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868:, PVC piping and carbon fibre. These typically have an upper inside diameter of around 3 centimetres (1.2 in) down to a bell end of anywhere between 5 and 20 centimetres (2 and 8 in) and have a length corresponding to the desired key. The end of the pipe can be shaped and smoothed to create a comfortable mouthpiece or an added mouthpiece can be made of any shaped and smoothed material such as rubber, a rubber stopper with a hole or beeswax.
913:. The circular breathing technique requires breathing in through the nose whilst simultaneously using the muscles of the cheeks to compress the cheeks and release the stored air out of the mouth. By using this technique, a skilled player can replenish the air in their lungs, and with practice they can sustain a note for as long as desired. Recordings exist of modern didgeridoo players playing continuously for more than 40 minutes;
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patterns, and a kind of tap or knock test, in which the bark of the tree is peeled back, and a fingernail or the blunt end of a tool, such as an axe, is knocked against the wood to determine if the hollow produces the right resonance. Once a suitably hollow tree is found, it is cut down and cleaned out, the bark is taken off, the ends trimmed, and the exterior is shaped; this results in a finished instrument. A rim of
1233:, that Aboriginal men showed adverse reactions to women playing the instrument and prohibitions are especially evident in the South East of Australia. The belief that women are prohibited from playing is widespread among non-Aboriginal people and is also common among Aboriginal communities in Southern Australia; some ethnomusicologists believe that the dissemination of the
998:. To produce these sounds, the players use their vocal folds to produce the sounds of the animals whilst continuing to blow air through the instrument. The results range from very high-pitched sounds to much lower sounds involving interference between the lip and vocal fold vibrations. Adding vocalisations increases the complexity of the playing.
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The vibration produced by the player's lips has harmonics in the ratio 1:2:3 etc. However, the non-harmonic spacing of the instrument's resonances means that the harmonics of the fundamental note are not systematically assisted by instrument's resonances, as is usually the case for
Western wind
833:
activity. Termites attack these living eucalyptus trees, removing only the dead heartwood of the tree, as the living sapwood contains a chemical that repels the insects. Various techniques are employed to find trees with a suitable hollow, including knowledge of landscape and termite activity
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and other techniques. Control subjects were asked not to play the instrument. Subjects were surveyed before and after the study period to assess the effects of intervention. A small 2010 study noted marked improvements in the asthma management of 10 Aboriginal adults and children following a
882:. Didgeridoo design innovation started in the late 20th century, using non-traditional materials and non-traditional shapes. The practice has sparked, however, a good deal of debate among indigenous practitioners and non-indigenous people about its aesthetic, ethical, and legal issues.
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The taboo is particularly strong among many
Aboriginal groups in the South East of Australia, where it is forbidden and considered "cultural theft" for non-Aboriginal women, and especially performers of New Age music regardless of gender, to play or even touch a didgeridoo.
789:, and can measure anywhere from 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) long. Most are around 1.2 m (4 ft) long. Generally, the longer the instrument, the lower its pitch or key. However, flared instruments play a higher pitch than unflared instruments of the same length.
256:, and can measure anywhere from 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) long. Most are around 1.2 m (4 ft) long. Generally, the longer the instrument, the lower its pitch or key. Flared instruments play a higher pitch than unflared instruments of the same length.
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A termite-bored didgeridoo has an irregular shape that, overall, usually increases in diameter towards the lower end. This shape means that its resonances occur at frequencies that are not harmonically spaced in frequency. This contrasts with the
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plateau, from the freshwater period (that had begun 1500 years ago) shows a didgeridoo player and two song-men participating in an Ubarr ceremony. It is thus thought that it was developed by
Aboriginal peoples of northern Australia, possibly in
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of the instrument. At some frequencies, whose values depend on the position of the player's tongue, resonances of the vocal tract inhibit the oscillatory flow of air into the instrument. Bands of frequencies that are not thus inhibited produce
921:(1994) plays for over 50 minutes continuously. Although circular breathing does eliminate the need to stop playing to take a breath, discomfort might still develop during a period of extended play due to chapped lips or other oral discomfort.
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Traditionally, the didgeridoo was played as an accompaniment to ceremonial dancing and singing and for solo or recreational purposes. For
Aboriginal peoples of northern Australia, the yidaki is still used to accompany singers and dancers in
139:
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belief and other misconceptions is a result of commercial agendas and marketing. The majority of commercial didgeridoo recordings available are distributed by multinational recording companies and feature non-Aboriginal people playing a
138:
502:, and who brought the didgeridoo to world prominence. However the mako is slightly different from the Yiḏaki: usually shorter, and sounding somewhat different – a slightly fuller and richer sound, but without the "overtone" note.
