1385:
is the first derivative of the total revenue function; here MR = 120 - Q. Note that the MR function has the same y-intercept as the inverse demand function in this linear example; the x-intercept of the MR function is one-half the value of that of the demand function, and the slope of the MR function is twice that of the inverse demand function. This relationship holds true for all linear demand equations. The importance of being able to quickly calculate MR is that the profit-maximizing condition for firms regardless of market structure is to produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost (MC). To derive MC the first derivative of the total cost function is taken. For example, assume cost, C, equals 420 + 60Q + Q. Then MC = 60 + 2Q. Equating MR to MC and solving for Q gives Q = 20. So 20 is the profit maximizing quantity: to find the profit-maximizing price simply plug the value of Q into the inverse demand equation and solve for P.
1061:: Most important determinant of the demand for a commodity is the price of the commodity itself. Normally there is an inverse relationship between the price of the commodity and its quantity demanded. It implies that the lower the price of the commodity, the larger is the quantity demanded and the higher the price, the lesser is the quantity demanded. This negative relationship is embodied in the downward slope of the consumer demand curve. The assumption of an inverse relationship between price and demand is both reasonable and intuitive. For instance, if the price of a gallon of milk were to increase from $ 5 to $ 15, this significant price rise would render the commodity unaffordable for some consumers, thereby leading to a decrease in demand.
1101:: Consumers' expectations regarding factors such as future prices, income, and availability of goods play a crucial role in determining the demand for goods and services in the present period. For instance, if consumers anticipate a future increase in the price of a commodity, they are likely to demand a greater quantity of that commodity now to avoid paying a higher price later. Similarly, if people expect an increase in their income, they will buy more commodities in anticipation of a rise in their income. In the same way if consumers expect scarcity of certain goods in future on account of their expectation that its production may fall in future due to strike, crop failure, etc., the current demand for such goods would increase.
1357:
typically goods with no substitutes. For instance, insulin is nearly perfectly inelastic. Diabetics need insulin to survive so a change in price would not effect the quantity demanded. Insulin is not perfectly inelastic, however, as a prohibitively high price would cause some individuals to be incapable of purchasing insulin entirely. On the other hand, if insulin was sold at a very low price, it is possible that some individuals would purchase more insulin if they were not able to afford it before. Because of the effects of extreme pricing, no good can be considered truly perfectly inelastic.
1366:
Perfectly competitive firms have zero market power; that is, they have no ability to affect the terms and conditions of exchange. A perfectly competitive firm's decisions are limited to whether to produce and if so, how much. In less than perfectly competitive markets the demand curve is negatively sloped and there is a separate marginal revenue curve. A firm in a less than perfectly competitive market is a price-setter. The firm can decide how much to produce or what price to charge. In deciding one variable the firm is necessarily determining the other variable
160:
1503:
reflection of policies and programs to influence demand as well as competition and options available to users and consumers. Effective demand management follows the concept of a "closed loop" where feedback from the results of the demand plans is fed back into the planning process to improve the predictability of outcomes. Many practices reflect elements of systems dynamics. Volatility is being recognized as significant an issue as the focus on variance of demand to plans and forecasts.
3271:
2755:
1095:: The greater the desire to own a good the more likely one is to buy the good. There is a basic distinction between desire and demand. Tastes and preferences depend on social customs, habits of the people, fashion, general lifestyle of the people, advertisement, new inventions, etc. Some of these factors like fashion keep on changing, leading to change in consumers' tastes and preferences. As a result, the demand for different goods changes.
987:
43:
2744:
975:
1534:
availability. Latent demand is a phenomenon of any economy at any given time, it should be looked upon as a business opportunity by service firms and they should orient themselves to identify and exploit such opportunities at the right time. For example, a passenger traveling in an ordinary bus dreams of traveling in a luxury bus. Therefore, latent demand is nothing but the gap between desirability and availability.
1541:
Strategies used by firms to overcome this may include nurturing the service consumption habit of customers so as to make the demand unseasonal, or recognizing markets elsewhere in the world during the off-season period. Hence, this presents an opportunity to target different markets with the appropriate season in different parts of the world. For example, the need for
Christmas cards comes around once a year.
3259:
1212:". The curve shows how the price of a commodity or service changes as the quantity demanded increases. Every point on the curve is an amount of consumer demand and the corresponding market price. The graph shows the law of demand, which states that people will buy less of something if the price goes up and vice versa. According to Kotler, eight demand states are possible:
1129:: Market demand for a commodity depends on the size and composition of the population. The population size of a country determines the number of consumers. The larger the population, the larger is likely to be the number of consumers. An increase in the size of population will increase the demand for a commodity by increasing the number of consumers and, vice versa.
