2150:, a demagogue who was elected governor of Oklahoma by appealing to poor rural animosity toward "craven wolves of plutocracy", promised to "make an open season on millionaires." Despite having presided over Oklahoma's constitutional convention, Murray routinely violated the constitution, ruling by executive order whenever the legislature or the courts got in his way. When federal courts ruled against him, he prevailed by relying on the National Guard, even donning a military hat and pistol and personally commanding the troops—and seeing to it that the confrontation was filmed by movie cameras. Murray attempted to expand gubernatorial powers with a set of four initiatives, replacing existing income-tax law with his own, giving him power to appoint all members of the board of education, acquiring corporation-owned land, and giving him extraordinary power over the budget, but these were defeated.
3137:: "We must realize that it is very hard to save a civilization when its hour has come to fall beneath the power of demagogues. For the demagogue has been the great strangler of civilization. Both Greek and Roman civilizations fell at the hands of this loathesome creature who brought from Macaulay the remark that 'in every century the vilest examples of human nature have been among demagogues.' But a man is not a demagogue simply because he stands up and shouts at the crowd. There are times when this can be a hallowed office. The real demagogy of the demagogue is in his mind and is rooted in his irresponsibility towards the ideas that he handles —ideas not of his own creation, but which he has only taken over from their true creators. Demagogy is a form of intellectual degeneration."
201:
2474:, began to oppose Long's extraordinary power over the state, Long exploited a subservient judge to justify making an armed attack on the basis of cracking down on racketeering. At Long's order, Governor Allen declared martial law and dispatched National Guardsmen to seize the Registrar of Voters, allegedly "to prevent election frauds." Then, by stuffing ballot boxes, Long ensured victory for his candidates to Congress. Long's own racketeering operation then grew. With his "trained seal" legislature, armed militias, taxation used as a political weapon, control over elections, and weakened court authority to limit his power, Huey Long maintained control in Louisiana in a manner arguably comparable to that of a dictator.
51:
1768:(Governor of Mississippi 1904–1908, Senator 1913–1919), admired even by his opponents for his oratorical gifts and colorful language. An example, responding to Theodore Roosevelt's having invited black people to a reception at the White House: "Let Teddy take coons to the White House. I should not care if the walls of the ancient edifice should become so saturated with the effluvia from the rancid carcasses that a Chinch bug would have to crawl upon the dome to avoid asphyxiation." Vardaman's speeches tended to have little content; he spoke in a ceremonial style even in deliberative settings. His speeches served mostly as a vehicle for his personal magnetism, charming voice, and graceful delivery.
2159:
abolish half the clerk jobs at the State House, to appoint no family members, to reduce the number of state-owned cars from 800 to 200, never to use convict labor to compete with commercial labor, and not to abuse the power of pardon. Once in office, he appointed wealthy patrons and 20 of his relatives to high office, purchased more cars, used prisoners to make ice for sale and clean the capitol building, and violated all the other promises. When the State
Auditor pointed out that 1,050 new employees had been added to the state payroll, Murray simply said, "Just damned lies." For each abuse of power, Murray claimed a mandate from "the sovereign will of the people".
2320:
2543:, for example, Charles U. Zug argues that demagoguery can be legitimate and even good if integrated into a broader strategy for political reform and if coupled with a robust rationale for political change. Zug contrasts classical or traditional approaches to demagoguery, which assume that demagogues are motivated by vicious intentions (such as an unrestrained desire for power), with a modern approach that focuses on the external words and deeds that demagogues use to advance political goals. Relatedly, as Princeton Classicist Melissa Lane has argued, in
168:. Demagogues exploit a fundamental weakness in democracy: because ultimate power is held by the people, it is possible for the people to give that power to someone who appeals to the lowest common denominator of a large segment of the population. Demagogues have usually advocated immediate, forceful action to address a crisis while accusing moderate and thoughtful opponents of weakness or disloyalty. Many demagogues elected to high executive office have unraveled constitutional limits on executive power and tried to convert their democracy into a
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speech, ending in a climax in which he shrieked his hatred of
Bolsheviks, Jews, Czechs, Poles, or whatever group he currently perceived as standing in his way—mocking them, ridiculing them, insulting them, and threatening them with destruction. Normally reasonable people became caught up in the peculiar rapport that Hitler established with his audience, believing even the most obvious lies and nonsense while under his spell. Hitler was not born with these vocal and oratorical skills; he acquired them through long and deliberate practice.
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Jews/bankers/communists/capitalists/unions/foreigners/elites/etc., have cheated "us" plain folk and are living in decadent luxury off riches that rightfully belong to "us". "They" are plotting to take over, are now rapidly taking power, or are already secretly running the country. "They" are subhuman, sexual perverts who will seduce or rape "our" daughters, and if "we" don't expel or exterminate "them" right away, doom is just around the corner.
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dominate every scene he was in and every person around him. He craved attention and would go to almost any length to get it. He knew that an audacious action, although it was harsh and even barbarous, could shock people into a state where they could be manipulated." He was "...so shameless in his pursuit of publicity, and so adept at getting press coverage, that he was soon attracting more attention from the press and the galleries than most of the rest of his colleagues combined."
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1605:, all of whom built mass followings the same way that Cleon did: by exciting the passions of the masses against customs and norms of the aristocratic elites of their times. All, ancient and modern, meet Cooper's four criteria above: claiming to represent the common people, inciting intense passions among them, exploiting those reactions to take power, and breaking or at least threatening established rules of political conduct, though each in different ways.
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1961:(1884–1946) put a barn and a henhouse on the executive mansion grounds, loudly explaining that he couldn't sleep nights unless he heard the bellowing of livestock and the cackling of poultry. When in the presence of farmers, he chewed tobacco and faked a rural accent—though he himself was college-educated—railing against "frills" and "nigger-lovin' furriners". Talamadge defined "
2455:. In a confrontation over natural gas with managers of the Public Service Corporation, he told them, truthfully, "A deck has 52 cards and in Baton Rouge I hold all 52 of them and I can shuffle and deal as I please. I can have bills passed or I can kill them. I'll give you until Saturday to decide." They yielded to Long—and became part of his ever-expanding machine.
1748:. Then, he announced there were 57 "card-carrying Communists". When pressed for names, McCarthy said that records were not available to him, but he knew "absolutely" that "approximately" 300 Communists were certified to the Secretary of State for discharge but "approximately" 80 were actually discharged. McCarthy never found a Communist in the State Department.
1791:, like many demagogues who came after him, constantly advocated brutality in order to demonstrate strength, and argued that compassion was a sign of weakness that would only be exploited by enemies. "It is a general rule of human nature that people despise those who treat them well and look up to those who make no concessions." At the
1520:. Even though democracy gave power to the common people, elections still tended to favor the aristocratic class, which favored deliberation and decorum. Demagogues were a new kind of leader who emerged from the lower classes. Demagogues relentlessly advocated action, usually violent—immediately and without deliberation.
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these techniques from time to time; a politician who failed to stir emotions at all would have little hope of being elected. What these techniques have in common, and what distinguishes demagogues' use of them, is their consistent intent to prevent reasoned deliberation by stirring up overwhelming passion.
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antiquity demagogues were originally viewed as neither inherently good nor inherently bad, but rather as advocates for the common people (as opposed to the oligarchs). Zug has argued that conceiving of demagoguery as an inherently negative practice incentivizes political actors to weaponize the label
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Third, he taunted the
Athenian generals over their failure to bring the war in Sphacteria to a rapid close, accusing them of cowardice, and declared that he could finish the job himself in twenty days, despite having no military knowledge. They gave him the job, expecting him to fail. Cleon shrank at
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Demagogues often appoint people to high office based on personal loyalty without regard to competence for the office—opening up extraordinary avenues for graft and corruption. During "Alfalfa Bill" Murray's campaign for governor, he promised to crack down on corruption and favoritism for the rich, to
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A good many paragraphs of the party program were obviously merely a demagogic appeal to the mood of the lower classes when they were in bad straits… Point 11, for example, demanded abolition of incomes unearned by work; Point 12, the nationalization of trusts… Point 18 demanded the death penalty for
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For example, within two months of being appointed chancellor, Hitler unraveled all constitutional limitations on his power. He achieved this through near-daily acts of chaos, destabilizing the state and providing ever stronger reasons to justify taking more power. Hitler was appointed on
January 30,
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For example, Huey Long famously wore pajamas to highly dignified occasions where others were dressed at the height of formality. He once stood "bukk nekkid" at his hotel suite when laying down the law to a meeting of political fuglemen. Long was "intensely and solely interested in himself. He had to
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was most vivid when he was describing imaginary scenes in which white women were raped by black men lurking by the side of the road. He depicted black men as having an innate "character weakness" consisting of a fondness for raping white women. Tillman was elected governor of South
Carolina in 1890,
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Demagogues have often exploited the lower classes and less-educated people in society. While democracies are designed to ensure freedom for all and popular control over government authority, demagogues gain power by using popular support to undermine those same freedoms and laws. The Greek historian
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The term "demagogue" has been used to disparage leaders perceived as manipulative, pernicious, or bigoted. However, what distinguishes a demagogue can be defined independently of whether the speaker favors or opposes a certain political leader. What distinguishes a demagogue is how a person gains or
4059:"The picture of Cleon the demagogue has been painted for us in the comedies of Aristophanes, and in the graver history of Thucydides. On the strength of these representations, he is commonly taken as the type of the reckless mob-orator, who trades upon popular passions to advance his own interests."
