Deregulation - Knowledge

245: 455: 31: 231:, besides allowing up to 100% of foreign capital on Brazilian air companies and giving more protection to state-owned enterprises from political pressure. Bolsonaro administration also promoted deregulations (even the expression "Bolsonomics" was created), such as Economic Freedom Law, Natural Gas Law, Basic Sanitation Legal Framework, besides allowing the direct sale of ethanol by fuel stations and opening rail transport industry to private investment. and deregulating the use of foreign currency. 1297: 281: 925:. These acts were less thoroughgoing than the legislation dealing with U.S. domestic transportation, in that they left in place the "conference" system in international ocean liner shipping, which historically embodied cartel mechanisms. However, these acts permitted independent rate-making by conference participants, and the 1998 Act permitted secret contract rates, which tend to undercut collective carrier pricing. According to the 481:

result, New Zealand, went from having a reputation as an almost socialist country to being considered one of the most business-friendly countries of the world, next to Singapore. However, critics charge that the deregulation has brought little benefit to some sections of society, and has caused much of New Zealand's economy (including almost all of the banks) to become foreign-owned.

53:. It became common in advanced industrial economies in the 1970s and 1980s, as a result of new trends in economic thinking about the inefficiencies of government regulation, and the risk that regulatory agencies would be controlled by the regulated industry to its benefit, and thereby hurt consumers and the wider economy. Economic regulations were promoted during the 592:". This required government departments to review, simplify or abolish existing regulations, and a "one in, one out" approach to new regulations. In 1997, Chancellor Brown announced the "freeing" of the Bank of England to set monetary policy, so the Bank was no longer under direct government control. In 2006, new primary legislation (the 1089:

there exists substantial concern about concentration of media ownership resulting from relaxation of historic controls on media ownership designed to safeguard diversity of viewpoint and open discussion in the society, and about what some perceive as high prices in cable company offerings at this point.

647:. Industries then use regulation to serve their own interests, at the expense of the consumer. A similar pattern has been seen with the deregulation process itself, often effectively controlled by regulated industries through lobbying. Such political forces, however, exist in many other forms for other 1387:

the obvious and simple system of natural liberty establishes itself of its own accord. Every man...is left perfectly free to pursue his own interest in his own way.... The sovereign is completely discharged from a duty no human wisdom or knowledge could ever be sufficient; the duty of superintending

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is of the opinion that deregulation is responsible for increasing price volatility on the commodity market. This particularly affects people and economies in developing countries. More and more homogenization of financial institution which may also be a result of deregulation turns out to be a major

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era. This deregulation put into place a division of labor between the studios and the networks. Communications in the United States (and internationally) are areas in which both technology and regulatory policy have been in flux. The rapid development of computer and communications technology –

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finance reform based on accrual accounting; tax neutrality; subsidy-free agriculture; and industry-neutral competition regulation. Economic growth was resumed in 1991. New Zealand was changed from a somewhat closed and centrally controlled economy to one of the most open economies in the OECD. As a

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Many economists have concluded that a trend towards deregulation will increase economic welfare long-term and a sustainable free market system. Regarding the electricity market, contemporary academic Adam Thierer, "The first step toward creating a free market in electricity is to repeal the federal

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programs have sprung up in several states, as well as the District of Columbia. Natural Gas Choice programs allow residential and small volume natural gas users to compare purchases from natural gas suppliers with traditional utility companies. There are currently hundreds of federally unregulated

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in transport markets and promote more independent, competitive pricing among transport service providers, substituting the freed-up competitive market forces for detailed regulatory control of entry, exit, and price making in transport markets. Thus deregulation arose, though regulations to promote

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The current status is a partially regulated structure in which consumers have received a capped price for a portion of the publicly owned generation. The remainder has been at market price and there are numerous competing energy contract providers. However, Ontario is installing Smart Meters in all

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operate in some of these jurisdictions, particularly Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia. The other provinces are small markets and have not attracted suppliers. Customers have the choice of purchasing from a local distribution company (LDC) or a deregulated supplier. In most provinces the LDC is

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finally collapsed and were exposed. After the collapse, regulators in the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) were finally allowed to file thousands of criminal complaints that led to over a thousand felony convictions of key Savings and Loan

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and Congress appear to be attempting to facilitate this evolution. In mainstream economic thinking, development of this competition would militate against detailed regulatory control of prices and service offerings, and hence favor deregulation of prices and entry into markets. On the other hand,

