279:
27:
677:. Now, once tragedy had lost the genius of music, tragedy in the strictest sense was dead: for where was that metaphysical consolation now to be found? Hence an earthly resolution for tragic dissonance was sought; the hero, having been adequately tormented by fate, won his well-earned reward in a stately marriage and tokens of divine honour. The hero had become a gladiator, granted freedom once he had been satisfactorily flayed and scarred. Metaphysical consolation had been ousted by the
1740:
583:. A contrivance must be used for matters outside the drama — either previous events, which are beyond human knowledge, or later ones that need to be foretold or announced. For we grant that the gods can see everything. There should be nothing improbable in the incidents; otherwise, it should be outside the tragedy, e.g., that in
718:
and described its use as an integral part of the plot, designed for a specific purpose. Often, Euripides' plays would begin with gods, so it is argued that it would be natural for the gods to finish the action. The conflict throughout
Euripides' plays would be caused by the meddling of the gods, so
706:
surveyed and recorded other late 19th-century responses to the device. He recorded that some of the critical responses to the term referred to it as 'burlesque', 'coup de théâtre', and 'catastrophe'. Verrall notes that critics have a dismissive response to authors who deploy the device in their
572:
In the characters, too, exactly as in the structure of the incidents, ought always to seek what is either necessary or probable, so that it is either necessary or probable that a person of such-and-such a sort say or do things of the same sort, and it is either necessary or probable that this
356:
to describe the technique as a device to resolve the plot of tragedies. It is said by one person to be undesirable in writing and often implies a lack of creativity on the part of the author. The reasons for this are that it damages the story's internal logic and is often so unlikely that it
1583:'s self-replicating machine, it is imagined that the machine has a mechanical program and equipment to first manufacture the components of a watch and then to assemble these parts into a new, functioning, offspring watch that inherits the ability to replicate itself from the parent watch.
152:
whereby a seemingly unsolvable problem in a story is suddenly or abruptly resolved by an unexpected and unlikely occurrence. Its function is generally to resolve an otherwise irresolvable plot situation, to surprise the audience, to bring the tale to a
608:
Aristotle praised
Euripides, however, for generally ending his plays with bad fortune, which he viewed as correct in tragedy, and somewhat excused the intervention of a deity by suggesting that "astonishment" should be sought in tragic drama:
670:
of the new dramas. At the end of the old tragedies there was a sense of metaphysical conciliation without which it is impossible to imagine our taking delight in tragedy; perhaps the conciliatory tones from another world echo most purely in
726:
Other champions of the device believe that it can be a spectacular agent of subversion. It can be used to undercut generic conventions and challenge cultural assumptions and the privileged role of tragedy as a literary/theatrical model.
269:
The device produced an immediate emotional response in Greek audiences. They would have a feeling of wonder and astonishment at the appearance of the gods, which would often add to the moral effect of the drama.
723:, therefore it was not simply a device to relieve the playwright of the embarrassment of a confusing plot-ending. This device enabled him to bring about a natural and more dignified dramatic and tragic ending.
183: 'god from the machine'. The term was coined from the conventions of ancient Greek theater, where actors who were playing gods were brought on stage using a machine. The machine could be either a crane (
448:
used the device when Rose Maylie turns out to be the long-lost sister of Agnes, and therefore Oliver's aunt; she marries her long-time sweetheart Harry, allowing Oliver to live happily with his savior Mr.
719:
it would make sense both to the playwright and to the audience of the time that the gods would resolve all conflict that they began. Half of
Euripides' eighteen extant plays end with the use of
627:(lines 191–2), where he instructs poets that they should never resort to a "god from the machine" to resolve their plots "unless a difficulty worthy of a god's unraveling should happen" .
193:
introduced the idea and it was used often to resolve the conflict and conclude the drama. The device is associated mostly with Greek tragedy, although it also appeared in comedies.
613:
Irrationalities should be referred to what people say: That is one solution, and also sometimes that it is not irrational, since it is probable that improbable things will happen.
