1017:, and he enjoyed his worldwide perception as the reformer. In June 1988, at the CPSU's 19th Party Conference, the first held since 1941, Gorbachev and his supporters launched radical reforms meant to reduce party control of the government apparatus. He again called for multicandidate elections for regional and local legislatures and party first secretaries and insisted on the separation of the government apparatus from party bodies at the regional level as well. In the face of an overwhelming majority of conservatives, Gorbachev still was able to rely on party obedience to the higher authorities to force through acceptance of his reform proposals. Experts called the conference a successful step in promoting party-directed change from above.
128:
2408:
789:
2420:
1076:, which constitutional amendments had established as the Soviet Union's new legislative body. The Supreme Soviet then dissolved itself. The amendments called for a smaller working body of 542 members, also called the Supreme Soviet, to be elected from the 2,250-member Congress of People's Deputies. To ensure a Communist majority in the new parliament, Gorbachev reserved one-third of the seats for the CPSU and other public organisations.
27:
1213:
1083:
of the
Congress of People's Deputies marked the first time that voters of the Soviet Union ever chose the membership of a national legislative body. The results of the election stunned the ruling elite. Throughout the country, voters crossed off the ballot unopposed Communist candidates, many of them
1116:
A primary issue for the opposition was the repeal of
Article 6 of the constitution, which prescribed the supremacy of the CPSU over all the institutions in society. Faced with opposition pressure for the repeal of Article 6 and needing allies against hard-liners in the CPSU, Gorbachev obtained the
1128:
By the time of the Twenty-Eighth Party
Congress in July 1990, the CPSU was regarded by liberals and nationalists of the constituent republics as anachronistic and unable to lead the country. The CPSU branches in many of the fifteen Soviet republics began to split into large pro-sovereignty and
1132:
In a series of humiliations, the CPSU had been separated from the government and stripped of its leading role in society and its function in overseeing the national economy. However, the majority of its apparatchiks were successful in obtaining leading positions in the newly formed democratic
1133:
institutions. For seventy years, the CPSU had been the cohesive force that kept the union together; without the authority of the party in the Soviet center, the nationalities of the constituent republics pulled harder than ever to break away from the union and to dismantle the party itself.
1121:, for himself to be elected by the Congress of People's Deputies rather than the popular elections. Accordingly, in March 1990 Gorbachev was elected for the third time in eighteen months to a position equivalent to Soviet head of state. Former first deputy chairman of the Supreme Soviet
1087:
In May the initial session of the
Congress of People's Deputies electrified the country. For two weeks on live television, deputies from around the country railed against every scandal and shortcoming of the Soviet system that could be identified. Speakers spared neither Gorbachev, the
996:
Gorbachev increasingly found himself caught between criticism by conservatives who wanted to stop reform and liberals who wanted to accelerate it. Meanwhile, despite his intention to maintain a one-party system, the elements of a multiparty system already were crystallising.
1092:, nor the military. Nevertheless, a conservative majority maintained control of the congress. Gorbachev was elected without opposition to the chairmanship of the new Supreme Soviet; then the Congress of People's Deputies elected a large majority of old-style party
1084:
prominent party officials, taking advantage of the nominal privilege of withholding approval of the listed candidates. However, the
Congress of People's Deputies that emerged still contained 87 percent CPSU members. Genuine reformists won only some 300 seats.
1100:
obtained a seat in the
Supreme Soviet only when another deputy relinquished his position. The first Congress of People's Deputies was the last moment of real control for Gorbachev over the political life of the Soviet Union.
1037:
332:
1006:
1327:
2494:
1731:
1714:
1026:
868:
611:
223:
208:
1761:
483:
1060:
had. These changes meant that the
Secretariat, until that time solely responsible for the development and implementation of state policies, had lost much of its power.
