898:
745:
The split at Ewu was in due to a disagreement over fish belonging to all the people living there. Some of those who contributed their own water to the cooking of fish did not get their share of the water after the cooking was done, not considering that water evaporates when heated. Those aggrieved
785:
A fourth group who were already in their present locations by the time the first two groups came to their new settlements, and who to varying degrees, became associated and identified with
Kalabari – Obonoma, Bukuma, Old Bakana, Dekema , Angulama. Some of these have been fully integrated into the
741:
with other groups who settled at
Okilogua in Engenni (not in Akinima, as claimed). Roman asserts that Ewu is also in Okilogua. At Ewu, there was a split which took some of the inhabitants to Enuedua (Joinkrama) (forming the Enuedua group), some to Ediro (forming the Ediro group) and some to Ogua,
221:
The Dẹgẹma language is not also called "Atala" or "Udekaama", as stated in some publications. Atala is the alternative name for one of the Degema-speaking communities (Degema Town), and
Udekaama is the name of a clan (which comprises Usokun-Degema and Degema Town). Similarly, "Dekema" is not an
832:
is still found in official documents, mainly due to the assertion of ethnic identity by the Degema people (who are surrounded by
Kalabari-speaking communities). The people of Degema are linguistically and culturally distinct from their Kalabari neighbours (The Kalabari people speak
796:
At
Ipokuma Ugu and Ekeze led Usokun-Degema and Degema Town, respectively, north to their present sites for fishing, hunting and farming. Neither of these two communities considers itself (or its leader) subordinate to the other; the two groups consider themselves independent.
856:
Degema refers not only to the language spoken by the inhabitants of Usokun-Degema and Degema Town, it also refers to the people themselves, the land on which they live and their government (the administrative headquarters of the Degema Local
Government Area).
217:
No standard variety has so far emerged between the two varieties of Dẹgẹma. However, there appear to be more scholarly and descriptive linguistic publications on the Usokun variety than on the Degema Town variety.
773:
for two groups: Usokun-Degema and Degema Town (Atala) (headed by Ugu and Ekeze, respectively, who led the two groups from Ewu to
Ipokuma. Ekomburu (Obonoma) is one of the groups comprising the Udekaama clan.
209:
variety of Dẹgẹma, known by the names of the communities speaking them: the Usokun variety (spoken in Usokun-Degema) and the Degema Town variety (spoken in Degema Town). Both varieties are similar in their
197:, by about 120,000 people, according to 1991 census figures (including projection figures for the two Dẹgẹma-speaking communities). The two communities are Usokun-Degema and Degema Town in the
757:
CE and settled at
Ipokuma ("headland" or "cape" in Dẹgẹma), now known as Doctor’s Farm. The headland is the part of Degema Island adjacent to an uninhabited island on which
786:
Kalabari
Kingdom; others (Dekema , Bukuma) still maintain their originality and have relatively tenuous culture-linguistic and conjugal relationship with Kalabari people.
3396:
186:
234:
Dẹgẹma is the only Niger-Congo language to match the vowel inventory reconstructed for Proto-Ijoid. There are ten vowels, in two harmonic sets:
1160:
3980:
1110:
Kari, Ethelbert
Emmanuel. 2008a. Linguistic imperialism and the rise in linguistic consciousness: The Degema case. In Y. Takashina (ed.),
742:
forming the Ogua group. These groups make up the Engenni community. Roman also asserts that the Degema people belonged to the Ogua group.
