332:
155:
543:
264:
488:
648:
The stroma of the prostate is characteristically muscular. Due to this muscularity, detecting the myofibroblastic phenotypic change indicative of reactive stroma is difficult in an examination of patient pathologic slides. A diagnosis of reactive stroma associated with prostate cancer is one of poor
371:-like tissue to be built around the cancer. As such, the surrounding stroma plays a very important role in the progression of cancer. The interaction between cancer cells and surrounding tumor stroma is thus bidirectional, and the mutual cellular support allows for the progression of the malignancy.
465:
While scars are associated with the desmoplastic response of various cancers, not all scars are associated with malignant neoplasms. Mature scars are usually thick, collagenous bundles arranged horizontally with paucicellularity, vertical blood vessels, and no appendages. This is distinguished from
290:
of tumor cancer cells and stroma cells combined with the complexities of surrounding connective tissue suggest that understanding cancer by tumor cell genomic analysis is not sufficient; analyzing the cells together with the surrounding stromal tissue may provide more comprehensive and meaningful
427:
The tumor-induced stromal change hypothesis claims that tumor cells can dedifferentiate into fibroblasts and, themselves, secrete more collagen. This was observed in desmoplastic melanoma, in which the tumor cells are phenotypically fibroblastic and positively express genes associated with ECM
282:
or sclerotic stroma and disorganized blood vessel infiltration. This growth is called a desmoplastic response and occurs as result of injury or neoplasia. This response is coupled with malignancy in non-cutaneous neoplasias, and with benign or malignant tumors if associated with cutaneous
466:
desmoplasia in the organization of the tissue, the appendages, and orientation of blood vessels. Immature scars are more difficult to distinguish due to their neoplastic origins. These scars are hypercellular with fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and some
456:
cells has been demonstrated to allow for metastasis to the lungs and cause the expression of tenascin C by the surrounding tumor stromal cells. In addition, tenascin C is found extensively in pancreatic tumor desmoplasia as well.
657:
Clinical presentation of a lump in the breast is histologically viewed as a collagenous tumor or desmoplastic response created by myofibroblasts of the tumor stroma. Proposed mechanisms of activation of myofibroblasts are by
419:
for infiltration of cells to the site of injury. Furthermore, the cancer cells secrete matrix degrading enzymes to destroy normal tissue ECM thereby promoting growth and invasiveness of the tumor. Cancer associated with a
1339:
Esposito, I; Penzel, R; Chaib-Harrireche, M; Barcena, U; Bergmann, F; Riedl, S; Kayed, H; Giese, N; et al. (2006). "Tenascin C and annexin II expression in the process of pancreatic carcinogenesis".
399:
that signal for the growth of cancer cells. MMPs also degrade ECM to provide space for vasculature to grow to the tumor, for the tumor cells to migrate, and for the tumor to continue to proliferate.
739:
Ayala, G; Tuxhorn, JA; Wheeler, TM; Frolov, A; Scardino, PT; Ohori, M; Wheeler, M; Spitler, J; Rowley, DR (2003). "Reactive stroma as a predictor of biochemical-free recurrence in prostate cancer".
1290:
Oskarsson, Thordur; Acharyya, Swarnali; Zhang, Xiang H-F; Vanharanta, Sakari; Tavazoie, Sohail F; Morris, Patrick G; Downey, Robert J; Manova-Todorova, Katia; et al. (2011).
436:
A desmoplastic response is characterized by larger stromal cells with increased extracellular fibers and immunohistochemically by transformation of fibroblastic-type cells to a
355:
Cancer begins as cells that grow uncontrollably, usually as a result of an internal change or oncogenic mutations within the cell. Cancer develops and progresses as the
367:
production and secretion, which consequently cause growth of the tissue. In other words, the body reacts similarly to a cancer as it does to a wound, causing
303:
and stromal cells. The parenchymal cells are the functional units of an organ. In contrast, the stromal cells provide the structure of the organ and secrete
441:
300:
659:
421:
331:
595:
474:
of biopsied tumors that will reveal the type and organization of cells present as well as whether recent trauma has occurred to the tissue.