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by some traditional groups), establish the beat for the songs during ceremonies. The rhythm of the didgeridoo and the beat of the clapsticks are precise, and these patterns have been handed down for many generations. In the
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to northern and central
Australia. Generally the main trunk of the tree is harvested, though a substantial branch may be used instead. Traditional didgeridoo makers seek suitably hollow live trees in areas with obvious
1999:
Tarnopolsky, A, Fletcher, N. Hollenberg, L., Lange, B., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. (2006)"Vocal tract resonances and the sound of the
Australian didjeridu (yidaki) I: Experiment", J. Acoust. Soc. America, 119, 1194-1204.
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spacing of the resonances in a cylindrical plastic pipe, whose resonant frequencies fall in the ratio 1:3:5 etc. The second resonance of a didgeridoo (the note sounded by overblowing) is usually around an
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by strengthening muscles in the upper airway, thus reducing their tendency to collapse during sleep. In the study, intervention subjects were trained in and practised didgeridoo playing, including
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made a recording in
Borroloola of Jemima Wimalu, a Mara woman from the Roper River, proficiently playing the didgeridoo. In 1995, musicologist Steve Knopoff observed Yirrkala women performing
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has expanded the role of the instrument in the concert hall both with his own orchestral and chamber music works and with those written or arranged for him by prominent
Australian composer
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in the output sound. These formants, and especially their variation during the inhalation and exhalation phases of circular breathing, give the instrument its readily recognisable sound.
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Other variations in the didgeridoo's sound can be made by adding vocalisations to the drone. Most of the vocalisations are related to sounds emitted by
Australian animals, such as the
453:, none of which closely resemble the word "didgeridoo" (see below). Some didgeridoo enthusiasts, scholars and Aboriginal people advocate using local language names for the instrument.
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Traditionally, only men play the didgeridoo and sing during ceremonial occasions; playing by women is sometimes discouraged by
Aboriginal communities and elders. In 2008, publisher
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Didgeridoos can be painted by their maker or a dedicated artist using traditional or modern paints while others retain the natural wood grain design with minimal or no decoration.
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Although there is no prohibition in the area of the didgeridoo's origin, such restrictions have been applied by other Indigenous communities. The didgeridoo was introduced to the
1150:. For the Yolngu people, the yidaki is part of their whole physical and cultural landscape and environment, comprising the people and spirit beings which belong to their country,
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The didgeridoo functions "...as an aural kaleidoscope of timbres" and "the extremely difficult virtuoso techniques developed by expert performers find no parallel elsewhere."
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1844:(ed. R. Taylor) pp. 25–31. Report to AFFA Australia. Northern Territory Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment, Palmerston, NT.
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songs that are traditionally performed by men and in 1996, ethnomusicologist Elizabeth MacKinley reported women of the Yanyuwa group giving public performances.
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A didgeridoo can be played simply by producing a vibrating sound of the lips to produce the basic drone. More advanced playing involves the technique known as
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observed the use of "three very curious trumpets" made of bamboo in northern Australia. There were then two native species of bamboo growing along the
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Taylor R., Cloake J, and Forner J. (2002) Harvesting rates of a Yolgnu harvester and comparison of selection of didjeridu by the Yolngu and Jawoyn,
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1017:. He invented the didjeribone, a sliding didgeridoo made from two lengths of plastic tubing; its playing style is somewhat in the manner of a
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Jones, T. A. (1967): "The didjeridu. Some comparisons of its typology and musical functions with similar instruments throughout the world".
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467:) is one of the most commonly used names although, strictly speaking, it refers to a specific type of the instrument made and used by the
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1210:, said that though traditionally women have not played the didgeridoo in ceremony, in informal situations there is no prohibition in the
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promoting the instrument's spirituality which misleads consumers about the didgeridoo's secular role in traditional Aboriginal culture.
365:, in which it was referred to as a "didjerry" and was said to produce the sound "didjerry, didjerry, didjerry and so on ad infinitum".
1937:
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of northern Australia at least 1,000 years ago, and is now in use around the world, though still most strongly associated with
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Non-traditional didgeridoos can be made from native or non-native hard woods (typically split, hollowed and rejoined), glass,
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Wolfe, J. and Smith, J. (2008) "Acoustical coupling between lip valves and vocal folds", Acoustics Australia, 36, 23-27.
1938:"Earth Sounds: The Didgeridoo Stirs Controversy at the Bang on a Can Summer Festival | Soundcheck | New Sounds"
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Brian Fitzgerald and Susan Hedge, "Traditional Cultural Expression and the Internet World," in Christoph Antons, ed.,
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There are at least 45 names for the didgeridoo, several of which suggest its original construction of bamboo, such as
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There are no reliable sources of the exact age of the didgeridoo. Archaeological studies suggest that people of the
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Traditional Knowledge, Traditional Cultural Expressions, and Intellectual Property Law in the Asia-Pacific Region
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2242:"Didgeridoo playing as alternative treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: randomised controlled trial"
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120:
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Harvesting of didjeridu by Aboriginal people and their participation in the industry in the Northern Territory
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region in Northern Australia have been using the didgeridoo for less than 1,000 years, based on the dating of
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Database of audio recordings of traditional Arnhem Land music, samples included, many with didgeridoo
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1158:. It is connected to Yolngu Law and underpinned by ceremony, in song, dance, visual art and stories.