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has deregulated its electricity provision. Customers are free to choose which company they sign up with, but there are few companies to choose from and the consumer price of electricity has increased substantially as it has in all other Canadian provinces.. Consumers may choose to remain with the

3361:. This comprehensive study indicating, among other things, that transport deregulation reduced distribution costs in the United States from about 14% of gross domestic product to under 11% (If this measure is selected, current dollar savings can be calculated by multiplying current GDP by @3%). 1352:

The deregulation movement of the late 20th century had substantial economic effects and engendered substantial controversy. The movement was based on intellectual perspectives which prescribed substantial scope for market forces, and opposing perspectives have been in play in national and

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However, some existing taxi drivers were unhappy with the change, as they had invested up to €100,000 to purchase licenses from existing holders, and regarded them as assets. In October 2013 they brought a test case in the High Court for damages. Their claim was dismissed two years later.

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Sharon Beder, a writer with PR Watch, wrote "Electricity deregulation was supposed to bring cheaper electricity prices and more choice of suppliers to householders. Instead it has brought wildly volatile wholesale prices and undermined the reliability of the electricity supply."

476:. The policies had the goal of liberalizing the economy and were notable for their very comprehensive coverage and innovations. Specific policies included: floating the exchange rate; establishing an independent reserve bank; performance contracts for senior civil servants; 190:

announced the policy of "Minimum Effective Regulation" in 1986. This introduced now-familiar requirements for "regulatory impact statements", but compliance by governmental agencies took many years. The labor market under the Hawke/Keating governments operated under the

906:, which provided that "a State, political subdivision of a State, or political authority of two or more States may not enact or enforce a law, regulation, or other provision having the force and effect of law related to a price, route, or service of any motor carrier." 1084:

particularly the Internet – have increased the size and variety of communications offerings. Wireless, traditional landline telephone, and cable companies increasingly invade each other's traditional markets and compete across a broad spectrum of activities. The

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These were the major deregulation acts in transportation that set the general conceptual and legislative framework, which replaced the regulatory systems put in place between the 1880s and the 1930s. The dominant common theme of these Acts was to lessen

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The proposal addressed both rail and truck transportation, but not air carriage. (92d Congress, Senate Bill 2842) The developers of this legislation in this Administration sought to cultivate support from commercial buyers of transportation services,

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led him to promote the deregulation of finance, agriculture, and transportation. A series of substantial enactments were needed to work out the process of encouraging competition in transportation. Interstate buses were addressed in 1982, in the

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is a parallel development alongside deregulation. Regulatory reform refers to organized and ongoing programs to review regulations with a view to minimizing, simplifying, and making them more cost effective. Such efforts, given impetus by the

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began deregulation of electricity supply in 2002, but pulled back temporarily due to voter and consumer backlash at the resulting price volatility. The government is still searching for a stable working regulatory framework.

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of 1999 repealed part of the Glass–Steagall Act of 1933, removing barriers in the market that prohibited any one institution from acting as any combination of an investment bank, a commercial bank, and an insurance company.

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Natural gas is deregulated in most of the country, with the exception of some Atlantic provinces and some pockets like Vancouver Island and Medicine Hat. Most of this deregulation happened in the mid-1980s.

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Scholars who theorize that deregulation is beneficial to society often cite what is known as the Iron Law of Regulation, which states that all regulation eventually leads to a net loss in social welfare.

820:, economists, and environmental organization leaders. This 'civil society' coalition became a template for coalitions influential in efforts to deregulate trucking and air transport later in the decade. 1148:(LTCM) crisis, each of which necessitated major bailouts, and the derivatives scandals of 1994. These warning signs were ignored as financial deregulating continued, even in view of the inadequacy of 1109:

and in the political establishment and influenced the ideology of political institutions to press for more and more deregulation. Among the most important of the regulatory changes was the

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Administration and was forwarded to Congress in late 1971. This proposal was initiated and developed by an interagency group that included the Council of Economic Advisors (represented by

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and Thomas Gale Moore), White House Office of Consumer Affairs (represented by Jack Pearce), Department of Justice, Department of Transportation, Department of Labor, and other agencies.

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homes and small businesses and is changing the pricing structure to Time of Use pricing. All small volume consumers were scheduled to shift to the new rate structure by the end of 2012.

