Modem - Knowledge

2374: 2282: 970: 999: 990: 1755: 49: 2088: 761: 75: 433:. By the 1970s, higher speeds of 1,200 and 2,400 bit/s for asynchronous dial connections, 4,800 bit/s for synchronous leased line connections and 35 kbit/s for synchronous conditioned leased lines were available. By the 1980s, less expensive 1,200 and 2,400 bit/s dialup modems were being released, and modems working on radio and other systems were available. As device sophistication grew rapidly in the late 1990s, telephone-based modems quickly exhausted the available 1829: 2485: 5965: 2396: 644: 910: 524: 2523: 2221: 5975: 2207:. While it is often possible to authenticate a broadband connection from a users PC, as was the case with dial-up internet service, moving this task to the broadband modem allows it to establish and maintain the connection itself, which makes sharing access between PCs easier since each one does not have to authenticate separately. Broadband modems typically remain authenticated to the ISP as long as they are powered on. 5954: 5985: 1083: 2078: 958: 2623: 1137: – one that connects directly to a digital telephone network interface, such as T1 or PRI – could send a signal that utilized every bit of bandwidth available in the system. While that signal still had to be converted back to analog at the subscriber end, that conversion would not distort the signal in the same way that the opposite direction did. 777:, introduced in 1981. The Smartmodem was an otherwise standard 103A 300 bit/s direct-connect modem, but it introduced a command language which allowed the computer to make control requests, such as commands to dial or answer calls, over the same RS-232 interface used for the data connection. The command set used by this device became a de facto standard, the 2347:, meaning that they could not send and receive data at the same time. Typically, transparent modems are polled in a round robin manner to collect small amounts of data from scattered locations that do not have easy access to wired infrastructure. Transparent modems are most commonly used by utility companies for data collection. 1680:, and others started using pre-compression to increase apparent throughput. This server-side compression can operate much more efficiently than the on-the-fly compression performed within modems, because the compression techniques are content-specific (JPEG, text, EXE, etc.).The drawback is a loss in quality, as they use 2650:

A "short haul modem" is a device that bridges the gap between leased-line and dial-up modems. Like a leased-line modem, they transmit over "bare" lines with no power or telco switching equipment, but are not intended for the same distances that leased lines can achieve. Ranges up to several miles are

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access in the US, but with the advent of new ways of accessing the Internet, the traditional 56K modem was losing popularity. The dial-up modem is still widely used by customers in rural areas where DSL, cable, wireless broadband, satellite, or fiber optic service are either not available or they are

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study in 2006 found that dial-up Internet access was declining in the US. In 2000, dial-up Internet connections accounted for 74% of all US residential Internet connections. The United States demographic pattern for dial-up modem users per capita has been more or less mirrored in Canada and Australia

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Until the end of April 2011, worldwide shipments of USB modems surpassed embedded 3G and 4G modules by 3:1 because USB modems can be easily discarded. Embedded modems may overtake separate modems as tablet sales grow and the incremental cost of the modems shrinks, so by 2016, the ratio may change to

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Leased lines are pairs of telephone wire that have been connected together at one or more telco central offices so that they form a continuous circuit between two subscriber locations, such as a business' headquarters and a satellite office. They provide no power or dialtone - they are simply a pair

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modem also uses ordinary phone wiring, like dial-up and DSL, but does not use the same network topology. While dial-up uses a normal phone line and connects through the telephone switching system, and DSL uses a normal phone line but connects to equipment at the telco central office, leased lines do

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use telephone lines (wires that were installed by a telephone company and originally intended for use by a telephone subscriber) but do not utilize most of the rest of the telephone system. Their signals are not sent through ordinary phone exchanges, but are instead received by special equipment (a

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The ITU-T V.150.1 Recommendation defines procedures for the inter-operation of PSTN to IP gateways. In a classic example of this setup, each dial-up modem would connect to a modem relay gateway. The gateways are then connected to an IP network (such as the Internet). The analog connection from the

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As early as 1964, Bell provided automatic calling units that connected separately to a second serial port on a host machine and could be commanded to open the line, dial a number, and even ensure the far end had successfully connected before transferring control to the modem. Later on, third-party

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decision of 1968, however, permitted customers to attach devices directly to a telephone line as long as they followed stringent Bell-defined standards for non-interference with the phone network. This opened the door to independent (non-AT&T) manufacture of direct-connect modems, that plugged

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distances, greater than the maximum length of a basic serial cable but still relatively short, such as within a single building or campus. This allows a serial connection to be extended for perhaps only several hundred to several thousand feet, a case where obtaining an entire telephone or leased

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Because the signal does not pass through the telephone exchange, no "dialing" is required, and the bandwidth constraints of an ordinary voice call are not imposed. This allows much higher frequencies, and therefore much faster speeds. ADSL in particular is designed to permit voice calls and data

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Leased-line modems can operate in 2-wire or 4-wire mode. The former uses a single pair of wires and can only transmit in one direction at a time, while the latter uses two pairs of wires and can transmit in both directions simultaneously. When two pairs are available, bandwidth can be as high as

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Because the modem was not electrically connected, it was incapable of picking up, hanging up or dialing, all of which required direct control of the line. Touch-tone dialing would have been possible, but touch-tone was not universally available at this time. Consequently, the dialing process was

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Many modems are variable-rate, permitting them to be used over a medium with less than ideal characteristics, such as a telephone line that is of poor quality or is too long. This capability is often adaptive so that a modem can discover the maximum practical transmission rate during the connect

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Fiber optic systems can use quadrature amplitude modulation to maximize throughput. 16QAM uses a 16-point constellation to send four bits per symbol, with speeds on the order of 200 or 400 gigabits per second. 64QAM uses a 64-point constellation to send six bits per symbol, with speeds up to 65

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A dialup modem will not function across this type of line, because it does not provide the power, dialtone and switching that those modems require. However, a modem with leased-line capability can operate over such a line, and in fact can have greater performance because the line is not passing

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was created, a 2,400-bit/s system similar in concept to the 1,200-bit/s Bell 212. This bit rate increase was achieved by defining four or eight distinct symbols, which allowed the encoding of two or three bits per symbol instead of only one. By the late 1980s, many modems could support improved

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The introduction of the Smartmodem made communications much simpler and more easily accessed. This provided a growing market for other vendors, who licensed the Hayes patents and competed on price or by adding features. This eventually led to legal action over use of the patented Hayes command

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handoff allowing the use of one or more public IP addresses, but no other services such as NAT and DHCP that would allow multiple computers to share one connection. This led to many consumers purchasing separate "broadband routers," placed between the modem and their network, to perform these

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The audio sent and received on the line by a modem of this type is generated and processed entirely in software, often in a device driver. There is little functional difference from the user's perspective, but this design reduces the cost of a modem by moving most of the processing power into

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Wireless modems come in a variety of types, bandwidths, and speeds. Wireless modems are often referred to as transparent or smart. They transmit information that is modulated onto a carrier frequency to allow many wireless communication links to work simultaneously on different frequencies.