1089:: Income of the consumer is the basic determinant of the quantity demanded of a product as it determines the purchasing power of the consumer. Generally, there is a direct relationship between the income of the consumer and his demand for a product, i.e., with an increase in income, the demand for the commodity increases. However, this may not always be the case.
1123:: Distribution of income in the country also affects the demand for goods. If the distribution of income in a country in unequal. there will be more demand for luxury goods like cars and LED televisions. On the other hand, if the income is evenly distributed, there will be less demand for luxury goods and more demand for essential goods (necessities).
1067:: The principal related goods are complements and substitutes. A complement is a good that is used with the primary good. Examples include hotdogs and mustard, beer and pretzels, automobiles and gasoline. (Perfect complements behave as a single good.) If the price of the complement goes up, the quantity demanded of the other good goes down.
1117:: Demonstration effect refers to the tendency of a person to emulate the consumption style of other persons such as their friends, neighbours, etc. For instance, the demand for luxury cars and expensive mobile sets has increased in recent years partly because of the desire of the people to follow the consumption style of others.
1135:: Demand for different goods depends on the climatic factors because different goods are needed for different climates. For instance, the demand for ice, fans, air conditioners, cold drinks, cotton clothes, etc increases in summer. Likewise, in winter, the demand for heaters, blowers, hot drinks, woollen cloths, etc increases.
1384:
The inverse demand function is useful in deriving the total and marginal revenue functions. Total revenue equals price, P, times quantity, Q, or TR = P×Q. Multiply the inverse demand function by Q to derive the total revenue function: TR = (120 - .5Q) × Q = 120Q - 0.5Q². The marginal revenue function
1519:
of the potential buyers and find out the prime reason for the rejection of the service. For example: if passengers refuse a bus conductor's call to board the bus. The service firm has to come up with an appropriate strategy to remove the misunderstandings of the potential buyers. A strategy needs to
1571:
The cultivation and expansion of needs is the antithesis of wisdom. It is also the antithesis of freedom and peace. Every increase of needs tends to increase one's dependence on outside forces over which one cannot have control, and therefore increases existential fear. Only by a reduction of needs
1540:
Some services do not have a year-round demand, and might be required only at a certain period of time. Seasons all over the world are diverse. Seasonal demands create many problems for service organizations, such as idling the capacity, fixed cost and excess expenditure on marketing and promotions.
1365:
In perfectly competitive markets the demand curve, the average revenue curve, and the marginal revenue curve all coincide and are horizontal at the market-given price. The demand curve is perfectly elastic and coincides with the average and marginal revenue curves. Economic actors are price-takers.
1526:
If people are unaware, have insufficient information about a service or due to the consumer's indifference this type of a demand situation could occur. The marketing unit of the firm should focus on promotional campaigns and communicating reasons for potential customers to use the firm's services.
1440:
is the market elasticity of demand, PES is the elasticity of supply of each of the other firms, and (n -1) is the number of other firms. This formula suggests two things. The demand curve is not perfectly elastic and if there are a large number of firms in the industry the elasticity of demand for
1149:
A demand function states the relationship between the demand for a product and its various determinants. It is a shorthand way of saying that quantity demanded depends on various determinants. It gives functional relationship (i.e., cause and effect relationship) between the demand for a commodity
1547:
need to be studied in different segments of the market. Service organizations need to constantly study changing demands related to their service offerings over various time periods. They have to develop a system to chart these demand fluctuations, which helps them in predicting the demand cycles.