911:
1002:
964:
812:(the name by which colonists referred to the Udekaama people), which may have resulted from the Kalabari mispronunciation of
3389:
567:
545:
1153:
350:
1098:
1051:
943:
730:
3783:
3747:
3002:
492:
357:
3382:
1146:
329:
506:
71:
239:
235:
3057:
2088:
1315:
734:
523:
554:
313:
299:
286:
3405:
1718:
499:
434:
425:
81:
76:
65:
897:
3975:
3413:
805:
1472:
3110:
3085:
3080:
2774:
2355:
1753:
1723:
1412:
1377:
336:
320:
306:
3815:
3537:
3236:
2668:
2380:
2073:
1577:
271:
267:
3353:
2450:
2435:
2360:
1240:
533:
466:
382:
373:
206:
3075:
3032:
1992:
1587:
1517:
1169:
391:
343:
8:
3840:
3686:
3277:
3246:
2625:
2549:
2470:
1942:
1422:
486:
417:
733:
of Rivers State. According to Mark Roman (a native of Engenni and a staff member at the
3860:
3737:
3572:
3241:
2844:
2531:
2217:
2144:
1738:
1285:
1129:
400:
262:
777:
The settlement at Ipokuma was before the arrival of the Abonnema (about 1882) and the
169:
3880:
3590:
3332:
3198:
3135:
3130:
3027:
2982:
2726:
2688:
2526:
2310:
2027:
1997:
1967:
1728:
1708:
1467:
1345:
1094:
1047:
998:
960:
939:
762:
293:
222:
alternative name for the Degema language as contained in the entry for Degema in the
3494:
3193:
2493:
1643:
1542:
3850:
3820:
3807:
3681:
3646:
3625:
3542:
3514:
3358:
3337:
3317:
3302:
3282:
3272:
3262:
3160:
2977:
2962:
2814:
2698:
2587:
2554:
2420:
2400:
2179:
2111:
2035:
2012:
1927:
1828:
1793:
1773:
1688:
1658:
1582:
1507:
1183:
959:. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
938:: Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
257:
109:
3484:
3788:
3727:
3701:
3691:
3666:
3605:
3595:
3522:
3327:
3312:
3292:
3287:
3267:
3208:
3120:
3100:
3090:
3042:
3037:
3012:
2997:
2967:
2952:
2942:
2937:
2904:
2889:
2859:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2794:
2764:
2754:
2693:
2673:
2503:
2425:
2390:
2350:
2305:
2245:
2154:
2093:
2050:
2017:
1972:
1932:
1922:
1833:
1783:
1778:
1763:
1733:
1698:
1678:
1668:
1615:
1605:
1597:
1537:
1527:
1522:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1372:
1320:
1290:
1209:
866:
737:), the people of present-day Degema settled at Ewu (near Akinima) when they left
454:
365:
276:
182:
100:
95:
57:
1134:. Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC). pp. 13–32.
828:
may also be an unwelcome reminder of the rift between their forefathers at Ewu.
3954:
3944:
3939:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3845:
3830:
3793:
3778:
3773:
3752:
3742:
3732:
3722:
3706:
3696:
3676:
3656:
3585:
3504:
3489:
3469:
3454:
3449:
3421:
3297:
3203:
3145:
3105:
3095:
3047:
3017:
3007:
2992:
2987:
2972:
2957:
2909:
2894:
2864:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2759:
2736:
2708:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2607:
2559:
2498:
2475:
2410:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2345:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2290:
2260:
2250:
2240:
2235:
2169:
2116:
2083:
2002:
1987:
1977:
1962:
1957:
1947:
1917:
1907:
1889:
1884:
1823:
1808:
1803:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1713:
1703:
1683:
1620:
1552:
1547:
1532:
1512:
1497:
1462:
1452:
1442:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1230:
1225:
1199:
850:
838:
834:
778:
723:
707:
198:
91:
3969:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3870:
3865:
3855:
3835:
3825:
3757:
3671:
3661:
3630:
3562:
3557:
3547:
3532:
3527:
3499:
3444:
3436:
3426:
3188:
3183:
3165:
3155:
3150:
3140:
3125:
3115:
3022:
2932:
2927:
2899:
2849:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2769:
2746:
2731:
2703:
2683:
2678:
2650:
2645:
2597:
2592:
2569:
2564:
2521:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2440:
2405:
2370:
2365:
2335:
2330:
2295:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2212:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2139:
2121:
2078:
2040:
2007:
1982:
1952:
1937:
1912:
1866:
1856:
1851:
1843:
1813:
1798:
1788:
1743:
1693:
1673:
1663:
1653:
1648:
1625:
1610:
1572:
1567:
1557:
1482:
1477:
1447:
1437:
1432:
1407:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1359:
1310:
1295:
1245:
1204:
885:
770:
409:
281:
1128:
Kari, Ethelbert Emmanuel (2011). "Degema orthography". In Tony Enyia (ed.).
3949:
3651:
3580:
3552:
3479:
3474:
3464:
3459:
3067:
3052:
2919:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2615:
2430:
2415:
2340:
2300:
2255:
2227:
2204:
2068:
2045:
1861:
1818:
1635:
1562:
1457:
1427:
1417:
1367:
1305:
1280:
1235:
202:
153:
3363:
2854:
2660:
2579:
2513:
2265:
2131:
2060:
1899:
1876:
1397:
1300:
1114:, 25-35. Osaka: Research Institute for World Languages, Osaka University.