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Many demagogues have found that ridiculing or insulting opponents is a simple way to shut down reasoned deliberation of competing ideas, especially with an unsophisticated audience. "Pitchfork Ben" Tillman, for example, was a master of the personal insult. He got his nickname from a speech in which
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promised that if he were elected president, every family would have a home, an automobile, a radio, and $ 2,000 yearly. He was vague about how he would make that happen, but people still joined his Share-the-Wealth clubs. Another kind of empty demagogic promise is to make everyone wealthy or "solve
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over whether to recall the ships he had sent the previous day to slaughter and enslave the entire population of
Mytilene, he opposed the very idea of debate, characterizing it as an idle, weak, intellectual pleasure: "To feel pity, to be carried away by the pleasure of hearing a clever argument, to
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He had explained the new tactics to one of his henchmen, Karl
Ludecke, while still in prison: 'When I resume active work, it will be necessary to pursue a new policy. Instead of working to achieve power by armed coup, we shall have to hold our noses and enter the Reichstag against the Catholic and
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Because factual information reported by the press can undermine a demagogue's claims and standing among followers, modern demagogues have attacked the press intemperately. At times, demagogues have called for violence against newspapers who opposed them. Some have claimed that the press was acting
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Demagogues have often encouraged their supporters to violently intimidate opponents, both to solidify loyalty among their supporters and to discourage or physically prevent people from speaking out or voting against them. "Pitchfork Ben" Tillman was repeatedly re-elected to the U.S. Senate largely
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Zug also argues that demagoguery takes on different meanings when deployed by public officials in different institutions; for example, American federal judges should be scrutinized more carefully for using demagoguery than should legislators, since the act of judging well—i.e., adjudicating legal
2373:, promising to eliminate corruption, and pledging to provide every German with a job. In 1930, the Nazi party went from 200,000 votes to 6.4 million, making it the second-largest party in Parliament. By 1932, the Nazi party had become the largest in Parliament. In early 1933, Hitler was appointed
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The central feature of demagoguery is persuasion by means of passion, shutting down reasoned deliberation and consideration of alternatives. While many politicians in a democracy make occasional small sacrifices of truth, subtlety, or long-term concerns to maintain popular support, demagogues do
1909:
Legislative bodies usually have sober standards of decorum that are intended to quiet passions and favor reasoned deliberation. Many demagogues violate standards of decorum outrageously, to show clearly that they are thumbing their noses at the established order and the genteel ways of the upper
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Another fundamental demagogic technique is making promises only for their emotional effect on audiences, without regard for how they might be accomplished or without intending to honor them once in office. Demagogues express these empty promises simply and theatrically, but remain extremely hazy
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There are a number of common tactics demagogues have employed throughout history to manipulate public sentiment and incite crowds. Not all demagogues use all of these methods, and no two demagogues use exactly the same methods to gain popularity and loyalty. Even ordinary politicians use some of
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Demagogues typically choose their words for their emotional effect on the audience, often without regard for factual truth or for potential danger. Demagogues are opportunistic, saying whatever will generate controversy and spur public energy. Other demagogues may believe falsehoods they tell.
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as "a politician skilled in oratory, flattery and invective; evasive in discussing vital issues; promising everything to everybody; appealing to the passions rather than the reason of the public; and arousing racial, religious, and class prejudices—a man whose lust for power without recourse to
1760:
Hitler often began his speeches by speaking slowly, in a low, resonant voice, telling of his life in poverty after serving in World War I, suffering in the chaos and humiliation of postwar
Germany, and resolving to reawaken the Fatherland. Gradually, he would escalate the tone and tempo of his
2450:
In 1928, before Long was sworn in as governor of
Louisiana, he was already supervising political appointments to ensure a loyal majority for all his initiatives. As governor, he ousted public officers not personally loyal to him and took control away from state commissions to ensure that all
2357:
While Hitler was in prison, the Nazi party vote had fallen to one million, and it continued to fall after Hitler was released in 1924 and began rejuvenating the party. For the next several years, Hitler and the Nazi party were generally regarded as a laughingstock in
Germany, no longer taken
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is a satirical, allegorical comedy that doesn't even mention Cleon by name. Cleon was a tradesman—a leather-tanner. Thucydides and Aristophanes came from the upper classes, predisposed to look down on the commercial classes. Nevertheless, their portrayals define the archetypal example of the
1818:, running as an unknown "maverick" on the basis of his prior success as a businessman in Canada, promised "immediate prosperity"—exploiting the economic difficulties of laborers, especially miners and steelworkers. Tymiński forced a runoff in the 1990 presidential election, nearly defeating
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behavior is guided more by its potential effect in beguiling public opinion than by any scrupulous regard for the truth, for basic social values, or for the integrity of the individual in his person, property, livelihood, or reputation—his assertion of patriotic and pious platitudes
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The claims made about the scapegoated class are mostly the same regardless of the demagogue and regardless of the scapegoated class or the nature of the crisis that the demagogue is exploiting. "We" are the "true" Americans/Germans/Christians/etc., and "they", the
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to support making him commander by claiming victory would come easily, appealing to Athenian vanity, and appealing to action and courage over deliberation. Alcibiades's expedition might have succeeded if he had not been denied command by the political maneuvers of his rivals.
1799:
Distracting from his lack of evidence for his claims, Joe McCarthy persistently insinuated that anyone who opposed him was a communist sympathizer. G.M. Gilbert summarized this rhetoric as "I'm agin' Communism; you're agin' me; therefore you must be a communist."
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Unlike most demagogues, McCarthy did not give stem-winding, highly emotional speeches. Rather, he spoke in a monotone, even as he made his most outrageous charges. The delivery lent credence to his accusations, in that they seemed to be unemotional and therefore
2002:
Demagogues commonly treat complex problems, which require patient reasoning and analysis, as if they result from one simple cause or can be solved by one simple cure. For example, Huey Long claimed that all of the U.S.'s economic problems could be solved just by
1775:
informs voters, and often the information is damaging to demagogues. Demagogic oratory distracts, entertains, and enthralls, steering followers' attention away from the demagogue's usual history of lies, abuses of power, and broken promises. The advent of
1617:
While conventional wisdom positions democracy and fascism as opposites, ancient political theorists understood that democracy had an innate tendency to lead to an extreme populist government and provide demagogues with an ideal opportunity to gain power.
1921:
pointed out the bad manners of Cleon more than 2,000 years ago: " was the first who shouted on the public platform, who used abusive language and who spoke with his cloak girt about him, while all the others used to speak in proper dress and manner."
1910:
class, or simply because they enjoy the attention that it brings. The common people might find the demagogue disgusting, but the demagogue can use the upper class's contempt for him to show that he won't be shamed or intimidated by the powerful.
2196:, Cleon persuaded the Athenians to slaughter not just the Mytilenean prisoners, but every man in the city, and to sell their wives and children as slaves. The Athenians rescinded the resolution the following day when they came to their senses.
3590:
Perhaps most dangerous of all is his insinuation that anybody who is against him is a communist sympathizer—an insinuation that has done more than anything else to intimidate free expression of opinion on vital issues and on demagoguery in
2354:'s platform to consciously appeal to the lower classes of Germany, appealing to their resentment of wealthier classes and calling for German unity and increased central power. Hitler was delighted by the instant increase in popularity.
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as well as the economic troubles that came afterward. This was central to his appeal: many people said that the only reason they liked Hitler was because he was against the Jews. Fixing blame on the Jews gave Hitler a way to intensify
1756:
Many demagogues have demonstrated remarkable skill at moving audiences to great emotional depths and heights during a speech. Sometimes this is due to exceptional verbal eloquence, sometimes personal charisma, and sometimes both.