1533:
At any given time it is impossible to have a set of services that offer total satisfaction to all the needs and wants of society. In the market there exists a gap between desirable and the available. There is always a search on for better and newer offers to fill the gap between desirability and
1460:
That is the firm PED is 317 times as elastic as the market PED. If a firm raised its price "by one tenth of one percent demand would drop by nearly one third." if the firm raised its price by three tenths of one percent the quantity demanded would drop by nearly 100%. Three tenths of one percent
1406:
If the demand curve is linear, then it has the form: Qd = a - b*P, where p is the price of the good and q is the quantity demanded. The intercept of the curve and the vertical axis is represented by a, meaning the price when no quantity demanded. and b is the slope of the demand function. If the
1356:
Perfectly inelastic demand is represented by a vertical demand curve. Under perfect price inelasticity of demand, the price has no effect on the quantity demanded. The demand for the good remains the same regardless of how low or high the price. Goods with (nearly) perfectly inelastic demand are
1270:
appearing in the numerator of the elasticity formula is zero. At one point on a linear demand curve, demand is unitary elastic: an elasticity of one. For higher prices, the elasticity is greater than 1 in magnitude: demand is said to be elastic because percentage quantity changes are bigger than
1261:
The slope of a linear demand curve is constant. The elasticity of demand changes continuously as one moves down the demand curve because the ratio of price to quantity continuously falls. At the point the demand curve intersects the y-axis, demand becomes infinitely elastic, because the variable
1380:
In its standard form a linear demand equation is Q = a - bP. That is, quantity demanded is a function of price. The inverse demand equation, or price equation, treats price as a function f of quantity demanded: P = f(Q). To compute the inverse demand equation, simply solve for P from the demand
1502:
Demand management has a defined set of processes, capabilities and recommended behaviors for companies that produce goods and services. Consumer electronics and goods companies often lead in the application of demand management practices to their demand chains; demand management outcomes are a
1252:
The price elasticity of demand is a measure of the sensitivity of the quantity variable, Q, to changes in the price variable, P. It shows the percent by which the quantity demanded will change as a result of a given percentage change in the price. Thus, a demand elasticity of -2 says that the
1415:
Practically every introductory microeconomics text describes the demand curve facing a perfectly competitive firm as being flat or horizontal. A horizontal demand curve is perfectly elastic. If there are n identical firms in the market then the elasticity of demand PED facing any one firm is
1082:
is the price of gasoline. The other main category of related goods are substitutes. Substitutes are goods that can be used in place of the primary good. The mathematical relationship between the price of the substitute and the demand for the good in question is positive. If the price of the
1141:: Economic policy of the government also influences the demand for commodities. if the government imposes taxes on various commodities in the form of VAT, excise duties, etc., the prices of these commodities will increase, As a result, demand for these commodities will fall.
1046:
Demand is always expressed in relation to a particular price and a particular time period since demand is a flow concept. Flow is any variable which is expressed per unit of time. Demand thus does not refer to a single isolated purchase, but a continuous flow of purchases.
1975:
The perfectly competitive firm's demand curve is not in fact flat. However, if there are numerous firms in the industry the demand curve of an individual firm is likely to be extremely elastic, for a discussion of residual demand curves see
Perloff (2008) at pp.
1393:
The demand curve facing a particular firm is called the residual demand curve. The residual demand curve is the market demand that is not met by other firms in the industry at a given price. The residual demand curve is the market demand curve D(p), minus the
1042:
that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices during a given time. In economics "demand" for a commodity is not the same thing as "desire" for it. It refers to both the desire to purchase and the ability to pay for a commodity.
1514:
If the market response to a product is negative, it shows that people are not aware of the features of the service and the benefits offered. Under such circumstances, the marketing unit of a service firm has to understand the
1616:, also known as demand-side management (DSM) or demand-side response (DSR), is the modification of consumer demand for energy through various methods such as financial incentives and behavioral change through education.
1107:: If consumers are able to get credit facilities or they are able to borrow from the banks, they would be tempted to purchase certain good they could not have purchased otherwise. For instance, the demand for cars in
1190:' indicates the price of all other commodities, 'Y' is the income, 'T' stands for the taste, 'E' stands for expectations, 'H' is the size of population, 'G' stands for government's policy. In this demand function, D
1055:
The factors that influence the decisions of household (individual consumers) to purchase a commodity are known as the determinants of demand. Some important determinants of demand are:
1381:
equation. For example, if the demand equation is Q = 240 - 2P then the inverse demand equation would be P = 120 - .5Q, the right side of which is the inverse demand function.
1407:
demand function has the form like that, then the Total
Revenue should equal quantity demanded times the price of the good, which can be represented by: TR= q*p = q(a-bq).
1347:
1313:
1266:
appearing in the denominator of the elasticity formula is zero. At the point the demand curve intersects the x-axis, the elasticity is zero, because the variable
3163:
1444:
For example, assume that there are 80 firms in the industry and that the demand elasticity for industry is -1.0 and the price elasticity of supply is 3. Then
1070:
Mathematically, the variable representing the price of the complementary good would have a negative coefficient in the demand function. For example, Q
1559:
challenges the prevailing economic assumption that fulfilling demand is the purpose of economic activity, offering a framework of what he calls "
3188:
1017:
949:
3101:
1150:
and various factors affecting demand. The algebraic expression of the demand function is given in the form of the following equation:
2625:
3133:
2824:
2124:
1271:
price changes. For prices below the point of unit elasticity, the elasticity is less than 1 and demand is said to be inelastic.
2791:
1595:
refers to efforts aimed at reducing the public desire for illegal and illicit drugs. The drug policy is in contrast to the
1465:
the firm has because any attempt to raise prices by a higher percentage will effectively reduce quantity demanded to zero.
3193:
3263:
3085:
1955:
1935:
1910:
1882:
1844:
1819:
1791:
1766:
1736:
126:
107:
1473:
2839:
1712:
1194:
is treated as dependent variable, and all the factors on the right-hand side are treated as independent variables.