753:
The Udekaama group went to the uninhabited Degema Island around the 15th
190:
3374:
2461:
Tyap (Fantswam, Gworog, Sholyio, Takad, Tyap Mabatado, Tyecharak, Tyuku)
3175:
2718:
2541:
2485:
1138:
936:
Clitics in Degema: A meeting point of phonology, morphology, and syntax
890:
846:
842:
766:
738:
711:
246:
223:
706:
Oral tradition asserts that the Degema people (originally part of the
2103:
715:
211:
162:
146:
1341:
912:"Table 1 : Population and Landmass of Rivers State, 1991 -2006"
758:
853:
is also spoken in some parts of the Degema Local Government Area.
769:
Local Government Area of Rivers State is situated. Udekaama is an
754:
194:
30:
3307:
727:
1078:
Cases of language maintenance in the Kalabari speech community
3322:
1112:
Dynamics of Language – "Foreign Languages" as Named by Others
719:
997:. Wilhelm J. G. Möhlig & Bernd Heine. p. 368.
214:, morphological, syntactic and semantic properties.
3967:
1011:
1131:Orthographies of Nigerian Languages: Manual IX
3390:
1154:
1067:. Port Harcourt: Harrison Publishing Company.
249:(including labialized velar-glottal sounds):
957:Degema–English dictionary with English index
750:became associated with the aggrieved group.
1080:. B.A. thesis, University of Port Harcourt.
1033:. M.A. thesis, University of Port Harcourt.
3397:
3383:
1161:
1147:
3404:
1168:
849:Local Government Areas of Rivers State.
3968:
185:spoken in two separate communities on
3378:
1340:
1142:
3981:Indigenous languages of Rivers State
1127:
1063:Degema Local Government Area. 1987.
1046:. Munchen-Newcastle: Lincom Europa.
1017:
992:
976:Archangeli & Pulleyblank, 1994.
746:decided to leave Ewu, and the name
13:
879:
14:
3992:
955:Kari, Ethelbert Emmanuel. 2008b.
701:
576:
566:
553:
544:
522:
505:
498:
491:
465:
433:
424:
408:
399:
390:
381:
372:
356:
349:
342:
335:
328:
319:
312:
305:
298:
1089:Kari, Ethelbert Emmanuel. 2004.
1031:The structure of the Degema verb
934:Kari, Ethelbert Emmanuel. 2003.
896:
791:Degema Local Government 1987: 17
1104:
1083:
1070:
1057:
1121:
1093:. Koln: Rudiger Koppe Verlag.
1036:
1023:
986:
970:
949:
928:
904:
1:
1091:A reference grammar of Degema
995:A Reference Grammar of Degema
872:
229:
199:Degema Local Government Area
7:
860:
824:on contemporary documents.
735:University of Port Harcourt
10:
3997:
205:. Each community speaks a
3932:
3879:
3806:
3766:
3715:
3639:
3613:
3604:
3571:
3513:
3435:
3412:
3346:
3255:
3229:
3174:
3066:
2918:
2745:
2717:
2659:
2606:
2578:
2540:
2512:
2484:
2226:
2203:
2130:
2102:
2059:
2026:
1898:
1875:
1842:
1634:
1596:
1358:
1354:
1336:
1329:
1218:
1192:
1176:
1042:Kari, Ethelbert E. 1997.
1029:Kari, Ethelbert E. 1995.
280:
275:
266:
261:
256:
254:
160:
144:
139:
54:
44:
36:
26:
21:
16:Edoid language of Nigeria
993:Kari, Ethelbert (2004).
820:(which, in turn, became
841:language spoken in the
3237:Nigerian Sign Language
1076:Peters, Abel S. 1981.