973:
958:
1704:
2224:
1724:
826:
239:
1117:
repeal of
Article 6 by the February 1990 Central Committee plenum. Later that month, before the Supreme Soviet, he proposed the creation of a new office of
1750:
1719:
1073:
320:
234:
1709:
1661:
508:
203:
213:
1056:. The Supreme Soviet then elected Gorbachev chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, giving Gorbachev the attributes of power that previously
1958:
741:
280:
1656:
1269:
95:
1322:
911:. In this way, he hoped to rejuvenate the party with reform-minded personnel who would carry out his institutional and policy reforms. The
451:
67:
1841:
1811:
1163:
2098:
2058:
1968:
1779:
1295:
819:
736:
626:
157:
2086:
1981:
1853:
1639:
169:
74:
2454:
1991:
1908:
1801:
1125:
became chairman of the
Supreme Soviet. The Supreme Soviet became similar to Western parliaments. Its debates were televised daily.
746:
711:
441:
179:
2449:
1931:
1738:
1605:
761:
751:
421:
270:
37:
1113:. The members of this body included almost all of the liberal and Russian nationalist members of the opposition led by Yeltsin.
1629:
1474:
1080:
932:(increasing public discussion of issues and accessibility of information to the public), officially announced in mid-1986, and
495:
337:
81:
799:
2444:
2116:
1617:
1583:
1571:
1566:
1457:
812:
2043:
2153:
1921:
726:
63:
2489:
2484:
2033:
1699:
1646:
1634:
904:
416:
192:
147:
2081:
2076:
1796:
1744:
1069:
1032:
called by
Gorbachev in September 1988, three stalwart old-guard members left the Politburo or lost positions of power.
606:
446:
375:
290:
162:
2469:
2464:
2333:
2284:
2217:
2028:
1756:
1358:
1262:
948:(political and economic restructuring), another slogan that became a full-scale campaign in 1987, embraced them all.
478:
174:
2363:
2351:
2175:
2165:
2121:
1936:
1612:
1561:
1444:
1109:
In the summer of 1989, the first opposition bloc in the Congress of People's Deputies formed under the name of the
731:
667:
490:
364:
2368:
2356:
2212:
2197:
2111:
2013:
1595:
1415:
601:
310:
2309:
2289:
1986:
1600:
1425:
1353:
965:". He changed his strategy from trying to work through the CPSU as it existed and instead embraced a degree of
886:
756:
706:
411:
401:
52:
2380:
2207:
2071:
2023:
1784:
1578:
1452:
1435:
1118:
981:
672:
641:
152:
1976:
1651:
1546:
1347:
1255:
1053:
687:
119:
88:
2504:
2499:
2257:
2239:
2005:
1863:
1824:
1791:
1481:
1469:
1385:
1287:
1222:
985:
969:. In January 1987, he appealed over the heads of the party to the people and called for democratisation.
656:
616:
591:
431:
48:
44:
2474:
2252:
2229:
2202:
677:
127:
2509:
2294:
2267:
2170:
1228:
636:
2262:
2459:
2375:
390:
385:
380:
1624:
473:
305:
2304:
1896:
1834:
977:
2423:
1395:
2479:
2185:
2048:
1868:
1666:
1380:
1110:
524:
2272:
8:
2412:
2141:
1946:
1875:
1683:
1532:
1410:
1332:
1305:
1173:
1168:
1049:
883:
793:
621:
300:
2279:
2190:
1507:
1420:
1310:
1300:
900:
682:
2387:
2327:
2106:
1892:
1588:
1390:
1375:
1317:
871:
631:
1122:
1068:
Meaningful changes also occurred in governmental structures. In December 1988, the
908:
857:
550:
519:
2299:
1512:
1464:
1370:
1057:
1029:
966:
863:
1096:
to fill the membership of its new legislative body. Outspoken opposition leader
2319:
2247:
1527:
1517:
1044:
was relieved of the ideology portfolio within the Politburo's Secretariat, and
1041:
1033:
962:
2438:
2180:
1217:
1097:
771:
646:
542:
2063:
1884:
1278:
879:
1234:
1926:
1888:
1880:
1502:
1486:
1400:
1342:
1150:
1093:
943:
716:
556:
976:
in July 1990, it was clear that Gorbachev's reforms came with sweeping,
957:, Gorbachev had concluded that implementing his reforms outlined at the
1916:
1045:
935:
766:
1247:
2136:
2131:
1953:
1846:
1676:
1337:
1157:
896:
875:
537:
1007:
19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
26:
2126:
1671:
1405:
1365:
1143:
927:
563:
532:
2018:
1522:
1216:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
244:
1941:
1819:
1129:
pro-union factions, further weakening central party control.
