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and their parental investment is much larger than the females. This theory also says that the female will typically produce eggs at an exceedingly fast rate that the males cannot possibly take full care of them which then leads to some of the males becoming unreceptive. Dendrobatidae also exhibit the parental quality hypothesis. This is where the females mating with the males try to ensure that their male mates with as few individuals as possible so that their number of offspring is limited, and thus each individual offspring receives a larger portion of care, attention, and resources. However, this creates an interesting dynamic of balance as there is a limited number of males available, and with many females competing for a limited number of males for courtship this makes it difficult to limit the number of individuals a male mates with. Whereas in many species, the competition is flipped in that the competition is prominent among the males, among the
Dendrobatidae it is the opposite as the females seem to have a great deal of competition among themselves for males. Females will even take the drastic measures and resort to the destroying of other female's eggs in order to make sure that the male they mated with is receptive and that it scares the male from mating with other females.
1236:
not scare away the intruder, then the resident frog moves towards the intruder and strikes them. These encounters immediately escalate into a full on fight where both strike each other and grasp each other's limbs. Similarly, the females also often get into fights and display aggressive behaviors in disputes over territory or a mating conflict. It has also been observed that females who are going after the same male, after hearing their call, chase each other down and wrestle to fight for the male. After a female courts with a male, they are also very likely to exhibit aggressive behavior towards any females that approach that male. Both the males and females bout their own respective sexes for each other in a fairly similar fashion.
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preceded higher aerobic capacity, and aposematism evolved to allow dendrobatids to gather resources without predation. Prey mobility could also explain the initial development of aposematic signaling. If prey have characteristics that make them more exposed to predators, such as when some dendrobatids shifted from nocturnal to diurnal behavior, then they have more reason to develop aposematism. After the switch, the frogs had greater ecological opportunities, causing dietary specialization to arise. Thus, aposematism is not merely a signaling system, but a way for organisms to gain greater access to resources and increase their reproductive success.
92:
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1049:. It is believed that dart frogs do not synthesize their poisons, but sequester the chemicals from arthropod prey items, such as ants, centipedes and mites – the diet-toxicity hypothesis. Because of this, captive-bred animals do not possess significant levels of toxins as they are reared on diets that do not contain the alkaloids sequestered by wild populations. Nonetheless, the captive-bred frogs retain the ability to accumulate alkaloids when they are once again provided an alkaloidal diet. Despite the toxins used by some poison dart frogs, some predators have developed the ability to withstand them. One is the snake
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4371:
997:
121:
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1461:), so appropriate care should be taken when handling them. While scientific study on the lifespan of poison dart frogs is scant, retagging frequencies indicate it can range from one to three years in the wild. However, these frogs typically live for much longer than that in captivity, having been reported to live as long as 25 years. These claims also seem to be questionable, since many of the larger species take a year or more to mature, and
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conspicuous species. Energetic costs of producing toxins and bright color pigments lead to potential trade-offs between toxicity and bright coloration, and prey with strong secondary defenses have less to gain from costly signaling. Therefore, prey populations that are more toxic are predicted to manifest less bright signals, opposing the classical view that increased conspicuousness always evolves with increased toxicity.
1290:; the female lays a cluster of eggs and a male fertilizes them afterward, in the same manner as most fish. Poison frogs can often be observed clutching each other, similar to the manner most frogs copulate. However, these demonstrations are actually territorial wrestling matches. Both males and females frequently engage in disputes over territory. A male will fight for the most prominent roosts from which to broadcast his
43:
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defend their calling sites as well as their vegetation. While vocalization and various behavioral displays serve as a way of exhibiting one's strength or fitness, territorial disputes and fights often escalate to physical combat and aggression. Physical violence and aggression are particularly common at times of calling. If it an intruder is detected making calls in the
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flooded lowland grassland, arable land, pastureland, rural gardens, plantations, moist savanna and heavily degraded former forest. Premontane forests and rocky areas have also been known to hold frogs. Dendrobatids tend to live on or close to the ground, but also in trees as much as 10 m (33 ft) from the ground.
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further as well as the fact that it would help themselves be seen. The calls were signaled towards the stream as the females typically were in that area. Each male typically had their own region in which they only made calls from, and typically an individual would repeat their calls from the same spot during a
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Functional trade-offs are seen in poison frog defense mechanisms relating to toxin resistance. Poison dart frogs containing epibatidine have undergone a 3 amino acid mutation on receptors of the body, allowing the frog to be resistant to its own poison. Epibatidine-producing frogs have evolved poison
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Sexual selection may have played a role in the diversification of skin color and pattern in poison frogs. With female preferences in play, male coloration could evolve rapidly. Sexual selection is influenced by many things. The parental investment may shed some light on the evolution of coloration in
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through their skin. Alkaloids in the skin glands of poison dart frogs serve as a chemical defense against predation, and they are therefore able to be active alongside potential predators during the day. About 28 structural classes of alkaloids are known in poison dart frogs. The most toxic of poison
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The diet of
Dendrobatidae is what gives them the alkaloids/toxins that are found in their skin. The diet that is responsible for these characteristics consists primarily of small and leaf-litter arthropods found in its general habitat, typically ants. Their diet, however, is typically separated into
589:
Natural habitats include moist, lowland forests (subtropical and tropical), high-altitude shrubland (subtropical and tropical), moist montanes and rivers (subtropical and tropical), freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, lakes and swamps. Other species can be found in seasonally wet or
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falls on the shoulders of the female sex, whereas the male sex has a much smaller portion. However, it has been studied that in the family of
Dendrobatidae, many of the species exhibit sex role reversal in which the females are competing for a limited number of males and the males are the choosers
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of a
Dendrobatidae frog, the resident frog attempts to eliminate the competition to claim the territory and the females in it for himself. The resident frog initially makes its presence known by the means of vocalization and various behavioral displays as a way to exert dominance, but if this does
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call in morning between the times of 6:30 am to 11:30 am. The calling would typically come from a place of elevation from various pieces of nature. The males would usually be on average one meter above the ground on limbs, trunks, and stems, or logs of trees so that their voice traveled
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and aerobic capacity preceded greater resource gathering, making it easier for frogs to go out and gather the ants and mites required for diet specialization, contrary to classical aposematic theory, which assumes that toxicity from diet arises before signaling. Alternatively, diet specialization
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common in their environment led them to having a much higher growth rate and typically lived much longer lives. Reasons for this behavior could be that predation and aggression was selected for and favored for a few reasons. One reason is to eliminate predators, and the second reason is that it
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behaviors are not only limited to males, as many female
Dendrobatidae also are known to defend their own native territory very aggressively. Dendrobatidae are especially aggressive in defending regions that serve as male calling sites. Males wrestle with intruders of their territory in order to
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serves as a source of food in habitats that were low in resources. This predation could have evolved over time and led to cannibalism as another form of predatory behavior that had benefitted individuals survival fitness. However, one observation has been noted in the general characteristic of
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Conspicuous coloration in these frogs is further associated with diet specialization, body mass, aerobic capacity, and chemical defense. Conspicuousness and toxicity may be inversely related, as polymorphic poison dart frogs that are less conspicuous are more toxic than the brightest and most
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In captivity, most species thrive where the humidity is kept constant at 80 to 100% and where the temperature is around 72 °F (22 °C) to 80 °F (27 °C) during the day and no lower than 60 °F (16 °C) to 65 °F (18 °C) at night. Some species tolerate lower
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The chemical defense mechanisms of the
Dendrobates family are the result of exogenous means. Essentially, this means that their ability to defend has come through the consumption of a particular diet – in this case, toxic arthropods – from which they absorb and reuse the consumed toxins. The
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The operational sex ratio in the poison dart frog family is mostly female biased. This leads to a few characteristic behaviors and traits found in organisms with an uneven sex ratio. In general, females have a choice of mate. In turn, males show brighter coloration, are territorial, and are
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organism. Their bright coloration advertises unpalatability to potential predators. Aposematism is currently thought to have originated at least four times within the poison dart family according to phylogenetic trees, and dendrobatid frogs have since undergone dramatic divergences – both
1324:, and were by far the more active sex. The duration of courtship in poison frogs is long and females could even reject males even after an entire day of active following which was found to occur in a few instances. In the majority of cases, the males in fact chose the
1319:
occurred in a few instances. This observed fertilization was not accomplished through amplexus. Initiation and interaction during courtship typically were the result of active females rather than males. The females stroked, climbed on, and jumped on the other in tactile
1158:) in predators could facilitate the evolution of warning coloration, if predators avoid novel morphs for a long enough period of time. Another possibility is genetic drift, the so-called gradual-change hypothesis, which could strengthen weak pre-existing aposematism.
