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In the business world, descriptive statistics provides a useful summary of many types of data. For example, investors and brokers may use a historical account of return behaviour by performing empirical and analytical analyses on their investments in order to make better investing decisions in the
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is a descriptive statistic that summarizes the performance of a player or a team. This number is the number of shots made divided by the number of shots taken. For example, a player who shoots 33% is making approximately one shot in every three. The percentage summarizes or describes multiple
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The main reason for differentiating univariate and bivariate analysis is that bivariate analysis is not only a simple descriptive analysis, but also it describes the relationship between two different variables. Quantitative measures of dependence include correlation (such as
643:, or visual, i.e. simple-to-understand graphs. These summaries may either form the basis of the initial description of the data as part of a more extensive statistical analysis, or they may be sufficient in and of themselves for a particular investigation.
790:(which reflects the scale variables are measured on). The slope, in regression analysis, also reflects the relationship between variables. The unstandardised slope indicates the unit change in the criterion variable for a one unit change in the
572:. Even when a data analysis draws its main conclusions using inferential statistics, descriptive statistics are generally also presented. For example, in papers reporting on human subjects, typically a table is included giving the overall
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When a sample consists of more than one variable, descriptive statistics may be used to describe the relationship between pairs of variables. In this case, descriptive statistics include:
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The use of descriptive and summary statistics has an extensive history and, indeed, the simple tabulation of populations and of economic data was the first way the topic of
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that the sample of data is thought to represent. This generally means that descriptive statistics, unlike inferential statistics, is not developed on the basis of
183:
798:) units. Highly skewed data are often transformed by taking logarithms. The use of logarithms makes graphs more symmetrical and look more similar to the
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Descriptive statistics provide simple summaries about the sample and about the observations that have been made. Such summaries may be either
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659:. This single number describes the general performance of a student across the range of their course experiences.
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729:. Characteristics of a variable's distribution may also be depicted in graphical or tabular format, including
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sense) is the process of using and analysing those statistics. Descriptive statistics is distinguished from
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appeared. More recently, a collection of summarisation techniques has been formulated under the heading of
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915:"Drawing Conclusions From Data: Descriptive Statistics, Inferential Statistics, and Hypothesis Testing"
845:"Drawing Conclusions From Data: Descriptive Statistics, Inferential Statistics, and Hypothesis Testing"
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age, the proportion of subjects of each sex, the proportion of subjects with related
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Some measures that are commonly used to describe a data set are measures of
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721:). The shape of the distribution may also be described via indices such as
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that quantitatively describes or summarizes features from a collection of
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Descriptive
Statistics Lecture: University of Pittsburgh Supercourse:
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921:, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc, pp. 145â183, 2017,
851:, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc, pp. 145â183, 2017,
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of a single variable, including its central tendency (including the
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794:. The standardised slope indicates this change in standardised (
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Interpreting and Using
Statistics in Psychological Research
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Interpreting and Using
Statistics in Psychological Research
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600:
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3406:
1076:
http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec0421/index.htm
1034:. Vol. 404. New York: Springer. pp. 33â52.
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Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
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of the data-set, and measures of spread such as the
619:), the minimum and maximum values of the variables,
556:(or inductive statistics) by its aim to summarize a
2455:
994:
886:
3430:
1026:Nick, Todd G. (2007). "Descriptive Statistics".
2541:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
802:, making them easier to interpret intuitively.
630:
560:, rather than use the data to learn about the
1096:
509:
611:, while measures of variability include the
599:. Measures of central tendency include the
1141:
1103:
1089:
889:The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms
516:
502:
38:
1754:
670:: an example of such a technique is the
580:or clinical characteristics such as the
447:Library and information science software
966:
782:when both variables are continuous, or
3431:
3067:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
992:
960:
681:
442:Geographic information system software
3140:
2707:
2454:
1753:
1523:
1140:
1084:
1001:(12th ed.). Wadsworth. pp.