1965:
as "Anyone who attempts to impose ideas that are contrary to the established traditions of Georgia." His grammar and vocabulary became more refined when speaking before an urban audience. Talmadge was famous for wearing gaudy red
1584:
is remembered mainly for the brutality of his rule and his near destruction of Athenian democracy, resulting from his "common-man" appeal to disregard the moderate customs of the aristocratic elite. Modern demagogues include
1994:. "Alfalfa Bill" made sure to remind people of his rural background by talking in the terminology of farming: "I will plow straight furrows and blast all the stumps. The common people and I can lick the whole lousy gang."
1613:
thought that democracies are inevitably undone by demagogues. He said that every democracy eventually decays into "a government of violence and the strong hand," leading to "tumultuous assemblies, massacres, banishments."
161:
principle leads him to seek to become a master of the masses. He has for centuries practiced his profession of 'man of the people'. He is a product of a political tradition nearly as old as western civilization itself."
1719:
opined: "When people are feeling insecure, they'd rather have someone who is strong and wrong rather than somebody who is weak and right." The Clinton aphorism was later applied to describe why the political tactics of
2115:: by getting legislation passed to officially expand their authority, and by building up networks of corruption and informal pressure to ensure that their dictates are followed regardless of constitutional authority.
1901:"The Red Dean of Fashion". The use of epithets and other humorous invective diverts followers' attention from soberly considering how to address the important public issues of the time, scoring easy laughs instead.
1572:
Demagogues have risen to power in democracies from Athens to the present day. While many demagogues have unique, colorful personalities, the psychological tactics they use have been similar throughout history (see
2714:
A leader of a popular faction, or of the mob; a political agitator who appeals to the passions and prejudices of the mob in order to obtain power or further his own interests; an unprincipled or factious popular
1524:
holds democratic power: by exciting the passions of the lower classes and less-educated people in a democracy toward rash or violent action, breaking established democratic institutions such as the rule of law.
2505:
from 1947 to 1957. Though a poor orator, McCarthy rose to national prominence during the early 1950s by proclaiming that high places in the United States federal government and military were "infested" with
4157:
Marxist deputies. If outvoting them takes longer than outshooting them, at least the result will be guaranteed by their own constitution. … Sooner or later we shall have a majority—and after that, Germany.'
1841:
that physical intimidation was an effective way to move the masses. Hitler intentionally provoked hecklers at his rallies so that his supporters would become enraged by their remarks and assault them.
2701:
2447:, he commanded wide networks of supporters and often took forceful action. A controversial figure, Long is celebrated as a populist benefactor or conversely denounced as a fascist demagogue.
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was passed, giving Hitler full legislative powers, thus ending all constitutional restraint and making Hitler absolute dictator. Consolidation of power continued even after that; see
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seriously as a threat to the country. The prime minister of Bavaria lifted the region's ban on the party, saying, "The wild beast is checked. We can afford to loosen the chain."
1930:
Demagogues often make a show of appearing to be down-to-earth, ordinary citizens just like the people whose votes they seek. In the United States, many took folksy nicknames:
4143:
3191:
4288:"While he never approached the importance of a Hitler or a Stalin, McCarthy resembled those demagogic dictators by also employing the techniques of the Big Lie." p. 194
1634:
In contrast to a demagogue, a politician's ordinary rhetoric seeks "to calm rather than excite, to conciliate rather than divide, and to instruct rather than flatter."
2306:"...Flaminius possessed a rare talent for the arts of demagogy..." Because Flaminius was thus ill-suited, he lost 15,000 Roman lives, his own included, in the battle.
2470:, serving as stooges for Long. Thus even in Washington, with no official authority, Long retained dictatorial control over Louisiana. When the Mayor of New Orleans,
2462:, was sworn in as governor. Long, without authority, ordered state troopers to surround the executive mansion and arrest Cyr as an imposter. Long installed his ally
1715:
in the United States, terrorism and national security became prominent political issues. After Democrats lost control of the Congress in 2004, former U.S. president
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requires advocating for a constituency and getting (re)elected; and these responsibilities in turn require direct public appeals, and sometimes, demagoguery.
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Modern commentators suspect that Thucydides and Aristophanes exaggerated the vileness of Cleon's real character. Both had personal conflicts with Cleon, and
2028:
secretly in the service of moneyed interests or foreign powers or that newspapers had a personal vendetta against them. Huey Long accused the New Orleans
2215:
being called to make good on his boast, and tried to get out of it, but he was forced to take the command. In fact, he succeeded—by getting the general
1970:, which he snapped for emphasis during his speeches. On his desk, he kept three books that he loudly told visitors were all that a governor needed: a
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2747:
A person who speaks with the intention of inflaming the emotions of the populace or a crowd of people, typically for political reasons; an agitator.
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to do it, now treating him with respect after previously slandering him behind his back. Three years later, Cleon and his Spartan counterpart
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these things relentlessly and without self-restraint. Demagogues "pander to passion, prejudice, bigotry, and ignorance, rather than reason."
1298:
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started to become effective. Hitler updated the Nazi party's platform to exploit the economic distress of ordinary Germans: repudiating the
1870:" and once posted an ad in a newspaper for "sixteen big, fat, mellow, rancid coons" to sleep with Roosevelt during a trip to Mississippi.
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4259:"McCarthy's Senate colleagues voted sixty-seven to twenty-two to censure him for his reckless accusations and fabrications." back cover
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was able to make pivotal decisions during this battle because he understood his opponent. Flaminius was described as a demagogue by
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on an opponent, by saying it repeatedly, in speech after speech, when saying the opponent's name or in place of it. For example,
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and encourage fanatical popularity. Demagogues overturn established norms of political conduct, or promise or threaten to do so.
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The demagogues' charisma and emotional oratory many times enabled them to win elections despite opposition from the press. The
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gave Hitler emergency powers and suspended civil liberties; on March 5, new general elections were held; on March 22, the
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when visiting northern Louisiana. He once issued a press release demanding that his name be removed from the Washington
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through violence and intimidation. He spoke in support of lynch mobs, and he disenfranchised most black voters with the
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Some scholars have challenged the consensus that demagoguery is necessarily a bad form of leadership and rhetoric. In
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Their politics depends on a visceral connection with the people, which greatly exceeds ordinary political popularity.
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in 1923. While in prison, Hitler chose a new strategy: to overthrow the government democratically, by cultivating a
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with no negative connotation, but eventually came to mean a troublesome kind of leader who occasionally arose in
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listen to the claims of decency are three things that are entirely against the interests of an imperial power."
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is an old free version translated by William Walter Merry, Clarendon Press (1902). The translator says on p. 5:
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Even local demagogues have established one-man rule, or a near approximation of it, over their constituencies.
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4526:"Creating a Demagogue: The Political Origins of Daniel Shays's Erroneous Legacy in American Political History"
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enabled many 20th-century demagogues' skill with the spoken word to drown out the written word of newspapers.
2385:, enjoying democratic support from the masses, Hitler took Germany from a democracy to a total dictatorship.
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4286:"McCarthy represented what Richard Hofstadter called 'the paranoid style of American politics.'" pp. 193–194
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1662:. For example, McCarthy claimed that all of the problems of the U.S. resulted from "communist subversion."
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They manipulate this connection, and the raging popularity it affords, for their own benefit and ambition.
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2342:, first attempted to overthrow the Bavarian government not with popular support but by force in a failed
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1897:, his elderly opponent for Senator, "Old Feather Duster". Joe McCarthy liked to call Secretary of State
1854:"an old bag of beef" and resolved to bring a pitchfork to Washington to "poke him in his old fat ribs."
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could only beg for peace on almost any terms, Cleon persuaded the Athenians to reject the peace offer.
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by scapegoating out-groups, exaggerating dangers to stoke fears, lying for emotional effect, or other
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The American Democrat, or Hints on the Social and Civic Relations of the United States of America
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They threaten or outright break established rules of conduct, institutions, and even the law.
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Demagogue, a term originally referring to a leader of the common people, was first coined in
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273:
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2319:
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2204:
2200:
2136:
1878:
1712:
1263:
1253:
1049:
823:
783:
526:
211:
3733:(1981). "'Pitchfork Ben' Tillman and 'The Race Problem from a Southern Point of View'" in
3331:(1981). "'Pitchfork Ben' Tillman and 'The Race Problem from a Southern Point of View'" in
1622:
argued that totalitarian regimes may be the logical outcome of unfettered mass democracy.