307:
as supportive, connective tissue. In normal epithelial tissues, epithelial cells, or parenchymal cells of epithelia, are highly organized,
279:
359:
undergoes dynamic changes. The stromal reaction in cancer is similar to the stromal reaction induced by injury or wound repair: increased
700:
407:
Desmoplasia is thought to have a number of underlying causes. In the reactive stroma hypothesis, tumor cells cause the proliferation of
502:
675:
1095:
Troester, M. A.; Lee, M. H.; Carter, M.; Fan, C.; Cowan, D. W.; Perez, E. R.; Pirone, J. R.; Perou, C. M.; et al. (2009).
1220:
Walsh, NM; Roberts, JT; Orr, W; Simon, GT (1988). "Desmoplastic malignant melanoma. A clinicopathologic study of 14 cases".
498:
158:
245:
1383:
Kaneishi, Nelson K.; Cockerell, Clay J. (1998). "Histologic
Differentiation of Desmoplastic Melanoma from Cicatrices".
1144:
Foda, Hussein D; Zucker, Stanley (2001). "Matrix metalloproteinases in cancer invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis".
141:
336:
440:
phenotype. Myofibroblastic cells in tumors are differentiated from fibroblasts for their positive staining of
391:, acting as a reservoir of these cytokines. In tumors, cancer cells secrete matrix degrading enzymes, such as
315:
that prevents these cell populations from mixing. A mixture of these cell types is recognized, normally, as a
628:
452:
are distinctive of the desmoplastic stromal response in several forms of cancer. Expression of tenascin C by
260:
and malignant tumors, or any abnormal, excessive, uncoordinated, and autonomous cellular or tissue growth.
1036:
Kraning-Rush, Casey M.; Califano, Joseph P.; Reinhart-King, Cynthia A. (2012). Laird, Elizabeth G. (ed.).
1478:
344:
956:"Tumor invasion and metastases: Role of the basement membrane. Warner-Lambert Parke-Davis Award lecture"
356:
154:
205:
174:
392:
387:
which are highly negatively charged, largely due to sulfated regions, and bind growth factors and
620:
514:
275:
1292:"Breast cancer cells produce tenascin C as a metastatic niche component to colonize the lungs"
704:
415:. The newly secreted collagen is similar to that of collagen in scar formation â acting as a
134:
795:"Therapeutic potential of perineural invasion, hypoxia and desmoplasia in pancreatic cancer"
374:
323:
is an example of a disease state in which a breach of the basement membrane barrier occurs.
1049:
892:(5th ed.). Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 1164â1165, 1178â1195.
471:
360:
304:
903:
Mort, Richard L; Ramaesh, Thaya; Kleinjan, Dirk A; Morley, Steven D; West, John D (2009).
428:
production. However, benign desmoplasias do not exhibit dedifferentiation of tumor cells.
8:
905:"Mosaic analysis of stem cell function and wound healing in the mouse corneal epithelium"
194:
1053:
1365:
1316:
1291:
1272:
1197:
1180:
1121:
1096:
1072:
1037:
972:
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931:
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614:
384:
201:
1449:
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1108:
1067:
1057:
1008:
967:
926:
916:
855:
814:
806:
208:
of the breast often have a stellate appearance caused by desmoplastic formations.
127:
99:(reduced functionality of an organ, with decrease in the number or volume of cells)
1112:
1062:
547:
1013:
996:
860:
843:
634:
395:(MMPs) that, once cleaved and activated, degrade the matrix, thereby releasing
181:
to emphasize that it is secondary to an insult. Desmoplasia may occur around a
810:
348:
1472:
577:
453:
437:
396:
380:
364:
287:
220:
1458:
1361:
1325:
1268:
1165:
1130:
1081:
1022:
940:
869:
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752:
559:
340:
257:
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1233:
1206:
1038:"Cellular Traction Stresses Increase with Increasing Metastatic Potential"
981:
921:
467:
445:
375:
Growth factors for vascularization, migration, degradation, proliferation
102:
81:
57:
449:
408:
320:
308:
117:(any degenerative disorder resulting from improper or faulty nutrition)
108:
69:
63:
1353:
1097:"Activation of Host Wound Responses in Breast Cancer Microenvironment"
263:
66:(congenital below-average number of cells, especially when inadequate)
1338:
663:
470:
present. The immature scars can be distinguished from desmoplasia by
252:
114:
75:
51:
47:
29:
1307:
1260:
1439:
1247:
Kalluri, Raghu; Zeisberg, Michael (2006). "Fibroblasts in cancer".