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1202:... part of a general ignorance that mainstream Australia has about Aboriginal culture." However,
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1586:. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 2145. Northern Territory, Australia. 17 December 1914. p. 14
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in the early 20th century but it was only much later, such as in Rose's 2008 criticism of
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2219:. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. pp. 18–19.
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2291:"Didgeridoo Playing and Singing to Support Asthma Management in Aboriginal Australians"
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975:, the 1st, 3rd, and 5th harmonics of the reed are assisted by resonances of the bore).
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296:) playing the instrument. Others observed such an instrument in the same area, made of
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paintings. A clear rock painting in Ginga Wardelirrhmeng, on the northern edge of the
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The didgeridoo has been used by a number of modern bands in various types of music.
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by some Aboriginal people. The following are some of the more common regional names.
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word. The earliest occurrences of the word in print include a 1908 edition of the
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featured didgeridoo player Wallis Buchanan, including the band's first single "
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Moyle, A. M. (1981): "The Australian didjeridu: A late musical intrusion". in
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Kennedy, K. (1933): "Instruments of music used by the Australian Aborigines".
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1054:", which features prominent didgeridoo in the introduction and solo sections.
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Sufficiently strong resonances of the vocal tract can strongly influence the
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By Joe Cheal – General info on the didgeridoo, with citations and references
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1446:(paperback). Oxford University Press, USA (published 19 July 2001). p.
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There are numerous names for the instrument among the Aboriginal peoples of
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How to Play the Didjeridu of the Australian Aboriginal – A Newcomer's Guide
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Aboriginal Australia Art & Culture Centre, Alice Springs, Australia
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288:(1835) includes a drawing of an Aboriginal man from Raffles Bay on the
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Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
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1121:(1982), which was written and recorded after a holiday in Australia.
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and about 3 feet (0.9 m) long. In 1893, English palaeontologist
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made extensive use of the didgeridoo, played by Australian musician
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1752:"Didgeridoo terminology: 5- What is the horn, toot, overtone note?"
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817:
413:, are nouns that, depending on the context, may mean "trumpeter", "
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1699:"Friday essay: the remarkable yidaki (and no, it's not a 'didge')"
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higher than the fundamental frequency (a frequency ratio of 8:3).
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McMahon, Charlie. (2004) The Ecology of Termites and Didjeridus,
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1558:. No. 7567. Victoria, Australia. 24 October 1908. p. 8
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found that learning and practising the didgeridoo helped reduce
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List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania
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The Didgeridoo Phenomenon. From Ancient Times to the Modern Age
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A wax mouthpiece can soften during play, forming a better seal.
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Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium
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2162:"'Daring Book for Girls' breaks didgeridoo taboo in Australia"
1990:
A Baines, The Oxford Companion to Musical Instruments OUP 1992
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2015:"Didgeridoo acoustics/ yidaki acoustics/ didjeridu acoustics"
2002:
https://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/reprints/Tarnopolskyetal.pdf
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genre, the song-man starts with vocals and then introduces
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How to Play the Didgeridoo: a practical guide for everyone
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https://newt.phys.unsw.edu.au/jw/reprints/WolfeSmithAA.pdf
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University of Melbourne: Teaching with Unique Collections
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800:, but made of wood. It has also been called a dronepipe.
315:, in 1938, the instrument was "only known in the eastern
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1606:"Meanings and origins of Australian words and idioms: D"
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six-month programme of once-weekly didgeridoo lessons.
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Puhan MA, Suarez A, Lo Cascio C, et al. (2005).
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408:
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199:, played with vibrating lips to produce a continuous
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The Didgeridoo: From Ancient Times to the Modern Age
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It was featured on the British children's TV series
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162:
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Musician playing a travel or reticulated didgeridoo
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1920:(Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands: 2009), 264–65.
1802:Fletcher, N.H. (1996) The didjeridu (didgeridoo).
1439:
353:'did-gery-do' (hollow bamboo)", a 1914 edition of
4457:
2508:
2190:"Women can play didgeridoo – taboo incites sales"
1133:An Indigenous Australian man playing a didgeridoo
203:while using a special breathing technique called
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479:after 2011, out of respect for the passing of a
776:
483:man who had a name sounding similar to yidaki.
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2425:. Sydney: J. Libbey/Perfect Beat Publications.
2114:. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. p. 290.
1665:"Are "Didjeridu" and "Yidaki" the same thing?"