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Consequently, the terms "modem", "router", and "gateway" are now used interchangeably in casual speech, but in a technical context "modem" may carry a specific connotation of basic functionality with no routing or other features, while the others describe a device with features such as NAT.

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Prior to the 1990s, modems contained all the electronics and intelligence to convert data in discrete form to an analog (modulated) signal and back again, and to handle the dialing process, as a mix of discrete logic and special-purpose chips. This type of modem is sometimes referred to as

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While some short-haul modems do in fact use modulation, low-end devices (for reasons of cost or power consumption) are simple "line drivers" that increase the level of the digital signal but do not modulate it. These are not technically modems, but the same terminology is used for them.

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in the 2000s led to the development of ever-faster radio-based systems. Today, modems are ubiquitous and largely invisible, included in almost every mobile computing device in one form or another, and generally capable of speeds on the order of tens or hundreds of megabytes per second.

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With an acoustic coupler, an ordinary telephone handset was placed in a cradle containing a speaker and microphone positioned to match up with those on the handset. The tones used by the modem were transmitted and received into the handset, which then relayed them to the phone line.

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Since the interface is not RS-232, there is no standard for communication with the device directly. Instead, soft modems come with drivers which create an emulated RS-232 port, which standard modem software (such as an operating system dialer application) can communicate with.

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connection on hold for extended periods of time while they answer a call. The second feature is the ability to quickly connect to one's ISP, achieved by remembering the analog and digital characteristics of the telephone line and using this saved information when reconnecting.

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The first problem was that the process of analog-to-digital conversion is intrinsically lossy, but second, and more importantly, the digital signals used by the telcos were not "linear": they did not encode all frequencies the same way, instead utilizing a nonlinear encoding

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Both technologies reached the market around February 1997; although problems with K56Flex modems were noted in product reviews through July, within six months the two technologies worked equally well, with variations dependent largely on local connection characteristics.

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Smart modems come with media access controllers inside, which prevents random data from colliding and resends data that is not correctly received. Smart modems typically require more bandwidth than transparent modems, and typically achieve higher data rates. The IEEE

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installations, installed inside or outside a house to convert the optical medium to a copper Ethernet interface, after which a router or gateway is often installed to perform authentication, routing, NAT, and other typical consumer internet functions, in addition to

1942:(SPRT). Both the SSE and SPRT packet formats are defined in the V.150.1 Recommendation (Annex C and Annex B respectively). The gateway at the remote end that receives the packets uses the information to re-modulate the signal for the modem connected at that end. 700:

The 103 modem would eventually become a de facto standard once third-party (non-AT&T modems) reached the market, and throughout the 1970s, independently made modems compatible with the Bell 103 de facto standard were commonplace. Example models included the

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with strong industry support. Incompatible with either existing standard, it was an amalgam of both, but was designed to allow both types of modem by a firmware upgrade. The V.90 standard was approved in September 1998 and widely adopted by ISPs and consumers.

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While Bell (AT&T) provided modems that attached via direct wire connection to the phone network as early as 1958, their regulations at the time did not permit the direct electrical connection of any non-Bell device to a telephone line. However, the

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of two devices, with the transmit and receive lines reversed. It is used to connect two devices directly without a modem. The same software or hardware typically used with modems (such as Procomm or Minicom) could be used with this type of connection.

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converted the analog signal from the subscriber to a digital one and conversely. While digitally encoded telephone lines notionally provide the same bandwidth as the analog systems they replaced, the digitization itself placed constraints on the

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Because high-speed connections are frequently used by multiple computers at once, many broadband modems do not have direct (e.g. USB) PC connections. Rather they connect over a network such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi. Early broadband modems offered

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machine during the 1980s. While early fax technology also used modulated signals on a phone line, digital fax used the now-standard digital encoding used by computer modems. This eventually allowed computers to send and receive fax images.

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interface—but the Smartmodem made it available in a single device that could be used with even the most minimal implementations of the ubiquitous RS-232 interface, making this capability accessible from virtually any system or language.

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required AT&T to permit connection of devices, AT&T successfully argued that they should be allowed to require the use of a special device to protect their network, placed in between the third-party modem and the line, called a

942:(or less), it was half the price of the slower V.32 modems already on the market. This led to a price war, and by the end of the year V.32 was dead, never having been really established, and V.32bis modems were widely available for 4473: 55:

modems used a telephone handset as the audio medium, with the user dialing the desired number and then pressing the handset into the modem to complete the connection. These systems generally operated at a speed of 300 bits per

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The ITU standard V.34 represents the culmination of these joint efforts. It employed the most powerful coding techniques available at the time, including channel encoding and shape encoding. From the mere four bits per symbol

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V.32bis was so successful that the older high-speed standards had little advantages. USRobotics (USR) fought back with a 16,800 bit/s version of HST, while AT&T introduced a one-off 19,200 bit/s method they referred to as

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Commercial modems largely did not become available until the late 1950s, when the rapid development of computer technology created demand for a method of connecting computers together over long distances, resulting in the

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In November 1976, AT&T introduced the 212A modem, similar in design, but using the lower frequency set for transmission. It was not compatible with the VA3400, but it would operate with 103A modem at 300 bit/s.

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or DAA. The use of DAAs was mandatory from 1969 to 1975 when the new FCC Part 68 rules allowed the use of devices without a Bell-provided DAA, subject to equivalent circuitry being included in the third-party device.

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to digitize speech, then encrypted the speech with one-time pad and encoded the digital data as tones using frequency shift keying. This was also a digital modulation technique, making this an early modem.

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In the early 1990s, V.32 modems operating at 9,600 bit/s were introduced, but were expensive and were only starting to enter the market when V.32bis was standardized, which operated at 14,400 bit/s.

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In 1977, Vadic responded with the VA3467 triple modem, an answer-only modem sold to computer center operators that supported Vadic's 1,200-bit/s mode, AT&T's 212A mode, and 103A operation.

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access in addition to modem functionality, so that subscribers could connect their entire household without purchasing any extra equipment. Even later, these devices were extended to provide "

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gained widespread adoption in the late 1990s to describe internet access technology exceeding the 56 kilobit/s maximum of dialup. There are many broadband technologies, such as various DSL (

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Analog channels can be further characterized by bandwidth: narrowband channels (for example, 100 Hz, 200 Hz); voiceband channels (4 kHz);4 broadband channels (for example, 48 kHz, 240 kHz).

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While the V.150.1 Recommendation is not widely deployed, a pared down version of the recommendation called "Minimum Essential Requirements (MER) for V.150.1 Gateways" (SCIP-216) is used in

1900:"Voice" and "fax" are terms added to describe any dial modem that is capable of recording/playing audio or transmitting/receiving faxes. Some modems are capable of all three functions. 655:

air-defense system in 1958, connecting terminals at various airbases, radar sites, and command-and-control centers to the SAGE director centers scattered around the United States and

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A null modem adapter is a small device with plugs at both ends which is placed on the termination of a normal "straight-through" serial cable to convert it into a null-modem cable.