431:
416:
412:
388:
186:
182:
166:
32:(structural differentiation loss within a cell or group of cells).
1035:
997:"The origin of oncogenic mutations: Where is the primary damage?"
96:
35:
1289:
335:
Micrographs of loose, moderate and dense desmoplastic stroma in
204:, which can evoke a fibrotic response invading healthy tissue.
444:(SMA). Furthermore, an increase in total fibrillar collagens,
316:
294:
239:
234:
228:
223:
793:
Liu, H; Ma, Q; Xu, Q; Lei, J; Li, X; Wang, Z; Wu, E (2012).
368:
190:
902:
738:
379:
Stroma contains extracellular matrix components such as
244:, 'formation'. It is usually used in the description of
1178:
278:. This growth is characterized by low cellularity with
161:, with desmoplasia surrounding nests of cancer cells.
1219:
1094:
311:. These cells are separated from stromal cells by a
887:
1382:
582:Desmoplastic tumor of the follicular infundibulum
1470:
432:Characteristics of desmoplastic stromal response
93:Abiotrophy (loss in vitality of organ or tissue)
1423:"The complexities of breast cancer desmoplasia"
1246:
1222:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
841:
607:
274:refers to growth of dense connective tissue or
1179:El-Torkey, M; Giltman, LI; Dabbous, M (1985).
842:Hanahan, Douglas; Weinberg, Robert A. (2011).
197:) within the abdomen after abdominal surgery.
703:. MedicineNet. March 19, 2012. Archived from
695:
693:
691:
135:
1416:
1414:
537:
200:Desmoplasia is usually only associated with
111:(decrease in the volume of cells or tissues)
105:(increase in the volume of cells or tissues)
460:
424:is typically diagnostic of poor prognosis.
1143:
844:"Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation"
792:
688:
567:Desmoplastic hairless hypopigmented naevus
319:, as in the example of a cut to the skin.
295:Normal tissue structure and wound response
142:
128:
1448:
1438:
1411:
1315:
1196:
1181:"Collagens in scar carcinoma of the lung"
1120:
1071:
1061:
1012:
971:
930:
920:
888:Alberts, B; Johnson, A; Lewis, J (2008).
859:
818:
1385:The American Journal of Dermatopathology
676:List of biological development disorders
541:
513:by adding descriptive text and removing
402:
330:
262:
153:
1471:
1420:
953:
883:
881:
879:
788:
786:
784:
782:
267:Desmoplastic reaction to breast cancer
16:Growth of fibrous or connective tissue
994:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
662:signaling, microvascular injury, or
481:
246:desmoplastic small round cell tumors
159:Desmoplastic small round cell tumour
876:
591:Desmoplastic cellular neurothekeoma
13:
759:
719:
643:
256:is the medical term used for both
84:(development of new cell function)
14:
1495:
1185:The American Journal of Pathology
960:The American Journal of Pathology
564:Desmoplastic cellular blue naevus
1397:10.1097/00000372-199804000-00004
652:
625:Morpheaform basal cell carcinoma
486:
337:pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
38:(organ or part of organ missing)
1376:
1332:
1283:
1240:
1213:
1172:
1137:
1088:
555:Desmoplastic melanocytic naevus
1029:
988:
947:
896:
835:
211:
1:
1158:10.1016/S1359-6446(01)01752-4
1113:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1126
890:Molecular Biology of the Cell
799:Current Pharmaceutical Design
681:
629:Microcystic adnexal carcinoma
1063:10.1371/journal.pone.0032572
608:Malignant condition examples
472:immunohistochemical staining
411:and subsequent secretion of
240:
229:
7:
1421:Walker, Rosemary A (2001).
701:"Definition of Desmoplasia"
669:
477:
10:
1500:
861:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013
666:signaling by tumor cells.