878:didgeridoo, and are innovations recognised by
816:Traditional didgeridoos are usually made from
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1857:(ed. David Lindner) Schönau: Traumzeit-Verlag
1299:, didgeridoo virtuoso and orchestral composer
1091:Chris Brooks, lead singer of the New Zealand
874:are distinct from the traditional Australian
105:Written range: fundamental typically A2 to G3
2072:
1874:. Buku Larrngay Mulka Centre. Archived from
1671:. Buku Larrngay Mulka Centre. Archived from
292:(about 350 kilometres (220 mi) east of
239:language of West Arnhem Land it is known as
2423:The didjeridu: From Arnhem Land to Internet
1964:"Yolngu are People 2: They're not Clip Art"
1697:Nicholls, Christine Judith (6 April 2017).
1692:
1690:
1186:Gender-based traditional prohibition debate
971:instruments (e.g., in the low range of the
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396:
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33:A, B and C: traditionally made didgeridoos.
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2080:"Clapsticks: Teaching with Unique Objects"
1744:
1594:– via National Library of Australia.
1566:– via National Library of Australia.
1384:The Didjeridu: From Arnhemland to Internet
1380:
1214:. For example, in 1966, ethnomusicologist
475:. Some Yolngu people began using the word
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2224:
1986:
1984:
1721:
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1287:Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts
16:Traditional Australian musical instrument
3278:
2352:How to Play the Didgeridoo – and history
1784:. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre
1696:
1687:
1583:The Northern Territory Times and Gazette
1413:"Kakadu National Park – Rock art styles"
1355:. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre
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1124:
948:
938:
897:
807:
490:, a name popularised by virtuoso player
356:The Northern Territory Times and Gazette
145:A didgeribone, a sliding-type didgeridoo
136:
125:
110:
4195:
1491:"The Didgeridoo and Aboriginal Culture"
4813:
2335:from the original on 30 December 2010.
1981:
1961:
1716:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1480:
1442:Australian Art (Oxford History of Art)
1437:
1071:and cellist Sarah Hopkins, as well as
486:In west Arnhem Land, it is known as a
219:of the indigenous people of northeast
4528:
4431:
4169:
3502:
3252:
2656:"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)
2482:
2350:Ah Chee Ngala, P., Cowell C. (1996):
2104:
2098:
1610:Australian National Dictionary Centre
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1001:
927:The didgeridoo virtuoso and composer
796:and is similar in form to a straight
286:Narrative of a Voyage Round the World
4396:For other topics including Oceanian
2789:French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands
1890:
1631:"It's as Irish as – er – didgeridoo"
1387:. Perfect Beat Publishers. pp.
1182:to the accompaniment of didgeridoo.
35:D and E: non-traditional didgeridoos
2404:(August edition), pp. 147–157.
2136:"Didgeridoo book upsets Aborigines"
1509:
1314:, master maker and player of yiḏaki
431:means "black", and Scottish Gaelic
223:the name for the instrument is the
13:
3735:Austral Islands (French Polynesia)
2289:Eley, Robert; Gorman, Don (2010).
1809:
1522:"History of the Didgeridoo Yidaki"
1367:
1253:
1067:with Australian Aboriginal artist
1061:uses it in his collaborative work
1046:Early songs by the acid jazz band
792:The didgeridoo is classified as a
339:origin and is considered to be an
306:Adelaide River, Northern Territory
207:. The didgeridoo was developed by
14:
4857:
2430:
2214:
2078:
2012:
1896:Wade-Matthews, M., Thompson, W.,
1778:"Bininj Kunwok Online Dictionary"
1775:
1641:. 10–23 June 2002. Archived from
1349:"Bininj Kunwok Online Dictionary"
1346:
953:Didgeridoo street player in Spain
902:Ŋalkan Munuŋgurr performing with
3189:World Invitational Hula Festival
2469:Yidakiwuy Dhawu Miwatjngurunydja
2310:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2009.00256.x
337:Aboriginal Australian linguistic
155:
27:
2709:Australian Aboriginal astronomy
2343:
2282:
2233:
2208:
2182:
2154:
2128:
2041:
2029:
2017:. University of New South Wales
2006:
1993:
1955:
1930:
1910:
1860:
1847:
1834:
1817:"Didjeridu: Musical instrument"
1796:
1769:
1657:
1623:
1598:
1078:It is used in the Indian song "
83:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
4831:Australian musical instruments
4216:Federated States of Micronesia
4099:Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)
3790:Federated States of Micronesia
3549:Federated States of Micronesia
3299:Federated States of Micronesia
2794:Federated States of Micronesia
1962:Graves, Randin (2 June 2017).
1570:
1544:
1464:
1431:
1405:
1381:Neuenfeldt, Karl, ed. (1997).