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Fax modems can be used for computer-based faxing, in which faxes are sent and received without inbound or outbound faxes ever needing to ever be printed on paper. This differs from

4437: 1888:. They never utilize RS-232 because they require high bandwidth channels to the host computers to carry the raw audio signals generated (sent) or analyzed (received) by software. 1939: 512:

standard, which could transmit and receive four distinct symbols (two bits per symbol), transmitted 1,200 bits by sending 600 symbols per second (600 baud) using

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use infrastructure originally intended to carry television signals, and like DSL, typically permit receiving television signals at the same time as broadband internet service.

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Like mobile phones, mobile broadband modems can be SIM locked to a particular network provider. Unlocking a modem is achieved the same way as unlocking a phone, by using an

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intended for use by the deaf or hard of hearing, essentially a small teletype with a built-in dial-up modem and acoustic coupler. The first models produced in 1964 utilized

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These values are maximum values, and actual values may be slower under certain conditions (for example, noisy phone lines). For a complete list see the companion article

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with two possible frequencies, corresponding to two distinct symbols (or one bit per symbol), to carry 300 bits per second using 300 baud. By contrast, the original

1848:, a modem which replaced the discrete and custom components with a general purpose digital signal processor, which could be reprogrammed to upgrade to newer standards. 2196:" features such as telephony and television service. Nonetheless, these devices are still often referred to simply as "modems" by service providers and manufacturers. 4559: 1733: 1935: 4110: 3458:

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION - CCITT - VOLUME VIII - FASCICLE Vlll/I - DATA COMMUNICATION OVER THE TELEPHONE NETWORK - RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE V SERIES

4066: 4050: 2505:" features such as telephony and television service. They are not a modem, although they perform a similar function and are sometimes referred to as a modem. 5229: 3727: 2765: 1056:), the new standards used the functional equivalent of 6 to 10 bits per symbol, plus increasing baud rates from 2,400 to 3,429, to create 14.4, 28.8, and 3964: 2454:, Sierra 881.) Some models are also provided with a microSD memory slot and/or jack for additional external antenna, (Huawei E1762, Sierra Compass 885.) 871:

became a feature of modems in this period, which improved the bandwidth available to both modems by allowing them to ignore their own reflected signals.

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web browsers, using their own server-side text and image compression requiring all data to pass through their own servers before reaching the user.

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In order to guarantee compatibility with V.34 modems once a standard was ratified (1994), manufacturers used more flexible components, generally a

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due to echo effects on the line. To avoid this problem, V.92 modems offer the option to turn off the digital upstream and instead use a plain 33.

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with large file libraries, which in turn gave more reason to own a modem. The rapid update of modems led to a similar rapid increase in BBS use.

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during the late 1990s led to demands for much higher performance, leading to the move away from audio-based systems to entirely new encodings on

429:. These generally operated at 110 or 300 bits per second (bit/s), and the connection between devices was normally manual, using an attached 357: 1787:

executed by the user lifting the handset, dialing, then placing the handset on the coupler. To accelerate this process, a user could purchase a

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modem is terminated at the gateway and the signal is demodulated. The demodulated control signals are transported over the IP network in an

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began to be introduced. Several approaches were used, but all of them began as solutions to a single fundamental problem with phone lines.

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Dial-up modem use in the US had dropped to 60% by 2003, and stood at 36% in 2006. Voiceband modems were once the most popular means of

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speeds had been available for leased-line modems for some time, they did not become available for dial up modems until the late 1990s.

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as long as it did not interfere with its functionality. This allowed third-party (non-Bell) manufacturers to sell modems utilizing an

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Practical data communications : modems, networks and protocols : Jennings, Fred : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming

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Later in the 1990s, software-based modems became available. These are essentially sound cards, and in fact a common design uses the

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Different terms are used for broadband modems, because they frequently contain more than just a modulation/demodulation component.

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While traditionally a hardware device, fully software-based modems with the ability to be deployed in a cloud environment (such as

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and then other businesses producing an increasing number of computer modems for use over both switched and leased telephone lines.

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that can be transmitted easily and decoded reliably. Modems can be used with almost any means of transmitting analog signals, from

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At that time, USRobotics held a 40% share of the retail modem market, while Rockwell International held an 80% share of the modem

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applications as simple as placing/receiving calls directly through a computer with a headset, and as complex as fully automated

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which causes images to become pixelated and smeared. ISPs employing this approach often advertised it as "accelerated dial-up".

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using the Bell 103 modem. AT&T also produced reduced-cost units, the originate-only 113D and the answer-only 113B/C modems.

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computers that could directly dial out, answer incoming calls, and hang up entirely from software, the basic requirements of a

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etc.), are known as mobile broadband modems (sometimes also called wireless modems). Wireless modems can be embedded inside a

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As described above, technologies like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth also use modems to communicate over radio at short distances.

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telephone line that has not been designed for data use. It was once a widely known technology, mass-marketed globally

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for instance was created on an S-100 machine with a Hayes internal modem, and a number of similar systems followed.

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Dial-up modems can attach in two different ways: with an acoustic coupler, or with a direct electrical connection.

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through the telco switching equipment, the signal is not filtered, and therefore greater bandwidth is available.

1990: 1122:) meant to favor the nonlinear response of the human ear to voice signals. This made it very difficult to find a 1026:

standard. While waiting, several companies decided to release hardware and introduced modems they referred to as

875: 326: 240: 212: 179: 154: 106: 2920: 2790: 5678: 3332: 3305: 2685: 2548: 2458: 2246: 1907: 962: 619:. In the 1990s, tens of millions of people in the United States alone used dial-up modems for internet access. 343: 4190:"Modem vs. router: The differences between the pieces of hardware that connect you to the internet, explained" 3972: 1129:

Modem manufacturers discovered that, while the analog to digital conversion could not preserve higher speeds,

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Early modems could not place or receive calls on their own, but required human intervention for these steps.

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audio codec, which provides multichannel audio to a PC and includes three audio channels for modem signals.

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V.92 also added two other features. The first is the ability for users who have call waiting to put their

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conversions could. Because it was possible for an ISP to obtain a direct digital connection to a telco, a

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found that although 60% of computers in US households had a modem, only 7% of households went online. A

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over ordinary phone lines instead of the more expensive leased lines which had previously been used for

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Transparent modems operate in a manner similar to their phone line modem cousins. Typically, they were

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was previously used to describe communications faster than what was available on voice grade channels.

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market. Concerned with being shut out, Rockwell began work on a rival 56k technology. They joined with

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standard defines a short range modulation scheme that is used on a large scale throughout the world.

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Shortly afterwards in 1959, the technology in the SAGE modems was made available commercially as the

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terabits per second. Although this technology has been announced, it may not yet be commonly used.

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modem chips. This would allow later firmware updates to conform with the standards once ratified.

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Dial modems generally remained at 300 and 1,200 bit/s (eventually becoming standards such as

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Consumer interest in these proprietary improvements waned during the lengthy introduction of the

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showed it still collected around $ 700 million in fees from about three million dial-up users.