478:
Most species of poison dart frogs are small, sometimes less than 1.5 cm (0.59 in) in adult length, although a few grow up to 6 cm (2.4 in) in length. They weigh 1 oz. on average. Most poison dart frogs are brightly colored, displaying
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carry their newly hatched tadpoles into the canopy; the tadpoles stick to the mucus on the backs of their parents. Once in the upper reaches of the rainforest trees, the parents deposit their young in the pools of water that accumulate in
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resistance of body receptors independently three times. This target-site insensitivity to the potent toxin epibatidine on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors provides a toxin resistance while reducing the affinity of acetylcholine binding.
1332:, visual cues under high light intensity were also used to identify individuals from the same population. Different species use different cues to identify individuals from their same population during the time of mating and courtship.
422:. Some species of the family Dendrobatidae exhibit extremely bright coloration along with high toxicity — a feature derived from their diet of ants, mites and termites— while species which eat a much larger variety of prey have
1168:, the female provides care for the offspring for several weeks whereas the males provides care for a few days, implying a strong female preference. Sexual selection increases phenotypic variation drastically. In populations of
3298:
Rudh, A.; B. Rogell; J. Hoglund (2007). "Non-gradual variation in color morphs of the strawberry poison frog
Dendrobates pumilio: genetic and geographical isolation suggest a role for selection in maintaining polymorphism".
1108:), has enough toxin on average to kill ten to twenty men or about twenty thousand mice. Most other dendrobatids, while colorful and toxic enough to discourage predation, pose far less risk to humans or other large animals.
2010:
1137:
Skin toxicity evolved alongside bright coloration, perhaps preceding it. Toxicity may have relied on a shift in diet to alkaloid-rich arthropods, which likely occurred at least four times among the dendrobatids. Either
1282:. The tadpoles feed on invertebrates in their nursery, and their mother will even supplement their diet by depositing eggs into the water. Other poison frogs lay their eggs on the forest floor, hidden beneath the
2472:
Darst, Catherine R.; Menéndez-Guerrero, Pablo A.; Coloma, Luis A.; Cannatella, David C. (2005). "Evolution of dietary specialization and chemical defense in poison frogs (Dendrobatidae): a comparative analysis".
1483:, and collection for the pet trade. Some are listed as threatened or endangered as a result. Zoos have tried to counteract this disease by treating captive frogs with an antifungal agent that is used to cure
1201:, and minor litter-dwelling taxa. The second category of prey are much rarer finds and are much larger in body size, and they tend to have high palatability and mobility. These typically consist of the
4291:
3401:
Tazzyman, S.J.; Iwasa, Y. (2010). "Sexual selection can increase the effect of random genetic drift-a quantitative genetic model of polymorphism in oophaga pumilio, the strawberry poison-dart frog".
1012:
secretion of these chemicals is released by the granular glands of the frog. The chemicals secreted by the
Dendrobatid family of frogs are alkaloids that differ in chemical structure and toxicity.
1578:
1189:
two distinct categories. The first is the primary portion of
Dendrobatidae's diet which include prey that are slow-moving, large in number, and small in size. This typically consists of
2844:
Wang, I.; H. B. Shaffer (2008). "Rapid Color
Evolution in an Aposematic Species: A Phylogenetic Analysis of Color Variation in the Strikingly Polymorphic Strawberry Poison-Dart Frog".
4289:
1932:
3444:
Rudh, Andreas; B. Rogell; O. Håstad; A. Qvarnström (2011). "Rapid population divergence linked with co-variation between coloration and sexual display in strawberry poison frogs".
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598:
Dart frogs are the focus of major phylogenetic studies, and undergo taxonomic changes frequently. The family Dendrobatidae currently contains 16 genera, with about 200 species.
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species is that they have reduced mouth parts as young tadpoles which limits their consumption typically to unfertilized eggs only. Thus, it can be assumed that the
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Grant, T., Frost, D. R., Caldwell, J. P., Gagliardo, R., Haddad, C. F. B., Kok, P. J. R., Means, D. B., Noonan, B. P., Schargel, W. E., and Wheeler, W. C. (2006).
4164:
Martin H., Christian; Ibáñez, Roberto; Nothias, Louis-FĂ©lix; Caraballo-RodrĂguez, AndrĂ©s Mauricio; Dorrestein, Pieter C.; GutiĂ©rrez, Marcelino (October 2020).
4719:
3996:
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Daly, John W.; Gusovsky, Fabian; Myers, Charles W.; Yotsu-Yamashita, Mari; Yasumoto, Takeshi (1994). "First occurrence of tetrodotoxin in a dendrobatid frog (
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Adult frogs lay their eggs in moist places, including on leaves, in plants, among exposed roots, and elsewhere. Once the eggs hatch, the adult piggybacks the
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interspecific and intraspecific – in their aposematic coloration. This is surprising given the frequency-dependent nature of this type of defense mechanism.
2332:
Tazzyman, I. J.; Y. Iwassa (2010). "Sexual selection can increase the effect of random genetic drift – a quantitative genetic model of polymorphism in
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larvae, and spiders. The natural diet of an individual dendrobatid depends on its species and prey abundance in its location, amongst other factors.
1819:
1639:
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to warn potential predators. Their bright coloration is associated with their toxicity and levels of alkaloids. For example, frogs of the genus
6258:
1936:
2658:
1957:
Hurme, Kristiina; Gonzalez, Kittzie; Halvorsen, Mark; Foster, Bruce; Moore, Don (2003). "Environmental Enrichment for Dendrobatid Frogs".
2820:
60:
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2721:
Decker, M.; Meyer, M.; Sullivan, J. (2001). "The therapeutic potential of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists for pain control".
4355:
5666:
6206:
4089:
3839:"Cannibalistic Interactions Resulting from Indiscriminate Predatory Behavior in Tadpoles of Poison Frogs (Anura: Dendrobatidae) 1"
1084:, was named as Tebanicline and got as far as Phase II trials in humans, but was dropped from further development due to dangerous
6245:
2193:"Inversely related aposematic traits: reduced conspicuousness evolves with increased toxicity in a polymorphic poison-dart frog"
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aggressive toward other males. Females select mates based on coloration (mainly dorsal), calling perch location, and territory.
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4344:
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2040:
1916:
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55:
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Meyer, Michael D. (2006). "Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as a target for the treatment of neuropathic pain".
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tadpoles that either consumed three or more conspecific tadpoles and/or relatively large larvae of a specific species of
2240:
Maan, M. E.; M. E. Cummings (2008). "female preferences for aposematic signal components in a polymorphic poison frog".
963:). Differing coloration has historically misidentified single species as separate, and there is still controversy among
3965:
1436:
434:
2108:
Summers, K.; Cronin T. W.; Kennedy T. (2004). "Cross-breeding of distinct color morphs of the strawberry poison frog (
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Darst, Catherine R.; Menéndez-Guerrero, Pablo A.; Coloma, Luis A.; Cannatella, David C. (2005). Pagel, Mark (ed.).
1738:
Caldwell, J. P. (1996). "The evolution of myrmecophagy and its correlates in poison frogs (family Dendrobatidae)".
6263:
2394:"Evolution of Dietary Specialization and Chemical Defense in Poison Frogs (Dendrobatidae): A Comparative Analysis"
2147:
Kok, P. J. R.; MacCulloch, R. D.; Gaucher, P.; Poelman, E. H.; Bourne, G. R.; Lathrop, A.; Lenglet, G. L. (2006).
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site and led the way and females usually followed the male to the site. In some Dendrobatidae species, such as
438:
106:
4109:
Santos, Juan C.; Tarvin, Rebecca D.; O'Connell, Lauren A.; Blackburn, David C.; Coloma, Luis A. (2018-08-01).
2622:) used by the Emberá Indians of western Colombia, with discussion of blowgun fabrication and dart poisoning".
1294:; females fight over desirable nests, and even invade the nests of other females to devour competitor's eggs.
5256:
4900:
4895:
1609:
1581:"Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae)"
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are said to exhibit some unique cannibalistic tendencies, along with many other forms of predatory behavior.
17:
3259:"Phenotypic and genetic divergence in three species of dart-poison frogs with contrasting parental behavior"
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4085:
2148:
4227:
Courtois, Elodie A.; Pineau, Kevin; Villette, Benoit; Schmeller, Dirk S.; Gaucher, Philippe (2012-06-18).
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in origin. Wild-caught specimens can maintain toxicity for some time (which they obtain through a form of
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Poison dart frogs suffer from chytridiomycosis, which is a deadly disease that is caused by the fungus
1051:
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2944:; J. D. Blount; P. A. Stephens (2010). "Diversification of honest signals in a predator-prey system".