1340:
1161:Pair sticks, sometimes called
803:
521:, which are still used in the
444:
319:and the northern third of the
121:Nightcliff, Northern Territory
1:
4459:Indigenous music of Australia
2510:Culture of indigenous Oceania
2451:University of New South Wales
1333:
1258:A 2006 study reported in the
1064:Australia: Sound of the Earth
885:
195:, among other variants) is a
3938:Oceanian legendary creatures
2421:Neuenfeldt, K. (ed) (1997):
2411:. Traumzeit-Verlag, Germany.
2217:Aboriginal Sound Instruments
1872:Yidaki Dhawu Miwatjnurunydja
1669:Yidaki Dhawu Miwatjnurunydja
777:Description and construction
463:in English, sometimes spelt
326:
229:, or more recently by some,
89:(end-blown straight tubular
7:
4821:Australian Aboriginal music
4418:Category:Culture of Oceania
2298:The Journal of Rural Health
2258:10.1136/bmj.38705.470590.55
1280:
213:Indigenous Australian music
10:
4862:
4846:Sacred musical instruments
4841:Natural horns and trumpets
4020:Chatham Islander (Moriori
2918:Weriyeng navigation school
1323:List of didgeridoo players
942:
893:
849:
758:
743:
728:
713:
698:
683:
664:
641:
626:
611:
592:
572:
557:
542:
395:, is controversial. Irish
368:A rival explanation, that
259:
4566:
4496:
4465:
4394:
4307:
4284:
4203:
4162:
3992:
3971:
3890:
3727:
3640:
3617:
3536:
3493:
3477:
3390:
3367:
3286:
3245:
3236:
3158:
3032:
2929:
2762:traditions and ceremonies
2694:
2643:
2523:
2516:
2407:Lindner, D. (ed) (2005):
2111:The Australian Aborigines
1898:The Encyclopedia of Music
1231:The Daring Book for Girls
1196:The Daring Book for Girls
872:Modern didgeridoo designs
852:Modern didgeridoo designs
845:
820:, especially the various
538:
535:
532:
104:
97:
81:
60:
40:
26:
4367:Northern Mariana Islands
3822:Northern Mariana Islands
3700:Northern Mariana Islands
3450:Northern Mariana Islands
3221:Festival of Pacific Arts
2049:"Didgeridoo Beat-boxing"
1438:Sayers, Andrew (2001) .
1194:apologised for its book
781:A didgeridoo is usually
498:man, whose language was
302:Robert Etheridge, Junior
248:A didgeridoo is usually
4332:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3665:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3415:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3184:Merrie Monarch Festival
2442:The physics of the didj
2437:The Didjeridu W3 Server
2371:Cope, Jonathan (2000):
1868:"How is a Yidaki Made?"
1821:Encyclopædia Britannica
1270:obstructive sleep apnea
1261:British Medical Journal
1009:, who formed the group
4144:Torres Strait Islander
3530:Literature of Oceania
2886:Micronesian Navigation
2471:comprehensive site by
2462:The Didjeridu: A Guide
2364:Chaloupka, G. (1993):
1142:
1134:
954:
906:
838:may be applied to the
813:
471:peoples of north-east
433:
427:
409:
407:, and Scottish Gaelic
403:
397:
391:
382:
359:, and a 1919 issue of
146:
134:
123:
119:players performing at
4310:and other territories
4114:Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)
4000:Indigenous Australian
3898:Australian Aboriginal
3643:and other territories
3393:and other territories
3280:Languages of Oceania
2881:Polynesian Navigation
2861:Torres Strait Islands
1156:Yolngu Matha language
1140:
1132:
1125:Cultural significance
1043:use the didgeridoo.
952:
943:Further information:
939:Physics and operation
901:
811:
144:
132:
114:
4197:Religion in Oceania
4129:Taiwanese aborigines
3483:Languages of Oceania
2447:Didgeridoo acoustics
2393:Kaye, Peter (1987):
1308:– song by Aphex Twin
1242:style of music with
1216:Alice Marshall Moyle
1102:Chaos Theory: Part 1
1052:When You Gonna Learn
4402:indigenous currency
2681:Sāmoa 'ava ceremony
1900:, 2011, pp184–185.
1878:on 14 February 2011
1804:Acoustics Australia
1675:on 14 February 2011
1639:Flinders University
1148:cultural ceremonies
919:Didgeridoo Concerto
133:Sound of didgeridoo
93:without mouthpiece)
23:
4836:Circular breathing
4826:Australian English
2997:Polynesian sailing
2473:traditional owners
2390:1, pp. 23–55.