884:
3377:
3077:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
1025:
818:
3389:
2672:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
1524:
741:Bivariate and multivariate analysis
655:discrete events. Consider also the
13:
2767:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
1393:Pearson product-moment correlation
948:
14:
3450:
1068:
3416:
3388:
3376:
3364:
3351:
3350:
3141:
705:) and dispersion (including the
3026:Least-squares spectral analysis
997:The Practice of Social Research
973:Research Methods Knowledge Base
967:Trochim, William M. K. (2006).
595:and measures of variability or
2007:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
1110:
1019:
986:
907:
878:
837:
812:
1:
3320:Geographic information system
2536:Simultaneous equations models
805:
758:Graphical representation via
2503:Coefficient of determination
2114:Uniformly most powerful test
1032:Methods in Molecular Biology
956:Descriptive Statistics Terms
786:if one or both are not) and
7:
3072:Proportional hazards models
3016:Spectral density estimation
2998:Vector autoregression (VAR)
2432:Maximum posterior estimator
1664:Randomized controlled trial
1040:10.1007/978-1-59745-530-5_3
631:Use in statistical analysis
10:
3455:
2832:Multivariate distributions
1252:Average absolute deviation
646:For example, the shooting
3346:
3300:
3237:
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3153:
3149:
3136:
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3057:
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3006:
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2820:Structural equation model
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2732:
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2511:
2478:
2474:
2450:
2390:
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2182:
2173:
2156:Score/Lagrange multiplier
2141:
2094:
2039:
1965:
1956:
1766:
1762:
1749:
1708:
1682:
1634:
1589:
1571:Sample size determination
1536:
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1519:
1423:
1378:
1352:
1334:
1290:
1242:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1136:
1118:
772:conditional distributions
764:Quantitative measures of
668:exploratory data analysis
469:Qualitative data analysis
3315:Environmental statistics
2837:Elliptical distributions
2630:Generalized linear model
2559:Simple linear regression
2329:HodgesâLehmann estimator
1786:Probability distribution
1695:Stochastic approximation
1257:Coefficient of variation
993:Babbie, Earl R. (2009).
969:"Descriptive statistics"
927:10.4135/9781506304144.n6
857:10.4135/9781506304144.n6
689:involves describing the
570:nonparametric statistics
2975:Cross-correlation (XCF)
2583:Non-standard predictors
2017:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
1690:Adaptive clinical trial
1028:Topics in Biostatistics
823:(2nd ed.). Wiley.
821:Introductory Statistics
3439:Descriptive statistics
3371:Mathematics portal
3192:Engineering statistics
3100:NelsonâAalen estimator
2677:Analysis of covariance
2564:Ordinary least squares
2488:Pearson product-moment
1892:Statistical functional
1803:Empirical distribution
1636:Controlled experiments
1365:Frequency distribution
1143:Descriptive statistics
819:Mann, Prem S. (1995).
