31:
205:, with whom Maximilian was connected by marriage. As a consequence the Turkish War became secondary, and Maximilian planned a campaign in Italy in 1495, which he wanted to be linked to his coronation in Rome. For these reasons, he set aside just two weeks for the Diet, hoping that the Imperial Estates (who appeared to be lining up with his ideas) would then set off on the march to Rome.
233:, and there was alarm that they would conquer the whole of Italy. In a renewed request to the Estates for help on 24 April, the king reported that papacy and imperial crown threatened to fall into the hands of Charles VIII, and that 4,000 men had had to be urgently dispatched to Italy. The Estates, however, wanted nothing to do with any financial support to the king without a
276:), after which the questions of external assistance and imperial taxes were to be addressed. Subsequently, Maximilian asked several times for assistance in Italy, attempting to stir up fear of a strong France. Despite the dreadful news from Italy and reports by ambassadors of Holy League members, Maximilian could not persuade the Estates.
427:), Maximilian soon became suspicious that he wanted to use this route to set himself up as the ruler of the empire himself. What motivation Berthold of Henneberg had for his policies, is not clear, but he was known as a shrewd and influential politician, who advocated the reform of the empire throughout his life.
480:
Considerably more important, however, were the less tangible results of the Diet of 1495. It heavily influenced the Diet both as a concept and an institution. For the first time, the nobles had gathered to make policy. Institutionalization and rule of law had been pursued, encouraging the development
444:
of electors. This had quickly become clear to the
Estates, which is why the Imperial Government was the toughest and most controversial part of the reform plans, and not just for the king. Maximilian put forward a counter-proposal that would have made the Imperial Government an advisory body like the
394:
had to be informed. Some of the estates were very interested in the reform of the Empire. Others were, for various reasons, against the reform proposals, because they had to waive their privileges, or they did not feel their interests were sufficiently represented or they saw a conflict of loyalties.
301:
and spokesman of the
Estates, by 28 June, the proposal for an Imperial Government was withdrawn by the electors and princes and the promised 100,000 guilders was granted. As a result, the key negotiations were saved and compromises were agreed in the following weeks on the other negotiating points or
279:
The tone of the negotiations that followed intensified, and the king spoke bitterly of extortion. Smaller and larger concessions kept the negotiations going. On 1 June, the king was promised 100,000 guilders of emergency aid and they agreed in broad terms about the public peace, the chamber court and
418:
and spokesman for the
Imperial Estates was a central figure at the diet. He arrived together with the king, who had confirmed and strengthened Berthold's position as archchancellor in 1494. During the negotiations he had the role of intermediary between the Estates and tried several times, when the
288:
As the
Estates continued to resist the issue of support in Italy, Maximilian presented them with a counter-proposal on 22 June. Thus, although he offered an alternative to the reform plans of the Estates, which were not acceptable to him, at the same time he showed that he was finally entering into
225:
that he had backed. The
Estates initially rejected this, even taking account of the nobles and ambassadors who had still not arrived. Instead, they proposed discussions about the reform of the empire. Since the king clearly wanted to press on to Italy, the Estates attempted to take advantage of his
208:
After several delays, Maximilian reached Worms on 18 March. Contrary to his optimistic intentions, the king did not leave Worms until
September, because the Imperial Estates did not want to embark on a campaign, but were interested in the reform of the empire. The course of the Diet can be roughly
439:
was the main plank of the reform plans put forward by the
Estates and Berthold of Henneberg and, at the same time, the most difficult and contentious issue. The plans of the Estates would have meant a voluntary disempowerment of the king and empire, entailing a transfer of imperial power to a
289:
the internal political debate and had set his plans for Italy to one side. At the end of June, Charles VIII withdrew again from Italy, thus easing the external pressure on
Maximilian. Now he could concentrate on the negotiations which were nearing an end. Presumably under the influence of the
476:
were the outstanding and defining results of the Diet of Worms in 1495. Due to their novelty at that time they were not able to be implemented immediately (or even at all), but at least the
Eternal Peace and the Imperial Court laid the foundations of the present constitutional state.
226:
predicament for themselves in order to clarify the question of reform. Negotiations with the
Estates did not officially start until 7 April; because the Estates wanted first to discuss their desire for reform amongst themselves without the presence of the king.
451:
and a sort of representative body in the absence of the king. Since this was also not in the interest of reform-minded nobles, the Diet was only able to achieve success when plans for an imperial government were completely abandoned.
369:
The Diet of Worms was not an event in which there were clear battle lines between the king and the estates. Instead, the main problem, and the reason for the lengthy negotiations, was a lack of unity among the estates. At the
306:. During July, the final texts of the reform laws were drafted and the closing festivities begun. After 26 July, the final versions of the Eternal Peace, the Imperial Court, the handling of peace and war and the
419:
diet threatened to collapse, to mediate and to make concessions to the king. At the same time he was one of the strongest proponents of imperial reforms. Because he campaigned strongly for the
440:
council. However, this was a proposal that by no means would have produced a modern or democratic government, rather it envisaged the replacement of the monarchy by an
379:
679:
Der Reichstag zu Worms im Jahre 1495 und die Schaffung des Reichskammergerichts. Kompromiß eines kriegsbedrängten Kaisers oder friedensbedingte Rechtssetzung?