2142:. 3 September 2008
1556:Hamilton Spectator
1274:circular breathing
1143:
1135:
1002:In popular culture
955:
945:Frequency spectrum
911:circular breathing
907:
814:
770:mandapul (yiḏaki)
451:northern Australia
346:Hamilton Spectator
321:Northern Territory
209:Aboriginal peoples
205:circular breathing
147:
135:
124:
21:
4808:
4807:
4522:
4521:
4425:
4424:
4390:
4389:
4382:Wallis and Futuna
4327:Clipperton Island
4285:Associated states
3882:Wallis and Futuna
3723:
3722:
3715:Wallis and Futuna
3660:Clipperton Island
3618:Associated states
3489:
3488:
3473:
3472:
3465:Wallis and Futuna
3410:Clipperton Island
3368:Associated states
3216:Pacific Community
3204:Pasifika Festival
2937:Aboriginal dugout
2876:Wallis and Futuna
2475:of the instrument
2416:World Archaeology
2170:. 23 October 2011
1645:on 19 August 2002
1208:ethnomusicologist
824:species that are
774:
773:
736:Central Australia
634:Cobourg Peninsula
554:ngarrriralkpwina
290:Cobourg Peninsula
142:
130:
109:
108:
4853:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4526:
4525:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4372:Pitcairn Islands
4342:French Polynesia
4322:Christmas Island
4251:Papua New Guinea
4231:Marshall Islands
4204:Sovereign states
4190:
4183:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4084:Norfolk Islander
4029:Fijian (iTaukei)
3832:Papua New Guinea
3705:Pitcairn Islands
3675:French Polynesia
3655:Christmas Island
3584:Papua New Guinea
3564:Marshall Islands
3537:Sovereign states
3523:
3516:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3455:Pitcairn Islands
3425:French Polynesia
3405:Christmas Island
3334:Papua New Guinea
3314:Marshall Islands
3287:Sovereign states
3273:
3266:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3228:Papua New Guinea
2891:Marshall Islands
2841:Pitcairn Islands
2836:Papua New Guinea
2776:Lomilomi massage
2722:Caroline Islands
2595:Papua New Guinea
2503:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2418:, 12(3), 321–31.
2388:Studies in Music
2337:
2336:
2334:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2252:(7536): 266–70.
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2215:Moyle, Alice M.
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2192:. Archived from
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1934:
1928:
1914:
1908:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1703:The Conversation
1694:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1635:Flinders Journal
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1578:"Correspondence"
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1528:. Archived from
1518:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1487:
1478:
1471:George Chaloupka
1468:
1462:
1461:
1445:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1419:on 21 April 2012
1415:. Archived from
1409:
1403:
1402:
1378:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1344:
1201:
1082:" from the film
1073:Dreamtime Return
1037:Industrial music
933:Peter Sculthorpe
691:Alligator Rivers
530:
529:
436:
430:
412:
406:
400:
394:
385:
352:
190:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
143:
131:
31:
24:
20:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4706:Brudevælte Lurs
4562:
4553:
4523:
4518:
4504:Aboriginal rock
4492:
4461:
4456:
4426:
4421:
4386:
4309:
4303:
4286:
4280:
4261:Solomon Islands
4199:
4194:
4158:
3988:
3967:
3886:
3852:Solomon Islands
3719:
3642:
3636:
3619:
3613:
3594:Solomon Islands
3532:
3527:
3485:
3469:
3392:
3386:
3369:
3363:
3344:Solomon Islands
3282:
3277:
3232:
3179:Aloha Festivals
3154:
3028:
2987:Paopao (Tuvalu)
2977:Māori migration
2925:
2897:Stick charts of
2851:Solomon Islands
2734:Chatham Islands
2696:
2690:
2639:
2519:
2512:
2507:
2433:
2428:
2368:. Reed, Sydney.
2366:Journey in Time
2346:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2238:
2234:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2167:The Independent
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1915:
1911:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1776:Garde, Murray.
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1695:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1532:on 3 March 2009
1526:Aboriginal Arts
1520:
1519:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1475:Journey in Time
1469:
1465:
1458:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1379:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1347:Garde, Murray.
1345:
1341:
1336:
1312:Djalu Gurruwiwi
1283:
1256:
1254:Health benefits
1199:
1188:
1127:
1115:, on her album
1057:Ambient artist
1007:Charlie McMahon
1004:
947:
941:
896:
888:
854:
848:
806:
794:wind instrument
779:
706:Roebourne, W.A.
447:
425:", while Irish
388:Scottish Gaelic
350:
349:referring to a
329:
284:T. B. Wilson's
262:
217:Yolŋu languages
197:wind instrument
158:
154:
137:
126:
115:Didgeridoo and
91:natural trumpet
88:
36:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4859:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4713:Midwinter horn
4710:
4709:
4708:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4423:
4422:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4362:Norfolk Island
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4317:American Samoa
4313:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4287:of New Zealand
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4193:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4023:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3695:Norfolk Island
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3650:American Samoa
3646:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3620:of New Zealand
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3445:Norfolk Island
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3400:American Samoa
3396:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3370:of New Zealand
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3247:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3169:Garma Festival
3162:
3160:
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2942:Alingano Maisu
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2826:Norfolk Island
2823:
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2796:
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2597:
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2555:
2553:kapa (Hawaiʻi)
2550:
2545:
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2529:
2527:
2521:
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2517:
2514:
2513:
2506:
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2432:
2431:External links
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2304:(1): 100–104.