8:
2599:
2549:
2548:"demagogue"; as a consequence, otherwise innocent victims—such as the supposed leader of
2070:
1741:
1362:
1318:
1308:
1303:
1159:
833:
498:
366:
2565:
disputes—does not require direct appeals to the public. In contrast, being an effective
4553:
4525:
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3585:
3447:
3406:
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2566:
2515:
2471:
2432:
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of being "bought", and had his bodyguards rough up their reporters. Oklahoma governor
2016:
1951:
1943:
1894:
1859:
1666:
blamed all the problems of laborers in California on Chinese immigrants. Hitler blamed
1517:
1447:
1258:
1229:
1079:
1029:
958:
883:
868:
801:
759:
470:
415:
296:
278:
165:
2780:
one that stirs up the masses of the people (as to hatred or violence) : demagogue
1532:
They present themselves as a man or woman of the common people, opposed to the elites.
4799:
4729:
4721:
4705:
4695:
4689:
4676:
4666:
4649:
4639:
4619:
4609:
4557:
4545:
4504:
4483:
4412:
4352:
4276:
4257:"Joe McCarthy may have been the most destructive demagogue in American history." p. 5
4249:
4222:
4179:
4169:
4133:
4123:
4076:
4025:
3889:
3875:
3846:
3832:
3803:
3789:
3765:
3751:
3702:
3514:
3464:
3243:
3076:
3035:
2996:
2959:
2926:
2918:
2847:
2841:
2452:
2370:
2265:
2261:
2228:
2147:
2107:
In executive office, demagogues have often moved quickly to expand their power, both
1947:
1931:
1792:
1471:
1422:
1278:
1169:
1008:
1003:
828:
791:
752:
659:
410:
355:
290:
184:
138:
4601:
953:
4537:
4471:
3690:
3581:
3443:
3183:
2579:
2428:
2362:
2343:
2181:
is often cited as a demagogue because of three events described in the writings of
2004:
1939:
1851:
1819:
1809:
about how they will achieve them because usually they are impossible. For example,
1590:
1555:
In every age the vilest specimens of human nature are to be found among demagogues.
1442:
1387:
1273:
943:
769:
488:
405:
398:
266:
71:
31:
1499:
A demagogue, in the strict signification of the word, is a 'leader of the rabble'.
219:
4498:
4054:
4021:
4010:
3951:
3930:
3661:
3637:
3614:
3559:
3478:
3316:
3289:
3134:
2631:
2494:
2482:
1990:
1958:
1935:
1737:
1602:
1598:
1560:
1407:
1323:
1139:
998:
908:
873:
813:
708:
654:
611:
304:
153:
4460:"The Origins of the Statesman?Demagogue Distinction in and After Ancient Athens"
4221:, Methuen Books (1959); reprinted by the University of California Press (1996).
4268:
4214:
3871:
3867:
Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Charles Coughlin, and the Great Depression
3828:
3785:
3747:
3301:
3274:
2837:
2467:
2378:
2335:
2227:, enabling a restoration of peace that lasted until the outbreak of the Second
2124:
1984:
emphasized his humble roots by calling himself "The Kingfish" and gulping down
1659:
1513:
1351:
1149:
983:
878:
808:
698:
691:
551:
483:
4709:
4680:
4623:
3187:
4788:
4653:
4549:
4284:"Joe McCarthy was a demagogue, but never a real leader of the people." p. 193
3914:
3730:
3628:
Catching Up?: Organizational and Management Change in the Ex-Socialist Block,
3328:
2963:
2463:
2052:
1867:
1695:
in their audiences, to stir them to action and prevent deliberation. Fear of
1692:
1663:
1452:
1437:
1288:
1089:
948:
923:
888:
735:
703:
234:
224:
130:
2153:
4733:
4345:
Rhetoric and Civility: Human Development, Narcissism, and the Good Audience
3469:
William Shirer's Twentieth-Century Journey: 1930–1940: The Nightmare Years,
2930:
2661:
2553:
2498:
2381:
to arrest his political opponents and consolidate his control of the army.
2339:
2186:
1898:
1890:
1721:
1716:
1643:
1586:
1432:
1377:
978:
764:
619:
588:
456:
169:
146:
4475:
3694:
3497:
ed. Cal M. Logue and Howard Dorgan, pp. 66–82. Louisiana University Press.
3424:
ed. Cal M. Logue and Howard Dorgan, pp. 1–11. Louisiana University Press.
2459:
2407:, nicknamed "The Kingfish", was an American politician who served as the
2236:
1863:
1724:
were successful, and how Democrats might do better in related elections.
1676:
1671:
1457:
1417:
1392:
903:
898:
582:
572:
4759:
2102:
1975:
256:
4241:
3986:
Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic, 1919–1933
3943:
Davis, David Martin (2016). "Texas Matters: Pass the Biscuits, Pappy",
3545:
2992:
What's Wrong with Democracy? From Athenian Practice to American Worship
2922:
2727:
2646:
2641:
2614:
2609:
2507:
2458:
When Long became a senator in 1932, his enemy, the lieutenant governor
2351:
2249:
2182:
2040:(1869–1956) once called for a bomb to be dropped on the offices of the
2007:". Hitler claimed that Germany had lost World War I only because of a "
1985:
1837:
1772:
1619:
1109:
988:
973:
968:
747:
669:
630:
544:
435:
331:
42:
4459:
3737:
ed. Cal M. Logue and Howard Dorgan, p. 47. Louisiana University Press.
3335:
ed. Cal M. Logue and Howard Dorgan, p. 63. Louisiana University Press.
1893:, his opponent for mayor of Chicago, "Tony Baloney". Huey Long called
3653:
ed. Graçzyna Skñapska, Anna Maria Orla-Bukowska, Krzysztof Kowalski,
2511:
2502:
2444:
2404:
2392:
1981:
1918:
1810:
1594:
1427:
928:
858:
796:
728:
642:
625:
606:
387:
381:
360:
342:
126:
3387:"John Heilemann Warns Dems: 'Strong And Wrong Beats Weak And Right'"
1942:(1864–1944) was "Cotton Ed"; the husband-and-wife demagogue team of
27:
Politician or orator who panders to fears and emotions of the public
4541:
4298:
4107:
2666:
2626:
2440:
2420:
2388:
2366:
2323:
Adolf Hitler in 1927, rehearsing his oratorical gestures; photo by
2297:
2293:
2285:
2220:
2193:
1967:
1704:
1610:
1528:
in 1838 identified four fundamental characteristics of demagogues:
740:
718:
636:
442:
428:
239:
229:
192:
142:
137:, especially through oratory that whips up the passions of crowds,
2692:
2477:
2089:
The shortest way to ruin a country is to give power to demagogues.
4747:
3240:
Designing a Polity: America's Constitution in Theory and Practice
3073:
Designing a Polity: America's Constitution in Theory and Practice
2604:
2584:
1874:
1655:
993:
918:
913:
863:
723:
713:
686:
449:
393:
336:
283:
244:
38:
4663:
The New Demagogues: Religion, Masculinity and the Populist Epoch
3169:"Demagoguery and Political Rhetoric: A Review of the Literature"
2556:—can be inaccurately branded as vicious, unscrupulous leaders.
1783:
4773:
2281:
2257:
2253:
2208:
1651:
1402:
1397:
938:
933:
893:
674:
649:
577:
511:
477:
464:
375:
349:
134:
1764:
A more ordinary silver-tongued demagogue was the Negro-baiter
3881:
Demagogue: The Fight to Save Democracy from Its Worst Enemies
3838:
Demagogue: The Fight to Save Democracy from Its Worst Enemies
3795:
Demagogue: The Fight to Save Democracy from Its Worst Enemies
3757:
Demagogue: The Fight to Save Democracy from Its Worst Enemies
2843:
Demagogue: The Fight to Save Democracy from Its Worst Enemies
2178:
1971:
1885:, his Republican opponent for Senator, as "Little Boy Blue".
1788:
1777:
963:
518:
504:
116:
110:
104:
3347:"Clinton Says Party Failed Midterm Test Over Security Issue"
1549:
3493:
Strickland, William M. (1981). "James Kimble Vardaman," in
1736:
If one lie doesn't work, a demagogue often adds more lies.
1696:
1667:
1367:
86:
80:
4500:
Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution
3420:
Logue, Cal M. and Howard Dorgan (1981) "The Demagogue" in
3112:
The History of England from the Accession of James II
1751:
1565:
The History of England from the Accession of James II
92:
4608:. Budapest; New York: Central European University Press.
3572:
Gilbert, G.M. (Summer 1955). "Dictators and Demagogues".
3434:
Gilbert, G.M. (Summer 1955). "Dictators and Demagogues".
3215:
Lomas, Charles W. (1961). "The Rhetoric of Demagoguery."
2154:
Appointing unqualified lackeys to high office; corruption
95:
89:
4633:
3673:
3649:
Sztompka, Piotr (2003). "Trust: A Cultural Resource" in
3236:"Demagoguery, Statesmanship, and Presidential Politics"
3069:"Demagoguery, Statesmanship, and Presidential Politics"
2798:
pp. 76, 79, 85. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich.