79:
1253:
quantity demanded will fall 2% if the price rises 1%. For infinitesimal changes, the elasticity is (∂Q/∂P)×(P/Q).
3234:
3168:
1563:" in which wise demands, fulfilling genuine human needs, are distinguished from unwise demands, arising from the
1527:
Service differentiation is one of the popular strategies used to compete in a no demand situation in the market.
1010:
3183:
1178:
shows the functional relation between the demand for the commodity 'n' and the factors affecting its demand, 'P
64:
86:
348:
610:
2316:
2117:
3208:
3198:
3111:
3017:
2610:
2562:
2250:
1656:
959:
179:
169:
93:
3080:
2272:
2260:
2255:
2245:
1548:
Demands do fluctuate randomly; therefore, they should be followed on a daily, weekly or monthly basis.
1247:
1228:
Irregular demand — Consumer purchases vary on a seasonal, monthly, weekly, daily, or even hourly basis.
1003:
953:
483:
473:
1572:
can one promote a genuine reduction in those tensions which are the ultimate causes of strife and war.
1237:
Unwholesome demand — Consumers may be attracted to products that have undesirable social consequences.
2990:
2814:
2690:
2215:
2166:
1441:
any individual firm will be extremely high and the demand curve facing the firm will be nearly flat.
363:
17:
3300:
2995:
2784:
2356:
2225:
1613:
1608:
932:
670:
625:
478:
247:
191:
75:
1950:
Kotler, Philip & Keller, Kevin L. (2015). Marketing
Management, 15th Edition. Harlow, Pearson
1222:
Latent demand — Consumers may share a strong need that cannot be satisfied by an existing product.
685:
2937:
2758:
2655:
2650:
2600:
2473:
2351:
2110:
1626:
1375:
635:
443:
433:
393:
383:
290:
213:
60:
53:
31:
3106:
3064:
3059:
2942:
2819:
2675:
2635:
2630:
2412:
2383:
2240:
2162:
2021:
1661:
805:
650:
388:
328:
285:
232:
1728:
1326:
1282:
3173:
3037:
2876:
2620:
2605:
2321:
1681:
1496:
939:
620:
595:
580:
438:
378:
358:
353:
2013:
1720:
3203:
3158:
3126:
3121:
3047:
3022:
2978:
2670:
2590:
2522:
2437:
2331:
2267:
1671:
1111:
has increased partly because people are able to get loans from the banks to purchase cars.
690:
512:
463:
428:
368:
333:
237:
227:
174:
8:
3274:
3052:
2883:
2834:
2777:
2685:
2512:
2361:
2304:
2147:
1516:
1492:
916:
725:
547:
488:
413:
403:
373:
300:
208:
585:
3178:
3116:
2904:
2893:
2871:
2866:
2855:
2595:
2541:
2468:
2378:
2336:
2326:
2294:
2289:
2235:
2230:
2091:
2009:
1716:
1676:
1560:
1395:
944:
900:
705:
542:
537:
517:
468:
408:
398:
343:
338:
310:
305:
275:
143:
3153:
3027:
2920:
2829:
2728:
2716:
2695:
2665:
2527:
2451:
2407:
2014:
1951:
1931:
1906:
1878:
1840:
1815:
1787:
1762:
1732:
1721:
1686:
1641:
1234:
Overfull demand — More consumers would like to buy the product than can be satisfied.
835:
810:
720:
600:
557:
493:
458:
448:
280:
242:
198:
1231:
Full demand — Consumers are adequately buying all products put into the marketplace.
1225:
Declining demand — Consumers begin to buy the product less frequently or not at all.
1078:
where Q is the quantity of automobiles demanded, P is the price of automobiles and P
760:
100:
3229:
3224:
3010:
3005:
2888:
2844:
2680:
2660:
2567:
2517:
2488:
2346:
2311:
2208:
2186:
2083:
2050:
2034:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1556:
1477:
885:
830:
815:
800:
785:
715:
695:
675:
630:
503:
453:
423:
418:
765:
3295:
3239:
3000:
2748:
2220:
2157:
2071:
1564:
1544:
979:
890:
855:
820:
755:
680:
665:
552:
527:
522:
498:
270:
265:
1219:
Nonexistent demand — Consumers may be unaware of or uninterested in the product.
3244:
2723:
2463:
2422:
2341:
2133:
1646:
1488:
910:
895:
860:
845:
825:
795:
615:
532:
222:
218:
645:
3289:
2983:
2932:
2645:
2545:
2536:
2507:
2493:
2483:
2427:
2191:
2181:
2171:
1666:
1651:
1462:
1216:
Negative demand — Consumers dislike the product and may even pay to avoid it.