2281:
2232:
2226:10.1.1.370.505
2207:
2196:on 4 June 2007
2181:
2153:
2140:News.bbc.co.uk
2127:
2120:
2097:
2086:. 21 June 2017
2071:
2040:
2028:
2005:
1992:
1980:
1968:Yidaki History
1954:
1929:
1909:
1889:
1859:
1846:
1833:
1808:
1795:
1768:
1756:Spirit Gallery
1743:
1731:Spirit Gallery
1715:
1686:
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1622:
1597:
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1479:
1463:
1457:978-0192842145
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1297:William Barton
1294:
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1279:
1255:
1252:
1187:
1184:
1152:kinship system
1126:
1123:
1085:Dil Chahta Hai
1003:
1000:
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929:William Barton
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751:Adelaide River
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550:Groote Eylandt
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362:Smith's Weekly
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62:Classification
58:
57:
42:
38:
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32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4858:
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4778:
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4768:
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4759:
4758:Rosh Hashanah
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
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4716:
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4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4676:hand-stopping
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
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4656:
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4649:
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4609:
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4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4576:Birch trumpet
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4556:Natural horns
4550:
4545:
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4538:
4536:
4531:
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4378:
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4360:
4358:
4357:New Caledonia
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:Easter Island
4335:
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4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
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4306:
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3800:New Caledonia
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3755:Easter Island
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3690:New Caledonia
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3440:New Caledonia
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2804:New Caledonia
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
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2778:
2777:
2773:
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2768:
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2744:Easter Island
2742:
2740:
2737:
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2732:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:Geo-specific,
2693:
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2679:
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2669:
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2659:
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2644:Broad culture
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2381:0-9539811-0-X
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1552:"Retribution"
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880:musicologists
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4294:Cook Islands
4005:Austronesian
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3641:Dependencies
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3377:Cook Islands
3200:New Zealand
3055:fire dancing
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1219:
1212:Dreaming Law
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1116:
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1090:
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1069:David Hudson
1062:
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1015:Midnight Oil
1011:Gondwanaland
1005:
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4795:Waqra phuku
4466:Instruments
4241:New Zealand
4074:Micronesian
4064:Marshallese
3933:Micronesian
3805:New Zealand
3745:Austronesia
3574:New Zealand
3478:by category
3324:New Zealand
3209:Te Matatini
3060:firewalking
2809:New Zealand
2755:Lau Islands
2717:Austronesia
2585:nguzu nguzu
2573:New Zealand
2543:Austronesia
2021:18 February
1244:liner notes
1113:Rolf Harris
1059:Steve Roach
1039:bands like
915:Mark Atkins
804:Traditional
783:cylindrical
766:Arnhem Land
672:Arnhem Land
619:Arnhem Land
600:Arnhem Land
585:Arnhem Land
539:Local name
473:Arnhem Land
445:Other names
313:A. P. Elkin
279:Arnhem Land
274:Arnhem Land
250:cylindrical
221:Arnhem Land
44:Didjeridu,
41:Other names
4815:Categories
4743:Roman tuba
4672:Embouchure
4655:Didgeridoo
4488:Lagerphone
4483:Didgeridoo
4473:Bullroarer
4094:Polynesian
4069:Melanesian
4010:Sama-Bajau
3943:Polynesian
3923:Melanesian
3908:Mangarevan
3785:Micronesia
3495:Literature
3165:Australia
2911:navigation
2054:Blue Peter
1826:19 January
1806:24, 11–15.
1782:njamed.com
1761:19 January
1736:19 January
1708:19 January
1649:30 October
1615:27 January
1590:28 January
1562:28 January
1536:21 January
1501:21 January
1353:njamed.com
1334:References
1227:Kimberleys
1163:clapsticks
1080:Jaane Kyon
1048:Jamiroquai
1030:Blue Peter
996:kookaburra
886:Decoration
876:Aboriginal
858:fibreglass
850:See also:
840:mouthpiece
822:eucalyptus
721:Kimberleys
481:Manggalili
374:corruption
370:didgeridoo
335:is not of
333:didgeridoo
151:didgeridoo
87:423.121.11
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4775:Tochacatl
4733:Post horn
4626:Hakgediya
4601:Bukkehorn
4478:Clapstick
4211:Australia
4134:Tokelauan
3963:Vanuatuan
3891:Mythology
3847:Slit drum
3837:Polynesia
3780:Melanesia
3740:Australia
3544:Australia
3294:Australia
3238:Languages
3159:Festivals
3085:kapa haka
2982:Outrigger
2704:Australia
2676:Polynesia
2651:areca nut
2538:Australia
2449:from the
2318:0890-765X
2221:CiteSeerX
2108:(1979) .