721:
1036:
retired (had decided to retire before the meeting) from the
2053:
1829:
912:
924:
was part of Gorbachev's set of reform programs, including
2038:
1858:
1089:
961:
in February 1986 required more than discrediting the "
1012:
952:
941:
933:
925:
919:
890:
1241:. Data as of July 1996 (retrieved December 25, 2014)
2495:
Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1011:Despite some setbacks, he continued his policy of
1074:Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
2436:
2127:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
1063:
988:and ultimately dismantle the Communist Party.
1263:
991:
915:would retain sole custody of the ballot box.
874:in January 1987 calling for the infusion of "
847:
840:
820:
53:introducing citations to additional sources
18:1987 political slogan from Mikhail Gorbachev
1270:
1256:
827:
813:
982:constituent republics of the Soviet Union
1020:
1000:
951:By the time he introduced the slogan of
940:, a "speed-up" of economic development.
43:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1277:
1164:History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)
1104:
2437:
1296:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
1251:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
856:
64:"Demokratizatsiya" Soviet Union
20:
13:
1186:
1070:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
14:
2521:
2419:
2418:
2406:
1211:
895:meant the introduction of multi-
787:
126:
36:relies largely or entirely on a
25:
2455:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2450:Government of the Soviet Union
1025:At an unprecedented emergency
1:
1959:Political abuse of psychiatry
1751:Congress of People's Deputies
1179:
1119:president of the Soviet Union
1064:Congress of People's Deputies
959:Twenty-Seventh Party Congress
867:) was a slogan introduced by
858:[dʲɪməkrətʲɪˈzatsɨjə]
742:Political abuse of psychiatry
321:Congress of People's Deputies
2445:Politics of the Soviet Union
1054:CPSU Party Control Committee
1052:as chairman of the powerful
974:Twenty-Eighth Party Congress
120:Politics of the Soviet Union
7:
2122:Academy of Medical Sciences
1136:
1013:
984:pulled harder than ever to
953:
942:
934:
926:
920:
891:
841:
281:Central Executive Committee
10:
2526:
2490:Soviet democracy movements
2485:Reform in the Soviet Union
1072:approved formation of the
1048:replaced Politburo member
1004:
992:Gorbachev's reform dilemma
980:, as nationalities of the
2400:
2344:
2318:
2238:
2161:
2152:
2097:
2004:
1967:
1907:
1810:
1772:
1692:
1554:
1545:
1495:
1443:
1434:
1286:
1229:Federal Research Division
986:break away from the Union
848:
637:Material balance planning
338:1989 Legislative election
2470:1987 in the Soviet Union
2465:Soviet internal politics
967:political liberalisation
452:Administrator of Affairs
2413:Soviet Union portal
978:unintended consequences
794:Soviet Union portal
306:Soviet of Nationalities
2305:Stalinist architecture
2059:Science and technology
1969:Ideological repression
1897:Soviet Airborne Forces
1835:Destruction battalions
869:CPSU General Secretary
737:Ideological repression
627:Science and technology
2087:List of metro systems
1640:Collective leadership
1021:Changes in government
1001:19th Party Conference
907:(CPSU) officials and
903:—elections for local
170:Collective leadership
2049:Net material product
1992:Censorship of images
1909:Political repression
1869:Soviet Border Troops
1802:First Deputy Premier
1386:1965 economic reform
1381:Soviet space program
1111:Inter-Regional Group
1105:Inter-Regional Group
878:" elements into the
747:Political repression
712:Censorship of images
442:First Deputy Premier
180:Presidential Council
49:improve this article
2117:Academy of Sciences
1932:Population transfer
1876:Soviet Armed Forces
1739:Congress of Soviets
1720:Presidium/Politburo
1684:Soviet anti-Zionism
1533:West Siberian Plain
1411:Revolutions of 1989
1348:Great Patriotic War
1333:New Economic Policy
1174:Democracy in Europe
1169:Revolutions of 1989