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Eventually this capability would be built into modems and no longer require a separate device.

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As telephone-based 56k modems began losing popularity, some Internet service providers such as

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Early modems were devices that used audible sounds suitable for transmission over traditional

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Any communication technology sending digital data wirelessly involves a modem. This includes

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which combined the modem and broadband router into a single package that provided routing,

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unwilling to pay what the available broadband companies charge. In its 2012 annual report,

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Soft modems of both types either are internal cards or connect over external buses such as

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The introduction of these higher-speed systems also led to the development of the digital

489:). Modern broadband modem speeds are typically expressed in megabits per second (Mbit/s). 8: 5545: 5485: 5244: 5206: 5004: 4989: 3793: 2741: 2329: 2181: 1962: 1688: 935: 819:

was the first modem to be sold under $ 100, and the first modem to sell a million units.

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Modems are frequently classified by the maximum amount of data they can send in a given

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where long distance data links are required. Such systems are an important part of the

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A PCI Winmodem soft modem (on the left) next to a conventional ISA modem (on the right)

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Increasing modem speed greatly improved the responsiveness of online systems and made

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made small internal modems practical. This led to a series of popular modems for the

778: 706: 527:

Collection of modems once used in Australia, including dial-up, DSL, and cable modems

430: 379: 164: 5480: 4570: 4418: 4375:

Bengt-Erik Olsson; Anders Djupsjöbacka; Jonas Mårtensson; Arne Alping (6 Dec 2011).

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is seldom used, some high-speed home networking applications do use modems, such as

689:

in 1962. It provided full-duplex service at 300 bit/s over normal phone lines.

48: 5817: 5777: 5757: 5724: 5653: 5611: 5525: 5380: 5365: 5340: 5315: 5275: 5125: 4984: 4969: 4396: 3916: 3869:"E110 56K Data/Fax Voice Soeakphone External Modem User Manual PTT Turbocomm Tech " 3703: 2473: 2364: 1946: 1749: 1658: 1242: 998: 989: 651:

Mass production of telephone line modems in the United States began as part of the

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the signal to recreate the original digital information. The goal is to produce a

6009: 5445: 5300: 5068: 5043: 5031: 4681: 3940: 3273: 2895: 2690: 2436: 2153: 1958: 1119: 1038: 548:. The earliest devices which satisfy the definition of a modem may have been the 474: 226: 31: 3163:

Understanding Data Communications: From Fundamentals to Networking Third Edition

5643: 5515: 5490: 5450: 5420: 5295: 5130: 5083: 5058: 5016: 4720: 3769: 2921:"Pennywhistle 103, modem kit 1976: : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming" 2670: 934:

arranged a short-term exclusivity arrangement with Rockwell, and developed the

846: 835: 760: 682: 4272: 4097:

Speeds on broadband private-line channels range from 19.2 to 230.4 kbps.

784:

Automatic dialing was not a new capability—it had been available via separate

6003: 5792: 5565: 5555: 5470: 5360: 5355: 5345: 5330: 5152: 5011: 4541: 2843: 1966: 1600: 1421: 1386: 1149:, which they called "X2" because 56k was twice the speed (×2) of 28k modems. 1061: 842: 831: 823: 3368: 3195: 1973:, the modulated audio samples are generated and sent over an IP network via 1145:

The first 56k (56 kbit/s) dial-up option was a proprietary design from

74: 27:

Device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information

5670: 5510: 5455: 5385: 5350: 5285: 5184: 5174: 5026: 4810: 4800: 4410: 3995:"AOL still has 3.5 million dial-up subscribers – Technology on NBCNews.com" 3519: 3484:"upatras.gr – Implementation of a V.34 modem on a Digital Signal Processor" 2720: 2680: 2432: 2302: 1970: 1918: 702: 541: 403: 395: 383: 331: 271: 250: 3178:

Telecommunication technologies: voice, data & fiber-optic applications

2839: 1828: 750:

which performed full-duplex at 1,200 bit/s over a normal phone line.

5870: 5520: 5430: 5415: 5375: 5335: 5194: 4401: 4376: 3770:"USRobotics 56K Modem Education: What are the different types of modems?" 3088:"Compute! Magazine Issue 012 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming" 2635: 2484: 2451: 2344: 2321: 2142: 2038: 2022: 1692: 1011: 931: 553: 549: 537: 493: 426: 3297: 1264:

is one symbol per second; each symbol may encode one or more data bits.

5875: 5582: 5280: 5189: 5145: 5115: 5093: 4619: 2705: 2631: 2320:

Modern telecommunications and data networks also make extensive use of

1719: 1666: 1662: 1620: 1616: 1596: 1580: 1562: 1544: 1526: 1508: 1472: 1452: 1354: 1314: 1273: 1208: 1200: 1179:

for standard 33k modems. Compatible equipment was also required at the

1146: 1023: 913: 886: 805: 801: 693:

was used, with the call originator transmitting at 1,070 or 1,270

675: 564: 509: 501: 457: 449: 66: 5860: 5325: 5140: 4907: 4790: 4745: 4565: 2856:

Internet, Tamsin Oxford 2009-12-26T11:00:00 359Z (26 December 2009).

2395: 2310: 2106: 2097: 2081: 1823: 1490: 1350: 850: 716:

Teletype machines were granted access to remote networks such as the

643: 600: 545: 470: 422: 276: 3328: 2611:(OFDM) to modulate a digital signal for transmission over the wire. 2522: 2220: 1234:

analog connection in order to maintain a high digital downstream of

827:

standards like this, and 2,400-bit/s operation was becoming common.

523: 5855: 5845: 5762: 5587: 5410: 4884: 4735: 4715: 4529: 3999: 3470:

International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT

2447: 2388: 2173: 2002: 1911: 1870: 1677: 1332: 1310: 1292: 1278: 1211:

standard was approved by ITU in November 2000 and utilized digital

1161: 1097:

By the time technology companies began to investigate speeds above

926:'s chip division developed a new driver chip set incorporating the 909: 854: 781:, which was integrated into devices from many other manufacturers. 663: 441: 63: 4650: 1740:

Virtually all modems produced after the 1980s are direct-connect.

1724:

directly into the phone line rather than via an acoustic coupler.

5850: 5835: 5053: 4740: 3533: 2055: 1673: 1153: 974: 927: 882: 686: 572: 568: 4140: 4084: 2496:(ONT) or optical network unit (ONU). These are commonly used in 697:

and the answering modem transmitting at 2,025 or 2,225 Hz.

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Telecommunications Transmission_Engineering Volume 2 Facilities

4451: 2651:

possible, but significantly, short-haul modems can be used for

2492:

A device that connects to a fiber optic network is known as an

2428: 2380: 2377: 2352: 2062: 1157: 1082: 1027: 1008: 816: 656: 3394:"concordia.ca – Data Communication and Computer Networks" 2077: 1669:

to achieve speeds greater than 56k over ordinary phone lines.