508:
device is often criticized as inartistic, too convenient, and overly simplistic. However, champions of the device say that it opens up ideological and artistic possibilities.
742:
complicates the lives and attitudes of characters confronted by the deity, while simultaneously bringing the drama home to its audience. Sometimes, the unlikeliness of the
323:
where a character breaks the action and rewrites the ending as a reprieve from hanging for MacHeath. During the politically turbulent 17th and 18th centuries, the
958:
Chondros, Thomas G.; Milidonis, Kypros; Vitzilaios, George; Vaitsis, John (September 2013). ""Deus-Ex-Machina" reconstruction in the Athens theater of
Dionysus".
375:
writers
Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely admitted the time travel plot device in the 2019 film was the result of having written themselves into a corner in
1130:
573:
happen after that one. It is obvious that the solutions of plots, too, should come about as a result of the plot itself, and not from a contrivance, as in the
457:: The Martians in H. G. Wells's novel have destroyed everything in their path and apparently triumphed over humanity, but they are suddenly killed by bacteria.
1318:
1096:
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creates a false sense of consolation that ought not to be sought in phenomena. His denigration of the plot device has prevailed in critical opinion.
650:
by use of the device, and was highly skeptical of the "Greek cheerfulness", prompting what he viewed as the plays' "blissful delight in life". The
1108:
2449:
1085:
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814:
262:
parodies
Euripides' frequent use of the crane by making Euripides himself a character in the play and bringing him on stage by way of the
734:
cannot be viewed in these simplified terms, and contends that the device allows mortals to "probe" their relationship with the divine.
1157:
380:
2778:
436:. The abrupt ending conveys the terrible fate that would have afflicted the children if the officer had not arrived at that moment.
711:
is evidence of the author's attempt to ruin the whole of his work and to prevent anyone from putting any importance on his work.
2461:
218:
in their resolution and some critics claim that
Euripides invented it, not Aeschylus. A frequently cited example is Euripides'
1744:
327:
was sometimes used to make a controversial thesis more palatable to the powers of the day. For example, in the final scene of
1694:
1634:
470:, the phrase is often used for supposedly "magical remedies" which are not likely to work in practice. For instance, in the
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because "her late arrival to the final battle ... feels like a function of her powers being too strong".
1591:
hypothesis did not have a theological motivation. Instead, it grew out of a puzzle in computer theory.
933:: ἀπὸ μηχανῆϛ θεὸς ἐπεφάνηϛ "You are by your epiphany a veritable god from the machine", as quoted in
3095:
2891:
2155:
1754:
1642:
Poetics with
Tractatus Coislinianus, Reconstruction of Poetics II and the Fragments of the On Poets.
1359:
Breton, Rob (Summer 2005). "Ghosts in the
Machina: Plotting in Chartist and Working-Class Fiction".
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781:
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246:, the heroine agrees to give up her own life to spare the life of her husband Admetus. At the end,
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plot device is employed deliberately. Note for example the comic effect generated in a scene in
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2399:
1556:. Controversies in Science. Santa Barbara, California: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 155.
1443:
1206:
The
Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders, Volume 1
376:
1209:
337:, the heroes are saved from a terrible fate by an agent of the compassionate, all-seeing King
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In 2006, when electronic fetal heart monitoring was being touted as a preventive measure for
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was a sign that the playwright was unable to properly manage the complications of his plot.
352:(in the Poetics 15 1454b1) was the first to use a Greek term equivalent to the Latin phrase
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1991:
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39:, performed in 2009 in Syracuse, Italy; the sun god sends a golden chariot to rescue Medea.
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2003:
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as an inept plot device, although it continued to be employed by Renaissance dramatists.
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189:) used to lower actors from above or a riser that brought them up through a trapdoor.
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Abel, D. Herbert (December 1954). "Euripides' Deus ex Machina: Fault or Excellence".
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1663:. Classical Antiquity, Vol 9, October 1990, pp 247–294. University of California.
