Elaeis guineensis - Knowledge

1849:. Large areas of already threatened tropical rainforest are often cleared to make way for palm oil plantations, especially in Southeast Asia, where enforcement of forest protection laws is lacking. In some states where oil palm is established, lax enforcement of environmental legislation leads to encroachment of plantations into protected areas, encroachment into riparian strips, open burning of plantation wastes, and release of palm mill pollutants such as palm oil mill effluent (POME) in the environment. Some of these states have recognised the need for increased environmental protection, resulting in more environment-friendly practices. Among those approaches is anaerobic treatment of POME, which can be a good source for biogas (methane) production and electricity generation. Anaerobic treatment of POME has been practiced in Malaysia and Indonesia. Like most wastewater sludge, anaerobic treatment of POME results in dominance of 42: 7909: 527: 1730: 3179: 519: 1710:'s success led to the establishment of other development schemes to support the establishment of small-farmer oil palm cultivation. The Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (FELCRA) was established in 1966 and the Sarawak Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (SALCRA) was formed in 1976. The primary objective of these organizations is to assist in the development of rural communities and reduce poverty through the cultivation of high yielding crops such as palm oil. 7937: 95: 1448: 1196: 1149: 658: 7977: 6427: 7895: 70: 7987: 1704:

plunged. Rubber estates gave way to oil palm plantations. In 1961, Felda's first oil palm settlement opened, with 3.75 km of land. As of 2000, 6855.2 km (approximately 76%) of the land under Felda's programmes were devoted to oil palms. By 2008, Felda's resettlement broadened to 112,635 families, who work on 8533.13 km of agriculture land throughout Malaysia. Oil palm planting took up 84% of Felda's plantation landbank.

7965: 7923: 1722: 7881: 1825:. However, there are cases where native customary lands have been appropriated by oil palm plantations without any form of consultation or compensation, leading to social conflict between the plantations and local residents. In some cases, oil palm plantations are dependent on imported labour or illegal immigrants, with some concerns about the employment conditions and social impacts of these practices. 7951: 801:, Selangor, revealed the "yield of Deli dura oil palms after four generations of selection was 60% greater than that of the unselected base population. Crossing the dura and pisifera to give the thin-shelled tenera fruit type improved partitioning of dry matter within the fruit, giving a 30% increase in oil yield at the expense of shell, without changing total dry matter production." 1977:. Thus, by using both the biomass from the plantation as well as the processing residues from palm oil production (fibers, kernel shells, palm oil mill effluent), bioenergy from palm plantations can have an effect on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Examples of these production techniques have been registered as projects under the 1703:

After Malaysia achieved independence in 1957, the government focused on value-added of rubber planting, boosting exports, and alleviating poverty through land schemes. In the 1960s and 1970s, the government encouraged planting of other crops, to cushion the economy when world prices of tin and rubber

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content, ensuring the conditions for lignin decomposition are reduced, and simply sealing damaged oil palms to stop decay. The spread likely is by spores rather than roots. The knowledge gained can be employed in the rapid degradation of oil palm waste on the plantation floor by inoculating suitable

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had been associated with BSR, proof of its pathogenicity to satisfy Koch's postulate was only achieved in the early 1990s by inoculating oil palm seedling roots or by using rubber wood blocks. A reliable and quick technique was developed for testing the pathogenicity of the fungus by inoculating oil

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issue, has forced some developed nations to reconsider their policies on biofuel to improve standards and ensure sustainability. However, critics point out that even companies signed up to the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil continue to engage in environmentally damaging practices and that using

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infection is well defined by its lesion in the stem. The cross-section of infected palm stem shows that the lesion appears as a light brown area of rotting tissue with a distinctive, irregularly shaped, darker band at the borders of this area. The infected tissue become as an ashen-grey powdery and

1905:, are contentious for their environmental impact. Despite thousands of square kilometres of land standing unplanted in Indonesia, tropical hardwood forests are being cleared for palm oil plantations. Furthermore, as the remaining unprotected lowland forest dwindles, developers are looking to plant 1996:

and the greenhouse gas emissions balance for palm biodiesel is improved. For every tonne of palm oil produced from fresh fruit bunches, a farmer harvests around 6 tonnes of waste palm fronds, 1 tonne of palm trunks, 5 tonnes of empty fruit bunches, 1 tonne of press fiber (from the mesocarp of the

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and water; celluloses are then available as nutrients for the fungus. It is necessary to consider this mode of attack as a white rot involving lignin biodegradation, for integrated control. The existing literature does not report this area and appears to be concerned particularly with the mode of

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The social and environmental impact of oil palm cultivation is a highly controversial topic. Oil palm is a valuable economic crop and provides a major source of employment. It allows many small landholders to participate in the cash economy and often results in the upgrade of the infrastructure

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The main predators on the weevil in the Far East are undoubtedly rats. These consume large numbers of larvae, destroying the old male inflorescences in the process, and Liau (1985) showed that rats grew more rapidly on a diet supplemented with weevil larvae. Basri Wahid and Halim Hassan (1985)

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Cros, David; Denis, Marie; Sanchez, Leopoldo; Cochard, Benoit; Flori, Albert; Durand-Gasselin, Tristan; Nouy, Bruno; Omore, Alphonse; Pomies, Virginie; Riou, Virginie; Suryana, Edyana; Bouvet, Jean-Marc (2014). "Genomic selection prediction accuracy in a perennial crop: case study of oil palm

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press cake, and 100 tonnes of palm oil mill effluent. Some oil palm plantations incinerate biomass to generate power for palm oil mills. Some other oil palm plantations yield large amount of biomass that can be recycled into medium density fibreboards and light furniture. In efforts to reduce

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along the south-facing Atlantic coast. There is insufficient documentation and as of 2019 insufficient research to make any guesses as to when this occurred. Human use of oil palms may date as far back as 5,000 years in Egypt; in the late 1800s, archaeologists discovered palm oil in a tomb at

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communities of the roots in a manner, which leads to enhanced suppression of soil-borne pathogens. The use of endophytic bacteria should thus be preferred to other biological control agents, as they are internal colonizers, with better ability to compete within the vascular systems, limiting

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Endophytic bacteria are organisms inhabiting plant organs that at some time in their life cycles can colonize the internal plant tissues without causing apparent harm to the host. Introducing endophytic bacteria to the roots to control plant disease is to manipulate the indigenous bacterial

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Worldwide palm oil production for season 2011/2012 was 50.3 million metric tons (55.4 million short tons), increasing to 52.3 million metric tons (57.7 million short tons) for 2012/13. In 2010/2011, total production of palm kernels was 12.6 million metric tons

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was taken to Malaysia from Eastern Nigeria in 1961. As noted it originally grew in West Africa. The southern coast of Nigeria was originally called the Palm oil coast by the first Europeans who arrived there and traded in the commodity. This area was later renamed the Bight of Biafra.

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Unfortunately, the production of palm oil has detrimental effects on the environment and is not considered to be a sustainable biofuel. The deforestation occurring throughout Malaysia and Indonesia as a result of the growing demand for this plant has made scarce natural habitats for

1930:. These fires have been blamed on a government with little ability to enforce its own laws, while impoverished small farmers and large plantation owners illegally burn and clear forests and peat lands to develop the land rather than reap the environmental benefits it could offer. 775:

population in Malaya. Pollen was imported from Africa, and DxT and DxP crosses were made. Segregation of fruit forms in crosses made in the 1950s was often incorrect. In the absence of a good marker gene, there was no way of knowing whether control of pollination was adequate.

1941:, which is trying to address this problem. For example, in 2008, Unilever, a member of the group, committed to use only oil palm oil which is certified as sustainable, by ensuring the large companies and smallholders that supply it convert to sustainable production by 2015. 2006:

greenhouse gas emissions, scientists treat palm oil mill effluent to extract biogas. After purification, biogas can substitute for natural gas for use at factories. Anaerobic treatment of palm oil mill effluent, practiced in Malaysia and Indonesia, results in domination of

1692:(Felda) is the world's biggest oil palm planter, with planted area close to 900,000 hectares in Malaysia and Indonesia. Felda was formed on July 1, 1956, when the Land Development Act came into force with the main aim of eradicating poverty. Settlers were each allocated 10 1756:

and the tropical belt of Africa. Its increasing use in the commercial food industry in other parts of the world is buoyed by its cheaper pricing, the high oxidative stability of the refined product, and high levels of natural antioxidants.

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process of the peat which can release 5,000 to 10,000 years worth of stored carbon. Drained peat is also at very high risk of forest fire. There is a clear record of fire being used to clear vegetation for oil palm development in

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The palm fruit takes 5–6 months to develop from pollination to maturity. It is reddish, about the size of a large plum, and grows in large bunches. Each fruit is made up of an oily, fleshy outer layer (the pericarp), with a single

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contamination became a significant problem. This problem apparently persisted for much of the 1980s, but in a 1991 comparison of seed sources, contamination had been reduced to below 2%, indicating control had been restored.

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Because each tree is relatively big and has an individual value, information about its pest and disease status is valuable. Although visual inspection is the oldest method, others are under development or occasional use.

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Mercière, Maxime; Laybats, Anthony; Carasco-Lacombe, Catherine; Tan, Joon Sheong; Klopp, Christophe; Durand-Gasselin, Tristan; Alwee, Sharifah Shahrul Rabiah Syed; Camus-Kulandaivelu, Létizia; Breton, Fréderic (2015).

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is the most specially adapted pollination partner in Africa. It has been deliberately introduced into southeast Asia in 1981 and the results have been dramatic – Cik Mohd Rizuan et al., 2013 find good results in

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Some scientists and companies are going beyond using just the oil, and are proposing to convert fronds, empty fruit bunches and palm kernel shells harvested from oil palm plantations into renewable electricity,

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Basal stem rot is the most serious disease of oil palm in Malaysia and Indonesia. Previously, research on basal stem rot was hampered by the failure to artificially infect oil palms with the fungus. Although

5213: 3237: 3201: 4697:; Cammelli, Federico; Ferreira, Joice; Levy, Samuel A.; Valentim, Judson; Vieira, Ima (2021-10-18). "Forests and Sustainable Development in the Brazilian Amazon: History, Trends, and Future Prospects". 785:

in 1982, contamination in Malaysia's commercial plantings was generally low. Thrips, the main pollinating agent at that time, apparently rarely gained access to bagged female inflorescences. However,

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beetles. Small, distorted leaves resembling those due to a boron deficiency emerge. This is often followed by secondary pathogenic infections in the spear that can lead to spear rot and palm death.

1901:, claim the deforestation caused by making way for oil palm plantations is far more damaging for the climate than the benefits gained by switching to biofuel. Fresh land clearances, especially in 1713:

As of November 2011, SALCRA had developed 18 estates totalling approximately 51,000 hectares. That year the organization shared dividends with 16,374 landowners participating in the program.

4661: 3711:"Using satellite-measured relative humidity for prediction of Metisa plana's population in oil palm plantations: A comparative assessment of regression and artificial neural network models" 3489: 2587:

Nyouma, Achille; Bell, Joseph Martin; Jacob, Florence; Cros, David (2019). "From mass selection to genomic selection: one century of breeding for quantitative yield components of oil palm (

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After the work of Beirnaert and Vanderweyen (1941), it became feasible to monitor the efficacy of controlled pollination. From 1963 until the introduction of the palm-pollinating weevil

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and other rainforest dwellers. More carbon is released during the life cycle of a palm oil plant to its use as a biofuel than is emitted by the same volume of fossil fuels.