2796:
Southern Demagogues: A Study in Charismatic Leadership,
2559:
2946:
164:
Demagogues have appeared in democracies since ancient
2958:. Cooperstown: H. & E. Phinney. pp. 98–104.
2135:
opened, taking political prisoners. On March 24, the
2103:
Establishing one-man rule, subverting the rule of law
1825:
175:
3166:
1904:
1873:
A common demagogic technique is to pin an insulting
77:
2350:. Even before the putsch, Hitler had rewritten the
83:
74:
4687:
4178:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 40–42.
3859:
3816:
3031:From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law
2995:. University of California Press. pp. 43–44.
2910:
1708:and elected senator repeatedly from 1895 to 1918.
4431:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3384:
3306:The Nature of Prejudice, 25th-anniversary edition
3279:The Nature of Prejudice, 25th-anniversary edition
3268:
2199:Second, after Athens had completely defeated the
1650:troubles on an out-group, usually of a different
4786:
3233:
3066:
2988:
1844:
4600:
4168:
4162:
4132:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 119.
4122:
4072:The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
3870:
3827:
3784:
3746:
3676:"Democracy, Demagoguery, and Critical Rhetoric"
3565:
3034:. University of California Press. p. 201.
3027:
2162:
4573:"Rhetorical Duty and the Constitutional Order"
4342:
4323:
3983:
3913:
3902:
3740:
3667:
3596:
3506:
3363:
3344:
3295:
4503:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 17.
4273:The Age of Anxiety: McCarthyism to Terrorism,
4246:Shooting Star: the Brief Arc of Joe McCarthy,
3778:
3724:
3571:
3489:
3487:
3458:
3433:
3209:
3075:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 75–118.
1784:Accusing opponents of weakness and disloyalty
1740:claimed to have a list of 205 members of the
1479:
4116:
3510:Blunder: Why Smart People Make Bad Decisions
3427:
3242:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 87–88.
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
2790:
2788:
2451:contracts would be awarded to people in his
2192:First, after a failed revolt by the city of
1642:The most fundamental demagogic technique is
109:, a popular leader, a leader of a mob, from
3651:The Moral Fabric in Contemporary Societies,
3500:
3322:
3229:
3227:
3225:
2427:and rose to national prominence during the
2022:
1997:
1954:(1890–1969) was "Pappy-Pass-the-Biscuits".
1803:
1120:A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions
4432:Constitutionalist, The (October 3, 2022).
3539:
3484:
3148:Democracy, Fascism and the New World Order
2982:
1486:
1472:
4237:
4235:
4075:. Cornell University Press. p. 185.
3957:
3620:
3513:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 16 ff.
3399:
3153:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2785:
2720:
2411:from 1928 to 1932 and as a member of the
1550:History and characteristics of demagogues
4039:
4037:
4024:. Barnes & Noble Publishing (1994).
3977:
3643:
3222:
3217:Western Journal of Speech Communication,
3101:
2942:
2940:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2752:
2526:by the Senate and fall from popularity.
2476:
2387:
2318:
1814:all the problems". The Polish demagogue
1210:Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style
49:
30:For the song by Urban Dance Squad, see
3917:(Fall 1957). "The Southern Demagogue".
3256:from the original on September 13, 2017
3089:from the original on September 13, 2017
3048:from the original on September 13, 2017
2534:
2529:
1752:Emotional oratory and personal charisma
1691:Many demagogues have risen to power by
14:
4787:
4628:Eighteen European Portraits, 1918–2018
4496:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4232:
3674:Roberts-Miller, Patricia (Fall 2005).
3060:
3021:
2905:
2836:
2737:from the original on February 25, 2021
2704:from the original on February 28, 2021
2264:, with disastrous results. He led the
2097:, Antiquities of Rome, VI (20 BC)
2083:
1580:Often considered the first demagogue,
4720:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4691:Hatemongers and Demagogues (Profiles)
4660:
4524:Zug, Charles U. (September 1, 2021).
4383:from the original on December 3, 2020
4068:
4034:
3992:
3954:. Texas Public Radio, April 18, 2016.
3937:
3414:
3402:"Democrats Need to Stop Playing Nice"
3009:from the original on January 19, 2017
2937:
2860:
2801:
1938:(1874–1958) of Boston was "Our Jim";
1413:Rhetoric of social intervention model
129:who gains popularity by arousing the
4457:
4175:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
4129:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
3712:from the original on August 17, 2016
3364:Bill Schneider (February 13, 2022).
3197:from the original on August 17, 2016
3167:Gustainis, J. Justin (Spring 1990).
2560:Demagoguery in constitutional office
1974:, the state financial report, and a
1950:went by "Ma and Pa"; Texas governor
4570:
4523:
4407:Zug, Charles U (October 18, 2022).
4406:
4395:
3735:The Oratory of Southern Demagogues,
3495:The Oratory of Southern Demagogues,
3422:The Oratory of Southern Demagogues,
3345:Adam Nagourney (December 4, 2002).
3333:The Oratory of Southern Demagogues,
2770:from the original on April 18, 2021
2123:was dissolved; on February 27, the
1925:
1858:consistently referred to President
1833:South Carolina constitution of 1895
24:
4594:
4571:Zug, Charles (February 18, 2021).
4305:from the original on July 25, 2013
4275:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2006).
4203:traitors, usurers, and profiteers.
4192:from the original on July 19, 2021
4146:from the original on July 19, 2021
4089:from the original on July 19, 2021
3586:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1955.tb00330.x
3527:from the original on July 19, 2021
3448:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1955.tb00330.x
3385:Aliza Worthington (May 20, 2019).
3366:"The allure of 'strong and wrong'"
2970:from the original on July 19, 2021
2685:
2522:in 1954, which in turn led to his
2489:
2272:
2167:
1826:Violence and physical intimidation
176:History and definition of the word
115:, people, populace, the commons +
25:
4816:
4740:
4634:Roberts-Miller, Patricia (2017).
4434:"Demagogues in American Politics"
4248:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2006)
3876:"Part II, Demagoguery in America"
3833:"Part II, Demagoguery in America"
3790:"Part II, Demagoguery in America"
3752:"Part II, Demagoguery in America"
3550:History of the Peloponnesian War,
2431:for his vocal criticism from the
2284:most known for being defeated by
2012:
1905:Vulgarity and outrageous behavior
1699:, for example, is easily evoked.
145:that tends to drown out reasoned
4772:
4758:
4746:
4665:. Milton: Taylor & Francis.
4606:A Century of Populist Demagogues
4299:"What Qualifies as Demagoguery?"
2241:"demagogue" or "rabble-rouser."
1934:(1869–1956) was "Alfalfa Bill";
1686:
199:
70:
4718:Demagogues in American Politics
4564:
4517:
4490:
4464:Journal of the History of Ideas
4451:
4425:
4409:Demagogues in American Politics
4373:"Have You No Sense of Decency?"
4365:
4336:
4317:
4291:
4262:
4208:
4101:
4062:
3393:
3378:
3357:
3338:
3140:
2541:Demagogues in American Politics
2466:as governor, later replaced by
2361:In 1929, with the start of the
2314:
1637:
3988:. McFarland. pp. 154–169.
13:
1:
4763:The dictionary definition of
3919:The Virginia Quarterly Review
3683:Rhetoric & Public Affairs
3626:Koźmiński, Andrzej K. (1993)
2673:
2443:. As the political leader of
2334:The most famous demagogue of
2309:
2292:during the second Punic war.
2244:
2047:The Christian Science Monitor
1845:Personal insults and ridicule
1383:List of feminist rhetoricians
125:, is a political leader in a
3400:Joe Klein (March 11, 2024).
2794:Larson, Allan Louis (1964).
2652:Social dominance orientation
2399:
2163:Famous historical demagogues
1574:
1373:Glossary of rhetorical terms
7:
4688:Stressguth, Thomas (1995).
4411:. Oxford University Press.
3970:. Quoted in Luthin (1954),
3602:Rhodes, Peter John (2004).
2572:
1220:Language as Symbolic Action
10:
4821:
4530:American Political Thought
3964:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3822:T. Harry Williams (1970).
3617:. Oxford University Press.
3562:, "The Mytilenean Debate."
3176:Rhetoric Society Quarterly
2409:40th governor of Louisiana
2095:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1625:
1581:
172:, sometimes successfully.
117:
111:
105:
36:
29:
4661:Roose, Joshua M. (2020).
4636:Demagoguery and Democracy
3234:Ceaser, James W. (2011).