922: 759:. However, historians lack consensus in describing the causal relationship between various events and the role of government economic policy in causing or ameliorating the Depression. 848:– aided by economic adviser Alfred E. Kahn – devoted substantial effort to transportation deregulation, and worked with Congressional and civil society leaders to pass the 1493:

insiders. By contrast, between 2007 and 2010, the OCC and OTS combined made zero criminal referrals; Black concluded that elite financial fraud has effectively been decriminalized.

1793: 2957: 902:. As many states continued to regulate the operations of motor carriers within their own state, the intrastate aspect of the trucking and bus industries was addressed in the 1202: 1110: 954:

natural gas suppliers operating in the US. Regulation characteristics of Natural Gas Choice programs vary between the laws of the currently adoptive 21 states (as of 2008).

1925: 614:. But a great deal of infrastructure and maintenance work previously carried out by government departments was contracted out (outsourced) to private enterprise under the 1181: 2004: 1195: 833: 1762: 1951: 600:(RROs) to deal with older laws which they deem to be out of date, obscure or irrelevant. This act has often been criticized and was described in Parliament by 1628: 681: 170:

with Argentina, claiming that both were experiencing economic collapse due to excessive deregulation. Two months later, Herbert Inhaber claimed that Krugman

755:'s Administration. In supporting his competition-limiting regulatory initiatives President Roosevelt blamed the excesses of big business for causing an 2060: 961:

eliminated obstacles for wholesale electricity competition, but deregulation has yet to be introduced in all states. As of April 2014, 16 U.S. states (

899: 3282: 77:, and to mitigate boom and bust cycles. Around the late 1970s, such reforms were deemed burdensome on economic growth and many politicians espousing 1405:

and deregulation cite the benefits of regulation, and believe that certain regulations do not distort markets and allow companies to continue to be

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presidency, with the allied interests, secured passage of the first significant change in regulatory policy in a pro-competitive direction, in the

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The stated rationale for deregulation is often that fewer and simpler regulations will lead to raised levels of competitiveness, therefore higher

3549: 3405: 929:, in an assessment in 2001, this appears to have opened up substantial competitive activity in ocean shipping, with beneficial economic results. 680:(the destruction and banning of monopolies), the creation of laws protecting the American consumer, the creation of a federal income tax (by the 1852: 569:). The feature of all those privatizations was that their shares were offered to the general public. This continued under Thatcher's successor 2753: 1978: 3350: 2693: 618:, with competitive bidding for contracts within a regulatory framework. This included large projects such as building new hospitals for the 1174: 1125:

Such deregulation of the financial sector in the United States fostered greater risktaking by finance sector firms through the creation of

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Evans, Lewis; Grimes, Arthur; Wilkinson, Bryce; Teece, David (1996). "Economic Reform in New Zealand 1984-95: The Pursuit of Efficiency".

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not allowed to offer a term contract, just a variable price based on the spot market. LDC prices are changed either monthly or quarterly.

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Since the deregulation of the postal sector, different postal operators can install mail collection boxes in New Zealand's streets.

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Armstrong, J. Scott; Green, Kesten C. (October 2013). "Effects of corporate social responsibility and irresponsibility policies".

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is frequently used in such reviews. In addition, there have been regulatory innovations, usually suggested by economists, such as

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Daly, Herman; Goodland, Robert (1994). "An ecological-economic assessment of deregulation of international commerce under GATT".

779:, and others. The new ideas were widely embraced by both liberals and conservatives. Two leading think tanks in Washington, the 469: 2906: 49:

is the process of removing or reducing state regulations, typically in the economic sphere. It is the repeal of governmental

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instituted regulation on parts of the American economy, most notably big business and industry. Some prominent reforms were

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and environmental quality standards (such as the removal of regulations on hazardous materials), financial uncertainty, and

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The movement toward greater reliance on market forces has been closely related to the growth of economic and institutional

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on October 24, 1978 – the first federal government regulatory regime, since the 1930s, to be completely dismantled.

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Examples of deregulated industries in the United States are banking, telecommunications, airlines, and natural resources.

1770: 1458:(e.g., ensuring poorer areas where profit margins are lower are also provided with electricity and health services); and, 1388:

the industry of private people, and of directing it towards the employments most suitable to the interest of the society.