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Savadi, Siddanna; Muralidhara, Bommanahalli M.; Preethi, Palpandian (2020). "Advances in genomics of cashew tree: molecular tools and strategies for accelerated breeding".

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palm oil as biofuel is perverse because it encourages the conversion of natural habitats such as forests and peatlands, releasing large quantities of greenhouse gases.

1772:, local people produce this oil by hand. They harvest the fruit, boil it to let the water evaporate, then press what is left to collect the reddish-orange-colored oil. 4558: 1519: 1382: 860: 820:

In 2013, the gene responsible for controlling shell thickness was discovered, making it possible to verify tenera (DxP) status while palms are still in the nursery.

781: 1855:. It plays an important role in methane production from acetate, and the optimum condition for its growth should be considered to harvest biogas as renewable fuel. 1491:.) It causes "red ring disease", so named because it produces a red colored layer within the trunk of the tree, which looks like a red ring in a cross section cut. 5428: 2010:. It plays an important role in methane production from acetate and the optimum condition for its growth should be considered to harvest biogas as renewable fuel. 1084:(P3) were selected for evaluation in the glasshouse for their efficacy in enhancing growth and subsequent suppression of the spread of BSR in oil palm seedlings. 985:

In a 2007 study in Portugal, scientists suggested control of the fungus on oil palms would benefit from further consideration of the process as one of white rot.

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Rader, R.; Cunningham, S.A.; Howlett, B.G.; Inouye, D.W. (2020-01-07). "Non-Bee Insects as Visitors and Pollinators of Crops: Biology, Ecology, and Management".

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and reach 3–5 meters (9.8–16.4 ft) long. A young palm produces about 30 leaves a year. Established palms over 10 years produce about 20 leaves a year. The

7295: 4884: 4488: 5678:(1985) estimated that up to 80% of weevil larvae might be eaten by rats, but noted that the weevil population remained high enough to ensure good fruit set. 4367: 977:

produces enzymes that degrade the infected xylem, thus causing serious problems to the distribution of water and other nutrients to the top of the palm.

5475: 3435: 1431:), also heavily depends on oil palm fruit for its diet, making up over 60% of the adult bird's diet and over 90% of the juvenile bird's diet (along with 4433:

Che Man, YB; Liu, J.L.; Jamilah, B.; Rahman, R. Abdul (1999). "Quality changes of RBD palm olein, soybean oil and their blends during deep-fat frying".

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Stange, Madlen; Barrett, Rowan D. H.; Hendry, Andrew P. (February 2021). "The importance of genomic variation for biodiversity, ecosystems and people".

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is among the few tropical tree crops (along with bananas and citrus) with high productivity in actual growing conditions, i.e. outside of test plots.

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Danielsen, Finn; Beukema, H; Burgess, N; Parish, F; Brühl, C; Donald, P; Murdiyarso, D; Phalan, B; Reijnders, L; Struebig, M; Fitzherbert, E (2009).

278: 5228: 7290: 4933: 1952:; however, the reputational risk associated with the unsustainable palm plantations in Indonesia has now made many funds wary of such investment. 1894:

that store great quantities of carbon, which are released when the forests are cut down and the bogs are drained to make way for the plantations.

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Little leaf syndrome has not been fully explained, but has often been confused with boron deficiency. The growing point is damaged, sometimes by

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Fitzherbert, E; Struebig, M; Morel, A; Danielsen, F; Bruhl, C; Donald, P; Phalan, B (2008). "How will oil palm expansion affect biodiversity?".

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Oil palm production has been documented as a cause of substantial and often irreversible damage to the natural environment. Its impacts include

4258: 510:), also rich in oil. When ripe, each bunch of fruit weighs between 5 and 30 kg (11 and 66 lb) depending on the age of the palm tree. 5361: 4912: 4397: 8292: 5349: 2379: 1749:

manufacture). For every 100 kg of fruit bunches, typically 22 kg of palm oil and 1.6 kg of palm kernel oil can be extracted.

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Potter, Lesley M. (2018-06-04). "Alternative pathways for smallholder oil palm in Indonesia". In Cramb, Rob; McCarthy, John F. (eds.).

8344: 5337: 5237: 5181: 4757:"Oro Landowners' Declaration on Large-Scale Commercial Extraction of Natural Resources and the Expansion of Oil Palm Nucleus Estates" 8175: 5394: 8266: 8201: 6438: 4404: 2702: 2647: 2602: 2312: 2168: 2159: 1643:

connecting heaven and earth. Thus, oil palm fronds often mark areas of sacred religious important or incorporated in traditional

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Williams, Trevor; Arredondo-Bernal, Hugo C.; Rodríguez-del-Bosque, Luis A. (2013-01-07). "Biological Pest Control in Mexico".

4760: 8426: 5806: 5538: 4202: 4089: 3451: 2984: 2957: 8271: 7305: 3899: 6386: 2365: 1783:(13.9 million short tons). In 2019 total production was 75.7 million metric tons (83.4 million short tons) 933:(bud rot, reviewed by Torres et al. 2016). The earliest stages of data gathering and investigation have been performed for 467:

Oil palms can produce much more oil per unit of land area than most other oil-producing plants (about nine times more than

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The high oil yield of oil palms (as high as 7,250 liters per hectare per year) has made it a common cooking ingredient in

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considered that rat populations, and the amount of damage done, had increased since the introduction of the weevil. Chiu

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fungi, and/or treating the waste more appropriately (e.g. chipping and spreading over the floor rather than windrowing).

6996: 6954: 6322: 6302: 5845: 4375: 4343: 4307: 3018: 2326: 1993: 1938: 1707: 1689: 4230: 2548:

Corley, R. H. V.; Lee, C. H. (April 1992). "The physiological basis for genetic improvement of oil palm in Malaysia".

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Fargione, J.; Hill, J.; Tilman, D.; Polasky, S.; Hawthorne, P. (2008). "Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt".

1002:. The white rot perception opens up new fields in breeding/selecting for resistant cultivars of oil palms with high 585:

fruit. An alternative to germinated seed, once constraints to mass production are overcome, are tissue-cultured or "

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van Zyl, Anthony (November 2006). "Raptors of the world: a field guide by James Ferguson-Lees and David Christie".

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Paterson, R.R.M. (2007). "Ganoderma disease of oil palm—A white rot perspective necessary for integrated control".

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Malhi, Yadvinder; Gardner, Toby A.; Goldsmith, Gregory R.; Silman, Miles R.; Zelazowski, Przemyslaw (2014-10-17).

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Neale, David B.; Martínez-García, Pedro J.; De La Torre, Amanda R.; Montanari, Sara; Wei, Xiao-Xin (2017-04-28).

1246: 1835:) is one of the most serious negative effects of oil palm cultivation. On the other hand, it also helps to push 7885: 6474: 6349: 2415: 8362: 5780: 5472: 4964: 3709:

Ruslan, Siti Aisyah; Muharam, Farrah Melissa; Zulkafli, Zed; Omar, Dzolkhifli; Zambri, Muhammad Pilus (2019).

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In Malaysia, the first plantations were mostly established and operated by British plantation owners, such as

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of oil palm, which is harvested year-round, the annual production averages 20 tonnes of fruit yielding

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Jansen, R.M.C.; Wildt, J.; Kappers, I.F.; Bouwmeester, H.J.; Hofstee, J.W.; van Henten, E.J. (2011-09-08).

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comprising cultivation in Asia descend from only four trees, which are themselves probably the result of a

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Drenth, André; Guest, David I. (2016-08-04). "Fungal and Oomycete Diseases of Tropical Tree Fruit Crops".

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Biogas Clean Development Mechanism: recovery and electricity generation from Palm Oil Mill Effluent ponds

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Ogunnaike, Ayodeji (Spring 2019). "The Tree That Centres The World: The Palm Tree As Yoruba Axis Mundi".

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Hannah, A. C.; McGrew, W. C. (1987). "Chimpanzees using stones to crack open oil palm nuts in Liberia".

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Purugganan, Michael D.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2009). "The nature of selection during plant domestication".

1459: 1207: 1160: 677: 8357: 8206: 7697: 7339: 6975: 6354: 6344: 6231: 5990: 5700: 4940: 4852: 4708: 4028: 3793: 3619: 3392: 2882: 2496: 2424: 2318: 2150: 2027: 1764:, but has since been planted successfully in tropical regions within 20 degrees of the equator. In the 1501: 1479: 1128: 1049:

cause bud rot (Spanish: pudrición del cogollo). In reaction, growers there replanted using a hybrid of

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Matthäus, Bertrand (2007). "Use of palm oil for frying in comparison with other high-stability oils".

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Meanwhile, much of the recent investment in new palm plantations for biofuel has been funded through

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are produced in dense clusters; each individual flower is small, with three sepals and three petals.

4408: 4255: 3178: 3140:"Identification and development of new polymorphic microsatellite markers using genome assembly for 1862:, but recognition that this increases the environmental impact of cultivation, as well as causing a 8431: 7799: 7485: 7093: 7058: 6624: 6601: 6317: 5633:

As well as causing direct damage, some insects play an important role as vectors of disease (Gitau

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until the Malaysian government engineered their "Malaysianisation" throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

1313: 94: 7435: 4994:"Establishment of an efficient callus induction and plant regeneration system in Pakistani wheat ( 486:

is monocotyledonous. Mature palms are single-stemmed and grow to 20 meters (66 ft) tall. The

17: 7628: 7519: 7415: 7410: 4813:"Ghosts on our Own Land: Indonesian Oil Palm Smallholders and the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm" 2811: 2206: 8349: 8128: 4888: 4115:"Natural product agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): a review" 3483:

Azevedo, João Lúcio; Maccheroni, Walter; Pereira, José Odair; De Araújo, Welington Luiz (2000).

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In 1995, Malaysia was the world's largest producer, with a 51% of world share, but since 2007,

1700:) planted either with oil palm or rubber, and given 20 years to pay off the debt for the land. 1351: 1080: 1029: 929: 8284: 3485:"Endophytic microorganisms: a review on insect control and recent advances on tropical plants" 3375: 2189:

Okolo, C. C.; Okolo, E. F.; Nnadi, A. L.; Obikwelu, F. E.; Obalum, S. E.; Igwe, C. A. (2019).

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has been the world's largest producer, supplying approximately 50% of world palm oil volume.

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garment; its kernels are also prepared to use as a tool of receiving Ọrunmila's words to the

1496: 1281: 1180: 885: 881: 211: 8310: 7507: 5301: 5121: 3530:"Effect of Endophytic bacteria on growth and suppression of ganoderma infection in oil palm" 2464: 1588:) in 1910 by Scotsman William Sime and English banker Henry Darby. The species of palm tree 8136: 7789: 7529: 7470: 7440: 7310: 7098: 6916: 6777: 6718: 6569: 6527: 6359: 6246: 6078: 5410: 5380: 5260: 5117: 3933: 3728: 3570: 3330: 3283: 3193: 3157: 3148: 2765: 2534: 2261: 1074: 1038: 938: 274: 4861: 4838: 4716: 3551:

von Uexküll, H.R.; Fairhurst, T.H. (May 1999). "Some Nutritional Disorders in Oil Palms".

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species responsible for basal stem rot disease of oil palm in Malaysia-pathogenicity test"

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Ali, Ghulam Muhammad; Rashid, Umer; Ali, Shaukat; Ayub, Najma; Masood, M. Shahid (2009).

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The pollution is exacerbated because many rainforests in Indonesia and Malaysia lie atop

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The Oil Palm Complex: Smallholders, Agribusiness and the State in Indonesia and Malaysia

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Torres, G. A.; Sarria, G. A.; Martinez, G.; Varon, F.; Drenth, A.; Guest, D. I. (2016).