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Thought experiments and speculations in theology, computer science, robotics and
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for terminal COVID-19 patients was suggested, it was immediately denounced as a
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1391:"Shaw's response to the deus ex machina: From the Quintessence of Ibsenism to
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appears and seizes Alcestis from Death, restoring her to life and to Admetus.
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2018:
2013:
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906:"God Out of the Machine – Theatrical Literary Devices - Oxford Study Courses"
206:
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556:, 425d, though it is made in the context of an argument unrelated to drama.
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Greene MF (November 2006). "Obstetricians still await a deus ex machina".
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was one of the device's earliest critics. He believed that the use of the
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Characters ascend into heaven to become gods at the end of the 1650 play
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341:– the same king who held Molière's career and livelihood in his hands.
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1964:
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Actors on High: The Skene roof, the Crane and the Gods in Attic Drama
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1981:
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One of the earliest occurrences of the phrase is in fragment 227 of
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technology have considered the possibilities and consequences of a
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Even The Avengers: Endgame Writers Admit Time Travel Is Ludicrous
666:
But the new non-Dionysiac spirit is most clearly apparent in the
185:
1550:(21 June 2002). "Darwinism Developed: The Ontogeny of an Idea".
707:
writings. He comes to the conclusion that critics feel that the
383:
in the climax of the film has been criticized as bordering on a
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2726:
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2194:
1953:
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Following Aristotle, Renaissance critics continued to view the
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in particular cites examples of Greek tragedy in which the
100:
71:
63:
60:
994:
Cunningham, Maurice P. (July 1954). "Medea ΑΠΟ ΜΗΧΑΝΗΣ".
714:
However, other scholars have looked at Euripides' use of
546:
Another critical reference to the device can be found in
214:. More than half of Euripides' extant tragedies employ a
94:
88:
1097:
How did 'Avengers: Endgame' get Captain Marvel so wrong?
428:: A passing navy officer rescues the stranded children.
16:
Contrived device to resolve the plot of a dramatic work
1399:
Theatre: Ancient & Modern, January 1999 Conference
1132:
Fantasies of Time and Death: Dunsany, Eddison, Tolkien
730:
Some 20th-century revisionist criticism suggests that
646:
criticized Euripides for making tragedy an optimistic
1511:. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.
124:
115:
97:
91:
77:
74:
66:
54:
1232:
1193:. Harcourt Brace & Company, USA. pp. 44–45.
432:
called that a "gimmick"; other critics view it as a
57:
109:
106:
85:
82:
1233:Wadowski BJ, Bacchetta M, Kon ZN (December 2020).
662:music and ultimately caused the death of tragedy:
3077:
1520:
1518:
816:A Reader's Guide to Literary Terms: A Dictionary
210:but it became an established stage machine with
1610:. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
1064:
228:is a dragon-drawn chariot sent by the sun god
1784:
1515:
1384:
1382:
1226:
577:and in the passage about sailing home in the
273:
1553:Animals and Science: A Guide to the Debates
1275:
831:"Deus Ex Machina - Examples and Definition"
812:
160:
1791:
1777:
1506:
1379:
1125:
993:
813:Beckson, Karl E.; Ganz, Arthur F. (1961).
1354:
1352:
1258:
1197:
953:
951:
760:, is saved from a high fall by a passing
533:just like a finger they lift the machine
530:and have completely given up on the play
1316:
1235:"Beware the Deus Ex Machina of COVID-19"
1203:
1155:
277:
25:
1388:
1168:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 67–68.
1055:. 2003. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
654:as Nietzsche saw it was symptomatic of
148:; English "god from the machine") is a
3078:
2462:Types of fiction with multiple endings
1546:
1358:
1349:
1281:
1208:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
1188:
984:Rehm (1992, 72) and Walton (1984, 51).
948:
767:
1772:
1101:
658:culture, which valued knowledge over
139:
1487:
972:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2013.04.010
642:Toward the end of the 19th century,
511:
1166:William Golding's Lord of the Flies
1067:"Literary Terms and Definitions: D"
935:The Woman Possessed with a Divinity
630:
489:The New England Journal of Medicine
232:, used to convey his granddaughter
196:
13:
536:and the spectators are satisfied.