3188:10.1080/02773949009390878
3150:, Imprint Academic (2003)
3118:. A variant is quoted by
3108:Thomas Babington Macaulay
3067:Ceaser, James W. (2011).
2989:Samons, Loren J. (2004).
2731:Oxford English Dictionary
2697:Oxford English Dictionary
2125:Reichstag building burned
2119:1933; on February 1, the
1130:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
4716:Zug, Charles U. (2022).
4497:Beeman, Richard (2010).
4301:. History News Network.
3574:Journal of Social Issues
3436:Journal of Social Issues
3219:vol. 25, no. 3., p. 160.
3028:Ostwald, Martin (1989).
2377:. He then exploited the
2290:Battle of Lake Trasimene
2252:convinced the people of
2172:
2141:Early timeline of Nazism
2133:first concentration camp
2023:Attacking the news media
1998:Gross oversimplification
1804:Promising the impossible
1727:
1670:for Germany's defeat in
1507:, "On Demagogues" (1838)
37:Not to be confused with
4343:Harold Barrett (1991).
4328:. Infobase Publishing.
4324:Mayer, Michael (2007).
3984:Mitchell, Otis (2013).
3966:(c. 20 BCE),
3507:Shore, Zachary (2010).
3302:Allport, Gordon Willard
3275:Allport, Gordon Willard
2637:Narcissistic leadership
2485:, an American demagogue
2395:, governor of Louisiana
2077:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
2065:New York Herald Tribune
2044:. Joe McCarthy accused
2015:) is one form of gross
1701:"Pitchfork Ben" Tillman
1070:De Sophisticis Elenchis
4751:Quotations related to
4458:Lane, Melissa (2012).
4347:. SUNY Press. p.
4069:Kagan, Donald (1991).
3865:Alan Brinkley (1983).
2948:Cooper, James Fenimore
2520:Army–McCarthy hearings
2510:, contributing to the
2486:
2396:
2331:
2256:to attempt to conquer
2127:; on February 28, the
2100:
1570:
1510:
1190:De doctrina Christiana
1180:Dialogus de oratoribus
1100:Rhetorica ad Herennium
326:Captatio benevolentiae
61:
4805:Political terminology
4795:Propaganda techniques
4577:The Constitutionalist
4476:10.1353/jhi.2012.0020
4438:The Constitutionalist
3884:. Macmillan. p.
3841:. Macmillan. p.
3798:. Macmillan. p.
3760:. Macmillan. p.
3695:10.1353/rap.2005.0069
2590:Charismatic authority
2480:
2437:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2391:
2322:
2148:"Alfalfa Bill" Murray
2129:Reichstag Fire Decree
2087:
2038:"Alfalfa Bill" Murray
1976:Sears–Roebuck catalog
1887:William Hale Thompson
1883:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
1856:James Kimble Vardaman
1766:James Kimble Vardaman
1553:
1526:James Fenimore Cooper
1505:James Fenimore Cooper
1497:
1358:Communication studies
1200:De vulgari eloquentia
1060:Rhetoric to Alexander
121:leading, leader), or
53:
4781:at Wikimedia Commons
4377:United States Senate
4326:The Eisenhower Years
4219:Senator Joe McCarthy
3972:American Demagogues,
3120:José Ortega y Gasset
2657:Strongman (politics)
2621:It Can't Happen Here
2535:Tactical demagoguery
2530:Positive demagoguery
2413:United States Senate
2225:Battle of Amphipolis
2205:Battle of Sphacteria
2177:The Athenian leader
1850:he called President
1713:September 11 attacks
139:appealing to emotion
55:José Clemente Orozco
3968:Antiquities of Rome
3869:, p. 31, quoted in
3826:, p. 37, quoted in
3124:History As a System
2913:American Demagogues
2907:Luthin, Reinhard H.
2728:"rabble-rouser, n."
2600:Cult of personality
2223:were killed at the
2084:Demagogues in power
2071:The Washington Post
1917:In ancient Greece,
1363:Composition studies
1294:Health and medicine
1160:Institutio Oratoria
367:Eloquentia perfecta
4638:. The Experiment.
4053:2017-01-19 at the
4020:2017-01-19 at the
4009:2017-01-18 at the
4000:Ancient Historians
3950:2016-08-21 at the
3660:2017-09-13 at the
3636:2017-09-13 at the
3613:2017-09-13 at the
3604:Athenian Democracy
3558:2016-10-20 at the
3477:2017-01-18 at the
3407:The New York Times
3351:The New York Times
3315:2017-01-18 at the
3288:2017-01-18 at the
3133:2021-07-19 at the
2567:member of Congress
2516:United States Army
2512:second "Red Scare"
2501:from the state of
2487:
2472:T. Semmes Walmsley
2419:in 1935. He was a
2397:
2383:Within a few years
2332:
2059:The New York Times
2017:oversimplification
2005:sharing the wealth
1895:Joseph E. Ransdell
1860:Theodore Roosevelt
1835:. Hitler wrote in
1816:Stanisław Tymiński
1518:Athenian democracy
1448:Terministic screen
1230:A General Rhetoric
760:Resignation speech
297:Studia humanitatis
279:Byzantine rhetoric
62:
4777:Media related to
4510:978-0-8129-7684-7
4418:978-0-19-765194-0
2453:political machine
2417:his assassination
2371:Versailles Treaty
2325:Heinrich Hoffmann
2266:Athenian assembly
2262:Peloponnesian War
2229:Peloponnesian War
2011:". Scapegoating (
1957:Georgia governor
1948:James E. Ferguson
1932:William H. Murray
1793:Mytilenian Debate
1496:
1495:
1423:Rogerian argument
1170:Panegyrici Latini
262:The age of Cicero
16:(Redirected from
4812:
4776:
4762:
4750:
4713:
4694:. Oliver Press.
4684:
4657:
4630:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
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4562:
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4120:
4114:
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4060:
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4032:
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3990:
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3911:
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3537:
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3534:
3532:
3504:
3498:
3491:
3482:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:notwithstanding.
3431:
3425:
3418:
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3397:
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3376:
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3361:
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3019:
3018:
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2986:
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2979:
2977:
2975:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2917:. Beacon Press.
2916:
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2756:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2689:
2580:Authoritarianism
2550:Shays' Rebellion
2429:Great Depression
2425:Democratic Party
2415:from 1932 until
2363:Great Depression
2098:
2009:Stab in the Back
1940:Ellison D. Smith
1926:Folksy posturing
1868:miscegenationist
1852:Grover Cleveland
1746:State Department
1591:Benito Mussolini
1568:
1508:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1388:List of speeches
1235:
1225:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1135:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1095:
1085:
1075:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1035:
839:Neo-Aristotelian
406:Figure of speech
267:Second Sophistic
203:
180:
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120:
119:
114:
113:
108:
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32:Demagogue (song)
21:
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4602:Berend, Iván T.
4597:
4595:Further reading
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4287:
4285:
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4269:Johnson, Haynes
4267:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4240:
4233:
4215:Rovere, Richard
4213:
4209:
4195:
4193:
4186:
4170:Shirer, William
4167:
4163:
4149:
4147:
4140:
4124:Shirer, William
4121:
4117:
4106:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4083:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4055:Wayback Machine
4042:
4035:
4022:Wayback Machine
4011:Wayback Machine
3998:Michael Grant,
3997:
3993:
3982:
3978:
3962:
3958:
3952:Wayback Machine
3942:
3938:
3912:
3903:
3896:
3872:Signer, Michael
3864:
3860:
3853:
3829:Signer, Michael
3821:
3817:
3810:
3786:Signer, Michael
3783:
3779:
3772:
3748:Signer, Michael
3745:
3741:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3662:Wayback Machine
3648:
3644:
3638:Wayback Machine
3625:
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3615:Wayback Machine
3601:
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3560:Wayback Machine
3544:
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3479:Wayback Machine
3465:Shirer, William
3463:
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3379:
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3317:Wayback Machine
3300:
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3290:Wayback Machine
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3198:
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3141:
3135:Wayback Machine
3114:, Vol. I,
3106:
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3092:
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3049:
3042:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3003:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2952:"On Demagogues"
2945:
2938:
2904:
2861:
2854:
2838:Signer, Michael
2835:
2802:
2793:
2786:
2773:
2771:
2764:Merriam-Webster
2760:"rabble-rouser"
2758:
2757:
2753:
2740:
2738:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2707:
2705:
2693:"demagogue, n."