1209:
875:
865:
840:
780:
775:
770:
750:
740:
710:
700:
605:
508:
1994:
Samuelson, W & Marks, S. Managerial
Economics 4th ed. p. 37. Wiley 2003.
159:
3032:
2615:
2447:
2442:
2176:
1636:
1631:
1203:
991:
905:
850:
745:
735:
730:
655:
203:
2915:
2640:
2552:
2432:
2284:
2198:
880:
870:
660:
295:
1966:
Colander, David C. Microeconomics 7th ed. pp. 132–133. McGraw-Hill 2008.
2800:
2400:
2152:
2095:
790:
590:
2970:
2711:
2478:
2395:
2390:
2203:
1520:
be designed to transform the negative demand into a positive demand.
1481:
1031:
640:
571:
151:
1083:
substitute goes down the demand for the good in question goes down.
42:
3042:
2965:
2926:
2503:
2498:
2373:
2087:
2557:
2456:
2368:
2102:
1985:
The form of the inverse linear demand equation is P = a/b - 1/bQ.
1727:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p.
1691:
2947:
2743:
1485:
1410:
974:
2769:
2417:
2299:
2279:
1108:
1039:
2574:
1360:
1599:, but the two policies are often implemented together.
1256:
3164:
International
Conference on Population and Development
1711:
1329:
1323:
are parameters, and the constant price elasticity is
1285:
1174:' denotes the demand for a particular commodity 'n',
1401:
1398:
of other organizations, So(p): Dr(p) = D(p) - So(p)
1274:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1786:(18th ed.). Macmillan Publisher. p. 10.
1506:
1341:
1307:
2074:(December 1949). "The Marshallian Demand Curve".
1476:is the art or science of controlling economic or
1468:
1208:Demand curve is a graphical presentation of the "
3287:
2785:
2118:
1351:
1241:
1050:
1011:
1411:Is the demand curve for PC firm really flat?
3189:United Nations world population conferences
1454:= (80 x (-1)) - (79 x 3) = -80 - 237 = -317
1144:
3102:Population and housing censuses by country
2792:
2778:
2125:
2111:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1369:
1279:Constant elasticity of demand occurs when
1018:
1004:
1602:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2825:Estimates of historical world population
2070:
1930:(18th ed.). Macmillan. p. 17.
1925:
1905:(18th ed.). Macmillan. p. 15.
1900:
1872:
1839:(18th ed.). Macmillan. p. 12.
1834:
1814:(18th ed.). Macmillan. p. 11.
1756:
1581:
1388:
2008:
1997:
1761:(18th ed.). Macmillan. p. 9.
14:
3288:
2773:
2106:
1361:Market structure and the demand curve
3258:
1896:
1894:
1877:. Macmillan Publishers. p. 14.
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1805:
1803:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1257:Elasticity along linear demand curve
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
3194:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
1576:
1182:' is the price of commodity 'n', 'P
24:
2681:Microfoundations of macroeconomics
2132:
2064:
1127:Size and Composition of population
25:
3312:
3086:Population and Development Review
1891:
1853:
1809:
1800:
1781:
1745:
1484:. Such management is inspired by
1402:Demand function and total revenue
3270:
3269:
3257:
3134:Population concern organizations
2840:Projections of population growth
2754:
2753:
2742:
2041:, Guy Wint, ed., (London: 1966).
1275:Constant price elasticity demand
1093:Consumers' Tastes or Preferences
985:
973:
158:
41:
3235:Human impact on the environment
3169:Population Action International
2044:
2028:
1988:
1979:
1969:
1960:
1723:Economics: Principles in Action
1507:Different types of goods demand
1197:
260:Concepts, theory and techniques
52:needs additional citations for
3184:United Nations Population Fund
2799:
1944:
1919:
1828:
1775:
1705:
1474:Demand management in economics
1469:Demand management in economics
13:
1:
1565:five intellectual impairments
1461:marks the effective range of
2076:Journal of Political Economy
1551:
1495:is sometimes referred to as
7:
3209:World Population Foundation
3199:World Population Conference
3112:World population milestones
2626:Civil engineering economics
2611:Statistical decision theory
2251:Income elasticity of demand
2037:, "Buddhist Economics," in
1619:
10:
3317:
3081:Population and Environment
2261:Price elasticity of supply
2256:Price elasticity of demand
2246:Cross elasticity of demand
1606:
1585:
1373:
1352:Perfectly inelastic demand
1248:Price elasticity of demand
1245:
1242:Price elasticity of demand
1201:
1105:Consumer-Credit Facilities
1059:The price of the commodity
1051:Factors influencing demand
29:
3253:
3217:
3142:
3094:
3073:
2991:Human population planning
2956:
2902:
2853:
2815:Demographics of the world
2807:
2737:
2704:
2583:
2140:
2996:Compulsory sterilization
2317:Income–consumption curve
1926:Sethi, D.K; Andrews, U.