2769: 2504: 2265: 2071: 1517:. Besides direct infestation of the palm, other nematodes infest the pollinating weevil 8383: 8056: 7941: 7460: 7455: 7285: 7248: 7203: 7156: 7063: 7053: 6827: 6742: 6467: 6206: 6171: 6151: 6146: 5980: 5973: 5954: 5708: 5553: 5544: 5284: 5141: 4738: 4446: 4139: 4114: 4078: 4058: 3957: 3856: 3813: 3759: 3710: 3681: 3660: 3465: 3457: 3356: 3301: 3114: 3075: 3048: 2945: 2910: 2890: 2848: 2786: 2751: 2730: 2667: 2622: 2567: 2293: 2228: 1962: 1547: 1363: 1357: 1345: 235: 89: 8336: 5313: 5087: 4934:"Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Guidelines for Oil Palm Plantation Development" 2332: 1729: 8421: 8416: 8305: 8110: 7980: 7741: 7263: 7243: 7233: 7218: 7123: 6940: 6723: 6549: 6510: 6431: 6083: 5831: 5812: 5802: 5720: 5712: 5662: 5622: 5548: 5534: 5492:

Reijnders, L. (2006). "Conditions for the sustainability of biomass based fuel use".

5288: 5276: 5145: 5133: 5103:"Biofuel Plantations on Forested Lands: Double Jeopardy for Biodiversity and Climate" 4866: 4742: 4730: 4643: 4503: 4339: 4303: 4144: 4095: 4085: 4062: 4050: 4042: 3961: 3949: 3848: 3805: 3764: 3746: 3686: 3641: 3633: 3469: 3447: 3412: 3404: 3206: 3119: 3101: 3040: 3032: 2980: 2971: 2963: 2953: 2937: 2914: 2902: 2894: 2852: 2840: 2832: 2791: 2722: 2714: 2671: 2659: 2626: 2614: 2516: 2508: 2446: 2438: 2361: 2322: 2297: 2285: 2277: 2232: 2220: 1828: 1679: 1675: 1561: 1262: 973:

This fatal disease can lead to losses as much as 80% after repeated planting cycles.

809: 258: 5557: 5013: 3860: 3817: 3360: 2734: 2571: 2411:"Novel Insights into Tree Biology and Genome Evolution as Revealed Through Genomics" 1423:) are known to prefer oil palm fruit in the wild. One of their chief predators, the 8388: 8115: 7856: 7841: 7603: 7560: 7395: 7253: 7238: 7213: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6839: 6586: 6559: 5885: 5704: 5654: 5614: 5526: 5501: 5447: 5443: 5429:"Biohydrogen generation from palm oil mill effluent using anaerobic contact filter" 5268: 5125: 5017: 5009: 4856: 4720: 4712: 4635: 4469: 4442: 4134: 4126: 4032: 3941: 3840: 3797: 3754: 3736: 3676: 3623: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3484: 3439: 3396: 3346: 3338: 3305: 3291: 3274: 3165: 3109: 3093: 3052: 3022: 2886: 2824: 2820: 2781: 2773: 2756: 2706: 2651: 2606: 2559: 2500: 2428: 2358:

La Cannelle et le panda : les grands naturalistes explorateurs autour du Monde

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In Cambodia, this palm was introduced as a decorative plant in public gardens, its

1557: 1544: 1424: 1309: 942: 871: 708: 697: 518: 8193: 8079: 3659:

Salim, Hasber; Rawi, Che Salmah; Ahmad, Abu Hassan; Al-Shami, Salman Abdo (2015).

8066: 7866: 7724: 7709: 7565: 7512: 7495: 7198: 7166: 7136: 7088: 7073: 7048: 6876: 6767: 6747: 6689: 6674: 6554: 6537: 6515: 6098: 6023: 5908: 5871: 5479: 5398: 5368: 5232: 5201: 4694: 4262: 4185: 4181: 3782:

Bedford, G O (1980). "Biology, Ecology, and Control of Palm Rhinoceros Beetles".

3741: 3342: 3321: 3080: 3027: 3000: 2752:"The oil palm SHELL gene controls oil yield and encodes a homologue of SEEDSTICK" 2353: 2257: 1742: 1628: 1565: 1300: 1055: 1015: 428: 407: 383: 367: 292: 282: 132: 5505: 5174: 5062: 4993: 4782:"Palm oil cultivation for biofuel blocks return of displaced people in Colombia" 3376:"Detection of Diseased Plants by Analysis of Volatile Organic Compound Emission" 8331: 7927: 7851: 7846: 7779: 7687: 7675: 7640: 7598: 7546: 7541: 7465: 7383: 7275: 7118: 7108: 6564: 6241: 6103: 5878: 5775: 5658: 5618: 4725: 4639: 4113:

Wang, L; Waltenberger, B; Pferschy-Wenzig, EM; Blunder, M; Liu, X (July 2014).

2828: 2655: 1978: 1846: 1753: 1655: 1585: 1510: 1277: 1269: 1072:

for both nutrients and space during its proliferation. Two bacterial isolates,

994: 461: 434: 119: 5482:

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST, Japan)

4368:"Salcra: Windfall of RM100.9mil will be shared by more than 16,000 landowners" 4130: 3945: 3170: 3139: 3097: 2710: 2610: 8405: 8279: 8030: 7955: 7936: 7861: 7821: 7774: 7613: 7585: 7450: 7388: 7327: 7322: 7131: 7083: 6809: 6772: 6762: 6460: 6371: 6297: 6262: 6196: 6161: 6156: 6088: 6050: 6040: 6035: 5945: 5816: 5716: 4870: 4734: 4046: 3953: 3852: 3809: 3750: 3637: 3408: 3210: 3105: 3074:

Velásquez, André C.; Castroverde, Christian Danve M.; He, Sheng Yang (2018).

3036: 2975: 2967: 2949: 2898: 2836: 2718: 2663: 2618: 2512: 2442: 2384: 2281: 2224: 2199:

Agro-Science Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food, Environment and Extension

2080: 1989: 1945: 1876: 1791: 1106: 712: 530:

Oil palm fruit is one of the most widely produced primary crops in the world.

457: 450: 423: 326: 145: 79: 74: 5688: 5272: 4099: 2750:

Singh, R.; Sambanthamurthi, R.; Martienssen, R.; et al. (August 2013).

8258: 7969: 7804: 7500: 7490: 7475: 7445: 7368: 7344: 7258: 7223: 7188: 7103: 7078: 7034: 6844: 6736: 6664: 6581: 6221: 6216: 6060: 6055: 5931: 5724: 5280: 5137: 4647: 4507: 4473: 4234: 4148: 4054: 3768: 3690: 3645: 3461: 3416: 3123: 3044: 2906: 2844: 2795: 2726: 2520: 2450: 2289: 1863: 1822: 1818: 1636: 1340: 1233: 419: 8375: 5530: 4535:. United States Department of Agriculture. August 10, 2012. Archived from 3258:

Turner PD. Palm oil Diseases and Disorders. Oxford University Press, 1981.

8214: 8039: 7836: 7816: 7809: 7769: 7736: 7317: 7068: 6684: 6492: 6483: 6166: 6018: 6013: 5642: 2002: 1998: 1970: 1761: 1632: 1613: 1432: 1416: 1258: 1239: 982:

if the palm remains standing, the infected trunk rapidly becomes hollow.

880:. Contrary to earlier speculation, the introduced population was not too 507: 445: 415: 363: 303: 158: 3443: 2777: 2408: 2273: 1813:(schools, roads, telecommunications) within that area. According to the 1560:

is already in use with good results, at 96% accuracy. On the other hand

1447: 1195: 1148: 657: 577:. Although common commercial germinated seed is as thick-shelled as the 8180: 7831: 7826: 7552: 7173: 6884: 6864: 6802: 6789: 6639: 6236: 6141: 6093: 6045: 5226:

Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I "The Physical Science Basis"

3844: 3242: 3194:"Technique for inoculation of oil palm germinated seeds with ganoderma" 3089: 2563: 2215: 2190: 1974: 1898: 1671: 1640: 1621: 1617: 1393: 719:

have been selected that have different characteristics. These include:

391: 375: 8219: 5022: 4112: 1858:

Demand for palm oil has increased in recent years due to its use as a

950: 8149: 7714: 7692: 7593: 7535: 7151: 7017: 6889: 6815: 6752: 6708: 6629: 6267: 6226: 6124: 3661:"Efficacy of Insecticide and Bioinsecticide Ground Sprays to Control 3513: 3351: 3296: 3269: 2015: 1915: 1910: 1891: 1776: 1768:, or Congo Brazzaville, precisely in the Northern part, not far from 1609: 1488: 965: 889: 836: 559: 460:

person to describe it and bring back seeds was the French naturalist

403: 395: 343: 178: 8001: 5461:

Biodegradable Plastics Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

1918:, where in recent years drought and man-made clearances have led to 1118: 8370: 8024: 7794: 7764: 7759: 7719: 7665: 7655: 7575: 6963: 6906: 6834: 6730: 6576: 6544: 6532: 6279: 6030: 5854: 4968: 4568:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. May 2012 3715: 2356:, « Michel Adanson, le baobab et les coquillages », dans 1738: 1648: 1605: 1601: 1581: 1550:

are two methods can be used to non-invasively detect pre-emergence

1288:

appearance on plantations, with the NN producing the best results.

1254: 1046: 897: 638: 607: 472: 411: 399: 359: 168: 8232: 8154: 3665:

Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) in Oil Palm Plantations, Malaysia"

3529: 569:

palms or DxP hybrids, which are obtained by crossing thickshelled

8123: 7784: 7680: 7650: 7645: 7633: 7623: 7608: 7161: 6921: 6669: 6654: 6649: 6201: 4625: 4299:

The Natural Rubber Market: Review, Analysis, Policies and Outlook

3528:

Sapak, Zaiton; Meon, Sariah; Mior, Ahmad; Zainal, Abidin (2008).

3482: 1859: 1721: 1697: 1631:, it is associated with its creation myth as the first tree that 1484: 1305: 1110: 1094: 1042: 798: 642: 618: 586: 535: 491: 8141: 7964: 1624:, to promote healing of fresh wounds and treat skin infections. 7618: 7356: 7193: 7141: 7040: 6911: 6757: 6713: 6659: 6644: 6634: 6619: 5894: 5414: 3604:

Quist, Casper W.; Smant, Geert; Helder, Johannes (2015-08-04).

2749: 1966: 1902: 1795: 1769: 1644: 1387: 1003: 990: 771:

Before the Second World War, selection work had started in the

495: 387: 371: 188: 4398:"Palm Oil Continues to Dominate Global Consumption in 2006/07" 3224:

Idris, AS; Ariffin, D; Swinburne, TR; Watt, TA (August 2000).

1988:

By using palm biomass to generate renewable energy, fuels and

1380:

Besides direct damage to plant material, rats also predate on

1331:

has placed 13 states of Mexico under phytosanitary vigilance.

989:

is an extraordinary organism capable exclusively of degrading

896:

and the pollination it provides can be negatively affected by

390:

now bearing that name. The species is also now naturalised in

7950: 7670: 6797: 6679: 6611: 6505: 6500: 6274: 5793:

Lai, Oi-Ming; Tan, Chin-Ping; Akoh, Casimir C., eds. (2012).

5100: 3373: 3192:

Idris, A S; Kushairi, D; Ariffin, D; Basri, M W (June 2006).