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One problem that encouraged deregulation was the way in which regulated industries often come to control the government

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they take. Thus, the greater risktaking allowed by deregulation and encouraged by the bailout paved the way for the

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New Zealand Governments adopted policies of extensive deregulation from 1984 to 1995. Originally initiated by the

3235: 1161: 744: 3251: 1061:) began the process of electricity deregulation in some capacity but have since suspended deregulation efforts. 3346: 1525: 1258: 1070: 615: 302: 1634: 1413:, appropriate regulation is argued by some to be "crucial to realise the benefits of service liberalisation". 1409:, or according to some, grow in competition. Much as the state plays an important role through issues such as 489:

Russia went through wide-ranging deregulation (and concomitant privatization) efforts in the late 1990s under

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campaigned on the promise of rolling back environmental regulations. His devotion to the economic beliefs of

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in 2000, and the price of a license dropped overnight to €5,000. The number of taxis increased dramatically.

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required local government to compete with the private sector in delivering services. Other steps included

88:, more efficiency and lower prices overall. Opposition to deregulation may involve apprehension regarding 4074: 4024: 3564: 3139: 3121: 2726: 1900: 1441: 1278: 768: 385: 313: 17: 2575: 2148: 2005:"Novo limite para dinheiro em viagens e transferências para e do exterior; entenda o novo marco cambial" 3731: 1818: 1216: 949:

in the United States. After adoption of this federal legislation, numerous state legislation known as

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was a regulating law, consisting of a mix of regulations and deregulation, which passed in response to

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Deregulation was put into effect in the communications industry by the government at the start of the

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as shown by the financial collapses and bailout. The 1998 bailout of LTCM sent the signal to large "

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The first comprehensive proposal to deregulate a major industry, transportation, originated in the

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The contribution of services to development and the role of trade liberalisation and regulation

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in the U.S. has been considerably deregulated in recent decades, which has allowed for greater

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Amendment 23 to the proposed Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions

626:. These were never privatized by public offer, but instead by tendering commercial interests. 4034: 4009: 3994: 3925: 3910: 3745: 3711: 3634: 3619: 3504: 3419: 3243: 3167: 3104: 3066: 2807: 2646: 2521: 2393: 2218: 1794:"Temer assina MP que libera até 100% de capital estrangeiro em companhias aéreas brasileiras" 1379: 817: 809: 788: 780: 736: 3629: 3651: 3614: 3489: 3454: 1530: 1129: 1126: 1026: 918: 3514: 2596: 2343: 338: 8: 4089: 3964: 3959: 3844: 3676: 3646: 3459: 3439: 3372: 3102:

Moore, Thomas Gale (November–December 1988), "Rail and Truck Reform: The Record So Far",

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Exploitation Conservation Preservation: A Geographic Perspective on Natural Resource Use

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Green, Kesten (December 2012). "Should government force companies to be responsible?".

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Jump, Jive an' Reform Regulation: How Washington Can Take a Swing at Regulatory Reform

1424:(e.g., by ensuring new energy providers have competitive access to the national grid); 1315: 34:

As a result of deregulation of telecommunications in New Zealand, France Télécom (now

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Safe as Houses: Private Greed, Political Negligence and Housing Policy After Grenfell

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says that inappropriate deregulation helped create a criminogenic environment in the

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and protect consumer savings from excessive risk-taking by financial institutions.

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Ocean transportation was the last to be addressed. This was done in two acts, the

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The Man Who Sold the World: Ronald Reagan and the Betrayal of Main Street America

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of 1980, are embodied in the United States Office of Management and Budget's

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Kahn, Alfred (1990). "Deregulation: Looking Backward and Looking Forward".

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of 1982. Freight forwarders (freight aggregators) got more freedoms in the

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A Five-Point Checklist For Successful Electricity Deregulation Legislation

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Competition and Chaos – U.S. Telecommunications Since the 1996 Telecom Act

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Deregulation gained momentum in the 1970s, influenced by research by the

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ensure sufficient provision of information (e.g., about the features of

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Critics of deregulation often cite the need of regulation in order to:

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Kahn, Alfred E. "Deregulation: looking backward and looking forward."

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Deregulation of the electricity sector in the U.S. began in 1992. The

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with especially high taxes on the wealthy), the establishment of the

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13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown

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Sweatshops on Wheels: Winners and Losers in Trucking Deregulation

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statutes and regulations that hinder electricity competition and

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The deregulation of the natural gas industry and other utilities

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Cali, Massimiliano; Ellis, Karen; te Velde, Dirk Willem (2008).

2344:"Alfred E. Kahn Dies at 93; Prime Mover of Airline Deregulation" 1792:

Netto, João Cláudio; Barbiéri, Luiz Felipe (December 13, 2018).

