1000:
981:Michael Mann: "
972:
913:Wayback Machine
894:scanned version
875:
872:
867:
866:
850:
846:
841:
837:
832:
828:
819:
815:
810:
806:
779:
778:
774:
750:
746:
735:
731:
726:
721:
706:
705:
704:
699:
667:Iodes brandisii
587:
536:
506:Gifford Pinchot
480:
463:
452:Royal Engineers
427:
379:(woodlands) of
358:
304:
276:
268:Henning Brandis
257:Katharina Hasse
241:Joshua Marshman
187:
128:
89:
86:
82:
73:
67:
61:
59:
42:
33:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1120:
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1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:Jan Oosthoek,
1013:
999:
998:External links
996:
995:
994:
991:ISSN 2628-5029
979:
952:
927:
920:
915:. Durham, NC:
900:
896:
886:
884:(1): 97. 1907.
871:
868:
865:
864:
844:
835:
826:
813:
804:
772:
744:
728:
727:
725:
722:
717:botanical name
698:
697:
696:
687:
679:
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663:
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631:
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599:
598:(Pierre) Saff.
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557:
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532:
518:Franklin Hough
469:
462:
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439:Greater London
426:
423:
357:
354:
303:
300:
288:Lord Dalhousie
280:forest produce
275:
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249:Lord Dalhousie
191:Brandis family
186:
183:
156:Greater London
120:
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116:
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106:
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99:
98:
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85:(aged 83)
79:
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883:
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860:
859:
858: Brandis
854:
848:
839:
830:
823:
820:R.P. Sharma,
817:
808:
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794:
790:
786:
782:
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766:
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748:
740:
733:
729:
718:
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703:
700:The standard
694:
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486:Coopers' Hill
478:
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432:
422:
420:
416:
410:
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396:
392:
388:
387:
382:
378:
374:
373:sacred groves
369:
367:
363:
353:
351:
350:
345:
341:
340:conservancies
335:
331:
328:
324:
319:
317:
316:British Burma
313:
309:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:Hugh Cleghorn
281:
271:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
236:perspective.
235:
231:
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127:
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100:
96:
94:Occupation(s)
92:
80:
76:
71:
66:31 March 1824
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
29:
28:
22:
19:
986:
956:
939:
935:
923:
922:S. S. Negi.
904:
889:
881:
877:
857:
847:
838:
829:
821:
816:
807:
788:
784:
775:
763:
747:
738:
732:
690:
681:
673:
665:
657:
649:
641:
633:
625:
617:
609:
606:(Munro) Kurz
601:
593:
588:
528:
514:
510:Henry Graves
498:C.A. Schenck
483:
476:
470:
456:
428:
415:Indian Trees
414:
411:
394:
384:
376:
370:
359:
348:
344:Conservators
343:
339:
336:
332:
320:
305:
277:
261:
238:
223:
188:
165:
164:(1906), his
161:Indian Trees
159:
125:
123:
102:
83:(1907-05-29)
25:
18:
1042:1907 deaths
1037:1824 births
760:Lee, Sidney
395:Swami Shola
386:Devarakadus
286:. In 1855,
167:magnum opus
81:29 May 1907
1031:Categories
977:required.)
870:References
689:The genus
494:W. Schlich
425:Retirement
62:1824-03-31
942:(2): 57.
692:Brandisia
523:Roosevelt
407:Shevaroys
399:Yelagiris
234:botanical
72:, Germany
1007:Archived
989:(2020),
909:Archived
419:Balaghat
366:Dehradun
175:forestry
172:tropical
143:forestry
139:botanist
993:, 6 pp.
985:." in:
919:, 2005.
762:(ed.).
707:Brandis
534:Honours
504:), and
450:of the
403:Javadis
397:on the
114:Brandis
971:
713:citing
622:Gamble
585:Legacy
580:, 1904
573:, 1898
563:, 1887
556:, 1878
549:, 1875
543:, 1874
475:from "
381:Mysore
290:, the
226:botany
899:1975.
758:. In
724:Notes
391:Coorg
327:Karen
312:Burma
302:Burma
296:Burma
253:Burma
151:Burma
132:
686:Kurz
678:Kurz
670:Kurz
662:Kurz
654:Kurz
638:Kurz
630:King
614:Kurz
508:and
496:and
431:Bonn
377:Kans
323:teak
308:Pegu
195:Bonn
141:and
130:KCIE
124:Sir
88:Bonn
78:Died
70:Bonn
56:Born
36:KCIE
963:doi
944:doi
793:doi
437:in
435:Kew
389:of
364:at
134:FRS
40:FRS
27:Sir
1033::
940:11
938:.
934:.
882:30
880:.
855:.
789:80
787:.
783:.
715:a
492:,
454:.
352:.
318:.
270:.
221:.
38:,
969:.
965::
950:.
946::
861:.
801:.
795::
719:.
479:"
64:)
60:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