1901:Sethi, D.K; Andrews, U.
1873:Sethi, D.K; Andrews, U.
1835:Sethi, D.K; Andrews, U.
1757:Sethi, D.K; Andrews, U.
1698:
1614:Energy demand management
1609:Energy demand management
1597:reduction of drug supply
1567:recognized by Buddhism:
1342:{\displaystyle c\leq 0.}
1308:{\displaystyle Q=aP^{c}}
1145:Demand function equation
248:JEL classification codes
2938:Malthusian growth model
2651:Industrial organization
1657:Price–performance ratio
1376:Inverse demand function
1370:Inverse demand function
1099:Consumers' Expectations
434:Industrial organization
291:Computational economics
32:Demand (disambiguation)
3065:Zero population growth
3060:Sustainable population
2984:Malthusian catastrophe
2943:Overshoot (population)
2820:Demographic transition
1662:Production (economics)
1603:In energy conservation
1574:
1343:
1309:
1121:Distribution of Income
1087:Income of the Consumer
1065:Price of related goods
286:Experimental economics
3174:Population Connection
3038:Mere addition paradox
2877:Physiological density
2621:Engineering economics
2216:Cost–benefit analysis
1682:Supply-side economics
1582:In psychopharmacology
1569:
1497:demand-side economics
1389:Residual demand curve
1344:
1310:
1038:is the quantity of a
3204:World Population Day
3159:Church of Euthanasia
3048:Non-identity problem
3023:Political demography
2979:Human overpopulation
2438:Price discrimination
2332:Intertemporal choice
1672:Planned obsolescence
1327:
1283:
1115:Demonstration Effect
513:Social choice theory
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
27:Concept in economics
3053:Reproductive rights
2884:Population dynamics
2835:Population momentum
2749:Business portal
2686:Operations research
2513:Substitution effect
2010:Perloff, Jeffrey M.
1903:Frank ISC Economics
1875:Frank ISC Economics
1837:Frank ISC Economics
1812:Frank ISC Economics
1784:ISC Economics Frank
1717:Sheffrin, Steven M.
1493:Keynesian economics
1168:, Y, T, E, H, G...)
980:Business portal
301:Operations research
281:National accounting
3179:Population Matters
2894:Population pyramid
2872:Population density
2867:Population decline
2327:Indifference curve
2295:Goods and services
2236:Economies of scope
2231:Economies of scale
2055:Small is Beautiful
1713:O'Sullivan, Arthur
1677:Supply (economics)
1561:Buddhist economics
1339:
1305:
311:Industrial complex
306:Middle income trap
3283:
3282:
3154:7 Billion Actions
3028:Population ethics
2921:Carrying capacity
2830:Population growth
2767:
2766:
2729:Political economy
2528:Supply and demand
2408:Pareto efficiency
1687:Supply and demand
1642:Demand-led growth
1139:Government Policy
1028:
1027:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3308:
3273:
3272:
3261:
3260:
3230:Green Revolution
3011:Two-child policy
3006:One-child policy
2929:
2889:Population model
2845:World population
2794:
2787:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2757:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2489:Returns to scale
2347:Market structure
2127:
2120:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2072:Friedman, Milton
2058:
2051:E. F. Schumacher
2048:
2042:
2039:Asia: A Handbook
2035:E. F. Schumacher
2032:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2006:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1870:
1851:
1850:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1754:
1743:
1742:
1726:
1709:
1593:Demand reduction
1588:Demand reduction
1577:Demand reduction
1557:E. F. Schumacher
1538:Seasonal demand:
1512:Negative demand:
1478:aggregate demand
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1133:Climatic factors
1020:
1013:
1006:
992:Money portal
990:
989:
988:
978:
977:
474:Natural resource
266:Economic systems
162:
139:
138:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3301:Consumer theory
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3249:
3213:
3147:
3145:
3138:
3090:
3069:
3018:Overconsumption
3001:Family planning
2958:
2952:
2925:
2909:
2906:
2898:
2860:
2857:
2849:
2803:
2798:
2768:
2763:
2741:
2733:
2700:
2579:
2221:Deadweight loss
2158:Consumer choice
2136:
2131:
2067:
2065:Further reading
2062:
2061:
2049:
2045:
2033:
2029:
2007:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1871:
1854:
1847:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1755:
1746:
1739:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1622:
1611:
1605:
1590:
1584:
1579:
1554:
1545:Demand patterns
1509:
1471:
1453:
1439:
1429:
1425:
1413:
1404:
1391:
1378:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1299:
1295:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1259:
1250:
1244:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1053:
1024:
986:
984:
972:
965:
964:
935:
925:
924:
923:
922:
686:von Böhm-Bawerk
574:
563:
562:
324:
316:
315:
271:Economic growth
261:
253:
252:
194:
192:classifications
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3314:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3267:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3245:Sustainability
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3218:Related topics
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3107:Largest cities
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2927:I = P × A × T
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2724:Macroeconomics
2721:
2720:
2719:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:Price controls
2415:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2344:
2342:Market failure
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2169:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:Microeconomics
2130:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2088:10.1086/256879
2066:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:(1973), p. 31.