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Observations of the Dendrobatidae family suggest that males of the species would typically make their
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plants are more commonly used for aboriginal South American darts) all of which come from the genus
5305:
4111:"Diversity within diversity: Parasite species richness in poison frogs assessed by transcriptomics"
1971:
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in some dendrobatid populations however suggests that sexual selection is not a valid explanation.
445:. However, out of over 170 species, only four have been documented as being used for this purpose (
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may have medicinal value. Scientists use this poison to make a painkiller. One such chemical is a
455:, which is characterized by the relatively large size and high levels of toxicity of its members.
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3695:"Sexual selection and intra-femalecompetition in the green poison-dart frog, Dendrobates auratus"
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Many species of poison dart frogs are dedicated parents. Many poison dart frogs in the genera
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5912:
5547:
4908:
4233:(Anura: Dendrobatidae) at three sites in French Guiana and first record of chytrid infection"
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Lindström, L.; Alatalo, Rauno V.; Mappes, Johanna; Riipi, Marianna; Vertainen, Laura (1999).
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1023:
100:
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3919:"Traumatic Injuries in Two Neotropical Frogs Dendrobates auratus and Physalaemus pustulosus"
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that participated in sexual selection, the phenotypic polymorphism was evident. The lack of
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Stefan, Lötters; Jungfer, Karl-Heinz; Henkel, Friedrich Wilhelm; Schmidt, Wolfgang (2007).
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3200:"Sexual dimorphism and directional sexual selection on aposematic signals in a poison frog"
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coloration with minimal to no amount of observed toxicity. Many species of this family are
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Daszak, P.; Berger, L.; Cunningham, A. A.; Hyatt, A. D.; Green, D. E.; Speare, R. (1999).
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510:, one at a time, to suitable water: either a pool, or the water gathered in the throat of
8:
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3493:"Interacting amino acid replacements allow poison frogs to evolve epibatidine resistance"
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is limited to their lifetime as a tadpole and does not cross over into their adult life.
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1081:
951:
718:(Grant, Rada, Anganoy-Criollo, Batista, Dias, Jeckel, Machado, and Rueda-Almonacid, 2017)
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530:, tropical environments of Central and South America. These frogs are generally found in
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2893:"The dual benefits of aposematism: Predator avoidance and enhanced resource collection"
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appears to have contributed to differentiation among the Bocas del Toro populations of
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Grant, Rada, Anganoy-Criollo, Batista, Dias, Jeckel, Machado, and Rueda-Almonacid, 2017
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and often have brightly colored bodies. This bright coloration is correlated with the
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note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
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Variation in predation regimens may have influenced the evolution of polymorphism in
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Tarvin, Rebecca D.; Borghese, Cecilia M.; Sachs, Wiebke; Santos, Juan C.; Lu, Ying;
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3430:
3344:"Sexual dimorphism and directional selection on aposematic signals in a poison frog"
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3134:
2989:"The evolution of coloration and toxicity in the poison frog family (Dendrobatidae)"
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1996:
1682:"Multiple, recurring origins of aposematism and diet specialization in poison frogs"
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The Dendrobatidae are a family of species very well known for their territorial and
518:, in some species fed by unfertilized eggs laid at regular intervals by the mother.
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2674:"Epibatidine activates muscle acetylcholine receptors with unique site selectivity"
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Saporito, R.; Donnelly, M.; Norton, R.; Garraffo, H.; Spande, T.; Daly, J. (2007).
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Myers, C. W.; Daly, J. W. & Malkin, B. (1978). "A dangerously toxic new frog (
2318:
2285:"Assortative mating in poison-dart frogs based on an ecologically important trait"
1956:
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403:
4166:"Metabolites from Microbes Isolated from the Skin of the Panamanian Rocket Frog
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1980:
30:"Poison frog" redirects here. For other frogs that are poisonous to humans, see
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1076:; however, the therapeutic dose is very close to the fatal dose. A derivative,
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31:
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Poison dart frogs suffer from parasites ranging from helminths to protozoans.
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was created from a revision of this article dated 25 October 2019
4213:
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Summers, Kyle; Symula, Rebecca; Clough, Mark; Cronin, Thomas (1999-11-07).
3542:
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2417:
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2261:
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1988:
1893:
1848:"Phenotypic integration emerges from aposematism and scale in poison frogs"
1719:
1537:
1202:
847:
771:
732:
616:
515:
345:
265:
241:
234:
3284:
3257:
Summers, K.; L. Bermingham; S. Weigt; S. McCafferty; L. Dahlstrom (1997).
2707:
2545:
2031:
Pough, F. H.; Andrews, Robin M.; Cadle, John E.; Crump, Martha L. (2004).
1479:
Many species of poison dart frogs have recently experienced habitat loss,
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4777:
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4163:
3779:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
3719:
3491:; Cannatella, David C.; Harris, R. Adron; Zakon, Harold H. (2017-09-22).
3256:
2447:"Dendrobatidae. Poison-arrow frogs, Dart-poison frogs, Poison-dart frogs"
1463:
1420:
1291:
1283:
1206:
1139:
1073:
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can include color pattern morphs that can be interbred (colors are under
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693:
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635:
499:
480:
451:
419:
388:
322:
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286:
279:
272:
227:
2561:"Oribatid mites as a major dietary source for alkaloids in poison frogs"
1315:. After the call is received, the female makes its way to the male, and
937:
that emerged as recently as 6,000 years ago. Therefore, species such as
6032:
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3567:"Evolution of Diet Specialization in Poison-Dart Frogs (Dendrobatidae)"
3566:
1551:
1354:
1325:
1279:
1269:
1227:
1223:
1111:
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side effects. Secretions from dendrobatids are also showing promise as
1065:
1016:
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control, while the actual patterns are probably controlled by a single
886:
809:
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411:
314:
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5177:
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4772:
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4507:
4474:
4468:
3754:
Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
3101:"Perspective: The evolution of warning coloration is not paradoxical"
2635:
1617:
1358:
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1155:
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1069:
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654:
559:
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442:
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220:
152:
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3176:
2153:(Anura, Dendrobatidae) from French Guiana with a redescription of
1679:
5995:
5457:
5452:
5437:
5398:
5373:
5210:
5190:
4830:
4637:
4549:
4360:
3040:"Convergent evolution of bright coloration and toxicity in frogs"
2886:
2065:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
1362:
1263:
1077:
828:
551:
535:
507:
492:
423:
300:
4038:"Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines"
2515:
5762:
5736:
5706:
5522:
5224:
5205:
4953:
4450:
4226:
1907:
Zweifel, Robert G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.).
1307:
1198:
583:
575:
571:
543:
446:
142:
4333:
2558:
1441:
6198:
5711:
5627:
5622:
5492:
5413:
4752:
2107:
2035:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 92.
1366:
527:
3964:
Pepper, Mark; Brown, Jason; Twomey, Evan (15 January 2007).
3837:
Caldwell, Janalee P.; Araujo, Maria Carmozina (March 1998).
5876:
5784:
4437:
3995:
Pepper, Mark; Twomey, Evan; Brown, Jason L. (Spring 2007).
3951:"Red list changes highlight threats from over-exploitation"
3147:
3044:
2059:
Summers, K.; Symula, R; Clough, M.; Cronin, T. (Nov 1999).
1852:
1686:
1194:
567:
430:
due to human infrastructure encroaching on their habitats.
392:
172:
4339:
3891:
2617:
433:
These amphibians are often called "dart frogs" due to the
5721:
3772:
3486:
2282:
1217:
1190:
3917:
Gray, H. M.; Nepveu, G.; Mahé, F.; Valentin, G. (2002).
1610:
10.1206/0003-0090(2006)299[1:PSODFA]2.0.CO;2
4086:"Poison Dart Frog Fact Sheet – National Zoo| FONZ"
3894:
Poison Frogs: Biology, Species, & Captive Husbandry
3297:
1814:
52:
needs attention from an expert in Amphibian and reptile
4435:
3916:
1845:
1680:
Santos, J. C.; L. A. Coloma; D. C. Cannatella (2003).
514:
or other plants. The tadpoles remain there until they
4336:– ecology, evolution and conservation of poison frogs
3099:
Marples, N. M.; Kelly, D. J.; Thomas, R. J. (2005).
2467:
2465:
2463:
1527:
3197:
2720:
930:Some poison dart frogs species include a number of
640:(Twomey, Brown, AmĂ©zquita & MejĂa-Vargas, 2011)
3341:
3150:"Can aposematic signals evolve by gradual change?"
3098:
2624:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
2239:
1588:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1512:(Bd). This infection has been found in frogs from
3994:
3963:
3400:
2843:
2671:
2460:
2331:
6314:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
2651:"Science: Potent painkiller from poisonous frog"
2112:) from the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama".