554:inferential statistics
546:descriptive statistics
348:Inferential statistics
294:Descriptive statistics
241:Human subject research
3287:Population statistics
3229:System identification
2963:Autocorrelation (ACF)
2891:Exponential smoothing
2805:Discriminant analysis
2800:Canonical correlation
2664:Partition of variance
2526:Regression validation
2370:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
2269:Likelihood-ratio test
1958:Frequentist inference
1870:Locationâscale family
1791:Sampling distribution
1756:Statistical inference
1723:Cross-sectional study
1710:Observational studies
1669:Randomized experiment
1498:Stem-and-leaf display
1300:Central limit theorem
735:stem-and-leaf display
568:, and are frequently
530:descriptive statistic
132:Philosophical schools
3210:Probabilistic design
2795:Principal components
2638:Exponential families
2590:Nonlinear regression
2569:General linear model
2531:Mixed effects models
2521:Errors and residuals
2498:Confounding variable
2400:Bayesian probability
2378:Van der Waerden test
2368:Ordered alternative
2133:Multiple comparisons
2012:RaoâBlackwellization
1975:Estimating equations
1931:Statistical distance
1649:Factorial experiment
1182:Arithmetic-Geometric
457:Reference management
407:Scientific modelling
149:Critical rationalism
3282:Official statistics
3205:Methods engineering
2886:Seasonal adjustment
2654:Poisson regressions
2574:Bayesian regression
2513:Regression analysis
2493:Partial correlation
2465:Regression analysis
2064:Prediction interval
2059:Likelihood interval
2049:Confidence interval
2041:Interval estimation
2002:Unbiased estimators
1820:Model specification
1700:Up-and-down designs
1388:Partial correlation
1344:Index of dispersion
1262:Interquartile range
800:normal distribution
687:Univariate analysis
682:Univariate analysis
657:grade point average
437:Argument technology
3302:Spatial statistics
3182:Medical statistics
3082:First hitting time
3036:Whittle likelihood
2687:Degrees of freedom
2682:Multivariate ANOVA
2615:Heteroscedasticity
2427:Bayesian estimator
2392:Bayesian inference
2241:KolmogorovâSmirnov
2126:Randomization test
2096:Testing hypotheses
2069:Tolerance interval
1980:Maximum likelihood
1875:Exponential family
1808:Density estimation
1768:Statistical theory
1728:Natural experiment
1674:Scientific control
1591:Survey methodology
1277:Standard deviation
885:Dodge, Y. (2003).
754:contingency tables
719:standard deviation
641:summary statistics
613:standard deviation
566:probability theory
431:Tools and software
375:Secondary research
299:Discourse analysis
16:Type of statistics
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3341:
3338:
3337:
3277:National accounts
3247:Actuarial science
3239:Social statistics
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3059:Survival function
3044:
3043:
2906:Granger causality
2747:Contingency table
2722:Survival analysis
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2698:
2695:
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2551:Linear regression
2446:
2445:
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2417:Credible interval
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2169:
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1985:Method of moments
1854:Parametric family
1815:Statistical model
1745:
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1659:Random assignment
1581:Statistical power
1515:
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1511:
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1360:Contingency table
1330:
1329:
1197:Generalized/power
1049:978-1-58829-531-6
1012:978-0-495-59841-1
936:978-1-5063-0416-8
866:978-1-5063-0416-8
750:Cross-tabulations
538:summary statistic
526:
525:
492:Philosophy portal
400:Systematic review
385:Literature review
343:Historical method
326:Social experiment
261:Scientific method
246:Narrative inquiry
97:Interdisciplinary
91:Research strategy
62:Research question
57:Research proposal
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3257:Crime statistics
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3021:Fourier analysis
3008:Frequency domain
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2901:Structural break
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2810:Cluster analysis
2757:Log-linear model
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2620:Homoscedasticity
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2354:(KruskalâWallis)
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2279:Cross validation
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2246:AndersonâDarling
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2179:
2151:Likelihood-ratio
2143:Parametric tests
2121:Permutation test
2104:1- & 2-tails
1995:Minimum distance
1967:Point estimation
1963:
1962:
1914:Optimal decision
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1733:Quasi-experiment
1683:Adaptive designs
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1398:Rank correlation
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770:Descriptions of
593:central tendency
518:
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464:Science software
363:Cultural mapping
331:Quasi-experiment
321:Field experiment
289:Content analysis
184:Critical realism
102:Multimethodology
42:
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18:
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3219:quality control
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3168:Clinical trials
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3092:Hazard function
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2945:BreuschâGodfrey
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2825:Factor analysis
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2752:Graphical model
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2301:Rank statistics
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2274:Model selection
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2220:Goodness of fit
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2024:Median unbiased
1952:
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1796:Order statistic
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1526:Data collection
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1155:Continuous data
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370:Phenomenography
309:Autoethnography
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226:Grounded theory
221:Critical theory
216:Art methodology
211:Action research
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50:Research design
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3163:Bioinformatics
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2971:
2970:
2968:partial (PACF)
2959:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2915:Specific tests
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2815:Classification
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2762:McNemar's test
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2726:
2725:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Semiparametric
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2341:
2338:(MannâWhitney)
2333:
2332:
2331:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2271:
2266:
2263:(ShapiroâWilk)
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2195:
2183:
2177:
2175:Specific tests
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1626:Standard error
1623:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1556:Optimal design
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1530:
1529:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1353:Summary tables
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1187:Contraharmonic
1184:
1179:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1147:
1146:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1069:External links
1067:
1064:
1063:
1048:
1018:
1011:
985:
959:
954:Investopedia,
947:
935:
906:
899:
877:
865:
836:
829:
810:
809:
807:
804:
784:Spearman's rho
775:
774:
768:
762:
756:
742:
739:
683:
680:
632:
629:
586:co-morbidities
524:
523:
521:
520:
513:
506:
498:
495:
494:
488:
487:
484:
483:
482:
481:
476:
471:
461:
460:
459:
454:
444:
439:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
416:
415:
414:
404:
403:
402:
397:
395:Scoping review
392:
387:
382:
372:
367:
366:
365:
355:
350:
345:
340:
338:Field research
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
313:
312:
311:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
236:Historiography
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
207:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
192:
191:
189:Subtle realism
186:
176:
171:
169:Postpositivism
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
144:Constructivism
141:
139:Antipositivism
135:
130:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
116:
115:
114:
104:
99:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:
74:
64:
59:
53:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3451:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3397:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Geostatistics
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3292:Psychometrics
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3155:Biostatistics
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3117:
3116:Log-rank test
3114:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2987:(BoxâJenkins)
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:DurbinâWatson
2938:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:DickeyâFuller
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Cointegration
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Decomposition
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Cohen's kappa
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Nonparametric
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:Nonparametric
2342:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2314:Sample median
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1919:loss function
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:Questionnaire
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:Control chart