2043:
2027:
2016:Microeconomics
1996:
1987:
1978:
1968:
1959:
1943:
1936:
1918:
1911:
1890:
1883:
1852:
1845:
1827:
1820:
1799:
1792:
1774:
1767:
1744:
1737:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1647:Derived demand
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1607:Main article:
1604:
1601:
1586:Main article:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1553:
1550:
1531:Latent demand:
1508:
1505:
1489:macroeconomics
1470:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1390:
1387:
1374:Main article:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1276:
1273:
1258:
1255:
1246:Main article:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1202:Main article:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1052:
1049:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
994:
982:
967:
966:
963:
962:
957:
947:
942:
936:
931:
930:
927:
926:
921:
920:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
577:
576:
575:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
479:Organizational
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
325:
323:By application
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
216:
211:
206:
201:
195:
189:
188:
185:
184:
183:
182:
177:
172:
164:
163:
155:
154:
148:
147:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3313:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3276:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Bennett's law
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3146:organizations
3141:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Kaya identity
2931:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2760:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Institutional
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Computational
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2546:Law of supply
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:Law of demand
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:Social choice
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Excess supply
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:Risk aversion
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Price ceiling
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:Complementary
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:non-convexity
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1991:
1982:
1972:
1963:
1957:
1956:1-292-09262-9
1953:
1947:
1939:
1937:9789386811684
1933:
1929:
1928:ISC Economics
1922:
1914:
1912:9789386811684
1908:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1884:9789386811684
1880:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1846:9789386811684
1842:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1821:9789386811684
1817:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1793:9789386811684
1789:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1768:9789386811684
1764:
1760:
1759:ISC Economics
1753:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1738:9780131334830
1734:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:Law of supply
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Law of demand
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1463:pricing power
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1430:- (n - 1) PES
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1397:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1254:
1249:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:law of demand
1205:
1195:
1177:
1169:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
983:
981:
976:
971:
970:
969:
968:
961:
958:
955:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
934:
929:
928:
919:
918:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
581:de Mandeville
579:
578:
573:
567:
566:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
510:
509:Public choice
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:Participation
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
444:Institutional
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
394:Expeditionary
392:
390:
387:
385:
384:Environmental
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
320:
319:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
257:
256:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
220:
217:
215:
214:International
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:Branches and
187:
186:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
166:
165:
161:
157:
156:
153:
150:
149:
145:
141:
140:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3262:
3074:Publications
3033:Antinatalism
2971:
2948:World3 model
2808:Major topics
2691:Optimization
2676:Mathematical
2636:Experimental
2631:Evolutionary
2616:Econometrics
2532:
2474:Public goods
2448:Price system
2443:Price signal
2357:Monopolistic
2226:Distribution
2141:Major topics
2079:
2075:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2015:
1990:
1981:
1971:
1962:
1946:
1927:
1921:
1902:
1874:
1836:
1830:
1811:
1810:Sethi, D.K.
1783:
1782:Sethi, D.K.
1777:
1758:
1722:
1707:
1637:Demand curve
1632:Demand chain
1612:
1591:
1570:
1555:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1511:
1510:
1501:
1472:
1459:
1443:
1435:
1414:
1405:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1364:
1355:
1320:
1316:
1278:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1251:
1207:
1204:Demand curve
1198:Demand curve
1175:
1151:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1045:
1035:
1029:
950:Publications
915:
538:Sociological
511: /
409:Geographical
389:Evolutionary
364:Digitization
329:Agricultural
233:Mathematical
204:Econometrics
123:
117:January 2020
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2957:Society and
2916:Biocapacity
2641:Game theory
2606:Development
2553:Uncertainty
2433:Price floor
2413:Preferences
2352:Competition
2322:Information
2285:Externality
2268:Equilibrium
2209:Transaction
2187:Opportunity
2148:Aggregation
2020:. pp.
1627:Consumption
1480:to avoid a
1074:= a - P - P
786:von Neumann
439:Information
379:Engineering
359:Development
354:Demographic
296:Game theory
238:Methodology
3290:Categories
3144:Events and
2959:population
2905:Population
2856:Population
2801:Population
2671:Managerial
2591:Behavioral
2464:Production
2401:Oligopsony
2241:Elasticity
2153:Budget set
2082:(6): 463.