2054:
2052:
1340:Typically in many species the larger portion of
3768:
3766:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1226:not only as tadpoles, but as adults too. These
3836:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
2520:), with further reports for the bufonid genus
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1055:, which has developed immunity to the poison.
4735:
4421:
3823:
3618:
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3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
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3604:
3602:
3600:
2986:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
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2375:
2049:
1911:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 95–97.
4818:
3763:
3667:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
2648:
1726:
1638:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2800:"San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: Poison Frog"
2283:Reynolds, R. G.; B. M. Fitzpatrick (2007).
1758:
1664:
4742:
4728:
4428:
4414:
4369:
3597:
2444:
2372:
1792:
357:
90:
5667:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
4248:
4203:
4185:
4061:
3934:
3806:
3718:
3549:
3532:
3377:
3367:
3274:
3233:
3223:
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3075:
3065:
3014:
3004:
2908:
2697:
2594:
2584:
2404:(1). University of Chicago Press: 56–69.
2300:
2208:
2175:
2084:
1970:
1959:Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
1883:
1873:
1709:
1699:
1599:
1100:. The most poisonous of these frogs, the
366:Distribution of Dendrobatidae (in black)
4352:– mailing list for dendrobatid hobbyists
4317:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
4300:
2013:. The American Museum of Natural History
1846:Santos, J. C.; D. C. Cannatella (2011).
1737:
1440:
1243:
1110:
995:
991:
462:
3692:
3633:"Territoriality and Mating Behavior in
3037:
2723:Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
2101:
1909:Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians
1906:
1574:
1572:
1348:
1335:
498:Poison dart frogs are an example of an
487:have high levels of alkaloids, whereas
14:
6315:
4029:
1935:. Explore Biodiversity. Archived from
1474:
1467:species can take more than two years.
1353:The poison dart frog is known for its
1218:Aggressive behavior and territoriality
63:may be able to help recruit an expert.
6093:
6092:
4723:
4409:
4115:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3630:
3276:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023065
2763:
2157:(Noble, 1923) from its type locality"
1453:All species of poison dart frogs are
1058:Chemicals extracted from the skin of
4237:Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology
3896:. Serpent's Tale. pp. 110–136.
3775:"Visual mate choice in poison frogs"
3564:
3342:Maan, M. E.; M. E. Cummings (2009).
3198:Mann, M.E.; Cummings, M. E. (2009).
2336:, the strawberry poison-dart frog".
2190:
2061:"Visual mate choice in poison frogs"
1841:
1839:
1837:
1569:
36:
4250:10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v11i1p63-70
2672:Prince, R. J.; Sine, S. M. (2008).
24:
5021:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
4287:
3863:10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00372.x
3118:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01032.x
2825:American Museum of Natural History
2184:
2177:10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v5i1p43-66
1900:
1752:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05487.x
1437:History of dendrobatid frogkeeping
1301:
1123:
458:
85:Poison dart frogs (Dendrobatidae)
25:
6354:
6338:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
4268:
2802:. Zoological Society of San Diego
1834:
1653:Ford, L.; Cannatella, D. (1993).
1471:temperatures better than others.
526:Poison dart frogs are endemic to
61:WikiProject Amphibian and reptile
6073:
6072:
4704:
4516:
4299:
3458:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01210.x
3415:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00923.x
3313:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03479.x
2987:Summers, K.; Clough, M. (2000).
2966:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01469.x
2910:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00931.x
2858:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00507.x
2350:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00923.x
2302:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00174.x
2254:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00454.x
2210:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01257.x
2011:"Amphibian Species of the World"
1530:
1146:
119:
101:Dendrobates tinctorius "azureus"
41:
5105:Extracellular adenylate cyclase
4220:
4157:
4102:
3988:
3957:
3943:
3910:
3885:
3743:
3480:
3437:
3394:
3335:
3291:
3250:
3191:
3141:
3092:
3031:
2980:
2933:
2880:
2837:
2813:
2792:
2757:
2714:
2665:
2642:
2630:(2): 307–365 + color pls. 1–2.
2611:
2552:
2509:
2438:
2325:
2276:
2233:
2140:
2024:
2003:
1950:
1925:
1430:
1288:fertilize their eggs externally
1239:
1015:Many poison dart frogs secrete
925:
4377:Frog Poison – Histrionicotoxin
1808:
1786:
1646:
1510:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1162:relation to female choice. In
1132:
13:
1:
5257:Fibronectin binding protein A
2887:Speed, I.; M. A. Brockhurst;
2690:10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77623-4
1933:"Poison Dart Frogs in Hawaii"
1773:"AmphibiaWeb – Dendrobatidae"
1563:
402:which are native to tropical
4382:The Periodic Table of Videos
4042:Emerging Infectious Diseases
3953:. TRAFFIC. 10 November 2011.
3711:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90064-X
3693:Summers, Kyle (1989-05-01).
2649:Emsley, John (30 May 1992).
2538:10.1016/0041-0101(94)90081-7
1660:. Herpetological Monographs.
1495:
795:(Jiménez de la Espada, 1870)
418:of the species, making them
7:
4998:Staphylococcus aureus alpha
4976:Panton–Valentine leukocidin
4127:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.015
3565:Toft, Catherine A. (1995).
2821:"Golden Poison Frog | AMNH"
2735:10.1517/13543784.10.10.1819
1981:10.1207/s15327604jaws0604_3
1816:National Geographic Society
1655:"The Major Clades of Frogs"
1523:
1503:
1212:
593:
10:
6359:
5016:Toxic shock syndrome toxin
2449:. The Tree of Life Project
2445:Cannatella, David (1995).
1490:
1434:
1052:Erythrolamprus epinephalus
871:(Duméril and Bibron, 1841)
521:
435:aboriginal South Americans
29:
6101:
6068:
6055:
5993:
5913:(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
5900:
5874:
5863:
5818:
5760:
5654:
5643:
5412:
5269:
5240:
5176:
5113:
5060:
5033:
4986:
4961:
4952:
4925:
4838:
4829:
4809:
4798:
4701:
4568:
4525:
4514:
4483:
4445:
4229:"Population estimates of
3631:Crump, Martha L. (1972).
2766:Drug Development Research
1365:, the individuals of the
1257:developmental life stages
365:
356:
210:
205:
116:Scientific classification
114:
98:
89:
84:
5306:beta-Nitropropionic acid
4388:
4090:National Zoological Park
4010:(1): 5–7. Archived from
3635:Dendrobates granuliferus
1383:Trichoprosopon digitatum
757:(Twomey and Brown, 2008)
604:Genus name and authority
6343:Neotropical realm fauna
5090:Heat-labile enterotoxin
5081:heat-stable enterotoxin
4345:Poison Arrow Frog Facts
4170:(Anura: Dendrobatidae)"
3936:10.1051/forest:19940309
3637:(Anura: Dendrobatidae)"
3517:10.1126/science.aan5061
3369:10.1073/pnas.0903327106
3263:The Journal of Heredity
3225:10.1073/pnas.0903327106
3067:10.1073/pnas.2335928100
2586:10.1073/pnas.0702851104
2475:The American Naturalist
2398:The American Naturalist
1875:10.1073/pnas.1010952108
1701:10.1073/pnas.2133521100
1193:, while also including
1183:
1068:200 times as potent as
741:Phantasmal poison frogs
468:Dyeing poison dart frog
206:Subfamilies and genera
5199:Bacillus thuringiensis
4295:
4275:Listen to this article
4231:Dendrobates tinctorius
4187:10.3390/metabo10100406
4168:Colostethus panamansis
4054:10.3201/eid0506.990601
3997:"The Smuggling Crisis"
3923:Journal of Herpetology
3791:10.1098/rspb.1999.0900
3006:10.1073/pnas.101134898
2518:Colostethus inguinalis
2114:Journal of Herpetology
2077:10.1098/rspb.1999.0900
1797:. Animal Diversity Web
1450:
1330:strawberry poison frog
1258:
1120:
1106:Phyllobates terribilis
1046:Phyllobates terribilis
1008:
1002:phantasmal poison frog
940:Dendrobates tinctorius
475:
472:Dendrobates tinctorius
441:to poison the tips of
107:Dendrobates leucomelas
6285:Paleobiology Database
4294:
1444:
1247:
1114:
1098:appetite suppressants
1061:Epipedobates tricolor
1043:dart frog species is
1024:allopumiliotoxin 267A
999:
992:Toxicity and medicine
911:(Grant, et al., 2006)
621:(Grant, et al., 2006)
466:
383:or formerly known as
5100:Pseudomonas exotoxin
4440:families by suborder
4366:Encyclopedia of Life
4326:More spoken articles
3489:O'Connell, Lauren A.