957: 881:

Transmitting at 1,200 baud produced the 4,800 bit/s

5865: 5802: 5110: 4894: 4889: 4834: 4818: 4795: 4354:"Researchers double throughput of long-distance fiber optics" 3469: 2710: 2622: 2596: 2420: 2298: 2189: 1978: 1661:

to achieve higher effective throughput for the same bitrate.

743: 694: 415: 4125:(Second ed.). AT&T Bell Laboratories. p. 199. 5807: 4725: 2592: 2408: 2404: 2325: 2294: 2149: 2126: 1289: 1261: 862: 789: 587:

Later developments would produce modems that operated over

497: 2603:

using existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines, and

1817: 2443: 2007: 1885: 1807:

models would become available, sometimes known simply as

897: 627: 611:

A dial-up modem transmits computer data over an ordinary

30:"Computer modem" redirects here. Not to be confused with 2846:). Section "400-Style (Touch-Tone) Modems". pp. 177–178. 2203:

Broadband modems may also handle authentication such as

1215:

technology to increase the upload speed to a maximum of

1090:

In the late 1990s, technologies to achieve speeds above

4065:(Second ed.). AT&T Bell Laboratories. p. 2634:

cable is a specially wired cable connected between the

2488:

An ONT providing data, telephone and television service

2424: 678:

frequencies, such as Bell 400-style touch-tone modems.

3165:. New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 68–69. 1164:

to develop what they called "K56Flex" or just "Flex".

885:

standard, and at 2,400 baud the 9,600 bit/s

785: 713:, designed to be built using readily available parts. 390:

such as telephone or radio. A modem transmits data by

4600: 3728:"801A Automatic Calling Unit Interface Specification" 2285:

A bluetooth radio module with built-in antenna (left)

2065:, interfaces, the faster wideband modems used, e.g., 1171:

The retail price of these early 56k modems was about

622:

Dial-up service has since been largely superseded by

3844:"Modem-HOWTO – Modems for a Linux PC • tldp.Docs.sk" 1687:

These accelerated downloads are integrated into the

1226:

upstream rate would reduce the downstream as low as

1126:

encoding that could survive the digitizing process.

492:

Historically, modems were often classified by their

456:, especially in the late 1990s and the emergence of 4166:"What's the Difference between a Modem and Router?" 3941:"SIP Software Modem - Modem without an analog line" 1877:inexpensive software instead of expensive hardware 37:For the French political party known as Modem, see 4434:"ClariPhy targets 400G with new 16-nm DSP silicon" 3965:"Software Publishing Association Unveils New Data" 3704:"The Modem | Invention & Technology Magazine" 1222:The high upload speed was a tradeoff. Use of the 735:was a synchronous modem using two-bit-per-symbol 6001: 3218:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–132. 3211: 2061:While the slower leased line modems used, e.g., 4538:: Data communication over the telephone network 4351: 3329:"Data communication over the telephone network" 1186: 2599:, provides a high-speed (up to 1 Gbit/s) 2457:The CDMA (EVDO) versions do not typically use 1924: 1249: 4923: 4666: 4586: 4431: 4119:Engineering and Operations in the Bell System 4059:Engineering and Operations in the Bell System 3175: 3146:Herzog, Marty (January 1988). "Neil Harris". 2046:of wires connected at two distant locations. 1140: 1110:of waveforms that could be reliably encoded. 351: 4298:"Sierra Wireless Compass 885 HSUPA 3G modem" 4213:hp.com/us-en/shop/tech-takes/modem-vs-router 2403:Modems which use a mobile telephone system ( 2328:, and are also in common use for high-speed 2029:modulation much like early computer modems. 1706: 1657:Many dial-up modems implement standards for 954:, but neither non-standard modem sold well. 481:, sometimes abbreviated "bps") or rarely in 5938:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3274:"V.92: Enhancements to Recommendation V.90" 3180:. Indianapolis, Ind.: Prompt. p. 185. 2880:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2551:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2249:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2134:) at the telephone company central office. 1855:, a similarly upgradable DSP-based design. 938:based on it. Introduced in January 1992 at 874:Additional improvements were introduced by 5974: 4930: 4916: 4673: 4659: 4593: 4579: 4387:(26). Optical Society of America: B784-9. 4224:"Modem vs. Router: What's the Difference?" 3992: 3685: 3212:Greenstein, Shane; Stango, Victor (2006). 3128: 3111: 3036: 3019: 3002: 2985: 2962:"Lockheed MAC 16 options reference manual" 2609:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing 1858:As this design trend spread, both terms – 1798: 1060:modems. This rate is near the theoretical 358: 344: 4544:– V.22, V.22bis, V.32 and V.34 handshakes 4536:International Telecommunication Union ITU 4400: 4249:"Modem vs Router: What's the Difference?" 4108: 4048: 3957: 3244:"Agreement reached on 56K Modem standard" 3207: 3205: 2571:Learn how and when to remove this message 2269:Learn how and when to remove this message 2138:usage over the same line simultaneously. 1977:and an uncompressed audio codec (such as 1067: 4472:. Noika. 12 October 2016. Archived from 3605: 3346: 3053: 2858:"Getting connected: a history of modems" 2855: 2621: 2483: 2446:wireless modems come with an integrated 2394: 2372: 2280: 2086: 2076: 1827: 1753: 1698: 1635:Server-side web compression (variable) ( 1081: 968: 956: 908: 773:A significant advance in modems was the 759: 642: 522: 47: 4522:Hayes-compatible Modems and AT Commands 4334:from the original on September 27, 2016 3326: 2813: 1818:Controller-based modems vs. soft modems 1771:allowed customers to attach any device 1665:is an example used in conjunction with 834:practical. This led to rapid growth of 536:Modems grew out of the need to connect 14: 6025:Computer-related introductions in 1958 6002: 4937: 4548:Getting connected: a history of modems 4526:Serial Data Communications Programming 4440:from the original on November 9, 2016. 4364:from the original on November 9, 2016. 4324:"Laptop Users Still Prefer USB Modems" 4321: 4228:Wirecutter: Reviews for the Real World 3971:. May 1994. p. 12. Archived from 3308:from the original on 20 September 2012 3202: 3145: 2788: 2739: 2701:List of ITU-T V-series recommendations 1851:Subsequently, USRobotics released the 961:V.34 modem implemented as an internal 764:The original 300-baud Hayes Smartmodem 4911: 4654: 4574: 4554:Difference between Modems and Routers 4352:Michael Kassner (February 10, 2015). 3657: 3655: 3629: 3627: 3466:International Telecommunication Union 3248:International Telecommunication Union 2816:"3% of Americans use dial-up at home" 2791:"The unrecognizable Internet of 1996" 2032: 1952: 1193:International Telecommunication Union 930:standard and aggressively priced it. 386:into a format suitable for an analog 5984: 3160: 2945:"Bell 103A Interface Specifications" 2595:standard for instance, developed by 2549:adding citations to reliable sources 2516: 2247:adding citations to reliable sources 2214: 2114:) technologies and cable broadband. 1743: 4680: 3686:Enterprise, I. D. G. (1975-11-12). 3608:"How To Enable Turbo Mode in Opera" 3254:from the original on 2 October 2017 3112:Enterprise, I. D. G. (1987-03-30). 3037:Enterprise, I. D. G. (1981-04-27). 3020:Enterprise, I. D. G. (1977-11-14). 3003:Enterprise, I. D. G. (1986-02-17). 2986:Enterprise, I. D. G. (1976-09-27). 2645: 2358: 1895: 1714:Hush-A-Phone Corp. v. United States 1371:2,000 bit/s (1000 baud) (Bell 201A) 1195:(ITU) announced the draft of a new 893:was 1,650 Hz in both systems. 41:. For the ancient Hebrew city, see 24: 4542:Basic handshakes & modulations 3652: 3633: 3624: 2814:Brenner, Joanna (21 August 2013). 2512: 1438:4,800 bit/s (1600 baud, Bell 208B) 599:, as well as modems that achieved 544:–based teleprinters and automated 531: 25: 6046: 4515: 3516:"Bonding: 112K, 168K, and beyond" 3513: 3425:"Group 3 Facsimile Communication" 3369:"29.2 Historical Modem Protocols" 3302:November and October 2000 updates 2180:Eventually, ISPs began providing 1615:Hardware compression (variable) ( 1595:Hardware compression (variable) ( 1561:56 kbit/s (8000/8000 baud) ( 1543:56 kbit/s (8000/3429 baud) ( 1041:, as opposed to purpose-designed 916:Sportster 14,400 Fax Modem (1994) 448:lines and short-range signals in 5983: 5973: 5964: 5963: 5952: 5573:Free-space optical communication 4566:Polish proxies made on 4G modems 4432:Stephen Hardy (March 17, 2016). 3427:. garretwilson.com. 2013-09-20. 3232:from the original on 2017-03-24. 2716:Time Independent Escape Sequence 2521: 2479: 2219: 1844:In 1993, Digicom introduced the 1579:Bonding modem (two 56k modems) ( 997: 988: 674:Some early modems were based on 452:on telephone lines. The move to 374:or most commonly referred to as 73: 4488: 4462: 4444: 4425: 4368: 4345: 4322:Lawson, Stephen (May 2, 2011). 4315: 4304:from the original on 2013-01-04 4290: 4279:from the original on 2013-05-10 4265: 4241: 4216: 4207: 4182: 4158: 4102: 4042: 4018: 3986: 3933: 3909: 3893:"ITU-T Recommendation database" 3885: 3860: 3836: 3811: 3786: 3762: 3737: 3720: 3696: 3679: 3606:Holcombe, Jeremy (2019-05-01). 3599: 3574: 3550: 3526: 3507: 3476: 3442: 3431:from the original on 2014-02-03 3417: 3386: 3375:from the original on 2014-01-02 3335:from the original on 2014-01-27 3320: 3290: 3266: 3236: 3169: 3154: 3150:. Comics Interview (54): 41–51. 3139: 3122: 3105: 3080: 3047: 3030: 3013: 2996: 2979: 2954: 2148:Other broadband modems include 1991:Software Publishers Association 876:quadrature amplitude modulation 4615:ITU-T V-series recommendations 3866: 3582:"How High-speed Dial-up Works" 2937: 2913: 2888: 2849: 2832: 2807: 2782: 2758: 2733: 2686:Command and Data modes (modem) 2332:links to outlying areas where 2188:, security features, and even 2163: 1908:computer telephony integration 1652: 1525:33.6 kbit/s (3429 baud) ( 1507:28.8 kbit/s (3200 baud) ( 1489:19.2 kbit/s (2400 baud) ( 1471:14.4 kbit/s (2400 baud) ( 709:. A lower-cost option was the 440:The rise of public use of the 13: 1: 3129:Enterprise, I. D. G. (1987). 3076:– via Internet Archive. 2789:Manjoo, Farhad (2009-02-24). 2727: 2617: 2054:1.5 Mbit/s, a full data 1984: 1940:Simple Packet Relay Transport 5959:Telecommunication portal 5740:Telecommunications equipment 4624: 2072: 2042:not terminate at the telco. 2021:devices are a subset of the 1969:(VoIP) connection through a 1187:Standardized 56k (V.90/V.92) 1086:Dial-up modem bank at an ISP 520:phase, or during operation. 506:audio frequency-shift keying 39:Democratic Movement (France) 7: 5476:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 3298:"V.92 – News & Updates" 3215:Standards and Public Policy 2740:Bellis, Mary (2017-12-31). 2696:List of interface bit rates 2663: 1925:Modem Over IP (Modem Relay) 1250:Evolution of dial-up speeds 788:, and via modems using the 685:standard was introduced by 437:, reaching 56 kbit/s. 10: 6051: 5180:Telecommunications history 4330:. IDG Consumer & SMB. 4194:Business Insider Australia 3663:"The History of the Modem" 2399:Huawei 4G+ Dual Band Modem 2387:) USB wireless modem from 2362: 2291:direct broadcast satellite 2013: 1821: 1762:acoustically coupled modem 1747: 1181:Internet service providers 1141:Early 56k dial-up products 633: 606: 596: 384:data from a digital format 267:Capacity-approaching codes 36: 29: 5947: 5889: 5826: 5788:Public Switched Telephone 5748: 5712: 5669: 5610: 5600:telecommunication circuit 5561:Fiber-optic communication 5544: 5306:Francis Blake (telephone) 5253: 5101:Optical telecommunication 4945: 4827: 4809: 4781: 4688: 4610: 4026:"MODEMS lease line modem" 3518:. 