3057: 877: 106: 5795:

Palm Oil: Production, Processing, Characterization, and Uses

2870: 7729: 7704: 7378: 6932: 5823: 5602: 4836: 4693: 4254:

Simeh, Arif & Tengku Ahmad, Tengku Mohd. Ariff (2001).

3724: 3571:"coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd) (Cocadviroid CCCVd )" 2089: 1906: 1746: 1693: 1577: 1242: 701: 547: 503: 487: 3076:"Plant–Pathogen Warfare under Changing Climate Conditions" 2311:

Kiple, Kenneth F.; Conee Ornelas, Kriemhild, eds. (2000).

1733:

Production Of oil palm fruit worldwide, by country in 2021

1499:, specifically several species of weevil. Unlike congener 1179:

Besides direct damage to plant material, insects are also

858:

is almost entirely pollinated by insects and not by wind.

581:

mother palm, the resulting palm will produce thin-shelled

5401:

Budi Oil Holdings Sdn. Bhd company promotional literature

5250: 4486: 3708: 3223: 3191: 2998: 1495:

is obligately transmitted as the third juvenile stage by

468: 4187:

Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plants utilisées au Cambodge

2928:

Chong, Khim; Dayou, Jedol; Alexander, Arnnyitte (2017).

2635: 2195:

Jacq): nature's ecological endowment to eastern Nigeria"

1284:

of both were found to be closely correlated with actual

6452: 4987: 4985: 4432: 2685: 2380:"The real palm oil problem: it's not just in your food" 2188: 2069: 1483:

is a nematode pest which is better known for infecting

1343:(the Psychidae family), the coconut rhinoceros beetle ( 5392:

Celluosic ethanol from processing and plantation waste

5110:

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

4965:"Promoting the Growth and Use of Sustainable Palm Oil" 4913:"Cut Down Oil Palm on River Banks, Plantations Warned" 3658: 3606:"Evolution of Plant Parasitism in the Phylum Nematoda" 3073: 2070:

Cosiaux, A.; Gardiner, L.M.; Couvreur, T.L.P. (2016).

1033:

has caused a loss of 5,000 hectares (12,355 acres) of

789:

is much more persistent, and after it was introduced,

2239: 565:

All modern, commercial planting material consists of

4982: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3550: 3067: 2994: 2992: 2480: 2478: 1400:) are known to use stones to crack open the nuts of 589:" palms, which provide true copies of high-yielding 558:

of kernel meal. Kernel meal is processed for use as

5426: 4529:"Table 11: Palm Oil: World Supply and Distribution" 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3527: 2927: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2808: 2586: 1801: 5219: 4687: 4077: 3534:International Journal of Agriculture & Biology 3144:, causal agent of oil palm basal stem rot disease" 2404: 2402: 2400: 2310: 1737:Oil is extracted from both the pulp of the fruit ( 1635:finds descending to earth; it is also believed as 5752: 5750: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 3973: 3971: 3697: 3367: 2989: 2802: 2475: 2099:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13416970A13416973.en 888:was not the cause of some incidences of lessened 696:Unlike other relatives, oil palms do not produce 8403: 5734: 5338:Forest Fires Sweep Indonesian Borneo and Sumatra 4991: 4830: 4487:Sundram, K; Sambanthamurthi, R; Tan, YA (2003). 4462:European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 3652: 3603: 3588: 2859: 2245: 1568:has low classification accuracy as to severity. 5649:"14.11.1 Pests attacking pollinating weevils". 5382:Malaysian National News Agency, 6 February 2007 4668:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 4180: 4170:(1). Southern University at New Orleans: 43–58. 2397: 2377: 5747: 5565: 5517:Corley, R. H. V.; Tinker, P. B. (2015-10-03). 5214:Once a Dream, Palm Oil May Be an Eco-Nightmare 4588:"Global production volume palm oil, 2012-2020" 4274:"Oil palm - the backbone of economic growth". 4190:. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. p. 268. 4075: 3968: 1509:thought to be any non plant hosts to serve as 913:Worldwide the two most impactful diseases are 6948: 6468: 5839: 4008: 4006: 3130: 3005:: A Destructive Emerging Disease of Oil Palm" 1109:disease is a viral disease that also infects 6308:Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange 5516: 5362:Carbon market takes sides in palm oil battle 4338:. Oxford Business Group. 2011. p. 295. 3830: 3775: 3563: 1487:palms. (It also afflicts a few other of the 1319: 554:of high-quality palm kernel oil, as well as 6382:Social and environmental impact of palm oil 5326:No Easy Solution To Indonesian Haze Problem 4203:"Malaysia targets alternative fuels market" 4076:Lötschert, Wilhelm; Beese, Gerhard (1983). 3423: 3238:Malaysian Palm Oil Board Information Series 3202:Malaysian Palm Oil Board Information Series 2484: 2052:Social and environmental impact of palm oil 1808:Social and environmental impact of palm oil 6955: 6941: 6475: 6461: 5846: 5832: 5792: 4844:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 4815:. Forest Peoples Programme. Archived from 4759:. Forest Peoples Programme. Archived from 4700:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 4496:Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4295: 4256:"The Case Study on the Malaysian Palm Oil" 4003: 2921: 2578: 1909:swamp land, using drainage that begins an 1014:, 2009 developed and successfully used an 68: 40: 8437:Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin 5491: 5314:BBC Losing land to palm oil in Kalimantan 5182:Center for Science in the Public Interest 5175:"Palm oil threatening endangered species" 5021: 4860: 4724: 4302:. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 244–245. 4291: 4289: 4200: 4161: 4138: 4036: 3758: 3740: 3680: 3627: 3512: 3502: 3350: 3295: 3169: 3113: 3026: 2785: 2547: 2432: 2214: 2097: 1600:different parts of the plant are used as 1021: 923:, basal stem rot, BSR, reviewed by Chong 892:in SEA. Other causes have been proposed. 5436:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 5350:Unilever commits to sustainable palm oil 4602:"Palm oil - rainforest in your shopping" 4521: 4459: 3318: 2182: 1728: 1720: 525: 517: 426:. The closely related American oil palm 5343: 5204:Greenpeace UK Report, November 15, 2007 4551: 4405:United States Department of Agriculture 3923: 3781: 3267: 2703:Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2648:Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2603:Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2465:"About the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry" 2169:United States Department of Agriculture 2160:Germplasm Resources Information Network 2125:Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist.: 280 (1763)" 1955: 1831:(including the potential extinction of 1265:. Relative humidity estimates based on 1087: 14: 8404: 4907: 4905: 4839:"Tropical Forests in the Anthropocene" 4604:. Friends of the Earth. Archived from 4328: 4326: 4286: 3892: 3867: 3429: 2347: 1716: 1608:, as a poison antidote, as a cure for 1062: 370:Africa, specifically the area between 8006: 8005: 6936: 6456: 5827: 5161:World Agriculture and the Environment 4862:10.1146/annurev-environ-030713-155141 4717:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-010228 4296:Burger, Kees; Smit, Hidde P. (1997). 4013:Oerke, Erich-Christian (2020-08-25). 4012: 2434:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041049 1139: 438:, are also used to produce palm oil. 6387:Vegetable oils as alternative energy 5776:West African plants – A Photo Guide. 5609:"14.10 Insect Vectors of Diseases". 5589: 5427:Vijayaraghavan, K; Ahmad, D (2006). 5216:The New York Times, January 31, 2007 5167: 5158: 4662:"Culturas temporárias e permanentes" 4654: 4489:"Palm fruit chemistry and nutrition" 4365: 4359: 2457: 2304: 1442: 1190: 1143: 676:should be included. You can help by 652: 610:. First sequence available in 2013. 27:African oil palm, worldwide oil crop 8412:IUCN Red List least concern species 7880: 5040:. The Star Malaysia. Archived from 5002:Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 4902: 4594: 4323: 4201:Stevenson, Tom (22 December 2006). 4038:10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012832 3900:"Psittacus erithacus (grey parrot)" 3802:10.1146/annurev.en.25.010180.001521 3629:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120057 3490:Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 3401:10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095227 2505:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-095944 2314:The Cambridge World History of Food 2081:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1933:Many of the major companies in the 1794:of Nigeria use the extract to make 1370: 1334: 1133: 432:and a more distantly related palm, 24: 6323:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil 6303:Federal Land Development Authority 5786: 5781:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil 5709:10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153552 4447:10.1111/j.1745-4522.1999.tb00142.x 3917: 3019:American Phytopathological Society 2891:10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025055 2113: 1939:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil 1690:Federal Land Development Authority 1523:, reducing pollination and yield. 1355:(the South American palm weevil), 1291: 1186: 815: 25: 8448: 7229:Global Forest Information Service 6367:Environmental impact of biodiesel 5763: 5063:"EU rethinks biofuels guidelines" 4885:"The Last Stand of the Orangutan" 4628:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 4374:. The Star Online. Archived from 2936:. SpringerBriefs in Agriculture. 2680:These reviews cite this research. 1920:massive uncontrolled forest fires 1870: 1741:, an edible oil) and the kernel ( 1535: 1438: 8363:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:666802-1 7985: 7976: 7975: 7963: 7949: 7935: 7921: 7907: 7893: 7879: 6426: 6425: 5485: 5466: 5454: 5371:Carbon Finance, 20 November 2007 4080:Collins Guide to Tropical Plants 3270:"A Wilt Disease of the Oil Palm" 3177: 2694:Theoretical and Applied Genetics 1926:and leading to an international 1883:, and a significant increase in 1802:Social and environmental impacts 1446: 1194: 1147: 1101: 998:spread and molecular biology of 812:is very effective in this crop. 797:A 1992 study at a trial plot in 656: 358:. It is the principal source of 93: 7986: 5473:Biomass Utilization in Malaysia 5420: 5404: 5385: 5374: 5355: 5331: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5244: 5207: 5188: 5152: 5094: 5080: 5055: 5030: 5014:10.2225/vol12-issue3-fulltext-1 4957: 4926: 4915:. New Straits Times. 2007-07-16 4877: 4805: 4774: 4749: 4676:from the original on 2022-03-03 4619: 4580: 4480: 4453: 4426: 4390: 4267: 4248: 4223: 4194: 4174: 4155: 4106: 4069: 4020:Annual Review of Phytopathology 3824: 3669:Tropical Life Sciences Research 3611:Annual Review of Phytopathology 3544: 3521: 3476: 3438:. p. 173/155–188/xvi+472. 3384:Annual Review of Phytopathology 3312: 3261: 3252: 3217: 3185: 2743: 2541: 2527: 2488:Annual Review of Phytopathology 2378:Michael Le Page (May 5, 2018). 1386:, the African palm pollinating 1375: 1361:(the oil palm bunch moth), and 1226: 1059:, the South American oil palm. 700:; propagation is by sowing the 6350:Certified sustainable palm oil 5463:Delft University of Technology 5448:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.12.002 5302:Palm oil warning for Indonesia 5235:, Section 7.3.3.1.5 (p. 527), 4366:Wong, Jack (5 November 2011). 3504:10.2225/vol3-issue1-fulltext-4 2416:Annual Review of Plant Biology 2371: 2143: 2131:. World Flora Consortium. 2022 2063: 1897:Environmental groups, such as 1411: 1126:Red ring disease is caused by 850: 613: 478: 13: 1: 6313:Malaysia Derivatives Exchange 5352:Food Navigator.com 2 May 2008 5130:10.1088/1755-1307/6/24/242014 2165:Agricultural Research Service 2057: 1881:critically endangered species 1817:oil palm is a common crop in 1580:by the Dutch in 1848, and to 1576:Oil palms were introduced to 418:, and several islands in the 382:, refers to the name for the 8427:Fruits originating in Africa 6962: 5853: 4015:"Remote Sensing of Diseases" 3875:"African gray parrot | bird" 3742:10.1371/journal.pone.0223968 3343:10.1016/j.cropro.2006.11.009 3028:10.1094/phyto-09-15-0243-rvw 2034:Journal of Oil Palm Research 1598:traditional African medicine 1584:(then the British colony of 1526: 945:are not ongoing as of 2015. 628: 7: 6377:Issues relating to biofuels 5692:Annual Review of Entomology 5506:10.1016/j.enpol.2004.09.001 5088:"Palm oil processing plant" 4407:. June 2006. Archived from 3785:Annual Review of Entomology 2874:Annual Review of Entomology 2639:Tree Genetics & Genomes 2594:Tree Genetics & Genomes 2041:Journal of Plantation Crops 2021: 1983:Clean Development Mechanism 1950:Clean Development Mechanism 1760:The oil palm originated in 1665: 935:disease resistance breeding 648: 621:, with a diploid number of 596: 513: 10: 8453: 7340:Growth and yield modelling 6355:Deforestation by continent 6345:Biofuel policy of Malaysia 6232:Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad 5991:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus 5921: 5659:10.1002/9781118953297.ch14 5619:10.1002/9781118953297.ch14 5523:John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 4640:10.1016/j.tree.2008.06.012 3981:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus 3553:Better Crops International 2829:10.1038/s41576-020-00288-7 2656:10.1007/s11295-020-01453-z 2319:Cambridge University Press 2028:Energy and the environment 1805: 1662:(doong=palm, preing=oil). 1571: 1480:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus 1367:(the coconut spike moth). 1339:Other arthropods include: 1129:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus 1120:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus 941:is not available and full 908: 668: with: Cross-breeding 8014: 7914:Earth sciences portal 7900:Climate change portal 7875: 7752: 7584: 7481:Great Green Wall (Africa) 7426: 7117: 7027: 6970: 6875: 6788: 6610: 6490: 6421: 6395: 6335: 6288: 6255: 6189: 6182: 6117: 6071: 6001: 5920: 5861: 4335:The Report: Malaysia 2011 4131:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.018 3946:10.2989/00306520609485540 3171:10.1007/s11557-015-1123-2 3098:10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.054 2930:Detection and control of 2711:10.1007/s00122-014-2439-z 2611:10.1007/s11295-019-1373-2 2001:endocarp, 250 kg of 1620:, to treat headaches and 1321:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus 635:effective population size 601: 453:dating back to 3000 BCE. 241: 234: 217: 210: 90:Scientific classification 88: 66: 57: 48: 39: 34: 7486:Great Green Wall (China) 7059:Close to nature forestry 6900:Queensland macadamia nut 6482: 6318:Malaysian Palm Oil Board 5038:"Eco-conscious palm oil" 4282:(2): 6. April–June 2009. 2469:Malaysian Palm Oil Board 2092:: e.T13416970A13416973. 2047:Malaysian Palm Oil Board 1997:fruit), half a tonne of 1885:greenhouse gas emissions 1745:, used in foods and for 1272:data were fed into both 903: 471:and 4.5 times more than 270:E. madagascariensis 7520:Million Tree Initiative 5316:BBC News, 3 August 2007 5273:10.1126/science.1152747 5122:2009E&ES....6x2014D 4164:Africana Studies Review 3879:Encyclopædia Britannica 3268:Wardlaw, C. W. (1946). 2812:Nature Reviews Genetics 2321:(CUP). p. II.E.3. 2207:African Journals OnLine 1556:disease as a lab test. 1520:Elaeidobius kamerunicus 1383:Elaeidobius kamerunicus 1314:phytosanitary vigilance 1122:/Red Ring Disease (RRD) 970:palm germinated seeds. 861:Elaeidobius kamerunicus 782:Elaeidobius kamerunicus 7942:Environment portal 7374:Sustainable management 7269:Trillion Tree Campaign 6697:Johnstone River almond 5962:Rhynchophorus palmarum 5241:, Retrieved 4 May 2008 4967:. RSPO. Archived from 4887:. UNEP. Archived from 4787:. iDMC. Archived from 4474:10.1002/ejlt.200600294 4435:Journal of Food Lipids 3003:Phytophthora palmivora 1924:Southeast Asia in haze 1842:Anoplolepis gracilipes 1734: 1726: 1352:Rhynchophorus palmarum 1183:of oil palm diseases. 1081:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1030:Phytophthora palmivora 1023:Phytophthora palmivora 1018:system for detection. 