3038:Summers, K. (2003).
2191:Wang, I. J. (2011).
1830:on 11 February 2010.
1558:Poisonous amphibians
1349:Behavior as tadpoles
1336:Post-mating behavior
1152:Dietary conservatism
1117:Ranitomeya amazonica
895:Thumbnail dart frogs
532:tropical rainforests
410:. These species are
326:(Grant et al., 2006)
27:Family of amphibians
4578:Amphignathodontidae
3855:1998Biotr..30...92C
3785:(1434): 2141–2145.
3509:2017Sci...357.1261T
3503:(6357): 1261–1266.
3360:2009PNAS..10619072M
3354:(45): 19072–19077.
3216:2009PNAS..10619072M
3210:(45): 19072–19077.
3169:1999Natur.397..249L
3058:2003PNAS..10012533S
3052:(22): 12533–12534.
2958:2010EcolL..13..744S
2678:Biophysical Journal
2577:2007PNAS..104.8885S
2110:Dendrobates pumilio
1866:2011PNAS..108.6175S
1824:National Geographic
1793:Heying, H. (2003).
1694:(22): 12792–12797.
1475:Conservation status
1391:tadpoles including
1342:parental investment
1250:Ranitomeya imitator
1224:aggressive behavior
1082:Abbott Laboratories
976:Oophaga granulifera
952:Oophaga granulifera
875:Golden poison frogs
495:and are not toxic.
493:cryptically colored
481:aposematic patterns
6333:Aposematic species
6016:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
5186:Lipopolysaccharide
5144:Pore-forming toxin
4361:"Poison dart frog"
4296:
4017:on 14 October 2015
2155:Colostethus beebei
2149:"A new species of
1820:"Poison Dart Frog"
1740:Journal of Zoology
1451:
1259:
1121:
1102:golden poison frog
1009:
476:
6323:Poison dart frogs
6310:
6309:
6272:Open Tree of Life
6095:Taxon identifiers
6086:
6085:
6051:
6050:
6021:Beta-Bungarotoxin
5965:Pumiliotoxin 251D
5859:
5858:
5265:
5264:
5252:Clumping factor A
5172:
5171:
5056:
5055:
5029:
5028:
4948:
4947:
4717:
4716:
4292:
3976:on 6 October 2016
3903:978-3-930612-62-8
3307:(20): 4282–4294.
3301:Molecular Ecology
3163:(6716): 249–251.
2999:(11): 6227–6232.
2852:(11): 2742–2759.
2778:10.1002/ddr.20099
2729:(10): 1819–1830.
2661:on April 7, 2010.
2571:(21): 8885–8890.
2042:978-0-13-100849-6
1918:978-0-12-178560-4
1860:(15): 6175–6180.
1415:, and many other
1174:sexual dimorphism
1040:pumiliotoxin 251D
923:
922:
702:Poison dart frogs
385:poison arrow frog
370:
369:
327:
261:
216:
201:
78:
77:
16:(Redirected from
6350:
6303:
6302:
6293:
6292:
6280:
6279:
6267:
6266:
6254:
6253:
6241:
6240:
6228:
6227:
6215:
6214:
6202:
6201:
6189:
6188:
6176:
6175:
6163:
6162:
6150:
6149:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6090:
6089:
6076:
6075:
6004:
5960:Histrionicotoxin
5906:
5880:
5872:
5871:
5824:
5778:Alpha-latrotoxin
5766:
5660:
5652:
5651:
5384:Sterigmatocystin
5336:, Fumonisin B3,
5300:epsilon-amanitin
5219:B. thuringiensis
5048:Diphtheria toxin
4991:
4959:
4958:
4928:
4844:
4836:
4835:
4827:
4826:
4816:
4815:
4807:
4806:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4721:
4720:
4711:Frogs portal
4709:
4708:
4707:
4593:Brachycephalidae
4520:
4485:Archaeobatrachia
4430:
4423:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4373:
4316:
4314:
4303:
4302:
4293:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4263:
4262:
4252:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4189:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4065:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4001:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3972:. Archived from
3961:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3834:
3821:
3820:
3810:
3770:
3761:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3722:
3699:Animal Behaviour
3690:
3665:
3664:
3628:
3595:
3594:
3562:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3452:(5): 1271–1282.
3441:
3435:
3434:
3409:(6): 1719–1728.
3398:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3371:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3237:
3227:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3154:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3120:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3069:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3008:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2912:
2903:(6): 1622–1633.
2884:
2878:
2877:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2684:(4): 1817–1827.
2669:
2663:
2662:
2657:. Archived from
2646:
2640:
2639:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2588:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2469:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2389:
2370:
2369:
2344:(6): 1719–1728.
2329:
2323:
2322:
2304:
2295:(9): 2253–2259.
2280:
2274:
2273:
2248:(9): 2234–2345.
2237:
2231:
2230:
2212:
2203:(6): 1637–1649.
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2161:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2071:(1434): 2141–5.
2056:
2047:
2046:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1974:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1843:
1832:
1831:
1826:. Archived from
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1769:
1756:
1755:
1735:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1677:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1629:
1603:
1585:
1576:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1481:chytrid diseases
1278:plants, such as
1254:
1090:muscle relaxants
1086:gastrointestinal
1036:histrionicotoxin
1000:The skin of the
980:sexual selection
912:
892:
872:
853:
834:
815:
796:
777:
758:
738:
719:
699:
679:
660:
641:
622:
601:
600:
439:toxic secretions
377:dart-poison frog
373:Poison dart frog
361:
325:
259:
214:
196:
124:
123:
94:
82:
81:
73:
70:
64:
45:
44:
37:
21:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6298:
6296:
6288:
6283:
6275:
6270:
6262:
6257:
6249:
6244:
6236:
6231:
6223:
6218:
6210:
6205:
6197:
6192:
6184:
6179:
6171:
6166:
6158:
6153:
6145:
6140:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6097:
6087:
6082:
6064:
6047:
6043:Cardiotoxin III
5999:
5994:
5989:
5901:
5896:
5875:
5867:
5855:
5819:
5814:
5761:
5756:
5655:
5647:
5639:
5543:Resiniferatoxin
5408:
5261:
5243:
5236:
5201:delta endotoxin
5168:
5109:
5095:Pertussis toxin
5063:
5052:
5025:
4987:
4982:
4944:
4940:Listeriolysin O
4926:
4921:
4839:
4821:
4801:
4794:
4748:
4718:
4713:
4705:
4703:
4697:
4688:Rhinodermatidae
4648:Leptodactylidae
4564:
4521:
4512:
4479:
4441:
4434:
4391:
4334:Dendrobates.org
4330:
4329:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4307:This audio file
4304:
4297:
4288:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4225:
4221:
4162:
4158:
4107:
4103:
4094:
4092:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4034:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4014:
3999:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3970:Dendrobates.org
3962:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3890:
3886:
3835:
3824:
3771:
3764:
3758:Greenwood Press
3748:
3744:
3691:
3668:
3629:
3598:
3563:
3550:
3485:
3481:
3442:
3438:
3399:
3395:
3340:
3336:
3296:
3292:
3255:
3251:
3196:
3192:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3097:
3093:
3036:
3032:
2985:
2981:
2946:Ecology Letters
2938:
2934:
2885:
2881:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2762:
2758:
2719:
2715:
2670:
2666:
2647:
2643:
2616:
2612:
2557:
2553:
2514:
2510:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2390:
2373:
2334:Oophaga pumilio
2330:
2326:
2281:
2277:
2238:
2234:
2189:
2185:
2159:
2145:
2141:
2106:
2102:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1905:
1901:
1844:
1835:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1795:"Dendrobatidae"
1791:
1787:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1759:
1736:
1727:
1678:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1631:
1630:
1601:10.1.1.693.8392
1583:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1477:
1459:bioaccumulation
1445:Captive female
1439:
1433:
1397:D. granuliferus
1380:by the name of
1351:
1338:
1304:
1302:Mating behavior
1286:. Poison frogs
1252:
1242:
1220:
1215:
1186:
1165:Oophaga pumilio
1149:
1135:
1126:
1124:Conspicuousness
1080:, developed by
1022:toxins such as
994:
985:Oophaga pumilio
946:Oophaga pumilio
928:
919:
910:
900:
890:
880:
870:
860:
851:
841:
832:
822:
813:
803:
794:
784:
775:
765:
756:
746:
736:
726:
717:
707:
697:
687:
677:
667:
658:
648:
639:
629:
620:
596:
534:, including in
524:
461:
459:Characteristics
437:' use of their
375:(also known as
195:
118:
74:
68:
65:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6356:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6328:Dendrobatoidea
6325:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6294:
6281:
6268:
6255:
6242:
6229:
6216:
6203:
6190:
6177:
6164:
6151:
6138:
6123:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6007:
6005:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5985:Zetekitoxin AB
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5920:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5881:
5869:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5827:
5825:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5769:
5767:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5663:
5661:
5649:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5533:Pseudaconitine
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5473:Djenkolic acid
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5296:gamma-amanitin
5288:alpha-amanitin
5281:
5275:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5248:
5246:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5119:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5083:
5075:
5068:
5066:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5035:Actinomycetota
5031:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
4994:
4992:
4989:Staphylococcus
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4968:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4847:
4845:
4833:
4824:
4813:
4804:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4747:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4724:
4715:
4714:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4673:Pyxicephalidae
4670:
4668:Petropedetidae
4665:
4663:Myobatrachidae
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4628:Hemiphractidae
4625:
4623:Heleophrynidae
4620:
4615:
4613:Craugastoridae
4610:
4605:
4600:
4598:Brevicipitidae
4595:
4590:
4588:Arthroleptidae
4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4560:Rhinophrynidae
4557:
4555:Scaphiopodidae
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4508:Leiopelmatidae
4505:
4503:Discoglossidae
4500:
4498:Bombinatoridae
4495:
4489:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4374:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4319:
4305:
4298:
4286:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:External links
4267:
4265:
4264:
4219:
4156:
4101:
4077:
4048:(6): 735–748.