2691:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2632:Majoritarianism
2575:
2562:
2537:
2532:
2495:Joseph McCarthy
2492:
2490:Joseph McCarthy
2483:Joseph McCarthy
2402:
2317:
2312:
2278:Gaius Flaminius
2275:
2273:Gaius Flaminius
2247:
2175:
2170:
2168:Ancient history
2165:
2156:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2042:Daily Oklahoman
2025:
2000:
1991:Social Register
1959:Eugene Talmadge
1952:W. Lee O'Daniel
1936:James M. Curley
1928:
1907:
1847:
1828:
1806:
1789:Cleon of Athens
1786:
1754:
1744:working in the
1742:Communist Party
1738:Joseph McCarthy
1730:
1689:
1640:
1628:
1603:Joseph McCarthy
1599:Father Coughlin
1582:Cleon of Athens
1569:
1561:Thomas Macaulay
1559:
1552:
1509:
1503:
1492:
1463:
1462:
1408:Public rhetoric
1346:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1284:Native American
1249:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1193:
1183:
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1103:
1093:
1083:
1073:
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1053:
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1024:
1023:
1014:
1013:
854:
853:
844:
843:
787:
786:
775:
774:
665:Funeral oration
655:Farewell speech
612:Socratic method
568:
567:
558:
557:
320:
319:
310:
309:
215:
214:
178:
154:Reinhard Luthin
73:
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28:
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4742:
4741:External links
4739:
4738:
4737:
4726:978-0197651957
4714:
4701:978-1881508236
4700:
4685:
4672:978-0429775253
4671:
4658:
4645:978-1615194087
4644:
4631:
4615:978-9633863343
4614:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4563:
4542:10.1086/716687
4536:(4): 601–628.
4516:
4509:
4489:
4470:(2): 179–200.
4450:
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4394:
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4358:978-0791404836
4357:
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4185:978-0671728687
4184:
4161:
4139:978-0671728687
4138:
4115:
4100:
4082:978-0801499401
4081:
4061:
4043:Aristophanes,
4033:
3991:
3976:
3956:
3936:
3915:Dykeman, Wilma
3901:
3895:978-0230606241
3894:
3858:
3852:978-0230606241
3851:
3815:
3809:978-0230606241
3808:
3777:
3771:978-0230606241
3770:
3739:
3731:Dorgan, Howard
3723:
3689:(3): 459–476.
3666:
3642:
3619:
3595:
3564:
3538:
3520:978-1608192540
3519:
3499:
3483:
3457:
3426:
3413:
3392:
3377:
3356:
3337:
3329:Dorgan, Howard
3321:
3319:. Basic Books.
3294:
3292:. Basic Books.
3267:
3249:978-1442207905
3248:
3221:
3208:
3182:(2): 155–161.
3152:
3139:
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3082:978-1442207905
3081:
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3041:978-0520067981
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3002:978-0520236608
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2423:member of the
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2379:Reichstag fire
2336:modern history
2316:
2313:
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2300:, in his book
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1646:: blaming the
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1514:ancient Greece
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1150:On the Sublime
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699:Lightning talk
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4112:The Histories
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3743:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3640:. SUNY Press.
3639:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3623:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:book 6, §37ff
3551:
3547:
3542:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3503:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3480:
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3408:
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3396:
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3348:
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3318:
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3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3212:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3024:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2994:
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2985:
2969:
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2932:
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2908:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2849:
2846:. Macmillan.
2845:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2716:
2703:
2700:. June 2012.
2699:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
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2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
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2618:
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2613:
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2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2518:, led to the
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:Alvin O. King
2461:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:of President
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:mass movement
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2303:The Histories
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2203:fleet in the
2202:
2201:Peloponnesian
2197:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2096:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:New York Post
2049:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:Fearmongering
1684:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:Denis Kearney
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:Toulmin model
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:Talking point
1436:
1434:
1433:Speechwriting
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
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1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:Argumentation
1252:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1090:De Inventione
1087:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
848:
847:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
803:
800:
799:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
785:
779:
778:
771:
770:War-mongering
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
754:
751:
750:
749:
746:
742:
739:
738:
737:
736:Progymnasmata
734:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
704:Maiden speech
702:
700:
697:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
683:
680:
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
644:
641:
639:
638:
634:
633:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
621:
617:
613:
610:
609:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
591:
590:
586:
585:
584:
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579:
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571:
570:
562:
561:
554:
553:
549:
547:
546:
542:
538:
535:
534:
533:
530:
528:
525:
521:
520:
516:
514:
513:
509:
507:
506:
502:
501:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
479:
475:
473:
472:
468:
466:
463:
459:
458:
454:
452:
451:
447:
445:
444:
440:
438:
437:
433:
431:
430:
426:
425:
424:
421:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
400:
397:
396:
395:
392:
390:
389:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:
373:
369:
368:
364:
363:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
351:
347:
345:
344:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
327:
323:
322:
314:
313:
306:
305:Modern period
303:
299:
298:
294:
293:
292:
289:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
272:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
258:
255:
253:
252:Ancient India
250:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
235:Attic orators
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
221:
218:
217:
213:
207:
206:
202:
198:
197:
194:
191:
190:
186:
182:
181:
173:
171:
167:
162:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:common people
128:
124:
123:rabble-rouser
103:; from Greek
100:
67:
60:
59:The Demagogue
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4765:
4755:at Wikiquote
4717:
4690:
4662:
4635:
4627:
4605:
4580:. Retrieved
4576:
4566:
4533:
4529:
4519:
4499:
4492:
4467:
4463:
4453:
4441:. Retrieved
4437:
4427:
4408:
4385:. Retrieved
4367:
4344:
4338:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4307:. Retrieved
4293:
4272:
4264:
4245:
4218:
4210:
4201:
4194:. Retrieved
4174:
4164:
4155:
4148:. Retrieved
4128:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4091:. Retrieved
4071:
4064:
4045:The Knights.
4044:
3999:
3994:
3985:
3979:
3974:p. vii.
3971:
3967:
3959:
3939:
3922:
3918:
3880:
3866:
3861:
3837:
3823:
3818:
3794:
3780:
3756:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3686:
3682:
3669:
3650:
3645:
3627:
3622:
3603:
3598:
3589:
3580:(3): 52–53.
3577:
3573:
3567:
3549:
3541:
3529:. Retrieved
3509:
3502:
3494:
3468:
3460:
3451:
3442:(3): 51–52.
3439:
3435:
3429:
3421:
3416:
3405:
3395:
3380:
3369:
3359:
3350:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3305:
3297:
3278:
3270:
3260:November 12,
3258:. Retrieved
3239:
3216:
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3179:
3175:
3147:
3146:Ivo Mosley,
3142:
3123:
3111:
3103:
3091:. Retrieved
3072:
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3030:
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
2991:
2984:
2972:. Retrieved
2955:
2912:
2842:
2795:
2779:
2772:. Retrieved
2763:
2754:
2746:
2739:. Retrieved
2730:
2722:
2713:
2706:. Retrieved
2695:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2662:Toxic leader
2619:
2563:
2554:Daniel Shays
2545:pre-Socratic
2540:
2538:
2499:U.S. Senator
2493:
2457:
2449:
2403:
2360:
2356:
2340:Adolf Hitler
2333:
2329:Bundesarchiv
2315:Adolf Hitler
2301:
2280:was a Roman
2276:
2248:
2235:
2233:
2213:
2198:
2191:
2187:Aristophanes
2176:
2157:
2145:
2137:Enabling Act
2117:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2088:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2001:
1989:
1980:
1962:
1956:
1929:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1899:Dean Acheson
1891:Anton Cermak
1881:referred to
1879:James Curley
1872:
1848:
1836:
1829:
1807:
1798:
1787:
1770:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1735:
1731:
1722:Donald Trump
1717:Bill Clinton
1710:
1693:evoking fear
1690:
1681:
1660:social class
1644:scapegoating
1641:
1638:Scapegoating
1633:
1629:
1616:
1607:
1587:Adolf Hitler
1579:
1571:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1522:
1511:
1498:
1378:Glossophobia
1350:
1269:Constitutive
1228:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1028:
852:Rhetoricians
765:Stump speech
682:Invitational
635:
620:Dissoi logoi
618:
601:
597:Deliberative
589:Controversia
587:
550:
543:
517:
510:
503:
476:
469:
457:Pronuntiatio
455:
448:
441:
434:
427:
386:
374:
365:
348:
341:
324:
295:
257:Ancient Rome
170:dictatorship
163:
157:
151:
147:deliberation
122:
65:
63:
58:
57:'s painting
47:
4582:January 12,
4443:January 12,
4242:Wicker, Tom
4196:October 25,
4150:October 25,
4093:October 25,
4015:pp. 110–111
3531:October 25,
3093:October 14,
3052:October 14,
2974:October 25,
2774:February 9,
2741:February 9,
2460:Paul N. Cyr
2365:, Hitler's
2260:during the
2237:The Knights
2217:Demosthenes
1820:Lech Wałęsa
1679:and unity.