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After the emperor had opened the Diet, he pointed out to the Estates the dangers in Italy. He urged them to provide "urgent assistance" (so-called
86:
did not last, they were nevertheless highly significant in the further development of the empire. They were intended to alter its structure and
494:
716:
683:
726:
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of Worms would take place on 2 February 1495, his focus was not imperial reform, but various foreign policy issues. Maximilian saw
509:
that the Confederacy was exempted from the Imperial Tax and Imperial Chamber Court, without, however, having to leave the Empire.
706:
644:
Kaiser Maximilian I. Das Reich, Ă–sterreich und Europa an der Wende zu Neuzeit. Band II: Reichsreform und Kaiserpolitik 1493-1500.
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imperial taxes. The main point of dispute now was the Imperial Government, a subject with which Maximilian would not engage.
17:
619:
582:
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had to be coordinated, and only then could they negotiate with the king. If a change was made during the negotiations, the
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were present in person, twelve ecclesial and secular princes had sent diplomatic representatives. In addition, sixty seven
310:
were presented to the king. Last-minute corrections were made before, on 7 August, the official documents were published.
350:
only five were in attendance; Bohemia and Brandenburg did not appear. In addition ten ecclesial and twenty nine secular
346:(national assembly), it had been a long time since all the nobles and forces of the empire came together. Of the seven
540:
303:
174:
75:
42:
170:
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371:
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of the nation-state. Above all the king accepted the institution of the Diet as a powerful political tool.
190:
198:
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in 1500, but was dissolved again as early as 1502. A second attempt at reform, which was undertaken in
686:. Zeitschrift für Staatslehre und Verfassungsgeschichte, deutsches und europäisches Öffentliches Recht
161:, extended the peace on 10 May 1494 to 1499, which was seen as a signal of his willingness to reform.
651:
Die Reichsreform 1410–1555: die Staatsproblematik in Deutschland zwischen Mittelalter und Gegenwart.
366:. Thus, a total of 147 imperial estates were present, which accounted for nearly half of the total.
532:
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121:
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ordinances in order to resolve the problems of imperial government that had become evident.
525:
395:
With regard to the reforms, there was therefore no united front or "kingdom against King".
8:
513:
436:
420:
322:, had not yet been established at this time. Although, in hindsight, one can speak about
250:
222:
146:
107:
326:
from about the 1470s, in contemporary parlance these meetings were still referred to as
150:
141:) tried to make their support conditional on the emperor granting concessions over the
30:
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all the different interests had to reach a consensus, then the interests of the three
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126:
106:. Opinions varied, ranging from the restoration of the absolute imperial power to an
99:
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repeatedly rejected this in favour of the 10-year peace (1486) ordinance, however.
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in 1499. After the Confederacy's victory it was implicitly recognised at the
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In: Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung, Vol. 33 (2006) pp. 338–357.
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Meanwhile, the news from Italy deteriorated. The French had conquered the
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First, it must be clearly understood that the German term for diet,
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Maximilian I.: (1459–1519); Herrscher und Mensch einer Zeitenwende.
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promised in Worms was not actually called into existence until the
465:
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114:) of the electors. One of many proposals, for example, was the
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During the 15th century, it became increasingly clear that the
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130:), as well as legal, judicial, tax and coinage regulations.
74:. Even though several elements of the reforms agreed by the
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On 27 April, Maximilian appeared at the Imperial Assembly (
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1495 - Kaiser, Reich, Reformen: der Reichstag zu Worms.
221:) against the French, which he saw as support from the
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Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz, 1995
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From the Frankfurt Election Day (1486) onwards, the
62:, the foundation stone was laid for a comprehensive
374:, the imperial estates were divided into in three
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120:. Almost all the reform proposals advocated an
501:. This was one of the reasons that led to the
338:The participating estates and their positions
672:Kaiser Maximilian I.: Bewahrer und Reformer.
658:Der Wormser Reichstag von 1495 als Hoftag.
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330:. Not until the decisions passed by this
185:as his most important duty. In addition,
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173:announced on 24 November 1494 that the
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485:Further developments and consequences
362:were present, as well as twenty four
314:The participants and the negotiations
688:, 41st vol., 2002, pp. 551–573.
620:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
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24:
717:Imperial Diets (Holy Roman Empire)
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342:If it is also assumed that it was
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399:The role of Berthold of Henneberg
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302:they were postponed to the next
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1:
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722:Law of the Holy Roman Empire
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209:divided into three phases.
36:(1995 German postage stamp)
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193:in 1494, which threatened
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237:in the shape of reforms.
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558: Andre Gutmann:
431:The Imperial Government
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27:Imperial Diet in 1495
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531:On 21 July 1495 the
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382:). In each of these
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213:26 March to 27 April
34:Diet of Worms, 1495
635:Manfred Hollegger:
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437:Imperial Government
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241:27 April to 22 June
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653:Beck, Munich, 1984
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235:quid pro quo
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139:Reichsstände
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