14:
3122:
2865:Third-person omniscient narrative
1732:
939:Menander: The Principal Fragments
617:Such a device was referred to by
527:when they don't know what to say
1738:
1715:Walton, J Michael, trans. 2000.
1389:Handley, Miriam (January 1999).
1251:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.08.001
1109:"Top 10 Deus Ex Machina moments"
50:
21:Deus ex machina (disambiguation)
1540:
1537:. Reelviews Movie Reviews. 2003
1527:
1509:The Greek Theatre and its Drama
1507:Flickinger, Roy Caston (1926).
1500:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1436:
1424:
1415:
1319:"In defence of deus ex machina"
1310:
1182:
1149:
1119:
1090:
1079:
1058:
1039:
1030:
987:
2253:Conflict between good and evil
1761:New International Encyclopedia
1317:Vaatmann, Veiko (2022-07-01).
1156:Friedman, Lawrence S. (2008).
978:
923:
898:
873:
848:
823:
806:
793:
461:
379:. Also, the sudden arrival of
344:
1:
1798:
1743:The dictionary definition of
1640:Janko, Richard, trans. 1987.
1621:Heath, Malcolm, trans. 1996.
1599:
1577:machina ex machina hypothesis
562:criticized the device in his
141:[ˈdɛ.ʊsɛksˈmaːkʰɪnaː]
1606:Bushnell, Rebecca ed. 2005.
1204:Westfahl, Gary, ed. (2005).
1191:A Glossary of Literary Terms
960:Mechanism and Machine Theory
749:Monty Python's Life of Brian
499:
240:to the safety of Athens. In
157:or act as a comedic device.
7:
1659:Mastronarde, Donald, 1990.
1533:James Berardinelli, James.
476:double lung transplantation
364:
10:
3127:
1681:Tanner, Michael ed. 2003.
1164:. In Bloom, Harold (ed.).
943:Francis Greenleaf Allinson
782:self-reproducing automaton
691:Nietzsche argued that the
274:Modern theatrical examples
18:
2928:
2900:
2892:Stream of unconsciousness
2835:
2579:
2470:
2423:Falling action/Catastasis
2368:
2273:
2208:
2131:
1943:
1806:
1433:11.5, Penguin (1996, 45).
752:when Brian, who lives in
700:Euripides the Rationalist
416:have been critiqued as a
2260:Self-fulfilling prophecy
1469:Nietzsche (2003, 84–86).
1323:Journal of Screenwriting
1189:Abrams, MH, ed. (1993).
885:Encyclopaedia Britannica
787:
357:challenges the reader's
304:Pericles, Prince of Tyre
161:Origin of the expression
2887:Stream of consciousness
2350:Suspension of disbelief
1755:"Deus ex Machina"
1702:Greek Tragedy in Action
1535:"Review: Life of Brian"
1444:"Ars Poetica by Horace"
1046:"Tartuffe: Novel Guide"
801:Random House Dictionary
704:Arthur Woollgar Verrall
359:suspension of disbelief
204:used the device in his
3111:Television terminology
3091:Latin literary phrases
2428:Denouement/Catastrophe
2409:Rising action/Epitasis
1700:Taplin, Oliver, 1978.
1648:. Cambridge: Hackett.
1608:A Companion to Tragedy
1158:"Grief, grief, grief:
910:oxfordstudycourses.com
689:
615:
606:
544:
472:2020 COVID-19 outbreak
289:
236:away from her husband
40:
3086:Ancient Greek theatre
2774:Utopian and dystopian
1670:. Routledge, London.
1490:The Classical Journal
1478:Nietzsche (2003, 80).
1460:Nietzsche (2003, 85).
1373:10.1353/vic.2006.0003
664:
611:
570:
525:
454:The War of the Worlds
401:The Lord of the Rings
281:
29:
3106:Narrative techniques
2328:Narrative techniques
2108:Story within a story
1920:Supporting character
1687:Nietzsche, Friedrich
1683:The Birth of Tragedy
1668:Greek Tragic Theatre
1587:'s development of a
1450:. 21 September 2017.