1373:." This viewpoint stretches back centuries. Classical economist 3584: 3321: 2429: 1105:. The financial sector used its considerable political sway in 1046: 1010: 2733: 2149:"The government just avoided a €360 million payout over taxis" 704:, banning of unfair labor practices, and the delivery of more 3364: 1203:

Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act

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Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act

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Jay Draiman, Dir. of Utilities & Sustainability (1999),

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Regulation: From Economic Deregulation to Safety Regulation

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regarding interest rate regulation via retail banking. The

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to consumers in some capacity. Additionally, seven states (

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price hikes and domestic price controls which affected the

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Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina; Yakovlev, Evgeny (14 March 2008),

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Peltzman, Sam; Levine, Michael E.; Noll, Roger G. (1989).

1140:. This caused a series of financial crises, including the 174:, and neither collapse was due to excessive deregulation. 2200: 1627:

Rose, Mark H.; Seely, Bruce E.; Barrett, Paul F. (2006).

1156:" financial firms that they would not have to suffer the 904:

Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994

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Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976

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of 1933. These regulations stayed largely in place until

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reduced building regulations from 306 pages to 24, while

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Having announced a wide range of deregulatory policies,

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policy. However, this was reversed under the following

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concern for small-scale producers in those countries.

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argued the benefits of deregulation in his 1776 work,

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Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics

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implemented many economic regulations, including the

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to many unemployed workers, thus helping to create a