4028:
3987:
3956:
3942:
3929:(1): 117–121.
3909:
3902:
3884:
3822:
3762:
3742:
3666:
3647:(3): 195–198.
3596:
3577:(2): 202–216.
3548:
3479:
3436:
3393:
3334:
3290:
3249:
3190:
3140:
3111:(5): 933–940.
3091:
3030:
2979:
2952:(6): 744–753.
2932:
2879:
2836:
2812:
2791:
2772:(4): 355–359.
2756:
2713:
2664:
2641:
2610:
2551:
2532:(3): 279–285.
2508:
2487:10.1086/426599
2459:
2437:
2410:10.1086/426599
2371:
2324:
2275:
2232:
2183:
2139:
2126:10.1670/51-03A
2100:
2048:
2041:
2023:
2002:
1972:10.1.1.596.430
1965:(4): 285–299.
1949:
1924:
1917:
1899:
1833:
1807:
1785:
1757:
1725:
1663:
1645:
1594:(299): 1–262.
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1525:
1522:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1485:athlete's foot
1476:
1473:
1432:
1429:
1423:tendencies of
1350:
1347:
1337:
1334:
1303:
1300:
1241:
1238:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1185:
1182:
1148:
1145:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1122:
993:
990:
969:classification
927:
924:
921:
920:
917:
915:
913:
902:
901:
898:
896:
893:
882:
881:
878:
876:
873:
862:
861:
858:
856:
854:
843:
842:
839:
837:
835:
824:
823:
820:
818:
816:
805:
804:
801:
799:
797:
786:
785:
782:
780:
778:
767:
766:
763:
761:
759:
748:
747:
744:
742:
739:
728:
727:
724:
722:
720:
709:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:(Wagler, 1830)
689:
688:
685:
683:
680:
669:
668:
665:
663:
661:
650:
649:
646:
644:
642:
631:
630:
627:
625:
623:
612:
611:
608:
605:
595:
592:
586:(introduced).
523:
520:
460:
457:
391:of a group of
368:
367:
363:
362:
354:
353:
352:
351:
350:
349:
342:
335:
320:
319:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
254:
253:
252:
245:
238:
231:
224:
213:Colostethinae
208:
207:
203:
202:
190:
186:
185:
183:Dendrobatoidea
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
112:
111:
96:
95:
87:
86:
76:
75:
49:
47:
40:
32:Poisonous frog
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6355:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6301:
6295:
6291:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6160:Dendrobatidae
6156:
6152:
6148:
6147:Dendrobatidae
6143:
6139:
6134:
6133:Dendrobatidae
6128:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6103:Dendrobatidae
6100:
6096:
6091:
6079:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5975:Samandaridine
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5948:Marinobufagin
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5918:Batrachotoxin
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5899:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5672:Charybdotoxin
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5583:Solauricidine
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5528:Protoanemonin
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5513:Oenanthotoxin
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5389:Trichothecene
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5349:Ibotenic acid
5347:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5292:beta-amanitin
5289:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5239:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5086:Cholera toxin
5084:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5059:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4985:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:Anthrax toxin
4933:
4932:
4930:
4924:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4858:Tetanospasmin
4856:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4797:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4733:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4712:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:Rhacophoridae
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:Dendrobatidae
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:Centrolenidae
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4527:Mesobatrachia
4524:
4519:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4439:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4395:Dendrobatidae
4393:
4392:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4356:Some Pictures
4354:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4308:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3946:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3849:(1): 92–103.
3848:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3720:2027.42/27957
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3641:Herpetologica
3638:
3636:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3571:Herpetologica
3568:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3177:10.1038/16692
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2801:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2655:New Scientist
2652:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2448:
2441:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2012:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1939:on 2016-09-13
1938:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1796:
1789:
1775:. AmphibiaWeb
1774:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1421:cannibalistic
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:D. occultator
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:behavior. As
1360:
1356:
1346:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1317:fertilization
1314:
1313:mating season
1309:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:orthopteroids
1200:
1196:
1192:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:Other factors
1144:
1141:
1130:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:batrachotoxin
1025:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1003:
998:
989:
987:
986:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:
948:
947:
942:
941:
936:
933:
916:
914:
909:
908:
907:Silverstoneia
904:
903:
897:
894:
891:(Bauer, 1986)
889:
888:
884:
883:
877:
874:
869:
868:
864:
863:
857:
855:
852:(Bauer, 1994)
850:
849:
845:
844:
838:
836:
833:(Bauer, 1994)
831:
830:
826:
825:
819:
817:
814:(Myers, 1987)
812:
811:
807:
806:
800:
798:
793:
792:
788:
787:
781:
779:
774:
773:
769:
768:
762:
760:
755:
754:
750:
749:
743:
740:
737:(Myers, 1987)
735:
734:
730:
729:
723:
721:
716:
715:
714:Ectopoglossus
711:
710:
704:
701:
696:
695:
691:
690:
684:
681:
676:
675:
671:
670:
664:
662:
659:(Bauer, 1986)
657:
656:
652:
651:
645:
643:
638:
637:
633:
632:
626:
624:
619:
618:
614:
613:
609:
606:
603:
602:
599:
591:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:French Guiana
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
519:
517:
513:
509:
504:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
473:
469:
465:
456:
454:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:South America
405:
401:
400:Dendrobatidae
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
364:
360:
355:
348:
347:
343:
341:
340:
336:
334:
333:
332:Ectopoglossus
329:
328:
324:
321:
317:
316:
312:
310:
309:
305:
303:
302:
298:
296:
295:
291:
289:
288:
284:
282:
281:
277:
275:
274:
270:
268:
267:
263:
262:
258:
257:Dendrobatinae
255:
251:
250:
249:Silverstoneia
246:
244:
243:
239:
237:
236:
232:
230:
229:
225:
223:
222:
218:
217:
212:
211:
209:
204:
199:
194:
193:Dendrobatidae
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
179:Superfamily:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
122:
117:
113:
109:
108:
103:
102:
97:
93:
88:
83:
80:
72:
69:December 2022
62:
57:
53:
50:This article
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Dendrobatidae
6102:
6059:
6038:Calcicludine
6028:Calciseptine
6011:Bungarotoxin
5980:Tarichatoxin
5928:Arenobufagin
5892:Tetrodotoxin
5851:Tetrodotoxin
5805:Vanillotoxin
5742:Phaiodotoxin
5645:Invertebrate
5568:Solasodamine
5503:Lotaustralin
5338:Fumonisin B4
5334:Fumonisin B2
5330:Fumonisin B1
5316:Cytochalasin
5218:
5198:
5150:
5136:
5130:Superantigen
5122:
5078:
4966:Streptolysin
4907:
4888:
4869:
4850:
4693:Sooglossidae
4658:Microhylidae
4643:Hyperoliidae
4617:
4583:Aromobatidae
4570:Neobatrachia
4535:Megophryidae
4401:Terrarium.tv
4397:at CalPhotos
4380:
4364:
4243:(1): 63–70.