1524:No demand:
945:Economists
816:Schumacher
721:Schumpeter
691:von Wieser
611:von Thünen
572:economists
548:Statistics
543:Solidarity
464:Managerial
429:Humanistic
424:Historical
369:Ecological
334:Behavioral
228:Mainstream
87:newspapers
3240:Migration
3117:6 billion
2712:Economics
2584:Subfields
2479:Rationing
2396:Oligopoly
2391:Monopsony
2379:Bilateral
2312:Household
2163:Convexity
1552:Criticism
1486:Keynesian
1482:recession
1436:where PED
1334:≤
1032:economics
861:Greenspan
826:Samuelson
806:Galbraith
776:Tinbergen
716:von Mises
711:Heckscher
671:Edgeworth
489:Personnel
449:Knowledge
414:Happiness
404:Financial
374:Education
349:Democracy
243:Political
209:Heterodox
152:Economics
18:Demanding
3275:Category
3043:Natalism
2966:Eugenics
2759:Category
2705:See also
2596:Business
2568:Marginal
2563:Expected
2504:Shortage
2499:Scarcity
2374:Monopoly
2280:Exchange
2192:Implicit
2182:Marginal
2012:(2008).
1976:245–246.
1719:(2003).
1620:See also
1170:where 'D
954:journals
940:Glossary
891:Stiglitz
856:Rothbard
836:Buchanan
821:Friedman
811:Koopmans
801:Leontief
781:Robinson
666:Marshall
570:Notable
518:Regional
494:Planning
469:Monetary
399:Feminist
344:Cultural
339:Business
144:a series
142:Part of
76:"Demand"
3264:Commons
2907:ecology
2858:biology
2717:Applied
2696:Welfare
2558:Utility
2518:Surplus
2457:Pricing
2369:Duopoly
2362:Perfect
2305:Service
2273:General
2177:Average
2096:1826553
1692:Utility
960:Schools
952: (
911:Piketty
906:Krugman
771:Kuznets
761:Kalecki
736:Polanyi
626:Cournot
621:Bastiat
606:Ricardo
596:Malthus
586:Quesnay
558:Welfare
528:Service
199:Applied
175:Outline
170:History
101:scholar
3296:Demand
2974:genics
2542:Supply
2533:Demand
2469:Profit
2337:Market
2199:Social
2094:
1954:
1934:
1909:
1881:
1843:
1818:
1790:
1765:
1735:
1517:psyche
1491:, and
1426:= nPED
1396:supply
1315:where
1156:= f (P
1036:demand
896:Thaler
876:Ostrom
871:Becker
866:Sowell
846:Baumol
751:Myrdal
746:Sraffa
741:Frisch
731:Knight
726:Keynes
701:Fisher
696:Veblen
681:Pareto
661:Menger
656:George
651:Jevons
646:Walras
636:Gossen
504:Public
499:Policy
454:Labour
419:Health
276:Market
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3095:Lists
2661:Labor
2646:Green
2418:Price
2300:Goods
2290:Firms
2092:JSTOR
2024:–246.
1699:Notes
1186:... P
1109:India
933:Lists
901:Hoppe
886:Lucas
851:Solow
841:Arrow
831:Simon
796:Lange
791:Hicks
766:Röpke
756:Hayek
706:Pigou
676:Clark
591:Smith
553:Urban
533:Socio
523:Rural
223:Macro
219:Micro
180:Index
108:JSTOR
94:books
2575:Wage
2484:Rent
2452:Free
2204:Sunk
2172:Cost
2165:and
1952:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1319:and
1164:...P
1040:good
917:more
641:Marx
631:Mill
616:List
80:news
2972:Dys
2666:Law
2084:doi
2022:243
1450:PED
1422:PED
1188:n-1
1166:n-1
1160:, P
1030:In
881:Sen
601:Say
459:Law
63:by
3292::
2090:.
2080:57
2078:.
2053:,
1999:^
1893:^
1855:^
1802:^
1747:^
1731:.
1729:79
1715:;
1499:.
1452:mi
1424:mi
1337:0.
1034:,
221:/
146:on
3127:8
3122:7
2793:e
2786:t
2779:v
2544:/
2535:/
2506:/
2450:/
2126:e
2119:t
2112:v
2098:.
2086::
1940:.
1915:.
1887:.
1849:.
1824:.
1796:.
1771:.
1741:.
1438:m
1428:m
1331:c
1321:c
1317:a
1301:c
1297:P
1293:a
1290:=
1287:Q
1268:P
1264:Q
1192:n
1184:1
1180:n
1176:f
1172:n
1162:1
1158:n
1154:n
1152:D
1080:g
1076:g
1072:d
1019:e
1012:t
1005:v
956:)
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.