3249: 2337: 2335: 2333: 727:(1923–29), the federal government generally pursued 3229: 2597:"Electricity Deregulation Map of the United States" 3113: 3058: 2703: 2622: 2610: 2360: 1567: 900:Surface Freight Forwarder Deregulation Act of 1986 622:, building new state schools, and maintaining the 415:In 2003, there were amendments to EU directive on 2934: 2874: 2330: 2326:http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-16514254.html 1612:. New York, New York: New York University Press. 4066: 3299: 3009:What Prompted Airline Deregulation 20 Years Ago? 2480: 2468: 2435: 1633:. University of Ohio State Press. Archived from 1626: 855:Carter also worked with Congress to produce the 203:began deregulation of the labor market with the 130:, which transfers state-owned businesses to the 3550:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 2240:. Manchester University Press. pp. 39–48. 2962:Next New Deal: Blog of the Roosevelt Institute 2824: 2293:Cutter, Susan L.; Renwick, William H. (2004). 2260: 2121:"Deregulation 'ruined taxi drivers overnight'" 3380: 3056: 2451:. The Hoover Institution, Stanford University 2292: 2033:"A Funny Thing happened On the Way to Utopia" 1845:"Bolsonomics: versão cabocla do Reagonomics?" 1791: 1324:that contextualizes different points of view. 1310:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 866: 407:public utility at the Regulated Rate Option. 2991:. D+C Development and Cooperation/ dandc.eu. 2532: 1704: 1231:Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act 1175:Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act 109:Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs 2986: 2739: 2723:"The Warning: Two Early Derivative Blowups" 2680: 2668: 2558: 2342:Hershy Jr., Robert D. (December 28, 2010). 1668: 1630:The Best Transportation System in the World 1588: 426:has given carriers from one EU country the 61:reforms were claimed as necessary to limit 3387: 3373: 2884:. London: Overseas Development Institute. 2717: 2715: 2341: 1819:"Lei das Estatais e sua aplicação prática" 731:economic policies. After the onset of the 594:Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006 3094:Kahn, Alfred E., "Airline deregulation", 3057:Derthick, Martha; Quirk, Paul J. (1985), 2838: 2420: 2235: 1340:Learn how and when to remove this message 1136:of loan obligations of various sorts and 1113:of 1980, which repealed the parts of the 927:United States Federal Maritime Commission 791:'s efforts to deregulate transportation. 474:Fourth National Government of New Zealand 365:Learn how and when to remove this message 207:, going much further in 2005 through its 2702:. London. March 19, 2013. Archived from 2640: 2266:"Legislative and Regulatory Reform Bill" 2181:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 2002: 1873: 1570:The Best Way to Rob a Bank Is to Own One 1420:create a level playing field and ensure 880: 839: 634: 610:privatized only a few services, such as 521:started a programme of deregulation and 453: 29: 3186:Crews, Clyde Wayne (28 February 2000), 2907:"The Electricity Deregulation Con Game" 2751: 2712: 2641:Crandall, Robert W. (1 December 2004), 2574:. EnPowered. 2016-03-28. Archived from 2572:"The Bumpy Road to Energy Deregulation" 2174: 2146: 2027: 2025: 1760: 1731: 1396: 799: 470:Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand 150:underwent heavy economic deregulation, 126:Deregulation can be distinguished from 14: 4067: 3138:Schenk, Catherine R. (December 2020). 3137: 3030: 3005: 1874:Deffenti, Fabiano (November 1, 2019). 1761:Inhaber, Herbert (February 12, 2002). 1167: 823: 604:as the "Abolition of Parliament Act". 3368: 3353:from the original on October 18, 2007 3185: 3111: 3101: 2952: 2940: 2919:(3, 3rd quarter 2003), archived from 2797: 2782: 2492: 2486: 2118: 2114: 2112: 2003:Caselato, Matheus (January 5, 2023). 1610:The Television Will Be Revolutionized 1562: 438:The taxi industry was deregulated in 2800:Review - Institute of Public Affairs 2628: 2616: 2410: 2022: 1976: 1855:from the original on January 7, 2023 1607: 1290: 1119:Financial Services Modernization Act 551:privatization of London bus services 303:adding citations to reliable sources 274: 238: 42:and across New Zealand in the 2000s. 2493:Brown, John Howard (22 June 2014). 1363: 859:(signed October 14, 1980), and the 172:confused correlation with causation 24: 2999: 2787:. Paris: James Decker. p. 96. 2752:Thierer, Adam D. (13 April 1998), 2147:Hosford, Paul (October 16, 2016). 2109: 1763:"Deregulation and Its Discontents" 1245:Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act 939:Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act 27:Remove or reduce state regulations 25: 4111: 3179: 3096:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 3006:Barnum, John W (September 1998). 2904: 2037:Ontario Electricity Restructuring 1086:Federal Communications Commission 1064: 923:Ocean Shipping Reform Act of 1998 794: 525:after the party's victory at the 508: 410: 3194:Competitive Enterprise Institute 3093: 3027:(Cambridge UP, 1997), worldwide. 2072:, September 2003, archived from 1977:Yano, Célio (February 7, 2022). 