4240:
4236:
4230:
4222:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4159:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4093:. Retrieved
4080:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4019:. Retrieved
4012:the original
4007:
4003:
3990:
3978:. Retrieved
3974:the original
3969:
3959:
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3926:
3922:
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2992:
2982:
2949:
2945:
2942:G. D. Ruxton
2935:
2900:
2896:
2889:G. D. Ruxton
2882:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2828:. Retrieved
2824:
2815:
2804:. Retrieved
2794:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2659:the original
2644:
2627:
2623:
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2613:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2481:(1): 56–69.
2478:
2474:
2451:. Retrieved
2440:
2429:. Retrieved
2401:
2397:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2170:(1): 43–66.
2167:
2164:Phyllomedusa
2163:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2068:
2064:
2032:
2026:
2015:. Retrieved
2005:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1941:. Retrieved
1937:the original
1927:
1908:
1902:
1857:
1851:
1828:the original
1823:
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1788:
1777:. Retrieved
1743:
1739:
1691:
1685:
1648:
1634:cite journal
1591:
1587:
1554:poison frogs
1545:
1538:Frogs portal
1517:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1478:
1469:
1462:
1452:
1446:
1431:Captive care
1424:
1416:
1413:D. speciosus
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1352:
1339:
1305:
1296:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1249:
1240:Reproduction
1221:
1207:lepidopteran
1187:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1150:
1136:
1127:
1115:
1105:
1059:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1014:
1010:
983:
975:
973:
950:
944:
938:
935:color morphs
929:
926:Color morphs
905:
885:
865:
848:Paruwrobates
846:
827:
808:
789:
772:Leucostethus
770:
751:
733:Epipedobates
731:
712:
692:
682:Rocket frogs
678:(Cope, 1866)
672:
653:
634:
617:Adelphobates
615:
597:
588:
525:
516:metamorphose
505:
497:
491:species are
488:
484:
477:
471:
450:
432:
399:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:
346:Paruwrobates
344:
337:
330:
313:
306:
299:
292:
285:
278:
271:
266:Adelphobates
264:
260:(Cope, 1865)
247:
242:Leucostethus
240:
235:Epipedobates
233:
226:
219:
215:(Cope, 1867)
192:
105:
99:
79:
66:
58:for details.
51:
6220:iNaturalist
6127:Wikispecies
6001:Snake venom
5955:Epibatidine
5943:Cinobufagin
5800:Stromatoxin
5747:Imperatoxin
5697:Scyllatoxin
5603:Tagetitoxin
5598:Swainsonine
5588:Solauricine
5553:Solamargine
5548:Scopolamine
5538:Retronecine
5404:Zearalenone
5072:Shiga toxin
5043:Cord factor
4882:Enterotoxin
4877:Alpha toxin
4871:perfringens
4863:Tetanolysin
4841:Clostridium
4778:hepatotoxin
4768:enterotoxin
4758:cardiotoxin
4653:Mantellidae
4633:Hemisotidae
4545:Pelodytidae
4540:Pelobatidae
4467:Superclass
4340:Dartfrog.tk
4180:(10): 406.
4174:Metabolites
4004:Leaf Litter
3966:"Smuggling"
3750:Piper, Ross
3705:: 797–805.
3269:(1): 8–13.
2940:Speed, I.;
2620:Phyllobates
2151:Colostethus
2033:Herpetology
1518:Dendrobates
1514:Colostethus
1487:in humans.
1464:Phyllobates
1455:Neotropical
1425:Dendrobates
1417:Dendrobates
1401:D. lehmanni
1393:D. arboreus
1389:Dendrobates
1374:Dendrobates
1370:Dendrobates
1326:oviposition
1292:mating call
1284:leaf litter
1154:(long-term
1140:aposematism
1133:Aposematism
1074:epibatidine
1032:epibatidine
1006:epibatidine
965:taxonomists
932:conspecific
867:Phyllobates
753:Excidobates
694:Dendrobates
674:Colostethus
636:Andinobates
607:Common name
489:Colostethus
485:Dendrobates
452:Phyllobates
389:common name
381:poison frog
323:Hyloxalinae
308:Phyllobates
287:Excidobates
280:Dendrobates
273:Andinobates
228:Colostethus
54:. See the
6317:Categories
6033:Taicatoxin
5970:Samandarin
5923:Bufotoxins
5887:Ciguatoxin
5865:Vertebrate
5810:Huwentoxin
5790:Cupiennins
5773:Latrotoxin
5717:Kaliotoxin
5687:Margatoxin
5677:Maurotoxin
5618:Toxalbumin
5608:Tinyatoxin
5593:Strychnine
5578:Solasonine
5573:Solasodine
5558:Solanidine
5478:Falcarinol
5463:Delphinine
5379:Phalloidin
5369:Ochratoxin
5364:Orellanine
5354:Lolitrem B
5321:Ergotamine
5271:Mycotoxins
5115:Mechanisms
5074:/Verotoxin
5011:Exfoliatin
4971:Leukocidin
4788:phototoxin
4783:neurotoxin
4493:Ascaphidae
4461:Subphylum
4322:Audio help
4313:2019-10-25
4095:2008-10-10
3843:Biotropica
2830:2022-11-16
2806:2008-10-10
2453:2008-10-23
2431:2022-12-31
2120:(1): 1–8.
2017:2019-11-11
1943:2008-10-21
1801:2008-09-18
1779:2008-10-10
1746:: 75–101.
1564:References
1447:D. auratus
1435:See also:
1409:D. pumilio
1355:aggressive
1280:bromeliads
1270:Ranitomeya
1228:aggression
1170:O. pumilio
1094:stimulants
1066:painkiller
1017:lipophilic
887:Ranitomeya
810:Minyobates
540:Costa Rica
512:bromeliads
500:aposematic
428:threatened
420:aposematic
315:Ranitomeya
294:Minyobates
110:(bottom).
104:(top) and
5938:Bufotenin
5933:Bufotalin
5903:Amphibian
5846:Saxitoxin
5836:Eledoisin
5831:Conotoxin
5702:Hefutoxin
5518:Oleandrin
5498:Linamarin
5488:Helenalin
5448:Cicutoxin
5443:Chaconine
5423:Amygdalin
5394:Vomitoxin
5344:Gliotoxin
5326:Fumonisin
5279:Aflatoxin
5242:Virulence
5178:Endotoxin
4909:botulinum
4890:difficile
4800:Bacterial
4773:hemotoxin
4763:cytotoxin
4603:Bufonidae
4469:Tetrapoda
4259:2316-9079
4196:2218-1989
4135:1055-7903
4121:: 40–50.
3871:0006-3606
3799:0962-8452
3729:0003-3472
3653:0018-0831
3583:0018-0831
3525:0036-8075
3446:Evolution
3403:Evolution
3105:Evolution
2897:Evolution
2846:Evolution
2636:2246/1286
2338:Evolution
2289:Evolution
2242:Evolution
2197:Evolution
1967:CiteSeerX
1618:2246/5803
1596:CiteSeerX
1496:Parasites
1359:predatory
1322:courtship
1276:epiphytic
1233:territory
1156:neophobia
1072:, called
1004:contains
957:polygenic
791:Hyloxalus
580:Nicaragua
556:Venezuela
443:blowdarts
387:) is the
339:Hyloxalus
139:Kingdom:
133:Eukaryota
56:talk page
6112:Wikidata
6078:Category
5841:Onchidal
5821:Mollusca
5732:Bestoxin
5727:Birtoxin
5692:Slotoxin
5682:Agitoxin
5657:Scorpion
5613:Tomatine
5563:Solanine
5508:Mimosine
5483:Gossypol
5468:Divicine
5433:Antiarin
5428:Anisatin
5359:Muscimol
5311:Citrinin
5284:Amatoxin
5230:Cry34Ab1
5158:AB toxin
5152:type III
5064:negative
4822:positive
4811:Exotoxin
4475:Amphibia
4463:Craniata
4457:Chordata
4451:Animalia
4449:Kingdom
4324: ·
4214:33065987
4143:29551526
4072:10603206
3879:84158392
3817:10649631
3752:(2007),
3737:34627111
3543:28935799
3474:10785432
3466:21166789
3431:37757687
3423:20015236
3388:19858491
3329:41814698
3321:17868297
3244:19858491
3135:24118222
3127:16136793
3086:14569014
3025:11353830
2974:20597158
2927:21509940
2919:20050915
2891:(2010).