958:, Basal Stem Rot (BSR) 930:Phytophthora palmivora 531: 523: 7867:Wood process engineer 7571:Urban forest inequity 6625:Australian cashew nut 5950:Little leaf syndrome 5946:Cadang-cadang disease 5653:. 2015. p. 458. 5613:. 2015. p. 458. 5531:10.1002/9781118953297 3990:Entomology Department 3988:University of Florida 3248:on November 27, 2010. 3241:(77b). Archived from 2008:Methanosaeta concilii 1948:projects through the 1935:vegetable oil economy 1852:Methanosaeta concilii 1766:Republic of the Congo 1732: 1725:Fruit of the oil palm 1724: 1429:Gypohierax angolensis 1247:oil palms in Malaysia 886:inbreeding depression 637:is very limited. The 529: 521: 388:modern country Guinea 346:commonly just called 7530:Shifting cultivation 7471:Forest fragmentation 7441:Carbon sequestration 7311:Woodland Carbon Code 7276:Forest certification 7184:Even-aged management 7099:Sustainable forestry 6360:Southeast Asian haze 6247:Wilmar International 6079:Biodiesel production 5969:Oil palm bunch moth 5756:Supplemental Table 1 5159:Clay, Jason (2004). 4276:Global Oils and Fats 3904:Animal Diversity Web 3149:Mycological Progress 2944:. pp. VIII+50. 1956:Palm biomass as fuel 1928:crisis with Malaysia 1922:, covering parts of 1404:, a rare example of 1245:and a major pest of 1088:Little leaf syndrome 1075:Burkholderia cepacia 939:propagation material 444:was domesticated in 378:; the species name, 7335:Formally designated 7179:Ecological thinning 7089:Plantation forestry 6997:Research institutes 6703:Irvingia gabonensis 6256:Buyers / processors 6212:Equatorial Palm Oil 6109:Transesterification 5939:Ganoderma orbiforme 5304:BBC 8 November 2007 5265:2008Sci...319.1235F 5195:Cooking the Climate 4726:20.500.11850/524261 4695:Garrett, Rachael D. 4539:on 27 February 2013 4378:on 21 February 2013 4208:The Daily Telegraph 4084:. London: Collins. 3938:2006Ostri..77..235V 3733:2019PLoSO..1423968R 3444:10.2307/j.ctv1xz0km 3335:2007CrPro..26.1369P 3288:1946Natur.158...56W 3162:2015MycPr..14..103M 3142:Ganoderma boninense 3001:"Bud Rot Caused by 2932:Ganoderma boninense 2778:10.1038/nature12356 2770:2013Natur.500..340S 2274:10.1038/nature07895 2266:2009Natur.457..843P 1992:products, both the 1937:participate in the 1833:charismatic species 1717:Palm oil production 1553:Ganoderma orbiforme 1421:Psittacus erithacus 1406:tool use by animals 1063:Endophytic bacteria 952:Ganoderma boninense 921:Ganoderma boninense 916:Ganoderma orbiforme 833:floral architecture 350:but also sometimes 289:E. melanococca 255:E. macrophylla 60:Conservation status 7928:Ecology portal 7461:Forest degradation 7456:Ecosystem services 7064:Community forestry 6860:Single-leaf pinyon 6207:Carson Cumberbatch 6152:Girl Scout Cookies 6147:Cellulosic ethanol 5988:Red ring disease ( 5981:Tirathaba rufivena 5974:Tirathaba mundella 5955:Oryctes rhinoceros 5521:. Chichester, UK: 5478:2006-12-03 at the 5397:2012-03-06 at the 5367:2012-02-18 at the 5231:2011-03-15 at the 5200:2010-04-10 at the 4261:2005-12-18 at the 3845:10.1007/BF02382181 2564:10.1007/BF00039396 2335:on 20 October 2012 2216:10.4314/as.v18i3.9 2129:World Flora Online 1963:cellulosic ethanol 1879:, habitat loss of 1735: 1727: 1458:. You can help by 1364:Tirathaba rufivena 1358:Tirathaba mundella 1346:Oryctes rhinoceros 1206:. You can help by 1159:. You can help by 1140:Insects as vectors 532: 524: 384:area called Guinea 362:. It is native to 299:E. nigrescens 203:E. guineensis 49:African oil palm ( 8399: 8398: 8324:Elaeis guineensis 8306:Open Tree of Life 8046:Elaeis guineensis 8016:Elaeis guineensis 8008:Taxon identifiers 7999: 7998: 7956:Plants portal 7742:green woodworking 6930: 6929: 6828:Monkey-puzzle nut 6690:Shellbark hickory 6675:Mockernut hickory 6635:Borneo tallow nut 6450: 6449: 6336:Policies, impacts 6331: 6330: 6084:Fat hydrogenation 5808:978-0-9818936-9-3 5771:Elaeis guineensis 5540:978-1-118-95329-7 5442:(10): 1284–1291. 5328:AFP 20 April 2007 4996:Triticum aestivum 4672:(in Portuguese). 4403:(Press release). 4231:"Penubuhan Felda" 4119:Biochem Pharmacol 4091:978-0-00-219112-8 3453:978-981-325-042-0 3436:NUS Press Pte Ltd 3226:"The identity of 2985:978-3-319-54968-2 2959:978-3-319-54969-9 2938:Cham, Switzerland 2764:(7462): 340–344. 2689:Elaeis guineensis 2589:Elaeis guineensis 2193:Elaeis guineensis 2153:Elaeis guineensis 2123:Elaeis guineensis 2074:Elaeis guineensis 1829:Biodiversity loss 1821:practices in the 1696:of land (about 4 1590:Elaeis guineensis 1562:satellite imagery 1513:for infection of 1476: 1475: 1304:was invading the 1274:regression models 1263:relative humidity 1224: 1223: 1177: 1176: 943:breeding programs 847:, reduces yield. 810:genomic selection 694: 693: 550:kernels yielding 339:Elaeis guineensis 335: 334: 329: 319: 315:E. virescens 306: 295: 285: 261: 251: 221:Elaeis guineensis 83: 51:Elaeis guineensis 35:African oil palm 16:(Redirected from 8444: 8392: 8391: 8379: 8378: 8366: 8365: 8353: 8352: 8340: 8339: 8327: 8326: 8314: 8313: 8301: 8300: 8288: 8287: 8275: 8274: 8262: 8261: 8249: 8248: 8236: 8235: 8223: 8222: 8210: 8209: 8197: 8196: 8184: 8183: 8171: 8170: 8158: 8157: 8145: 8144: 8132: 8131: 8119: 8118: 8106: 8105: 8093: 8092: 8083: 8082: 8070: 8069: 8060: 8059: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8003: 8002: 7989: 7988: 7979: 7978: 7970:Trees portal 7968: 7967: 7954: 7953: 7940: 7939: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7883: 7882: 7604:Forest gardening 7561:Timber recycling 7508:Invasive species 7396:Tree measurement 6957: 6950: 6943: 6934: 6933: 6685:Shagbark hickory 6587:Malabar chestnut 6477: 6470: 6463: 6454: 6453: 6429: 6428: 6291:non-governmental 6187: 6186: 5936:Basal stem rot ( 5848: 5841: 5834: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5757: 5754: 5745: 5743: 5738: 5728: 5681: 5680: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5580: 5552: 5510: 5509: 5489: 5483: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5433: 5424: 5418: 5408: 5402: 5389: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5259:(5867): 1235–8. 5248: 5242: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5179: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5107: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 4989: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4945: 4939:. Archived from 4938: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4909: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4864: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4793: 4786: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4728: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4563: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4510:. Archived from 4493: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4414:on 26 April 2009 4413: 4402: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4271: 4265: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4233:. Archived from 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4142: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4083: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4040: 4010: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3975: 3966: 3965: 3932:(3–4): 235–236. 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3762: 3744: 3706: 3695: 3694: 3684: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3631: 3601: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3506: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3380: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3354: 3329:(9): 1369–1376. 3316: 3310: 3309: 3299: 3297:10.1038/158056a0 3265: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3234: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3198: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3173: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3117: 3071: 3065: 3056: 3030: 2996: 2987: 2979: 2934:in oil palm crop 2925: 2919: 2918: 2868: 2857: 2856: 2821:Nature Portfolio 2806: 2800: 2799: 2789: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2675: 2630: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2482: 2473: 2472: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2436: 2406: 2395: 2389: 2375: 2369: 2366:978-2213-60466-4 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2331:. Archived from 2308: 2302: 2301: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2218: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2101: 2067: 1837:invasive species 1558:Sonic tomography 1545:microfocus X-ray 1471: 1468: 1450: 1443: 1425:palm-nut vulture 1371:Vertebrate pests 1335:Other arthropods 1310:states of Mexico 1219: 1216: 1198: 1191: 1172: 1169: 1151: 1144: 875: 845: 844: 829: 828: 752:Elais guineensis 743:Elais guineensis 734:Elais guineensis 689: 686: 660: 653: 573:with shell-less 557: 553: 545: 542:of palm oil and 541: 352:African oil palm 342:is a species of 325: 317: 301: 291: 272: 257: 247: 245:Elaeis dybowskii 223: 98: 97: 77: 72: 71: 44: 32: 31: 21: 8452: 8451: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8432:Flora of Africa 8402: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8387: 8382: 8374: 8369: 8361: 8356: 8348: 8343: 8335: 8330: 8322: 8317: 8309: 8304: 8296: 8291: 8283: 8278: 8270: 8265: 8257: 8252: 8244: 8239: 8231: 8226: 8218: 8213: 8205: 8200: 8192: 8187: 8179: 8174: 8166: 8161: 8153: 8148: 8140: 8135: 8127: 8122: 8114: 8109: 8101: 8096: 8088: 8086: 8078: 8073: 8065: 8063: 8055: 8053: 8044: 8043: 8038: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8010: 8000: 7995: 7962: 7948: 7934: 7922: 7920: 7908: 7906: 7894: 7892: 7871: 7748: 7725:spruce-pine-fir 7698:Christmas trees 7580: 7496:Illegal logging 7428: 7422: 7137:Controlled burn 7122: 7113: 7094:Social forestry 7074:Energy forestry 7054:Bamboo forestry 7049:Analog forestry 7023: 6966: 6961: 6931: 6926: 6871: 6845:Colorado pinyon 6784: 6606: 6486: 6481: 6451: 6446: 6417: 6391: 6337: 6327: 6290: 6284: 6251: 6178: 6113: 6067: 5997: 5923: 5916: 5857: 5852: 5809: 5789: 5787:Further reading 5766: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5685: 5684: 5669: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5629: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5581: 5566: 5541: 5513: 5490: 5486: 5480:Wayback Machine 5471: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5409: 5405: 5399:Wayback Machine 5390: 5386: 5379: 5375: 5369:Wayback Machine 5360: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5249: 5245: 5233:Wayback Machine 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5202:Wayback Machine 5193: 5189: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5157: 5153: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5072: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5047: 5045: 5036: 5035: 5031: 4990: 4983: 4974: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4918: 4916: 4911: 4910: 4903: 4894: 4892: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4835: 4831: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4766: 4764: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4692: 4688: 4679: 4677: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4634:(10): 538–545. 4624: 4620: 4611: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4514: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4458: 4454: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4332: 4331: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4294: 4287: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4263:Wayback Machine 4253: 4249: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4199: 4195: 4182:Pauline Dy Phon 4179: 4175: 4160: 4156: 4111: 4107: 4092: 4074: 4070: 4011: 4004: 3995: 3993: 3977: 3976: 3969: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3829: 3825: 3780: 3776: 3707: 3698: 3657: 3653: 3602: 3589: 3580: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3549: 3545: 3526: 3522: 3481: 3477: 3454: 3428: 3424: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3322:Crop Protection 3317: 3313: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3232: 3222: 3218: 3196: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3135: 3131: 3081:Current Biology 3072: 3068: 2997: 2990: 2960: 2926: 2922: 2869: 2860: 2807: 2803: 2748: 2744: 2583: 2579: 2546: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2483: 2476: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2407: 2398: 2390:See especially 2376: 2372: 2360:, Fayard, 1999 2354:Jean-Marie Pelt 2352: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2329: 2309: 2305: 2258:Nature Research 2244: 2240: 2209:(AJOL): 48–57. 2191:"The oil palm ( 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2024: 1958: 1873: 1810: 1804: 1743:palm kernel oil 1719: 1678:, and remained 1668: 1629:Yoruba religion 1574: 1566:computer vision 1538: 1529: 1511:reservoir hosts 1472: 1466: 1463: 1456:needs expansion 1441: 1414: 1398:Pan troglodytes 1378: 1373: 1337: 1324: 1296: 1293:Raoiella indica 1278:neural networks 1231: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1204:needs expansion 1189: 1187:Arthropod pests 1173: 1167: 1164: 1157:needs expansion 1142: 1134:§Nematode pests 1124: 1104: 1090: 1065: 1026: 1016:electronic nose 960: 911: 906: 869: 853: 842: 841: 831:gene regulates 826: 825: 818: 816:Agronomic genes 690: 684: 681: 666:needs expansion 651: 645:of one parent. 