588:Desmoplastic fibroblastoma
299:Normal tissues consist of
235:
224:
206:Invasive ductal carcinomas
50:(change in cell or tissue
44:(connective tissue growth)
1014:10.1093/carcin/21.10.1773
909:BMC Developmental Biology
811:10.2174/13816128112092395
538:Benign condition examples
393:matrix metalloproteinases
326:
175:fibrous connective tissue
72:(conversion in cell type)
1342:The Journal of Pathology
1101:Clinical Cancer Research
741:Clinical Cancer Research
600:Microvenular haemangioma
585:Sclerotic dermatofibroma
461:Differentiation of scars
345:Masson's trichrome stain
78:(abnormal proliferation)
60:(proliferation of cells)
621:squamous cell carcinoma
515:less pertinent examples
1427:Breast Cancer Research
551:
352:
268:
177:. It is also called a
162:
1249:Nature Reviews Cancer
995:Steen, H. B. (2000).
922:10.1186/1471-213X-9-4
545:
448:, proteoglycans, and
403:Underlying mechanisms
334:
266:
189:around the tumor, or
179:desmoplastic reaction
157:
1146:Drug Discovery Today
639:Cutaneous metastasis
361:extracellular matrix
305:extracellular matrix
219:originates from the
1054:2012PLoSO...732572K
954:Liotta, LA (1984).
546:Desmoplasia around
511:improve the article
442:smooth-muscle actin
349:smooth muscle actin
347:(middle row) and Îą-
233:, 'knot, bond' and
202:malignant neoplasms
22:-plasia and -trophy
1479:Types of neoplasia
615:malignant melanoma
552:
385:glycosaminoglycans
353:
269:
163:
1354:10.1002/path.1935
707:on August 6, 2012
572:trichoepithelioma
532:
531:
313:basement membrane
301:parenchymal cells
173:is the growth of
152:
151:
1491:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1442:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1336:
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1329:
1319:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1065:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1016:
992:
986:
985:
975:
951:
945:
944:
934:
924:
900:
894:
893:
885:
874:
873:
863:
839:
833:
832:
822:
805:(17): 2395â403.
790:
757:
756:
747:(13): 4792â801.
736:
717:
716:
714:
712:
697:
527:
524:
518:
490:
489:
482:
357:microenvironment
243:
238:
237:
232:
227:
226:
185:, causing dense
144:
137:
130:
19:
18:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1419:
1412:
1381:
1377:
1337:
1333:
1308:10.1038/nm.2379
1296:Nature Medicine
1288:
1284:
1261:10.1038/nrc1877
1245:
1241:
1218:
1214:
1177:
1173:
1142:
1138:
1093:
1089:
1034:
1030:
993:
989:
952:
948:
901:
897:
886:
877:
840:
836:
791:
760:
737:
720:
710:
708:
699:
698:
689:
684:
672:
660:immune cytokine
655:
646:
644:Prostate cancer
610:
548:surgical suture
540:
528:
522:
519:
508:
491:
487:
480:
463:
438:myofibroblastic
434:
422:reactive stroma
405:
377:
339:, as seen with
329:
297:
214:
148:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1497:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1465:
1464:
1440:10.1186/bcr287
1410:
1375:
1331:
1282:
1255:(5): 392â401.
1239:
1212:
1171:
1152:(9): 478â482.
1136:
1107:(22): 7020â8.
1087:
1028:
1007:(10): 1773â6.
1001:Carcinogenesis
987:
946:
895:
875:
834:
758:
718:
686:
685:
683:
680:
679:
678:
671:
668:
654:
651:
645:
642:
641:
640:
637:
635:leiomyosarcoma
631:
626:
623:
617:
609:
606:
605:
604:
603:Immature scars
601:
598:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
574:
568:
565:
562:
556:
539:
536:
530:
529:
494:
492:
485:
479:
476:
462:
459:
433:
430:
404:
401:
397:growth factors
376:
373:
328:
325:
296:
293:
213:
210:
150:
149:
147:
146:
139:
132:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
112:
106:
100:
94:
88:
87:
86:
85:
79:
73:
67:
61:
55:
45:
39:
33:
24:
23:
15:
9:
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4:
3:
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1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:(2): 128â34.
1390:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:(5): 673â85.
1347:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:(7): 867â74.
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:(2): e32572.
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
983:
979:
974:
969:
966:(3): 339â48.
965:
961:
957:
950:
942:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
891:
884:
882:
880:
871:
867:
862:
857:
854:(5): 646â74.