2866:18764916
2786:84222640
2751:24924290
2743:11772288
2605:17502597
2522:Atelopus
2503:22454251
2495:15729640
2426:22454251
2418:15729640
2366:37757687
2358:20015236
2311:17767594
2270:34114372
2262:18616568
2227:23855070
2219:21644954
2134:86202846
2095:10649631
1997:42075108
1989:14965783
1894:21444790
1720:14555763
1626:82263880
1552:Malagasy
1547:Mantella
1524:See also
1504:Diseases
1378:mosquito
1363:tadpoles
1213:Behavior
1197:, small
1092:, heart
1070:morphine
1020:alkaloid
978:, while
655:Ameerega
610:Species
594:Taxonomy
560:Suriname
548:Colombia
508:tadpoles
416:toxicity
221:Ameerega
189:Family:
163:Amphibia
153:Chordata
149:Phylum:
143:Animalia
129:Domain:
5996:Reptile
5458:Daphnin
5453:Coniine
5438:Brucine
5399:Zeranol
5374:Patulin
5221:toxins
5211:Cry3Bb1
5191:Lipid A
5138:type II
5079:E. coli
4831:Bacilli
4678:Ranidae
4638:Hylidae
4550:Pipidae
4455:Phylum
4436:Extant
4363:at the
4350:Frognet
4311: (
4282:minutes
4205:7601193
4151:4948679
4063:2640803
3851:Bibcode
3808:1690338
3661:3890619
3591:3892588
3534:5834227
3505:Bibcode
3497:Science
3379:2776464
3356:Bibcode
3285:9048443
3235:2776464
3212:Bibcode
3185:4330762
3165:Bibcode
3054:Bibcode
2954:Bibcode
2874:6439333
2708:9746523
2699:1299853
2596:1885597
2573:Bibcode
2546:8016850
2526:Toxicon
2086:1690338
1885:3076872
1862:Bibcode
1491:Threats
1264:Oophaga
1199:beetles
1078:ABT-594
829:Oophaga
552:Ecuador
536:Bolivia
522:Habitat
424:cryptic
412:diurnal
404:Central
395:in the
301:Oophaga
169:Order:
159:Class:
6297:uBio:
6290:362373
6277:581837
6251:173539
6238:108823
6118:Q53750
5868:toxins
5763:Spider
5737:BmKAEP
5707:HgeTx1
5648:toxins
5523:Persin
5416:toxins
5244:factor
5225:Cry6Aa
5217:Other
5206:Cry1Ac
5124:type I
4927:Other:
4852:tetani
4802:toxins
4753:Toxins
4473:Class
4438:anuran
4257:
4212:
4202:
4194:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4070:
4060:
4021:8 June
3980:8 June
3900:
3877:
3869:
3815:
3805:
3797:
3735:
3727:
3659:
3651:
3589:
3581:
3541:
3531:
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3472:
3464:
3429:
3421:
3386:
3376:
3327:
3319:
3283:
3242:
3232:
3183:
3157:Nature
3133:
3125:
3084:
3077:240648
3074:
3023:
3013:
2972:
2925:
2917:
2872:
2864:
2784:
2749:
2741:
2706:
2696:
2603:
2593:
2544:
2501:
2493:
2424:
2416:
2364:
2356:
2319:673233
2317:
2309:
2268:
2260:
2225:
2217:
2132:
2093:
2083:
2039:
1995:
1987:
1969:
1915:
1892:
1882:
1718:
1711:240697
1708:
1624:
1598:
1308:mating
1038:, and
949:, and
584:Hawaii
582:, and
576:Guyana
572:Panama
544:Brazil
447:curare
397:family
200:, 1865
6300:31796
6264:43469
6233:IRMNG
6225:20980
6173:80182
5795:PhTx3
5712:HsTx1
5635:Tutin
5628:Ricin
5623:Abrin
5493:Ledol
5414:Plant
5006:delta
4954:Cocci
4915:Botox
4389:Media
4147:S2CID
4015:(PDF)
4000:(PDF)
3875:S2CID
3733:S2CID
3657:JSTOR
3587:JSTOR
3470:S2CID
3427:S2CID
3325:S2CID
3181:S2CID
3153:(PDF)
3131:S2CID
3016:33450
2923:S2CID
2870:S2CID
2782:S2CID
2747:S2CID
2499:S2CID
2422:S2CID
2362:S2CID
2315:S2CID
2266:S2CID
2223:S2CID
2160:(PDF)
2130:S2CID
1993:S2CID
1658:(PDF)
1622:S2CID
1584:(PDF)
1367:genus
1253:'
1195:mites
967:over
961:locus
528:humid
393:frogs
173:Anura
6259:NCBI
6246:ITIS
6212:6732
6207:GBIF
6199:1554
6168:BOLD
5877:Fish
5785:CSTX
5062:Gram
5002:beta
4820:Gram
4255:ISSN
4210:PMID
4192:ISSN
4139:PMID
4131:ISSN
4068:PMID
4023:2016
3982:2016
3898:ISBN
3867:ISSN
3813:PMID
3795:ISSN
3725:ISSN
3649:ISSN
3579:ISSN
3539:PMID
3521:ISSN
3462:PMID
3419:PMID
3384:PMID
3348:PNAS
3317:PMID
3281:PMID
3240:PMID
3204:PNAS
3123:PMID
3082:PMID
3045:PNAS
3021:PMID
2970:PMID
2915:PMID
2862:PMID
2739:PMID
2704:PMID
2601:PMID
2542:PMID
2491:PMID
2414:PMID
2354:PMID
2307:PMID
2258:PMID
2215:PMID
2091:PMID
2037:ISBN
1985:PMID
1913:ISBN
1890:PMID
1853:PNAS
1716:PMID
1687:PNAS
1640:link
1516:and
1357:and
1267:and
1191:ants
1184:Diet
1096:and
568:Peru
406:and
198:Cope
6194:EoL
6186:93G
6181:CoL
6155:ASW
6142:ADW
5752:Pi3
5722:Lq2
5162:AB5
4379:at
4245:doi
4200:PMC
4182:doi
4123:doi
4119:125
4058:PMC
4050:doi
3931:doi
3859:doi
3803:PMC
3787:doi
3783:266
3715:hdl
3707:doi
3529:PMC
3513:doi
3501:357
3454:doi
3411:doi
3374:PMC
3364:doi
3352:106
3309:doi
3271:doi
3230:PMC
3220:doi
3208:106
3173:doi
3161:397
3113:doi
3072:PMC
3062:doi
3050:100
3011:PMC
3001:doi
2962:doi
2905:doi
2854:doi
2774:doi
2731:doi
2694:PMC
2686:doi
2632:hdl
2628:161
2591:PMC
2581:doi
2569:104
2534:doi
2524:".
2483:doi
2479:165
2406:doi
2402:165
2346:doi
2297:doi
2250:doi
2205:doi
2172:doi
2122:doi
2081:PMC
2073:doi
2069:266
1977:doi
1880:PMC
1870:doi
1858:108
1748:doi
1744:240
1706:PMC
1696:doi
1692:100
1614:hdl
1606:doi
1592:299
6319::
6287::
6274::
6261::
6248::
6235::
6222::
6209::
6196::
6183::
6170::
6157::
6144::
6129::
6114::
5332:,
5298:,
5294:,
5290:,
4280:14
4253:.
4241:11
4239:.
4235:.
4208:.
4198:.
4190:.
4178:10
4176:.
4172:.
4145:.
4137:.
4129:.
4117:.
4113:.
4088:.
4066:.
4056:.
4044:.
4040:.
4006:.
4002:.
3968:.
3927:36
3925:.
3921:.
3873:.
3865:.
3857:.
3847:30
3845:.
3841:.
3825:^
3811:.
3801:.
3793:.
3781:.
3777:.
3765:^
3756:,
3731:.
3723:.
3713:.
3703:37
3701:.
3697:.
3669:^
3655:.
3645:28
3643:.
3639:.
3599:^
3585:.
3575:51
3573:.
3569:.
3551:^
3537:.
3527:.
3519:.
3511:.
3499:.
3495:.
3468:.
3460:.
3450:65
3448:.
3425:.
3417:.
3407:64
3405:.
3382:.
3372:.
3362:.
3350:.
3346:.
3323:.
3315:.
3305:16
3303:.
3279:.
3267:88
3265:.
3261:.
3238:.
3228:.
3218:.
3206:.
3202:.
3179:.
3171:.
3159:.
3155:.
3129:.
3121:.
3109:59
3107:.
3103:.
3080:.
3070:.
3060:.
3048:.
3042:.
3019:.
3009:.
2997:98
2995:.
2991:.
2968:.
2960:.
2950:13
2948:.
2921:.
2913:.
2901:64
2899:.
2895:.
2868:.
2860:.
2850:62
2848:.
2823:.
2780:.
2770:67
2768:.
2745:.
2737:.
2727:10
2725:.
2702:.
2692:.
2682:75
2680:.
2676:.
2653:.
2626:.
2599:.
2589:.
2579:.
2567:.
2563:.
2540:.
2530:32
2528:.
2497:.
2489:.
2477:.
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