1480:, which attracted opportunistic 1295: 1075:Concentration of media ownership 741:National Industrial Recovery Act 629: 535:compulsory competitive tendering 279: 243: 162:(1989–1999). In December 2001, 81:started promoting deregulation. 3236:Social Science Research Network 3213:Powering a Generation of Change 2980: 2946: 2898: 2818: 2791: 2776: 2745: 2686: 2634: 2589: 2564: 2441: 2404: 2354: 2319: 2286: 2271:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2254: 2229: 2194: 2168: 2140: 2119:Healy, Tim (October 30, 2013). 2083: 2053: 1996: 1970: 1944: 1876:"Brazil's Economic Freedom Law" 1158:consequences of the great risks 877:competition were put in place. 745:Securities Exchange Act of 1934 493:, now partially reversed under 290:needs additional citations for 3394: 3347:Federal Highway Administration 3025:A History of Corporate Finance 2481:Rose, Seely & Barrett 2006 2469:Rose, Seely & Barrett 2006 2436:Rose, Seely & Barrett 2006 2203:Journal of Economic Literature 2175:Dalziel, Paul (5 March 2010). 1918: 1893: 1867: 1837: 1811: 1785: 1754: 1725: 1698: 1526:Electricity provider switching 1429:quality standards for services 1272: 1071:Telecommunications Act of 1996 588:developed a programme called " 449: 13: 1: 3916:Critique of political economy 3250:Nachshon Draiman CEO (2000), 3116:Braking the Special Interests 2849:10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.02.014 1589:Kleinknecht, William (2010). 1574:. University of Texas Press. 1556: 1360:between about 1950 and 2010. 828:After Nixon left office, the 785:American Enterprise Institute 692:, the institution of shorter 424:European Common Aviation Area 379:Electricity policy of Ontario 137: 65:like corporate abuse, unsafe 3500:History of capitalist theory 3061:The Politics of Deregulation 2987:Jayati Gosh (January 2013). 2827:Journal of Business Research 1719:10.1016/0921-8009(94)90017-5 1521:Ease of Doing Business Index 1146:Long-Term Capital Management 1029:have introduced deregulated 762: 386:Comparison shopping websites 227:, Michel Temer introduced a 205:Workplace Relations Act 1996 177: 142: 113:Better Regulation Commission 7: 3122:University of Chicago Press 3023:Baskin, J. and P. Miranti. 2727:Frontline (U.S. TV program) 1504: 1279:Anti-globalization movement 1162:financial crisis of 2007–08 769:Chicago school of economics 719:During the Presidencies of 708:to the working classes and 111:, and the United Kingdom's 38:) operated phone booths in 10: 4116: 3085:Yale Journal on Regulation 2413:Yale Journal on Regulation 2236:Hodkinson, Stuart (2019). 1276: 1252:National Energy Policy Act 1217:Regulatory Flexibility Act 1092: 1068: 867:1970s deregulation effects 616:public–private partnership 461: 433: 376: 105:Regulatory Flexibility Act 3943: 3897: 3860:Labour market flexibility 3833: 3744: 3593: 3535:Multinational corporation 3412: 3402: 3156:10.1017/S0968565020000189 1478:savings and loan industry 1449:environmental degradation 1353:international discourse. 1238:Bus Regulatory Reform Act 1182:Emergency Natural Gas Act 1132:and practices, including 959:Energy Policy Act of 1992 932: 896:Bus Regulatory Reform Act 861:Motor Carrier Act of 1980 686:progressive tax structure 484: 252:This section needs to be 234: 218: 193:Prices and Incomes Accord 51:regulation of the economy 3232:Deregulation of Business 3144:Financial History Review 3087:7 (1990): pp. 325+ 2729:. PBS. October 20, 2009. 2671:, pp. 20, 133, 150. 1691: 1189:Airline Deregulation Act 1150:industry self-regulation 1081:Multi-Channel Transition 850:Airline Deregulation Act 684:; the income tax used a 598:Regulatory Reform Orders 4085:Economics of regulation 4080:Economic liberalization 4005:Individualist anarchism 3218:Smithsonian Institution 3112:Robyn, Dorothy (1987), 3040:Oxford University Press 2806:(4). Melbourne: 44–45. 2760:The Heritage Foundation 2740:Johnson & Kwak 2010 2681:Johnson & Kwak 2010 2669:Johnson & Kwak 2010 2549:retrieved April 9, 2020 1403:economic liberalization 1196:National Gas Policy Act 1142:savings and loan crisis 914:(c)(1) (Supp. V 1999). 863:(signed July 1, 1980). 576:From 1997 to 2010, the 94:constraining monopolies 90:environmental pollution 3970:Collectivist anarchism 3885:Social venture capital 3855:Freedom of association 3323:Doing Business project 3300:Nachshon Draiman CEO, 2989:"Too much of the same" 1541:Public service company 1516:Deregulated capitalism 1390: 1266:Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act 1259:Telecommunications Act 818:consumer organizations 643:in a process known as 464:Economy of New Zealand 459: 43: 4035:Post-scarcity economy 4010:Libertarian socialism 3995:Free-market socialism 3926:Market fundamentalism 3911:Capitalist propaganda 3505:Industrial Revolution 3420:Anarchy of production 3067:Brookings Institution 2956:(December 28, 2010). 2785:The Wealth of Nations 2647:Brookings Institution 1735:(December 11, 2001). 1608:Lotz, Amanda (2007). 1463:financial instability 1385: 1380:The Wealth of Nations 1318:by rewriting it in a 881:Reagan administration 840:Carter administration 789:Carter Administration 781:Brookings Institution 737:Franklin D. Roosevelt 635:History of regulation 602:Lord (Patrick) Jenkin 549:(completed in 1984), 527:1979 general election 457: 213:Rudd Labor government 117:Cost–benefit analysis 33: 3490:Financial Revolution 3455:Economic development 2783:Smith, Adam (1801). 