1677:nationalism
1672:World War I
1458:Wooden iron
1418:Rhetrickery
1393:Oral skills
1329:Composition
1264:Contrastive
1084:(c. 350 BC)
1074:(c. 350 BC)
1064:(c. 350 BC)
1054:(c. 350 BC)
1044:(c. 370 BC)
904:Demosthenes
884:Brueggemann
819:Ideological
670:Homiletics
583:Declamation
573:Apologetics
423:Five canons
291:Renaissance
274:Middle Ages
18:Demagoguery
4789:Categories
4779:Demagogues
4734:1319827145
4710:1035145406
4681:1202454249
4624:1121286642
4387:January 7,
4331:"factual."
4281:015603039X
4254:015101082X
4227:0520204727
4030:1566195993
3931:1291778229
3925:(4): 561.
3548:(427 BC).
3546:Thucydides
2923:B0007DN37C
2674:References
2647:Pied Piper
2642:Ochlocracy
2615:Hyperbolus
2610:Firehosing
2508:communists
2468:O.K. Allen
2375:Chancellor
2352:Nazi party
2310:Modern era
2250:Alcibiades
2245:Alcibiades
2183:Thucydides
1986:pot likker
1866:-flavored
1838:Mein Kampf
1773:news media
1711:After the
1648:in-group's
1620:Ivo Mosley
1314:Technology
1304:Procedural
1124:(c. 50 BC)
1110:De Oratore
974:Quintilian
969:Protagoras
824:Metaphoric
748:Propaganda
631:Epideictic
545:Sotto voce
499:Persuasion
494:Operations
436:Dispositio
332:Chironomia
152:Historian
43:Demogorgon
4766:demagogue
4753:Demagogue
4654:999728644
4558:243849281
4550:2161-1580
4484:153320811
4309:March 24,
3824:Huey Long
3703:155071922
2964:838066322
2503:Wisconsin
2445:Louisiana
2405:Huey Long
2400:Huey Long
2393:Huey Long
2121:Reichstag
1982:Huey Long
1963:furriner"
1919:Aristotle
1811:Huey Long
1652:ethnicity
1595:Huey Long
1428:Seduction
1259:Cognitive
1247:Subfields
1174:(100–400)
929:Isocrates
869:Augustine
859:Aristotle
834:Narrative
784:Criticism
729:Philippic
643:Panegyric
626:Elocution
607:Dialectic
527:Situation
388:Facilitas
382:Enthymeme
361:Eloquence
343:Delectare
158:demagogue
127:democracy
106:δημαγωγός
66:demagogue
4800:Populism
4604:(2020).
4381:Archived
4303:Archived
4190:Archived
4172:(1960).
4144:Archived
4126:(1960).
4108:Polybius
4087:Archived
4051:Archived
4018:Archived
4007:Archived
3948:Archived
3927:ProQuest
3874:(2009).
3831:(2009).
3788:(2009).
3750:(2009).
3716:July 29,
3707:Archived
3664:. Brill.
3658:Archived
3634:Archived
3611:Archived
3591:America.
3556:Archived
3525:Archived
3475:Archived
3371:The Hill
3313:Archived
3308:(1979),
3286:Archived
3281:(1979),
3254:Archived
3201:July 29,
3192:Archived
3131:Archived
3126:(1935),
3110:(1849).
3087:Archived
3046:Archived
3013:July 22,
3007:Archived
2968:Archived
2950:(1838).
2909:(1954).
2840:(2009).
2768:Archived
2735:Archived
2708:June 13,
2702:Archived
2667:Populism
2627:Lachares
2595:Cleophon
2573:See also
2481:Senator
2441:New Deal
2439:and his
2421:populist
2367:populism
2298:Polybius
2294:Hannibal
2286:Hannibal
2221:Brasidas
2194:Mytilene
2113:de facto
2092:—
1968:galluses
1705:rhetoric
1656:religion
1611:Polybius
1558:—
1502:—
1299:Pedagogy
1279:Feminist
1050:Rhetoric
1040:Phaedrus
1034:(380 BC)
984:Richards
954:Perelman
802:Pentadic
797:Dramatic
741:Suasoria
719:Diatribe
660:Forensic
637:Encomium
602:Demagogy
471:Imitatio
443:Elocutio
429:Inventio
399:Informal
318:Concepts
245:Sophists
240:Calliope
230:Atticism
225:Asianism
193:Rhetoric
185:a series
183:Part of
156:defined
143:rhetoric
133:against
2931:1098334
2715:orator.
2605:Demades
2585:Big lie
2524:censure
2288:at the
2109:de jure
1889:called
1875:epithet
1626:Methods
1344:Related
1319:Therapy
1309:Science
1274:Digital
1154:(c. 50)
1144:(46 BC)
1134:(46 BC)
1114:(55 BC)
1104:(80 BC)
1094:(84 BC)
1030:Gorgias
999:Toulmin
994:Tacitus
944:McLuhan
919:Gorgias
914:Erasmus
909:Derrida
874:Bakhtin
864:Aspasia
829:Mimesis
792:Cluster
724:Eristic
714:Polemic
709:Oratory
687:Lecture
450:Memoria
394:Fallacy
337:Decorum
284:Trivium
212:History
39:Demigod
4732:
4724:
4708:
4698:
4679:
4669:
4652:
4642:
4622:
4612:
4556:
4548:
4507:
4482:
4415:
4355:
4279:
4252:
4225:
4182:
4136:
4079:
4028:
3945:part 2
3929:
3892:
3849:
3806:
3768:
3701:
3608:p. 178
3517:
3472:vol. 2
3310:p. 414
3283:p. 420
3246:
3116:p. 530
3079:
3038:
2999:
2962:
2929:
2921:
2850:
2497:was a
2344:putsch
2282:consul
2258:Sicily
2254:Athens
2209:Sparta
2074:, the
2062:, the
2050:, the
1944:Miriam
1862:as a "
1601:, and
1567:(1849)
1403:Pistis
1398:Orator
1324:Visual
1234:(1970)
1224:(1966)
1214:(1521)
1204:(1305)
1140:Orator
1080:Topics
1009:Weaver
939:Lysias
934:Lucian
924:Hobbes
899:de Man
894:Cicero
692:Public
675:Sermon
650:Eulogy
578:Debate
566:Genres
512:Pathos
478:Kairos
465:Hypsos
411:Scheme
376:Eunoia
356:Device
350:Docere
166:Athens
135:elites
118:ἀγωγός
4554:S2CID
4480:S2CID
4004:p. 98
3710:(PDF)
3699:S2CID
3679:(PDF)
3655:p. 58
3631:p. 23
3195:(PDF)
3172:(PDF)
3128:p. 76
2679:Notes
2179:Cleon
2173:Cleon
2013:above
1972:bible
1778:radio
1728:Lying
1658:, or
1575:below
1194:(426)
1184:(102)
1022:Works
989:Smith
979:Ramus
964:Plato
959:Pizan
889:Burke
879:Booth
814:Genre
809:Frame
552:Topos
537:Grand
532:Style
519:Logos
505:Ethos
489:Modes
416:Trope
112:δῆμος
4730:OCLC
4722:ISBN
4706:OCLC
4696:ISBN
4677:OCLC
4667:ISBN
4650:OCLC
4640:ISBN
4620:OCLC
4610:ISBN
4584:2023
4546:ISSN
4505:ISBN
4445:2023
4413:ISBN
4389:2017
4353:ISBN
4311:2009
4277:ISBN
4250:ISBN
4223:ISBN
4198:2020
4180:ISBN
4152:2020
4134:ISBN
4095:2020
4077:ISBN
4048:Here
4026:ISBN
3890:ISBN
3847:ISBN
3804:ISBN
3766:ISBN
3718:2016
3533:2020
3515:ISBN
3262:2016
3244:ISBN
3203:2016
3095:2016
3077:ISBN
3054:2016
3036:ISBN
3015:2016
2997:ISBN
2976:2020
2960:OCLC
2927:OCLC
2919:ASIN
2848:ISBN
2776:2019
2743:2019
2710:2012
2433:left
2207:and
2185:and
2111:and
2034:Item
2032:and
1946:and
1864:coon
1697:rape
1668:Jews
1577:).
1368:Doxa
1164:(95)
1004:Vico
753:Spin
4538:doi
4472:doi
4349:108
3886:113
3843:112
3800:116
3762:113
3691:doi
3582:doi
3444:doi
3184:doi
3122:in
1703:'s
1443:TED
1289:New
949:Ong
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