794:
3406:Volta–Niger languages
3354:Pan-Nigerian alphabet
1342:Indigenous languages
783:
731:Local Government Area
207:mutually intelligible
1330:Indigenous languages
1219:Recognised languages
1170:Languages of Nigeria
1065:Operation link Delga
714:(in what is now the
3256:Immigrant languages
3247:Hausa Sign Language
583:
50:(10,000 cited 1999)
3242:Bura Sign Language
3058:Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni
1193:National languages
1177:Official languages
978:Grounded phonology
581:
3963:
3962:
3802:
3801:
3372:
3371:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
1004:978-3-89645-047-0
965:978-4-86337-018-0
894:(25th ed., 2022)
765:community in the
763:Kalabari-speaking
699:
698:
582:Degema Alphabet
574:
573:
176:
175:
3988:
3611:
3610:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3359:Nigerian braille
1356:
1355:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1087:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1040:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1008:
990:
984:
974:
968:
953:
947:
932:
926:
925:
923:
922:
908:
902:
901:
900:
883:
792:
710:) migrated from
584:
580:
570:
557:
548:
526:
509:
502:
495:
469:
437:
428:
412:
403:
394:
385:
376:
360:
353:
346:
339:
332:
323:
316:
309:
302:
252:
251:
241:
237:
172:
156:
149:
88:
60:
19:
18:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3976:Edoid languages
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3928:
3875:
3798:
3762:
3711:
3635:
3600:
3567:
3509:
3431:
3408:
3403:
3373:
3368:
3342:
3251:
3213:
3170:
3062:
2914:
2741:
2713:
2655:
2602:
2574:
2536:
2508:
2480:
2222:
2199:
2126:
2098:
2055:
2022:
1894:
1871:
1838:
1630:
1592:
1350:
1343:
1325:
1214:
1188:
1172:
1167:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1005:
991:
987:
975:
971:
954:
950:
933:
929:
920:
918:
910:
909:
905:
895:
884:
880:
875:
863:
793:
790:
722:in present-day
718:of Nigeria) to
704:
579:
284:
270:
232:
168:
152:
145:
135:
86:
61:
58:Language family
56:
47:
46:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3994:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3230:Sign languages
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2775:Cakfem-Mushere
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2451:Tugbiri-Niragu
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1352:
1351:
1346:Nigerian state
1331:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1103:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1035:
1022:
1010:
1003:
985:
969:
948:
927:
903:
877:
876:
874:
871:
870:
869:
862:
859:
788:
779:Kalabari tribe
708:Engenni people
703:
702:Degema history
700:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
680:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
648:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
616:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
578:
577:Writing System
575:
572:
571:
564:
562:
560:
558:
551:
549:
542:
540:
538:
536:
530:
529:
527:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
503:
496:
489:
483:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
463:
461:
459:
457:
451:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
431:
429:
422:
420:
414:
413:
406:
404:
397:
395:
388:
386:
379:
377:
370:
368:
362:
361:
354:
347:
340:
333:
326:
324:
317:
310:
303:
296:
290:
289:
279:
274:
265:
260:
255:
245:Dẹgẹma has 24
231:
228:
183:Edoid language
174:
173:
166:
158:
157:
150:
142:
141:
140:Language codes
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
72:Atlantic–Congo
64:
62:
55:
52:
51:
48:
45:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
28:
27:Native to
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3993:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:North-Central
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:Nikyob-Nindem