2079:on February 10, 2006 1851:. November 6, 2018. 1707:Ecological Economics 1531:Night-watchman state 1397:Against deregulation 1138:credit default swaps 1127:innovative financial 1103:financial risktaking 1027:District of Columbia 919:Shipping Act of 1984 800:Nixon administration 771:and the theories of 299:improve this article 160:Menem administration 3965:Anarcho-syndicalism 3960:Anarcho-primitivism 3845:Economic inequality 3460:Economic liberalism 3349:, 8 November 2006, 3278:Age of Deregulation 3042:, US. p. 272. 3034:(August 24, 2000). 2742:, pp. 147–148. 2599:. Electricity Local 2542:December 27, 2010, 2449:"Thomas Gale Moore" 2274:. Vol. 684. HL 2070:European Parliament 1905:Portal da Indústria 1773:on November 5, 2011 1168:Related legislation 1031:electricity markets 824:Ford administration 682:Sixteenth Amendment 670:William Howard Taft 641:regulatory agencies 225:Dilma's impeachment 156:fixed exchange rate 4075:Administrative law 3985:Economic democracy 3806:Private foundation 3310:on January 6, 2011 3200:on 1 December 2008 3080:, in United States 3032:Belzer, Michael H. 2499:Independent Review 2483:, pp. 154–56. 2471:, pp. 152–60. 2097:. December 1, 2017 1741:The New York Times 1737:"Laissez Not Fair" 1456:access to services 1442:competing services 1437:(e.g. from fraud); 1115:Glass–Steagall Act 951:Natural Gas Choice 810:Hendrik Houthakker 749:Glass–Steagall Act 710:social safety nets 666:Theodore Roosevelt 645:regulatory capture 624:London Underground 559:Transport Act 1985 555:local bus services 543:Transport Act 1980 517:government led by 460: 428:freedom of the air 44: 4062: 4061: 3955:Anarcho-communism 3826:Spontaneous order 3821:Social alienation 3778:Economic mobility 3465:Economic planning 3131:978-0-226-72328-0 3076:978-0-8157-1817-8 3049:978-0-19-512886-4 2891:978-0-85003-892-7 2833:(10): 1922–1927. 2683:, pp. 88–90. 2656:978-0-8157-1617-4 2545:Cornell Chronicle 2422:20.500.13051/8412 2304:978-0-471-15225-5 2247:978-1-5261-4186-6 2126:Irish Independent 1958:. January 5, 2022 1825:. August 16, 2018 1619:978-0-8147-5219-7 1600:978-0-7867-4433-6 1593:. PublicAffairs. 1581:978-0-292-72139-5 1564:Black, William K. 1546:Regulatory reform 1536:Political economy 1435:protect consumers 1350: 1349: 1342: 1304:This article may 1224:Staggers Rail Act 1210:Motor Carrier Act 874:barriers to entry 857:Staggers Rail Act 590:better regulation 567:Railways Act 1993 531:Building Act 1984 519:Margaret Thatcher 375: 374: 367: 349: 273: 272: 195:. In the mid-90s 121:emissions trading 100:Regulatory reform 16:(Redirected from 4107: 4100:Market structure 4095:Public economics 4045:Social anarchism 4020:Market socialism 4015:Market anarchism 3921:Critique of work 3811:Private property 3773:Economic freedom 3768:Decentralization 3746:Cultural aspects 3707:Regulated market 3485:Financial crisis 3470:Entrepreneurship 3389: 3382: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3317: 3316: 3315: 3306:, archived from 3296: 3295: 3294: 3285:, archived from 3271: 3270: 3269: 3260:, archived from 3246: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3196:, archived from 3175: 3134: 3119: 3108: 3098: 3079: 3064: 3053: 3020: 3018: 3017: 2993: 2992: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2968:on July 15, 2014 2964:. 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Black 1364:For deregulation 1345: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1321:balanced fashion 1299: 1298: 1291: 1099:financial sector 733:Great Depression 430:in most others. 422:Since 2006, the 417:software patents 370: 363: 359: 356: 350: 348: 307: 283: 275: 268: 265: 259: 247: 246: 239: 21: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4040:Sharing economy 4030:Post-capitalism 4000:Green anarchism 3939: 3906:Anti-capitalism 3893: 3829: 3740: 3732:State-sponsored 3589: 3565:Property rights 3540:Nationalization 3450:Economic bubble 3408: 3398: 3393: 3356: 3354: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3320: 3313: 3311: 3292: 3290: 3283:US GAS ELECTRIC 3267: 3265: 3222: 3220: 3210: 3203: 3201: 3182: 3132: 3077: 3050: 3015: 3013: 3002: 3000:Further reading 2997: 2996: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2924: 2905:Beder, Sharon, 2903: 2899: 2892: 2881: 2873: 2864: 2823: 2819: 2796: 2792: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2767: 2766:on 4 April 2009 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2721: 2720: 2713: 2699:Financial Times 2692: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2581: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2538:Lang, Susan S. 2537: 2533: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2454: 2452: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2409: 2405: 2382:10.2307/2534719 2365: 2359: 2355: 2340: 2331: 2324: 2320: 2305: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2234: 2230: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2117: 2110: 2100: 2098: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2046: 2044: 2031: 2030: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1975: 1971: 1961: 1959: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1932:. 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