631: 616: 604: 599: 555: 551: 543: 539: 516: 481: 408:Central America 318:(A.Chev.) Prain 230: 225: 219: 206: 92: 84: 73: 69: 62: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8450: 8440: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8389:wfo-0000947985 8380: 8367: 8354: 8341: 8328: 8315: 8302: 8289: 8276: 8263: 8250: 8237: 8224: 8211: 8198: 8185: 8172: 8159: 8146: 8133: 8120: 8107: 8094: 8084: 8071: 8061: 8051: 8036: 8020: 8018: 8012: 8011: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7983: 7973: 7959: 7945: 7931: 7917: 7903: 7889: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7857:Timber cruiser 7854: 7852:Shingle weaver 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7756: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7690: 7688:Rail transport 7685: 7684: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7629:pulp and paper 7626: 7621: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7599:Forest farming 7596: 7590: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7549: 7547:slash-and-char 7544: 7542:slash-and-burn 7539: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7466:Forest dieback 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7432: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7386: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7139: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7111: 7109:Urban forestry 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7031: 7029: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7014: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6960: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6937: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6887: 6881: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6855:Mexican pinyon 6852: 6847: 6842: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6812: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6794: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6773:English walnut 6770: 6765: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6733: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6719:Planted karuka 6711: 6706: 6699: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6597:Red bopple nut 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6560:European hazel 6557: 6552: 6550:American hazel 6542: 6541: 6540: 6538:Sweet chestnut 6530: 6525: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6516:European beech 6513: 6511:American beech 6503: 6497: 6495: 6493:botanical nuts 6488: 6487: 6480: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6457: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6352: 6347: 6341: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6294: 6292: 6289:Governmental / 6286: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6242:TH Plantations 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6104:Saponification 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6011: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5977: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5958: 5948: 5943: 5934: 5928: 5926: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5905: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5882: 5867: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5807: 5797:. Urbana, IL: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5765: 5764:External links 5762: 5759: 5758: 5746: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5701:Annual Reviews 5683: 5682: 5667: 5641: 5627: 5601: 5588: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5539: 5512: 5511: 5500:(7): 863–876. 5484: 5465: 5453: 5419: 5403: 5384: 5373: 5354: 5342: 5330: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5243: 5218: 5206: 5187: 5166: 5163:. p. 219. 5151: 5116:(24): 348–58. 5093: 5079: 5054: 5029: 4981: 4956: 4925: 4901: 4876: 4853:Annual Reviews 4829: 4804: 4773: 4748: 4709:Annual Reviews 4686: 4653: 4618: 4593: 4579: 4559:"Food Outlook" 4550: 4520: 4517:on 2012-03-22. 4479: 4468:(4): 400–409. 4452: 4441:(3): 181–193. 4425: 4389: 4372:thestar.com.my 4358: 4345:978-1907065460 4344: 4322: 4309:978-1855733213 4308: 4285: 4266: 4247: 4222: 4193: 4173: 4154: 4105: 4090: 4068: 4029:Annual Reviews 4002: 3967: 3916: 3891: 3866: 3823: 3794:Annual Reviews 3774: 3696: 3651: 3620:Annual Reviews 3587: 3562: 3543: 3520: 3475: 3452: 3422: 3393:Annual Reviews 3366: 3311: 3260: 3251: 3216: 3184: 3129: 3066: 3062:US201600293676 3010:Phytopathology 2988: 2958: 2920: 2883:Annual Reviews 2858: 2801: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2633: 2631: 2577: 2540: 2526: 2497:Annual Reviews 2474: 2456: 2425:Annual Reviews 2396: 2370: 2346: 2328:978-0521402163 2327: 2303: 2238: 2181: 2142: 2112: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2020: 1994:energy balance 1979:Kyoto Protocol 1957: 1954: 1872: 1871:Carbon balance 1869: 1847:southeast Asia 1839:further, e.g. 1803: 1800: 1754:Southeast Asia 1718: 1715: 1667: 1664: 1573: 1570: 1537: 1536:Basal stem rot 1534: 1528: 1525: 1474: 1473: 1453: 1451: 1440: 1439:Nematode pests 1437: 1413: 1410: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1336: 1333: 1328:R. ferrugineus 1323: 1318: 1295: 1290: 1270:remote sensing 1230: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1201: 1199: 1188: 1185: 1175: 1174: 1154: 1152: 1141: 1138: 1123: 1117: 1103: 1100: 1089: 1086: 1064: 1061: 1025: 1020: 995:carbon dioxide 959: 949: 910: 907: 905: 902: 894:E. kamerunicus 852: 849: 817: 814: 787:E. kamerunicus 769: 768: 767: 766: 765: 764: 763: 762: 761: 760: 759: 758: 749: 740: 692: 691: 685:September 2012 663: 661: 650: 647: 630: 627: 615: 612: 603: 600: 598: 595: 515: 512: 480: 477: 462:Michel Adanson 435:Attalea maripa 424:Pacific Oceans 386:, and not the 333: 332: 331: 330: 320: 312: 296: 286: 267: 252: 239: 238: 232: 231: 226: 215: 214: 208: 207: 200: 198: 194: 193: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 149: 148: 143: 136: 135: 130: 123: 122: 117: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 86: 85: 67: 64: 63: 58: 55: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8449: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8390: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8047: 8041: 8037: 8032: 8026: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8004: 7992: 7984: 7982: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7952: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7904: 7902: 7901: 7890: 7888: 7887: 7878: 7877: 7874: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7847:Rubber tapper 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7775:Choker setter 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7614:Manufacturing 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7506: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7451:Deforestation 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7427:Environmental 7425: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7328:reforestation 7326: 7324: 7323:afforestation 7321: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7132:Arboriculture 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7084:Permaforestry 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7008: 7006: 7005: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6958: 6953: 6951: 6946: 6944: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6895:Macadamia nut 6893: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6840:Chilgoza pine 6838: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6803:Burrawang nut 6801: 6800: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6650:Chilean hazel 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6602:Yellow walnut 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6489: 6485: 6478: 6473: 6471: 6466: 6464: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6372:Food vs. fuel 6370: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6334: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6298:FELCRA Berhad 6296: 6295: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6197:Bumitama Agri 6195: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6183:Organisations 6181: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6162:Vegetable oil 6160: 6158: 6157:Oleochemicals 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6089:Fractionation 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6051:palmitic acid 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6041:myristic acid 6039: 6037: 6036:linoleic acid 6034: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5919: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5837: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5790: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5753: 5751: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5679: 5677: 5670: 5668:9781118953297 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5636: 5630: 5628:9781118953297 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5592: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5494:Energy Policy 5488: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5469: 5462: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5388: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5358: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5191: 5183: 5176: 5170: 5162: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5089: 5083: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5044:on 2008-05-17 5043: 5039: 5033: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4997: 4988: 4986: 4971:on 2007-07-06 4970: 4966: 4960: 4946:on 2008-02-27 4942: 4935: 4929: 4914: 4908: 4906: 4891:on 2008-07-09 4890: 4886: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4833: 4819:on 2011-07-22 4818: 4814: 4808: 4794:on 2007-11-27 4790: 4783: 4777: 4763:on 2011-02-02 4762: 4758: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4675: 4671: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4608:on 2007-10-16 4607: 4603: 4597: 4589: 4583: 4567: 4560: 4554: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4502:(3): 355–62. 4501: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4393: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4292: 4290: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4237:on 2006-01-29 4236: 4232: 4226: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4007: 3991: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3664: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3255: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3231: 3229: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3195: 3188: 3180: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3092:: R619–R634. 3091: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3004: 2995: 2993: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2813: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2746: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2558:(3): 179–84. 2557: 2553: 2552: 2544: 2536: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2481: 2479: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2385:New Scientist 2381: 2374: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2185: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2146: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2116: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2066: 2062: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2019: 2017: 2011: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1990:biodegradable 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1946:carbon credit 1942: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877:deforestation 1868: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1792:Urhobo people 1788: 1786: 1785:E. guineensis 1780: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1731: 1723: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1663: 1661: 1660:dôô:ng préing 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1533: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1515:E. guineensis 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1502:B. xylophilus 1498: 1494: 1493:B. cocophilus 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1470: 1467:November 2020 1461: 1457: 1454:This section 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1402:E. guineensis 1399: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1341:Bagworm moths 1332: 1330: 1329: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1253:outbreaks in 1252: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1229: 1218: 1215:November 2020 1209: 1205: 1202:This section 1200: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1184: 1182: 1171: 1168:November 2020 1162: 1158: 1155:This section 1153: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1107:Cadang-cadang 1102:Cadang-cadang 1099: 1097: 1096: 1085: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1051:E. guineensis 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035:E. guineensis 1032: 1031: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1005: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 983: 980: 976: 971: 968: 967: 957: 953: 948: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 931: 926: 922: 918: 917: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 873: 868: 867:Felda Sahabat 863: 862: 857: 856:E. guineensis 848: 846: 838: 835:. One of its 834: 830: 821: 813: 811: 807: 802: 800: 795: 792: 788: 784: 783: 777: 774: 757: 753: 750: 748: 744: 741: 739: 735: 732: 731: 730: 729: 728: 727: 726: 725: 724: 723: 722: 721: 720: 718: 717:E. guineensis 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 688: 679: 675: 671: 670:E. guineensis 667: 664:This section 662: 659: 655: 654: 646: 644: 640: 636: 626: 624: 620: 611: 609: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 549: 537: 528: 520: 511: 509: 505: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 484:E. guineensis 476: 474: 470: 465: 463: 459: 454: 452: 451:Abydos, Egypt 447: 443: 442:E. guineensis 439: 437: 436: 431: 430: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 340: 328: 324: 321: 316: 313: 310: 305: 300: 297: 294: 290: 287: 284: 280: 276: 271: 268: 265: 260: 256: 253: 250: 246: 243: 242: 240: 237: 233: 229: 224: 222: 216: 213: 212:Binomial name 209: 205: 204: 199: 196: 195: 192: 191: 187: 184: 183: 180: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 151: 150: 147: 144: 141: 138: 137: 134: 131: 128: 125: 124: 121: 120:Tracheophytes 118: 115: 112: 111: 108: 105: 102: 101: 96: 91: 87: 81: 76: 75:Least Concern 65: 61: 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 8015: 7961: 7947: 7933: 7919: 7905: 7891: 7884: 7862:Tree planter 7842:Resin tapper 7822:Truck driver 7817:River driver 7566:Tree hugging 7551: 7534: 7501:timber mafia 7491:High grading 7476:Ghost forest 7446:Clearcutting 7369:Silviculture 7345:Horticulture 7189:Fire ecology 7104:Urban forest 7079:Mycoforestry 7039: 7035:Agroforestry 7016: 7009: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6983:Forest areas 6981: 6974: 6907:Paradise nut 6814: 6763:Black walnut 6737:Panda oleosa 6735: 6701: 6591: 6555:Beaked hazel 6437: 6430: 6222:FGV Holdings 6217:Feronia Inc. 6056:stearic acid 5989: 5979: 5972: 5960: 5953: 5937: 5932:Bagworm moth 5922:Diseases and 5907: 5902:E. guineesis 5901: 5900: 5893: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5794: 5770: 5736: 5696: 5690: 5675: 5672: 5651:The Oil Palm 5650: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5611:The Oil Palm 5610: 5604: 5591: 5519:The Oil Palm 5518: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5468: 5456: 5439: 5435: 5422: 5417:CDM register 5406: 5387: 5376: 5357: 5345: 5333: 5321: 5309: 5297: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5236: 5221: 5209: 5190: 5169: 5160: 5154: 5113: 5109: 5096: 5082: 5071:. Retrieved 5069:. 