56K.COM. Archived from 3450:"Recommendation V.27 ter" 2117:DSL technologies such as 1965:) do exist. Leveraging a 1707:Directly connected modems 1451:9,600 bit/s (2400 baud) ( 1420:4,800 bit/s (1600 baud) ( 1403:2,400 bit/s (1200 baud) ( 1331:1,200 bit/s (1200 baud) ( 1257:list of device bandwidths 1007:External V.34 modem with 464: 6035:Physical layer protocols 5699:Orbital angular-momentum 5136:Satellite communications 4975:Communications satellite 3708:www.inventionandtech.com 2840:"TV Typewriter Cookbook" 2656:line would be overkill. 2494:optical network terminal 2463:Electronic Serial Number 2210: 1881:or discrete components. 1385:2,400 bit/s (600 baud) ( 1349:1,200 bit/s (600 baud) ( 904: 768: 723: 669: 638: 5578:Molecular communication 5401:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 5230:Undersea telegraph line 4965:Cable protection system 4629: 4109:R. F. Rey, ed. (1984). 4049:R. F. Rey, ed. (1984). 3054:Jennings, Fred (1986). 2112:digital subscriber line 1998:for the past 20 years. 1934:packet type defined as 1799:Automatic calling units 1734:Data Access Arrangement 973:V.34 data/fax modem as 786:Automatic Calling Units 718:Teletypewriter Exchange 617:dial-up internet access 473:, usually expressed in 204:Hierarchical modulation 6020:Bulletin board systems 5720:Communication protocol 5506:Charles Sumner Tainter 5321:Walter Houser Brattain 5266:Edwin Howard Armstrong 5074:Information revolution 3327:tsbmail (2011-04-15). 3176:Ross, John A. (2001). 3161:Held, Gilbert (2000). 2742:"History of the Modem" 2627: 2489: 2400: 2392: 2369:Mobile broadband modem 2286: 2092: 2084: 1936:State Signaling Events 1833: 1793:Automatic Calling Unit 1763: 1191:In February 1998, The 1087: 981: 966: 924:Rockwell International 917: 845:systems with internal 808:) into the mid-1980s. 765: 691:Frequency-shift keying 648: 603:over telephone lines. 589:cable television lines 528: 57: 43:Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut 5694:Polarization-division 5426:Narinder Singh Kapany 5391:Erna Schneider Hoover 5311:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5291:Alexander Graham Bell 5022:online video platform 4111:"6.2.1 Basic Concept" 4051:"2.2.3 Data Products" 3969:Computer Gaming World 2625: 2487: 2398: 2376: 2284: 2090: 2080: 1831: 1757: 1699:Methods of attachment 1085: 972: 960: 912: 859:bulletin board system 763: 646: 526: 412:light-emitting diodes 402:, while the receiver 382:device that converts 372:modulator-demodulator 51: 6030:Logical link control 5536:Vladimir K. Zworykin 5496:Almon Brown Strowger 5466:Charles Grafton Page 5121:Prepaid mobile phone 5049:Electrical telegraph 4640:Hayes AT command set 4402:10.1364/oe.19.00b784 4030:www.data-connect.com 3472:). pp. 148–160. 2607:). G.hn devices use 2545:improve this section 2243:improve this section 2182:residential gateways 841:The introduction of 6015:American inventions 5486:Johann Philipp Reis 5245:Wireless revolution 5207:The Telephone Cases 5064:Hydraulic telegraph 4828:Long range wireless 4393:2011OExpr..19B.784O 3634:Shimpi, Anand Lal. 3250:. 9 February 1998. 2820:Pew Research Center 2671:56 kbit/s line 2336:is not economical. 1769:Hush-a-Phone ruling 936:SupraFAXModem 14400 861:(BBS). The seminal 454:cellular telephones 400:digital information 388:transmission medium 5684:Frequency-division 5661:Telephone exchange 5531:Charles Wheatstone 5461:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 5436:Innocenzo Manzetti 5371:Reginald Fessenden 5106:Optical telegraphy 4939:Telecommunications 4601:Telephone network 4476:on 9 November 2016 4275:. 3gmodem.com.hk. 2628: 2626:Null modem adapter 2601:local area network 2589:powerline ethernet 2583:Although the name 2490: 2435:, USB modems, and 2401: 2393: 2287: 2093: 2085: 2033:Leased-line modems 1953:Cloud-based Modems 1853:Sportster Winmodem 1846:Connection 96 Plus 1834: 1773:to a telephone set 1764: 1088: 982: 967: 918: 766: 737:phase-shift keying 711:Pennywhistle modem 649: 647:TeleGuide terminal 624:broadband internet 601:much higher speeds 597:radio technologies 563:developed a voice 554:news wire services 529: 514:phase-shift keying 398:signals to encode 126:Digital modulation 58: 5997: 5996: 5735:Store and forward 5730:Data transmission 5644:Network switching 5595:Transmission line 5441:Guglielmo Marconi 5406:Internet pioneers 5271:Mohamed M. Atalla 5240:Whistled language 4905: 4904: 4648: 4647: 4500:www.trine2.net.au 3692:. IDG Enterprise. 3640:www.anandtech.com 3225:978-1-139-46075-0 3135:. IDG Enterprise. 3118:. IDG Enterprise. 3043:. IDG Enterprise. 3026:. IDG Enterprise. 3009:. IDG Enterprise. 2992:. IDG Enterprise. 2581: 2580: 2573: 2498:fiber to the home 2279: 2278: 2271: 1981:μ-law or a-law). 1744:Acoustic couplers 1682:lossy compression 1650: 1649: 1131:digital-to-analog 1064:of a phone line. 1021:28,800 bit/s 891:carrier frequency 869:Echo cancellation 811:Commodore's 1982 779:Hayes command set 707:Anderson-Jacobson 431:telephone handset 380:computer hardware 368: 367: 83:Analog modulation 16:(Redirected from 6042: 5987: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5967: 5966: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5828:Notable networks 5818:Wireless network 5758:Cellular network 5750:Types of network 5725:Computer network 5612:Network topology 5526:Thomas A. Watson 5381:Oliver Heaviside 5366:Philo Farnsworth 5341:Daniel Davis Jr. 5316:Charles Bourseul 5276:John Logie Baird 4985:Data compression 4980:Computer network 4932: 4925: 4918: 4909: 4908: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4404: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4300:. The Register. 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4150: 4148: 4124: 4115: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4003:. Archived from 3993:Suzanne Choney. 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3917:"Iicwg Scip 216" 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3823:Internet Archive 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3798:Internet Archive 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3749:Internet Archive 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3631: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3495: 3489:. Archived from 3488: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3463: 3454: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3405: 3399:. Archived from 3398: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3365: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3209: 3200: 3199: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3148:Fictioneer Books 3143: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3092:Internet Archive 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2973: 2966:Internet Archive 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2925:Internet Archive 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2907: 2900:Internet Archive 2892: 2886: 2885: 2879: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2853: 2847: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2737: 2646:Short-haul modem 2576: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2525: 2517: 2437:cellular routers 2365:Mobile broadband 2359:Mobile broadband 2330:computer network 2274: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2223: 2215: 2154:satellite modems 1947:Secure Telephony 1896:Voice/fax modems 1839:controller-based 1777:acoustic coupler 1750:Acoustic coupler 1659:data compression 1267: 1266: 1243:dial-up Internet 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1218: 1198: 1178: 1174: 1125: 1100: 1099:33.6 kbit/s 1093: 1092:33.6 kbit/s 1078: 1070: 1059: 1058:33.6 kbit/s 1055: 1022: 1001: 992: 945: 941: 775:Hayes Smartmodem 483:bytes per second 446:cable television 360: 353: 346: 77: 60: 59: 53:Acoustic coupler 21: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5953: 5951: 5943: 5885: 5822: 5744: 5708: 5665: 5614: 5606: 5547: 5540: 5446:Robert Metcalfe 5301:Tim Berners-Lee 5249: 5069:Information Age 4941: 4936: 4906: 4901: 4823: 4805: 4777: 4684: 4682:Internet access 4679: 4649: 4644: 4606: 4599: 4518: 4513: 4504: 4502: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4430: 4426: 4373: 4369: 4350: 4346: 4337: 4335: 4320: 4316: 4307: 4305: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4282: 4280: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4257: 4255: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4233: 4231: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4199: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4174: 4172: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4146: 4144: 4133: 4122: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4090: 4088: 4077: 4062: 4053: 4047: 4043: 4034: 4032: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4010: 4008: 3991: 3987: 3978: 3976: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3949: 3947: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3925: 3923: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3901: 3899: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3877: 