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1008:
1004:
999:
998:
989:
974:
970:
963:
957:
951:
938:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
910:
902:
900:0-19-850994-4
896:
891:
890:
881:
868:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
840:
832:
830:0-471-31009-3
826:
822:
815:
811:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
773:
769:
767:
763:
761:
757:
755:
751:
748:
747:
746:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
679:
675:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
519:
514:
512:
507:
505:
500:
499:
497:
496:
493:
490:
489:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
462:
458:
455:
453:
452:Bibliometrics
450:
449:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
428:
427:
420:
417:
413:
410:
409:
408:
405:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
390:Meta-analysis
388:
386:
383:
381:
380:Bibliometrics
378:
377:
376:
373:
371:
368:
364:
361:
360:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
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3267:Econometrics
3217: /
3200:Chemometrics
3177:Epidemiology
3170: /
3143:Applications
2985:ARIMA model
2932:Q-statistic
2881:Stationarity
2777:Multivariate
2720: /
2716: /
2714:Multivariate
2712: /
2652: /
2648: /
2422:Bayes factor
2321:Signed rank
2233:
2207:
2199:
2187:
1882:Completeness
1718:Cohort study
1616:Opinion poll
1551:Missing data
1538:Study design
1493:Scatter plot
1415:Scatter plot
1408:Spearman's Ï
1370:Grouped data
1142:
1027:
1021:
996:
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:
962:
950:
940:, retrieved
918:
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880:
870:, retrieved
848:
839:
820:
814:
776:
760:scatterplots
744:
691:distribution
685:
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661:
645:
637:quantitative
634:
590:
545:
536:sense) is a
529:
527:
293:
231:Hermeneutics
119:Quantitative
3423:Mathematics
3395:WikiProject
3310:Cartography
3272:Jurimetrics
3224:Reliability
2955:Time domain
2934:(LjungâBox)
2856:Time-series
2734:Categorical
2718:Time-series
2710:Categorical
2645:(Bernoulli)
2480:Correlation
2460:Correlation
2256:JarqueâBera
2228:Chi-squared
1990:M-estimator
1943:Asymptotics
1887:Sufficiency
1654:Interaction
1566:Replication
1546:Effect size
1503:Violin plot
1483:Radar chart
1463:Forest plot
1453:Correlogram
1403:Kendall's Ï
780:Pearson's r
578:demographic
574:sample size
542:information
304:Ethnography
204:Methodology
159:Fallibilism
107:Qualitative
77:Referencing
3262:Demography
2980:ARMA model
2785:Regression
2362:(Friedman)
2323:(Wilcoxon)
2261:Normality
2251:Lilliefors
2198:Student's
2074:Resampling
1948:Robustness
1936:divergence
1926:Efficiency
1864:(monotone)
1859:Likelihood
1776:Population
1609:Stratified
1561:Population
1380:Dependence
1336:Count data
1267:Percentile
1244:Dispersion
1177:Arithmetic
1112:Statistics
942:2021-06-01
872:2021-06-01
806:References
788:covariance
766:dependence
731:histograms
664:statistics
652:basketball
648:percentage
597:dispersion
562:population
534:count noun
479:Statistics
474:Simulation
412:Simulation
353:Interviews
316:Experiment
284:Case study
256:Pragmatism
174:Pragmatism
164:Positivism
154:Empiricism
2643:Logistic
2410:posterior
2336:Rank sum
2084:Jackknife
2079:Bootstrap
1897:Bootstrap
1832:Parameter
1781:Statistic
1576:Statistic
1488:Run chart
1473:Pie chart
1468:Histogram
1458:Fan chart
1433:Bar chart
1315:L-moments
1202:Geometric
792:predictor
711:quartiles
550:mass noun
112:Art-based
3433:Category
3357:Category
3050:Survival
2927:Johansen
2650:Binomial
2605:Isotonic
2192:(normal)
1837:location
1644:Blocking
1599:Sampling
1478:QâQ plot
1443:Box plot
1425:Graphics
1320:Skewness
1310:Kurtosis
1282:Variance
1212:Heronian
1207:Harmonic
1058:18450044
978:14 March
727:kurtosis
723:skewness
715:variance
678:future.
672:box plot
625:skewness
621:kurtosis
617:variance
548:(in the
544:, while
532:(in the
279:Analysis
72:Argument
32:Research
24:a series
22:Part of
3383:Commons
3330:Kriging
3215:Process
3172:studies
3031:Wavelet
2864:General
2031:Plug-in
1825:L space
1604:Cluster
1305:Moments
1123:Outline
1003:436â440
893:. OUP.
796:z-score
639:, i.e.
588:, etc.
582:average
358:Mapping
273:Methods
179:Realism
67:Writing
3409:Portal
3252:Census
2842:Normal
2790:Manova
2610:Robust
2360:2-way
2352:1-way
2190:-test
1861:
1438:Biplot
1229:Median
1222:Lehmer
1164:Center
1056:
1046:
1009:
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863:
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701:, and
699:median
605:median
558:sample
419:Survey
2876:Trend
2405:prior
2347:anova
2236:-test
2210:-test
2202:-test
2109:Power
2054:Pivot
1847:shape
1842:scale
1292:Shape
1272:Range
1217:Heinz
1192:Cubic
1128:Index
707:range
3109:Test
2309:Sign
2161:Wald
1234:Mode
1172:Mean
1054:PMID
1044:ISBN
1007:ISBN
980:2011
931:ISBN
895:ISBN
861:ISBN
825:ISBN
752:and
733:and
725:and
717:and
709:and
703:mode
695:mean
623:and
615:(or
609:mode
607:and
601:mean
2289:BIC
2284:AIC
1036:doi
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650:in
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