1335:10.1386/josc_00091_1
1129:(26 December 2019).
1065:Dr. L. Kip Wheeler.
181:(apò mēkhanês theós)
19:For other uses, see
3033:Political narrative
2875:Unreliable narrator
2732:Speculative fiction
2440:Nonlinear narrative
2388:Three-act structure
2248:Deal with the Devil
1719:. Methuen, London.
1704:. Methuen, London.
1689:. Penguin: London.
1629:. Penguin: London.
1296:10.1056/NEJMe068176
996:Classical Philology
937:, as translated in
912:. 14 September 2015
768:Associated concepts
686:Friedrich Nietzsche
644:Friedrich Nietzsche
295:uses the device in
3011:Narrative paradigm
3006:Narrative identity
2936:Dominant narrative
2882:Multiple narrators
2166:Fictional location
2009:Dramatic structure
1666:Rehm, Rush, 1992.
1589:machina ex machina
1051:2012-01-21 at the
778:machina ex machina
674:Oedipus at Colonus
603:, (1454a33–1454b9)
377:the previous movie
320:The Beggar's Opera
290:
41:
3073:
3072:
3016:Narrative therapy
2450:television series
2395:Freytag's Pyramid
2238:Moral development
2141:Alternate history
1851:False protagonist
1695:978-0-14-043339-5
1635:978-0-14-044636-4
1448:Poetry Foundation
1361:Victorian Studies
1290:(21): 2247–2248.
1160:Lord of the Flies
881:"Deus ex machina"
856:"deus ex machina"
512:Ancient criticism
425:Lord of the Flies
372:Avengers: Endgame
259:Thesmophoriazusae
3118:
3096:Plot (narrative)
2996:Literary science
2539:Narrative poetry
2435:Linear narrative
2345:Stylistic device
2340:Show, don't tell
2303:Figure of speech
2093:Shaggy dog story
1836:Characterization
1793:
1786:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1742:
1717:Euripides: Medea
1594:
1593:
1572:
1570:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1524:Rehm (1992, 71).
1522:
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1476:
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1467:
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1421:Janko (1987, 20)
1419:
1413:
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1393:Heartbreak House
1386:
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1356:
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1346:
1314:
1308:
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1245:(6): 1787–1788.
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1201:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1127:Vaninskaya, Anna
1123:
1117:
1116:
1111:. Archived from
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1099:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1056:
1043:
1037:
1036:Rehm (1992, 70).
1034:
1028:
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991:
985:
982:
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846:
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835:Literary Devices
827:
821:
820:
819:. Noonday Press.
810:
804:
797:
762:alien space-ship
687:
631:Modern criticism
604:
542:
492:denounced it as
480:deus ex machina.
396:J. R. R. Tolkien
197:Ancient examples
179:ἀπὸ μηχανῆς θεός
143:
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2941:Fiction writing
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1998:Deus ex machina
1939:
1925:Title character
1910:Stock character
1856:Focal character
1802:
1797:
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1746:deus ex machina
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1239:Ann Thorac Surg
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1120:
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1053:Wayback Machine
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811:
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770:
756:at the time of
744:deus ex machina
740:deus ex machina
732:deus ex machina
721:deus ex machina
716:deus ex machina
709:deus ex machina
693:deus ex machina
688:
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652:deus ex machina
637:deus ex machina
633:
605:
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521:deus ex machina
514:
506:deus ex machina
502:
494:deus ex machina
464:
446:Charles Dickens
434:deus ex machina
430:William Golding
418:deus ex machina
385:deus ex machina
367:
354:deus ex machina
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325:deus ex machina
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226:deus ex machina
216:deus ex machina
199:
166:Deus ex machina
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125:
105:
81:
70:
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49:
45:Deus ex machina
31:Deus ex machina
24:
17:
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5:
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3114:
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3108:
3103:
3098:
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3068:
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3065:Verisimilitude
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3018:
3013:
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2968:Parallel novel
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2235:
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2206:
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2197:
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2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2088:Self-insertion
2085:
2080:
2075:
2073:Poetic justice
2070:
2065:
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2055:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
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2006:
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1868:
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1843:
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1831:Character flaw
1828:
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1773:
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1733:External links
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1407:
1378:
1367:(4): 557–575.