853:
849:
845:
838:
830:
826:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
706:
702:
696:
694:
692:
687:
677:
674:
673:
667:
665:
661:
653:Breast cancer
650:
638:
636:
632:
630:
627:
624:
622:
619:Desmoplastic
618:
616:
613:Desmoplastic
612:
611:
602:
599:
597:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
579:
578:trichilemmoma
576:Desmoplastic
575:
573:
570:Desmoplastic
569:
566:
563:
561:
558:Desmoplastic
557:
554:
553:
549:
544:
535:
526:
516:
512:
506:
504:
500:
495:This article
493:
484:
483:
475:
473:
469:
458:
455:
454:breast cancer
451:
447:
443:
439:
429:
425:
423:
418:
414:
410:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:proteoglycans
372:
370:
366:
365:growth factor
362:
358:
350:
346:
342:
341:H&E stain
338:
333:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
292:
289:
288:heterogeneity
284:
283:pathologies.
281:
277:
273:
265:
261:
259:
255:
254:
249:
247:
242:
231:
222:
221:Ancient Greek
218:
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198:
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176:
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145:
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53:
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1228:(9): 922â7.
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912:
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851:
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744:
740:
711:November 26,
709:. Retrieved
705:the original
656:
647:
596:perineurioma
560:spitz naevus
533:
523:January 2015
520:
509:Please help
497:may contain
496:
468:immune cells
464:
446:fibronectins
435:
426:
406:
378:
354:
298:
285:
271:
270:
251:
250:
216:
215:
199:
178:
170:
164:
41:
649:prognosis.
594:Sclerosing
409:fibroblasts
343:(top row),
309:polar cells
272:Desmoplasia
217:Desmoplasia
212:Terminology
191:scar tissue
171:desmoplasia
103:Hypertrophy
82:Prosoplasia
58:Hyperplasia
42:Desmoplasia
1473:Categories
682:References
633:Cutaneous
503:irrelevant
450:tenascin C
363:(ECM) and
321:Metastasis
280:hyalinized
109:Hypotrophy
70:Metaplasia
64:Hypoplasia
664:paracrine
550:material.
534:Source:
499:excessive
389:cytokines
253:Neoplasia
195:adhesions
115:Dystrophy
76:Neoplasia
52:phenotype
48:Dysplasia
30:Anaplasia
1484:Oncology
1459:11305947
1370:26993700
1362:16450333
1326:21706029
1277:20357911
1269:16572188
1166:11344033
1131:19887484
1082:22389710
1042:PLOS ONE
1023:11023532
941:19128502
870:21376230
829:22372500
753:14581350
670:See also
505:examples
478:Examples
417:scaffold
413:collagen
187:fibrosis
183:neoplasm
167:medicine
1405:9557779
1317:4020577
1234:3415443
1207:3904470
1198:1888060
1122:2783932
1073:3289668
1050:Bibcode
982:6095669
973:1900581
932:2639382
820:3414721
97:Atrophy
36:Aplasia
1457:
1450:138677
1447:
1403:
1368:
1360:
1324:
1314:
1275:
1267:
1232:
1205:
1195:
1164:
1129:
1119:
1080:
1070:
1021:
980:
970:
939:
929:
868:
827:
817:
751:
327:Cancer
291:data.
276:stroma
258:benign
241:plasis
236:ĪÎģÎŦĪΚĪ
230:desmos
225:δÎĩĪÎŧĪĪ
1366:S2CID
1273:S2CID
915:: 4.
317:wound
1455:PMID
1401:PMID
1358:PMID
1322:PMID
1265:PMID
1230:PMID
1203:PMID
1162:PMID
1127:PMID
1078:PMID
1019:PMID
978:PMID
937:PMID
866:PMID
848:Cell
825:PMID
749:PMID
713:2009
383:and
369:scar
286:The
1445:PMC
1435:doi
1393:doi
1350:doi
1346:208
1312:PMC
1304:doi
1257:doi
1226:112
1193:PMC
1189:121
1154:doi
1117:PMC
1109:doi
1068:PMC
1058:doi
1009:doi
968:PMC
964:117
927:PMC
917:doi
856:doi
852:144
815:PMC
807:doi
501:or
165:In
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1429:.
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1389:20
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