1973:30 August
1477:, p. 189.
1359:12 August
1304:Digeridoo
1109:Kate Bush
1093:hard rock
1041:Test Dept
860:, metal,
818:hardwoods
716:Nyul Nyul
667:Kunwinjku
661:gunbarrk
649:Katherine
638:artawirr
614:Gupapuygu
500:Kunwinjku
331:The name
327:Etymology
317:Kimberley
235:. In the
215:. In the
193:didjeridu
117:clapstick
74:Aerophone
4790:Vuvuzela
4780:Trembita
4738:Ramsinga
4606:Chazozra
4560:trumpets
4509:Songline
4410:folklore
4226:Kiribati
4163:Religion
4149:Visayans
4124:Tahitian
4104:Rapa Nui
4034:Hawaiian
4015:Chamorro
3972:Research
3958:Tuvaluan
3948:Rapa Nui
3928:Menehune
3770:Kiribati
3559:Kiribati
3309:Kiribati
3175:Hawaiʻi
3150:'upa'upa
3090:Kiribati
3040:ʻAparima
2962:Hōkūleʻa
2784:Kiribati
2635:tivaevae
2615:taʻovala
2563:magimagi
2330:Archived
2326:20105276
2276:16377643
2174:21 April
2146:21 April
1947:21 April
1727:"Yidaki"
1423:21 April
1281:See also
1154:and the
1105:(2012).
1019:trombone
985:formants
973:clarinet
960:harmonic
864:, clay,
725:ngaribi
701:Ngarluma
695:martba
653:Nitmiluk
608:garnbak
581:people)
569:ilpirra
560:Arrernte
477:mandapul
270:rock art
232:mandapul
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4748:Salpinx
4728:Olifant
4648:Swedish
4643:Cowhorn
4631:Horagai
4616:Clarion
4596:Buisine
4581:Buccina
4571:Alphorn
4414:cuisine
4377:Tokelau
4276:Vanuatu
4119:Tagalog
4109:Rotuman
4079:Negrito
4049:Ivatans
4039:Ilocano
4024:Rekohu)
3877:Vanuatu
3862:Tokelau
3710:Tokelau
3609:Vanuatu
3460:Tokelau
3359:Vanuatu
3246:by area
3135:tautoga
3070:hivinau
2972:Karakoa
2871:Vanuatu
2697:general
2605:tā moko
2600:reimiro
2590:Oceania
2402:Mankind
2267:1360393
2090:24 July
2064:31 July
1882:14 July
1679:14 July
1292:Alphorn
1266:snoring
1240:New Age
994:or the
894:Playing
836:beeswax
831:termite
826:endemic
798:trumpet
787:conical
740:paampu
731:Pintupi
710:kurmur
629:Iwaidja
623:yiraka
595:Gagudju
589:yiḏaki
575:Djinang
536:Region
533:People
465:yirdaki
437:means "
419:crooner
410:dùdaire
404:dúidire
398:dúdaire
380:phrase
376:of the
260:History
254:conical
4765:Sringa
4753:Shofar
4696:Lituus
4691:Karnay
4686:Karnal
4674:&
4660:modern
4611:Carnyx
4586:Bucium
4514:Wangga
4416:, see
4398:cinema
4352:Hawaii
4271:Tuvalu
4139:Tongan
4089:Papuan
4044:Igorot
3993:People
3953:Samoan
3903:Fijian
3872:Tuvalu
3857:Tahiti
3685:Hawaii
3604:Tuvalu
3435:Hawaii
3354:Tuvalu
3145:Tuvalu
3130:tāmūrē
3125:Tahiti
3115:Rotuma
3105:pa'o'a
3100:'ote'a
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1200:
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980:timbre
846:Modern
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686:Mayali
676:Kakadu
657:Kakadu
644:Jawoyn
604:Kakadu
579:Yolngu
517:, and
496:Bininj
469:Yolngu
461:yidaki
457:Yiḏaki
439:native
423:puffer
421:" or "
415:hummer
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266:Kakadu
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4236:Nauru
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3918:Māori
3913:Maohi
3867:Tonga
3842:Sāmoa
3827:Palau
3810:Māori
3795:Nauru
3728:Music
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3329:Palau
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3140:Tonga
3033:Dance
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3007:Vinta
2992:Paraw
2856:Tonga
2846:Sāmoa
2831:Palau
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2799:Nauru
2671:Māori
2630:tēfui
2620:tapa
2610:tabua
2578:Māori
2333:(PDF)
2294:(PDF)
1389:89–98
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1171:bimla
1167:bilma
1095:band
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866:resin
862:agave
842:end.
680:mako
519:pampu
515:kambu
511:bombo
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378:Irish
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3045:cibi
3017:list
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3002:Proa
2967:Kaep
2952:Drua
2821:Niue
2770:Guam
2749:Fiji
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2377:ISBN
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