1348:
1329:(2): 155–167.
1309:
1274:
1225:
1218:
1196:
1181:
1174:
1148:
1141:
1118:
1115:on 2020-05-02.
1100:
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1038:
1029:
1008:10.1086/363788
1002:(3): 151–160.
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463:
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381:Captain Marvel
366:
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298:As You Like It
275:
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146:dei ex machina
33:in Euripides'
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2855:Second-person
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2595:Autobiography
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2559:
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2537:
2535:
2534:Narrative art
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2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
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2493:
2492:Flash fiction
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2207:
2201:
2200:Worldbuilding
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2049:
2048:
2047:Kishōtenketsu
2044:
2042:
2041:
2040:In medias res
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:Foreshadowing
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2014:Eucatastrophe
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1866:Gothic double
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1846:Deuteragonist
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1826:Character arc
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1749:at Wiktionary
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1726:
1725:0-413-75280-1
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1548:Shanks, Niall
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1496:(3): 127–130.
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2860:Third-person
2850:First-person
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2293:Comic relief
2045:
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2029:Flashforward
1997:
1996:
1970:Origin story
1952:
1915:Straight man
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1575:This is the
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2793:Theological
2685:Pop culture
2566:Short story
2544:Epic poetry
2265:Time travel
2078:Red herring
2063:Plot device
2034:Frame story
1987:Cliffhanger
1930:Tritagonist
1905:Protagonist
1585:Von Neumann
966:: 172–191.
624:Ars Poetica
462:In medicine
345:Plot device
317:uses it in
293:Shakespeare
168:is a Latin
150:plot device
3080:Categories
2946:Continuity
2815:Nonfiction
2779:Underwater
2675:Picaresque
2650:Historical
2635:Epistolary
2507:Fairy tale
2418:Peripeteia
2400:Exposition
2156:Dreamworld
2098:Stereotype
2068:Plot twist
1816:Antagonist
1600:References
1219:0313329516
1072:2008-07-26
941:(1921) by
916:2021-04-23
841:2021-04-23
541:Antiphanes
517:Antiphanes
144:; plural:
2837:Narration
2786:Superhero
2710:Chivalric
2695:Religious
2680:Political
2615:Adventure
2600:Biography
2522:Tall tale
2370:Structure
2355:Symbolism
2323:Narration
2223:Leitmotif
2151:Crossover
2146:Backstory
2103:Story arc
2053:MacGuffin
2024:Flashback
1965:Backstory
1841:Confidant
1821:Archenemy
1808:Character
1800:Narrative
1646:Aristotle
1627:Aristotle
1343:252424778
1024:163893448
736:Rush Rehm
660:Dionysiac
585:Sophocles
560:Aristotle
500:Criticism
449:Brownlow.
404:carrying
350:Aristotle
339:Louis XIV
310:Cymbeline
285:Andromède
212:Euripides
207:Eumenides
202:Aeschylus
191:Aeschylus
172:from
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3038:Rhetoric
2845:Diegesis
2825:Creative
2798:Thriller
2747:Southern
2665:Paranoid
2660:Nautical
2571:Vignette
2529:Gamebook
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2404:Protasis
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2186:parallel
2181:universe
2161:Dystopia
2118:Suspense
2004:Dialogue
1992:Conflict
1900:Narrator
1872:Hamartia
1623:Poetics.
1304:17124023
1269:32871108
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702:(1895),
684:—
656:Socratic
596:—
553:Cratylus
539:—
468:medicine
365:Examples
334:Tartuffe
315:John Gay
248:Heracles
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2973:Prequel
2929:Related
2915:Present
2808:Western
2764:Science
2737:Fantasy
2705:Romance
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2640:Ergodic
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1888:Byronic
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668:endings
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600:Poetics
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565:Poetics
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