2008-01-14 5066: 5057: 5046:. Retrieved 5042:the original 5032: 5005: 5001: 4998:) cultivars" 4995: 4973:. Retrieved 4969:the original 4959: 4948:. Retrieved 4941:the original 4928: 4917:. Retrieved 4893:. Retrieved 4889:the original 4879: 4848: 4842: 4832: 4821:. Retrieved 4817:the original 4807: 4796:. Retrieved 4789:the original 4776: 4765:. Retrieved 4761:the original 4751: 4704: 4698: 4689: 4678:. Retrieved 4665: 4656: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4610:. Retrieved 4606:the original 4596: 4582: 4570:. Retrieved 4565: 4553: 4541:. Retrieved 4537:the original 4533:fas.usda.gov 4532: 4523: 4512:the original 4499: 4495: 4482: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4418:22 September 4416:. Retrieved 4409:the original 4392: 4380:. Retrieved 4376:the original 4371: 4361: 4349:. Retrieved 4334: 4313:. Retrieved 4298: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4250: 4239:. Retrieved 4235:the original 4225: 4215:22 September 4213:. Retrieved 4206: 4196: 4186: 4176: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4125:(1): 73–89. 4122: 4118: 4108: 4079: 4071: 4024: 4018: 3994:. Retrieved 3992:. 2002-01-02 3986: 3980: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3907:. Retrieved 3903: 3894: 3882:. Retrieved 3878: 3869: 3839:(1): 31–46. 3836: 3832: 3826: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3727:: e0223968. 3720: 3714: 3675:(2): 73–83. 3672: 3668: 3663:Metisa plana 3662: 3654: 3615: 3609: 3579:. Retrieved 3577:. 2008-12-10 3575:Invasive.Org 3574: 3565: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3540:(2): 127–32. 3537: 3533: 3523: 3494: 3488: 3478: 3431: 3425: 3388: 3382: 3369: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3282:(4002): 56. 3279: 3273: 3263: 3254: 3243:the original 3236: 3227: 3219: 3200: 3187: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3132: 3085: 3079: 3069: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2878: 2872: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2761: 2755: 2745: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2643: 2637: 2598: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2529: 2492: 2486: 2459: 2420: 2414: 2383: 2373: 2357: 2349: 2337:. Retrieved 2333:the original 2313: 2306: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2184: 2172:. Retrieved 2158: 2152: 2145: 2133:. Retrieved 2128: 2122: 2115: 2103:. Retrieved 2085: 2079: 2073: 2065: 2039: 2032: 2012: 2007: 1987: 1959: 1943: 1932: 1896: 1889: 1874: 1864:food vs fuel 1857: 1850: 1840: 1827: 1819:agroforestry 1811: 1789: 1784: 1781: 1774: 1759: 1751: 1736: 1712: 1706: 1702: 1688: 1669: 1659: 1653: 1626: 1595: 1589: 1575: 1551: 1548:fluorescence 1539: 1530: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1500: 1492: 1478: 1477: 1464: 1460:adding to it 1455: 1428: 1420: 1417:Grey parrots 1415: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1381: 1379: 1376:Mammal pests 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1299: 1297: 1292: 1285: 1250: 1240:Lepidopteran 1234: 1232: 1228:Metisa plana 1227: 1212: 1208:adding to it 1203: 1178: 1165: 1161:adding to it 1156: 1127: 1125: 1119: 1115: 1105: 1093: 1091: 1079: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1054: 1050: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1011: 1009: 999: 986: 984: 978: 974: 972: 964: 961: 955: 951: 947: 928: 927:, 2017) and 924: 920: 914: 912: 893: 859: 855: 854: 840: 824: 822: 819: 808:, 2014 find 805: 803: 796: 790: 786: 780: 778: 772: 770: 755: 751: 746: 742: 737: 733: 716: 706: 695: 682: 678:adding to it 673: 669: 665: 632: 622: 617: 606:Size: 1,800 605: 590: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 564: 533: 500: 483: 482: 466: 455: 441: 440: 433: 427: 379: 355: 351: 347: 338: 337: 336: 323:Palma oleosa 322: 314: 308: 298: 288: 269: 263: 254: 244: 220: 218: 202: 201: 189: 152: 139: 126: 113: 50: 29: 8215:iNaturalist 8040:Wikispecies 7886:WikiProject 7810:smokejumper 7790:Firefighter 7753:Occupations 7737:Woodworking 7318:Forestation 7249:restoration 7204:informatics 7069:Ecoforestry 6917:Peanut tree 6877:Angiosperms 6850:Korean pine 6790:Gymnosperms 6724:Wild karuka 6570:Asian hazel 6338:and debates 6142:Bioplastics 6019:lauric acid 6014:Palm kernel 5909:E. oleifera 5886:A. speciosa 5703:: 119–140. 5184:. May 2005. 4855:: 125–159. 4711:: 625–652. 4382:6 September 4031:: 225–252. 3796:: 309–339. 3622:: 289–310. 3497:(1): 15–6. 3462:j.ctv1xz0km 3395:: 157–174. 3156:(11): 103. 3021:: 320–329. 2885:: 391–407. 2705:: 397–410. 2499:: 373–395. 2427:: 457–483. 2260:: 843–848. 2174:12 December 2105:1 September 2003:palm kernel 1999:palm kernel 1971:biohydrogen 1762:West Africa 1614:menorrhagia 1433:Raffia palm 1412:Avian pests 1394:Chimpanzees 1308:placing 11 1298:As of 2012 1282:predictions 1257:are highly 1056:E. oleifera 1039:San Lorenzo 870: [ 851:Pollination 674:E. oleifera 614:Chromosomes 508:palm kernel 479:Description 446:West Africa 429:E. oleifera 416:West Indies 309:nom. inval. 264:nom. inval. 159:Commelinids 133:Angiosperms 8406:Categories 8332:Plant List 7832:Lumberjack 7827:Log scaler 7710:engineered 7661:non-timber 7634:sawmilling 7586:Industries 7553:svedjebruk 7264:transition 7244:protection 7234:old-growth 7219:governance 7174:Dendrology 7124:management 6990:Ministries 6885:Brazil nut 6865:Stone pine 6810:Ginkgo nut 6640:Breadfruit 6439:by country 6396:By country 6237:Sime Darby 6094:Hydrolysis 6046:oleic acid 6002:Components 5799:AOCS Press 5073:2008-01-14 5048:2008-01-14 5023:1807/49015 4975:2007-12-01 4950:2007-11-29 4919:2007-12-01 4895:2007-12-01 4823:2009-03-30 4798:2007-11-29 4767:2007-11-29 4680:2022-03-15 4612:2007-11-29 4241:2012-09-16 3996:2020-11-23 3581:2020-11-23 3090:Cell Press 2823:: 89–105. 2535:"Tropicos" 2392:this graph 2135:2 December 2058:References 2016:orangutans 1975:bioplastic 1899:Greenpeace 1806:See also: 1672:Sime Darby 1641:axis mundi 1622:rheumatism 1618:bronchitis 1505:there are 1259:correlated 837:epialleles 633:The Asian 456:The first 392:Madagascar 380:guineensis 376:The Gambia 302:(A.Chev.) 8337:kew-66337 8168:200027081 7780:Ecologist 7693:Tree farm 7594:Coppicing 7536:chitemene 7436:Acid rain 7384:allometry 7306:SmartWood 7254:secondary 7239:pathology 7214:inventory 7152:driftwood 7018:Arbor Day 6890:Macadamia 6823:Bunya nut 6816:Araucaria 6768:Butternut 6753:Pistachio 6743:Pekea nut 6665:Gabon nut 6630:Betel nut 6582:Kurrajong 6528:Candlenut 6491:True, or 6408:Indonesia 6268:GreenPalm 6227:IOI Group 6190:Producers 6130:by region 6125:Biodiesel 6072:Processes 5879:A. maripa 5863:Oil palms 5817:827944630 5717:0066-4170 5549:132543108 5289:206510225 5146:250672378 4871:1543-5938 4743:235550587 4735:1543-5938 4572:30 August 4543:30 August 4351:30 August 4315:30 August 4063:221358684 4047:0066-4286 3962:220343722 3954:0030-6525 3853:1610-7365 3810:0066-4170 3751:1932-6203 3638:0066-4286 3514:1807/1114 3470:114953270 3409:0066-4286 3352:1822/7349 3228:ganoderma 3211:1511-7871 3106:0960-9822 3037:0031-949X 2976:982487095 2968:2211-808X 2950:2211-8098 2915:204702146 2899:0066-4170 2853:223559538 2837:1471-0056 2719:0040-5752 2691:Jacq.)". 2672:220980947 2664:1614-2942 2627:199577081 2619:1614-2942 2591:Jacq.)". 2551:Euphytica 2513:0066-4286 2443:1543-5008 2339:30 August 2298:205216444 2282:0028-0836 2233:207988695 2225:1119-7455 1916:Indonesia 1911:oxidation 1892:peat bogs 1777:Indonesia 1610:gonorrhea 1541:Volatiles 1527:Detection 1489:Arecaceae 1301:R. indica 1267:satellite 1078:(B3) and 1070:Ganoderma 1000:Ganoderma 987:Ganoderma 979:Ganoderma 975:Ganoderma 966:Ganoderma 956:orbiforme 898:nematodes 890:fruit set 843:Bad Karma 827:DEFICIENS 791:Deli dura 773:Deli dura 709:varieties 698:offshoots 639:cultivars 629:Diversity 560:livestock 534:For each 404:Indonesia 396:Sri Lanka 368:southwest 356:macaw-fat 279:H.Perrier 197:Species: 179:Arecaceae 103:Kingdom: 8422:Oil palm 8417:Cocoseae 8371:Tropicos 8285:13416970 8246:10213909 8233:666802-1 8025:Wikidata 7981:Category 7795:handcrew 7765:Arborist 7760:Forester 7720:mahogany 7666:palm oil 7656:charcoal 7641:Products 7576:Wildfire 7389:breeding 7350:GM trees 7199:dynamics 7011:Journals 7004:Colleges 6964:Forestry 6835:Pine nut 6778:Heartnut 6748:Pili nut 6731:Mongongo 6709:Jack nut 6592:Palm nut 6577:Kola nut 6545:Hazelnut 6533:Chestnut 6523:Breadnut 6432:Category 6413:Malaysia 6403:Colombia 6280:Unilever 6118:Products 6031:Palm oil 6009:Mesocarp 5855:Palm oil 5725:22974068 5637:, 2009). 5558:82631705 5476:Archived 5395:Archived 5365:Archived 5340:VOA news 5281:18258862 5229:Archived 5198:Archived 5138:19040648 4674:Archived 4648:18775582 4508:14506001 4259:Archived 4211:. London 4184:(2000). 4149:25083916 4100:11153110 4055:32853102 3861:24738945 3833:Primates 3818:85977665 3769:31626637 3716:PLOS ONE 3691:26868711 3646:26047569 3417:21663436 3361:55770275 3124:29787730 3045:26714102 2942:Springer 2907:31610136 2845:33067582 2796:23883930 2735:17161339 2727:25488416 2572:35665288 2521:27491435 2451:28226237 2290:19212403 2256:(7231). 2022:See also 1739:palm oil 1698:hectares 1676:Boustead 1666:Malaysia 1658:name is 1649:babalawo 1637:Ọrunmila 1606:diuretic 1602:laxative 1582:Malaysia 1286:M. plana 1255:Malaysia 1251:M. plana 1235:M. plana 1111:coconuts 1047:protozoa 937:however 747:pisifera 707:Several 649:Breeding 608:megabase 597:Genetics 575:pisifera 540:4,000 kg 514:Planting 473:rapeseed 412:Cambodia 400:Malaysia 360:palm oil 348:oil palm 236:Synonyms 175:Family: 169:Arecales 146:Monocots 80:IUCN 3.1 8376:2400016 8181:2731882 8142:1095470 8124:Ecocrop 8090:13-22-1 8031:Q165403 7991:Outline 7805:lookout 7800:hotshot 7681:tanbark 7651:biomass 7646:biochar 7624:plywood 7609:Logging 7513:wilding 7162:log jam 7119:Ecology 6922:Soybean 6670:Hickory 6655:Coconut 6565:Filbert 6202:Cargill 6167:cooking 6099:Milling 6061:stearin 5872:Attalea 5261:Bibcode 5253:Science 5118:Bibcode 4566:fao.org 4140:4212005 3934:Bibcode 3926:Ostrich 3909:2 March 3884:2 March 3760:6799924 3729:Bibcode 3682:4729409 3331:Bibcode 3306:4093433 3284:Bibcode 3205:(314). 3158:Bibcode 3115:5967643 3053:1049270 2787:4209285 2766:Bibcode 2262:Bibcode 1860:biofuel 1633:Ọbatala 1572:History 1497:vectors 1485:coconut 1306:Yucatan 1181:vectors 1136:below. 1095:Oryctes 1043:Ecuador 1010:Markom 909:Disease 799:Banting 643:selfing 619:Diploid 593:palms. 536:hectare 496:flowers 492:pinnate 458:Western 293:Gaertn. 259:A.Chev. 185:Genus: 165:Order: 107:Plantae 78: ( 8345:PLANTS 8311:947656 8272:506719 8220:132576 8103:285251 8087:APSA: 8080:196219 8064:APDB: 8054:AoFP: 7837:Ranger 7785:Feller 7770:Bucker 7676:rubber 7619:lumber 7429:topics 7416:volume 7411:height 7357:i-Tree 7194:Forest 7147:coarse 7142:Debris 7041:dehesa 6912:Peanut 6758:Walnut 6714:Karuka 6660:Durian 6645:Cashew 6620:Almond 6612:Drupes 5895:Elaeis 5815: 5805: 5742: 5723: 5715: 5676:et al. 5665: 5635:et al. 5625: 5597: 5584: 5556: 5547: 5537: 5415:UNFCCC 5287: 5279: 5144: 5136: 4869: 4741: 4733: 4666:IBGE ( 4646: 4506: 4342: 4306: 4147: 4137: 4098: 4088: 4061: 4053: 4045: 3960: 3952: 3859: 3851: 3816: 3808: 3767: 3757: 3749: 3723:(10). 3689: 3679: 3644: 3636: 3468: 3460: 3450: 3415: 3407: 3359: 3304: 3275:Nature 3209: 3122: 3112: 3104: 3088:(10). 3051: 3043: 3035: 2983: 2974: 2966: 2956: 2948: 2913: 2905: 2897: 2851: 2843: 2835: 2794: 2784: 2757:Nature 2733: 2725: 2717: 2670: 2662: 2625: 2617: 2570: 2519: 2511: 2449: 2441: 2364: 2325: 2296: 2288: 2280: 2249:Nature 2231: 2223: 1967:biogas 1903:Borneo 1823:Amazon 1798:soup. 1796:amiedi 1770:Ouesso 1684:London 1680:listed 1645:orisha 1616:, and 1586:Malaya 1388:weevil 1312:under 1280:. The 1132:, see 1045:. The 1012:et al. 1004:lignin 991:lignin 925:et al. 919:(syn. 884:, and 882:inbred 806:et al. 756:tenera 625:= 32. 602:Genome 587:clonal 583:tenera 567:tenera 562:feed. 556:600 kg 552:500 kg 544:750 kg 488:leaves 420:Indian 414:, the 372:Angola 277:& 190:Elaeis 8298:51953 8259:20295 8241:IRMNG 8207:14936 8155:EAIGU 8116:38XFZ 8067:33268 7671:rayon 7406:girth 7401:crown 7362:urban 7259:stand 7167:slash 7157:large 7028:Types 6976:Index 6819:spp. 6798:Cycad 6680:Pecan 6506:Beech 6501:Acorn 6275:Neste 6135:Neste 5924:pests 5699:(1). 5554:S2CID 5545:S2CID 5432:(PDF) 5285:S2CID 5178:(PDF) 5142:S2CID 5106:(PDF) 5008:(3). 4944:(PDF) 4937:(PDF) 4851:(1). 4792:(PDF) 4785:(PDF) 4739:S2CID 4707:(1). 4562:(PDF) 4515:(PDF) 4492:(PDF) 4412:(PDF) 4401:(PDF) 4059:S2CID 4027:(1). 3983:Cobb" 3958:S2CID 3857:S2CID 3814:S2CID 3792:(1). 3618:(1). 3466:S2CID 3458:JSTOR 3391:(1). 3379:(PDF) 3357:S2CID 3302:S2CID 3246:(PDF) 3233:(PDF) 3197:(PDF) 3058:AGRIS 3049:S2CID 3017:(4). 2946:eISSN 2911:S2CID 2881:(1). 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