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1867:Southeast Ijo
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1099:3-89645-047-6
1096:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1052:3-89586-214-2
1049:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1006:
1000:
996:
989:
983:
979:
973:
966:
962:
958:
952:
945:
944:4-87297-850-1
941:
937:
931:
917:
913:
907:
899:
893:
892:
887:
882:
878:
868:
865:
864:
858:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:, an Eastern
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
787:
782:
780:
775:
772:
771:umbrella term
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
743:
740:
736:
732:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
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642:
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636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
617:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
585:
569:
565:
563:
561:
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556:
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550:
547:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
532:
531:
528:
525:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
508:
504:
501:
497:
494:
490:
488:
485:
484:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
468:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
453:
452:
449:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
436:
432:
430:
427:
423:
421:
419:
416:
415:
411:
407:
405:
402:
398:
396:
393:
389:
387:
384:
380:
378:
375:
371:
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
355:
352:
348:
345:
341:
338:
334:
331:
327:
325:
322:
318:
315:
311:
308:
304:
301:
297:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:velar/glottal
283:
278:
273:
269:
264:
259:
253:
250:
248:
243:
227:
225:
219:
215:
213:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:Degema Island
184:
180:
171:
167:
165:
164:
159:
155:
151:
148:
143:
138:
116:
113:
112:
111:
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
93:
90:
89:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
74:
73:
70:
69:
67:
63:
59:
53:
49:
43:
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
3767:Southwestern
3716:Northwestern
3620:
2947:
2900:Tyap (Takad)
2306:Gbagyi-Gbari
2069:Urhobo-Isoko
1862:Urhobo-Isoko
1473:Kirya-Konzəl
1418:Fali of Mubi
1344:(grouped by
1130:
1111:
1106:
1090:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1013:
994:
988:
981:
977:
972:
956:
951:
935:
930:
919:. Retrieved
916:ResearchGate
915:
906:
889:
881:
855:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
801:
799:
795:
784:
776:
752:
747:
744:
705:
282:Labial(ized)
244:
233:
220:
216:
212:phonological
203:Rivers State
178:
177:
161:
114:
40:Rivers State
3364:Medefaidrin
3076:Baissa Fali
3033:Ogbronuagum
2028:Cross River
1993:Margi South
1588:Zizilivakan
1518:Margi South
1398:Chamba Leko
1301:Karai-karai
1241:Efik-Ibibio
1122:Works cited
806:bastardized
534:Approximant
191:Niger Delta
105:Delta Edoid
82:Volta–Niger
77:Volta–Congo
66:Niger–Congo
3970:Categories
3841:Gupa-Abawa
3687:Ivbiosakon
3414:Ayere-Ahan
3278:Portuguese
2626:Basa-Benue
2550:Basa-Benue
2266:Bu-Ninkada
1943:Guduf-Gava
1754:Kusur–Myet
921:2021-09-12
891:Ethnologue
873:References
847:Asari-Toru
843:Akuku Toru
767:Akuku-Toru
247:consonants
224:Ethnologue
3861:Koro Zuba
3821:Bassa Nge
3738:Okpamheri
3003:O’chi’chi
2845:Mwaghavul
2555:Bassa Nge
2532:Hun-Saare
2218:Teshenawa
2145:Bangwinji
1739:Kir-Balar
1598:Akwa Ibom
1018:Kari 2011
800:The name
726:, in the
716:Edo State
487:Fricative
418:Implosive
230:Phonology
163:Glottolog
147:ISO 639-3
3591:Itsekiri
3573:Yoruboid
3333:Japanese
3199:Karekare
3136:Pangseng
3131:Nyingwom
3028:Ogbogolo
2983:Kalabari
2727:Itsekiri
2689:Gwandara
2608:Nasarawa
2527:Damakawa