1081:March 1989 election
1050:Mikhail Solomentsev
972:By the time of the
762:Suppressed research
752:Population transfer
622:New Economic Policy
301:Soviet of the Union
271:Congress of Soviets
2505:1987 introductions
2500:Soviet phraseology
1762:Military Collegium
1630:Capital punishment
1508:Caucasus Mountains
1421:Post-Soviet states
1301:Russian Revolution
496:Procurator General
484:Military Collegium
2475:Mikhail Gorbachev
2432:
2431:
2396:
2395:
2388:Hammer and sickle
2330:and their groups
2328:Soviet dissidents
2107:Communist Academy
2024:Economic planning
2000:
1999:
1893:Soviet Air Forces
1812:Security services
1732:General Secretary
1715:Central Committee
1657:Political parties
1589:Brezhnev Doctrine
1584:Foreign relations
1541:
1540:
1482:Autonomous okrugs
1396:Soviet–Afghan War
1376:Sino-Soviet split
1318:Russian Civil War
1027:Central Committee
872:Mikhail Gorbachev
837:
836:
779:
778:
632:Era of Stagnation
574:
573:
459:
458:
347:
346:
253:
252:
224:General Secretary
209:Central Committee
114:
113:
99:
2517:
2510:1987 in politics
2422:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2159:
2158:
2067:
1922:Collectivization
1667:Marxism–Leninism
1552:
1551:
1441:
1440:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1239:Demokratizatsiya
1232:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1123:Anatoly Lukyanov
1016:
1014:Demokratizatsiya
956:
954:Demokratizatsiya
947:
939:
931:
923:
921:Demokratizatsiya
894:
892:Demokratizatsiya
860:
855:
851:
850:
844:
842:Demokratizatsiya
829:
822:
815:
792:
791:
790:
727:Collectivization
587:
586:
551:De-Stalinization
525:Marxism–Leninism
520:Soviet democracy
514:
513:
417:State Committees
360:
359:
266:
265:
198:
197:
130:
116:
115:
109:
106:
100:
98:
57:
29:
21:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2460:Democratization
2435:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2407:
2405:
2392:
2340:
2314:
2234:
2148:
2093:
2065:
2039:Internet domain
2034:Five-year plans
1996:
1963:
1903:
1806:
1768:
1700:Communist Party
1688:
1647:Passport system
1537:
1513:European Russia
1491:
1430:
1371:Khrushchev Thaw
1350:(World War II)
1328:Creation treaty
1282:
1276:
1246:
1245:
1224:Country Studies
1221:
1212:
1210:
1187:
1182:
1139:
1107:
1066:
1058:Leonid Brezhnev
1023:
1009:
1003:
994:
905:Communist Party
889:. Gorbachev's
864:democratization
853:
833:
804:
800:Other countries
788:
786:
781:
780:
692:
584:
576:
575:
547:
511:
501:
500:
469:
461:
460:
395:
357:
349:
348:
263:
255:
254:
249:
195:
193:Communist Party
185:
184:
143:
110:
104:
101:
58:
56:
42:
30:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2523:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2082:Rail transport
2079:
2077:Railway system
2069:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1797:Deputy Premier
1794:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1780:Heads of state
1776:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1748:
1745:Supreme Soviet
1742:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1712:
1707:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1662:State ideology
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1558:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1528:Ural Mountains
1525:
1520:
1518:North Caucasus
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1138:
1135:
1106:
1103:
1065:
1062:
1042:Yegor Ligachev
1034:Andrei Gromyko
1022:
1019:
1005:Main article:
1002:
999:
993:
990:
918:The slogan of
849:демократизация
846:(Russian:
835:
834:
832:
831:
824:
817:
809:
806:
805:
803:
802:
796:
783:
782:
777:
776:
775:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
701:
700:
694:
693:
691:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
664:
661:
660:
652:
651:
650:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
617:Kosygin reform
614:
612:Five-Year Plan
609:
607:Consumer goods
604:
596:
595:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
572:
571:
570:
569:
568:
567:
553:
548:
546:
545:
540:
535:
529:
527:
522:
512:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
491:People's Court
488:
487:
486:
476:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
457:
456:
455:
454:
449:
447:Deputy Premier
444:
436:
435:
427:
426:
425:
424:
419:
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60:Find sources:
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38:single source
34:This article
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2176:Demographics
2166:Antisemitism
2019:Central Bank
1937:Forced labor
1885:Spetsnaz GRU
1705:organisation
1613:Human rights
1562:Constitution
1445:Subdivisions
1323:Russian SFSR
1279:Soviet Union
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880:Soviet Union
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732:Human rights
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105:October 2009
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2280:Phraseology
2225:Prohibition
2213:Linguistics
2198:Drug policy
2191:1989 census
2112:Cybernetics
2014:Agriculture
1927:Great Purge
1889:Soviet Navy
1881:Soviet Army
1753:(1989–1991)
1747:(1938–1991)
1741:(1922–1936)
1725:Secretariat
1596:Gun control
1503:Caspian Sea
1487:Closed city
1416:Dissolution
1401:Perestroika
1343:Great Purge
1151:Perestroika
944:Perestroika
901:multi-party
717:Great Purge
683:Phraseology
602:Agriculture
557:Perestroika
432:Premiership
262:Legislature
240:Secretariat
2439:Categories
2320:Opposition
2310:Television
2290:Propaganda
2263:Literature
2137:Naukograds
2132:Sharashkas
2066:(currency)
2044:Inventions
1987:Censorship
1917:Red Terror
1601:Government
1475:Autonomous
1458:Autonomous
1391:Stagnation
1354:Evacuation
1237:, section
1180:References
1046:Boris Pugo
936:uskoreniye
887:government
876:democratic
767:Red Terror
757:Propaganda
707:Censorship
698:Repression
412:Ministries
402:Government
356:Governance
142:Leadership
75:newspapers
2381:Republics
2369:Republics
2357:Republics
2208:Languages
2072:Transport
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1847:Militsiya
1785:President
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1579:Elections
1453:Republics
1436:Geography
1426:Nostalgia
1338:Stalinism
1158:Uskorenie
1038:Politburo
963:Old Guard
897:candidate
673:Education
642:Transport
538:Stalinism
468:Judiciary
311:Presidium
235:Politburo
153:President
45:talk page
2424:Category
1977:Religion
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1710:Congress
1672:Leninism
1652:Propiska
1547:Politics
1406:Glasnost
1366:Cold War
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1144:Glasnost
1137:See also
928:glasnost
688:Religion
564:Glasnost
533:Leninism
509:Ideology
422:Cabinets
204:Congress
2345:Symbols
2258:Fashion
2240:Culture
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2099:Science
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2006:Economy
1982:Science
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1496:Regions
1470:Oblasts
1311:October
1288:History
909:Soviets
657:Culture
592:Economy
583:Society
333:Speaker
245:Orgburo
214:History
148:Leaders
89:scholar
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2300:Sports
2253:Cinema
2248:Ballet
2230:Racism
2203:Family
1693:Bodies
1281:topics
1235:Russia
1220:.
1030:plenum
678:Family
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2295:Radio
2273:Opera
2268:Music
2171:Crime
1942:Gulag
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1465:Krais
96:JSTOR
82:books
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2142:List
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1947:List
1830:NKVD
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1606:List
1572:1977
1567:1936
1079:The
913:CPSU
854:IPA:
391:1977
386:1936
381:1924
158:list
68:news
1859:KGB
1854:MGB
1842:MVD
1825:GPU
1625:Law
1090:KGB
882:'s
474:Law
51:by
2441::
1891:•
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1188:^
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41:.
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