3875: 3865: 3861: 3852: 3850: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3803: 3801: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3778: 3776: 3774:support.usr.com 3768: 3767: 3763: 3754: 3752: 3745:"Computerworld" 3743: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3712: 3710: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3684: 3680: 3671: 3669: 3661: 3660: 3653: 3644: 3642: 3632: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3604: 3600: 3591: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3566: 3564: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3540: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3512: 3508: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3464:. YELLOW BOOK. 3461: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3434: 3432: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3378: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3347: 3338: 3336: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3280: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3226: 3210: 3203: 3188: 3174: 3170: 3159: 3155: 3144: 3140: 3127: 3123: 3110: 3106: 3097: 3095: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3052: 3048: 3035: 3031: 3018: 3014: 3001: 2997: 2984: 2980: 2971: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2905: 2903: 2896:"Computerworld" 2894: 2893: 2889: 2873: 2872: 2866: 2864: 2854: 2850: 2838:Don Lancaster. 2837: 2833: 2824: 2822: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2797: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2772: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2750: 2748: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2691:Fax demodulator 2666: 2648: 2620: 2577: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2542: 2526: 2515: 2513:Home networking 2482: 2465:(ESN) instead. 2461:cards, but use 2371: 2361: 2275: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2240: 2224: 2213: 2166: 2075: 2035: 2016: 1987: 1959:Microsoft Azure 1955: 1927: 1898: 1826: 1820: 1801: 1752: 1746: 1709: 1701: 1655: 1252: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1216: 1196: 1189: 1176: 1172: 1143: 1123: 1098: 1091: 1076: 1073: 1068: 1057: 1050: 1039:microcontroller 1020: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1004: 1003: 1002: 994: 993: 943: 939: 907: 847:expansion slots 836:online services 771: 746:introduced the 742:In early 1973, 726: 672: 641: 636: 609: 534: 532:Overall history 475:bits per second 467: 364: 227:Spread spectrum 46: 35: 32:Computer Modern 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6048: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5981: 5971: 5961: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5679:Space-division 5675: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5629: 5624: 5618: 5616: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5516:Camille Tissot 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5491:Claude Shannon 5488: 5483: 5481:Tivadar Puskás 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5451:Antonio Meucci 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5421:Charles K. Kao 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5396:Harold Hopkins 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5296:Emile Berliner 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5235:Videotelephony 5232: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5138: 5133: 5131:Radiotelephone 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5017:Internet video 5009: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4951: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4935: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4815: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4678: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4655: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4598: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4517: 4516:External links 4514: 4512: 4511: 4487: 4461: 4458:. 17 Mar 2016. 4443: 4424: 4381:Optics Express 4367: 4344: 4314: 4289: 4264: 4240: 4215: 4206: 4181: 4157: 4131: 4101: 4075: 4041: 4017: 3985: 3956: 3932: 3908: 3884: 3859: 3835: 3825:. 17 June 1996 3810: 3785: 3761: 3736: 3719: 3695: 3678: 3667:Techopedia.com 3651: 3623: 3598: 3573: 3549: 3525: 3522:on 1997-12-10. 3506: 3475: 3441: 3416: 3385: 3345: 3319: 3289: 3265: 3235: 3224: 3201: 3186: 3168: 3153: 3138: 3121: 3104: 3079: 3066: 3046: 3029: 3012: 2995: 2978: 2953: 2936: 2912: 2887: 2848: 2831: 2806: 2795:Slate Magazine 2781: 2757: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2647: 2644: 2619: 2616: 2605:coaxial cables 2579: 2578: 2529: 2527: 2520: 2514: 2511: 2481: 2478: 2448:SIM cardholder 2360: 2357: 2277: 2276: 2227: 2225: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2165: 2162: 2074: 2071: 2034: 2031: 2015: 2012: 1986: 1983: 1954: 1951: 1949:applications. 1926: 1923: 1897: 1894: 1822:Main article: 1819: 1816: 1800: 1797: 1745: 1742: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1456: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1285: 1284: 1283:Year released 1281: 1276: 1271: 1251: 1248: 1236:50 kbit/s 1228:40 kbit/s 1224:48 kbit/s 1217:48 kbit/s 1197:56 kbit/s 1188: 1185: 1175:, compared to 1142: 1139: 1124:56 kbit/s 1077:56 kbit/s 1072: 1069:56 kbit/s 1066: 1006: 1005: 996: 995: 987: 986: 985: 984: 983: 906: 903: 770: 767: 725: 722: 671: 668: 640: 637: 635: 632: 608: 605: 595:, and various 567:system called 556:in the 1920s. 533: 530: 504:standard used 496:, measured in 466: 463: 366: 365: 363: 362: 355: 348: 340: 337: 336: 335: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 261: 260: 256: 255: 254: 253: 248: 243: 238: 230: 229: 223: 222: 221: 220: 215: 207: 206: 200: 199: 198: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 129: 128: 122: 121: 120: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 86: 85: 79: 78: 70: 69: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6047: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6005: 5990: 5982: 5980: 5972: 5970: 5962: 5960: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5939: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5704:Code-division 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5689:Time-division 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615:and switching 5613: 5609: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5566:optical fiber 5564: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5556:Coaxial cable 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5471:Radia Perlman 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5361:Lee de Forest 5359: 5357: 5356:Thomas Edison 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5346:Donald Davies 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5331:Claude Chappe 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5175:Smoke signals 5173: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5153:Semiconductor 5151: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5012:Digital media 5010: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 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LIGHTWAVE. 4435: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4210: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4154: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4132:0-932764-04-5 4128: 4121: 4120: 4112: 4105: 4098: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4076:0-932764-04-5 4072: 4068: 4061: 4060: 4052: 4045: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4007:on 2013-01-01 4006: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3975:on 2014-07-03 3974: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3946: 3945:www.vocal.com 3942: 3936: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3733:. 1964-03-01. 3729: 3723: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3691: 3690: 3689:Computerworld 3682: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3628: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3587: 3586:HowStuffWorks 3583: 3577: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3539: 3538:www.linfo.org 3535: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3496:on 2007-03-06 3492: 3485: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3459: 3451: 3445: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3406:on 2006-10-07 3402: 3395: 3389: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3208: 3206: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3187:0-7906-1225-9 3183: 3179: 3172: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3133: 3132:Computerworld 3125: 3117: 3116: 3115:Computerworld 3108: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3069: 3067:9780632013067 3063: 3059: 3058: 3050: 3042: 3041: 3040:Computerworld 3033: 3025: 3024: 3023:Computerworld 3016: 3008: 3007: 3006:Computerworld 2999: 2991: 2990: 2989:Computerworld 2982: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2946: 2940: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2883: 2877: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2844:TV Typewriter 2841: 2835: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2747: 2746:ThoughtCo.com 2743: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 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