2361:Kuzamani
2311:Gwandara
1998:Nggwahyi
1968:Kanakuru
1729:Karekare
1709:Guruntum
1468:Kanakuru
1246:Fulfulde
861:See also
851:Kalabari
835:Kalabari
830:Udekaama
826:Udekaama
814:Udekaama
810:Udekaama
808:form of
789:—
759:Abonnema
748:Udekaama
272:alveolar
263:Alveolar
170:dege1246
3881:Idomoid
3851:Kakanda
3784:SW Okpe
3748:NW Okpe
3682:Ikpeshi
3647:Afenmai
3626:Engenni
3543:Ikwerre
3347:Scripts
3338:Chinese
3318:Punjabi
3303:Russian
3283:Italian
3273:Spanish
3263:English
3161:Yendang
2978:Ikwerre
2963:Engenni
2815:Koenoem
2765:Bogghom
2747:Plateau
2699:Kakanda
2588:Kakanda
2504:Tikurmi
2426:T'kurmi
2421:Shamang
2401:Nyankpa
2180:Tangale
2112:Afenmai
2089:Ukwuani
2036:Abanyom
2013:Wandala
1928:Dghwede
1844:Bayelsa
1829:Zangwal
1774:Longuda
1689:Galambu
1659:Ciwogai
1583:Yendang
1508:Longuda
1423:Ga'anda
1360:Adamawa
1316:Ukwuani
1184:English
980:, p 181
755:century
724:Engenni
294:Plosive
240:/ɪɛəɔʊ/
236:/ieaou/
195:Nigeria
189:in the
110:Engenni
108:Degema–
31:Nigeria
3933:Others
3808:Nupoid
3789:Urhobo
3728:Ehueun
3702:Sasaru
3692:Okpela
3667:Ghotuo
3621:Degema
3596:Yoruba
3523:Ekpeye
3515:Igboid
3328:Romani
3313:Hebrew
3308:Arabic
3293:Danish
3288:German
3268:French
3209:Ngizim
3121:Mumuye
3101:Kholok
3091:Dadiya
3068:Taraba
3043:Okodia
3013:Obulom
2998:Nkoroo
2968:Gokana
2953:Ekpeye
2948:Degema
2943:Defaka
2938:Biseni
2920:Rivers
2905:Yankam
2890:Tambas
2860:Pyapun
2840:Mundat
2835:Montol
2830:Miship
2825:Kulere
2820:Kofyar
2795:Goemai
2755:Barkul
2694:Jijili
2684:Gbagyi
2674:Bariba
2441:Tivori
2436:TiSeni
2391:Numana
2351:Kinuku
2228:Kaduna
2205:Jigawa
2155:Dadiya
2094:Uhrobo
2051:Mbembe
2018:Yedina
1973:Lamang
1933:Glavda
1923:Cineni
1834:Zumbun
1784:Mburku
1779:Mangas
1764:Kwaami
1734:Kariya
1719:Jarawa
1699:Geruma
1679:Dikaka
1669:Dazawa
1636:Bauchi
1616:Ibibio
1606:Anaang
1543:Psikyɛ
1538:Nzanyi
1528:Ngwaba
1523:Mumuye
1503:Lamang
1493:Kugama
1488:Kpasam
1373:Bacama
1321:Urhobo
1291:Kanuri
1251:Gbagyi
1210:Yoruba
1097:
1050:
1044:Degema
1001:
963:
942:
886:Dẹgẹma
867:Defaka
822:Degema
818:Dekema
802:Degema
728:Ahoada
258:Labial
181:is an
179:Dẹgẹma
115:Dẹgẹma
37:Region
22:Dẹgẹma
3955:Ukaan
3945:Akoko
3940:Akpes
3909:Igede
3904:Idoma
3899:Etulo
3894:Alago
3889:Agatu
3846:Gwari
3831:Ebira
3794:Uvbie
3779:Isoko
3774:Eruwa
3753:Uhami
3743:Oloma
3733:Iyayu
3723:Akuku
3707:Uneme
3697:Ososo
3677:Ikhin
3657:Enwan
3614:Delta
3606:Edoid
3586:Igala
3505:Saxwe
3495:Pherá
3490:Tofin
3470:Gbesi
3455:Ayizo
3450:Alada
3422:Ayere
3323:Hindi
3298:Dutch
3204:Ngamo
3194:Ɗuwai
3146:Tarok
3106:Kpati
3096:Donga
3048:Oruma
3038:Ogoni
3018:Odual
3008:Obolo
2993:Kugbo
2988:Khana
2958:Eleme
2910:Yiwom
2895:Tarok
2865:Rigwe
2810:Jorto
2805:Izere
2800:Horom
2760:Berom
2737:Ukaan
2709:Pongu
2661:Niger
2641:Hasha
2636:Eggon
2631:Duhwa
2621:Alumu
2580:Kwara
2570:Oworo
2560:Igala
2514:Kebbi
2499:Hausa
2494:Ɗuwai
2476:Zhire
2471:Wachi
2431:Timap
2411:Sambe
2396:Nungu
2386:Ninzo
2376:Nghan
2356:Koonu
2346:Kaivi
2336:Ikulu
2326:Hausa
2321:Hasha
2316:Gyong
2301:Ekhwa
2291:Dungu
2276:Bishi
2261:Berom
2251:Atsam
2241:Ahwai
2236:Adara
2170:Ngamo
2132:Gombe
2117:Ishan
2084:Isoko
2061:Delta
2003:Putai
1988:Margi
1978:Maaka
1963:Kamwe
1958:Jilbe
1948:Gvoko
1918:Cibak
1908:Afade
1900:Borno
1890:Igede
1885:Eggon
1877:Benue
1824:Warji
1809:Shiki
1804:Polci
1769:Labir
1759:Kutto
1749:Kushi
1714:Jalaa
1704:Giiwo
1684:Dulbu
1644:Ɓeele
1621:Obolo
1553:Taram
1548:Sukur
1533:Nyong
1513:Margi
1498:Kumba
1463:Kamwe
1453:Hwana
1443:Holma
1286:Jukun
1276:Izere
1271:Isoko
1261:Igala
1256:Idoma
1231:Ebira
1226:Berom
1200:Hausa
804:is a
739:Benin
712:Benin
455:Trill
366:Nasal
277:Velar
268:Post-
101:Edoid
96:Edoid
92:Akpes
3924:Yala
3919:Akpa
3914:Yace
3871:Nupe
3866:Kupa
3856:Kami
3836:Gade
3826:Dibo
3758:Ukue
3672:Igwe
3662:Esan
3631:Epie
3563:Ogba
3558:Mgbo
3553:Izii
3548:Ikwo
3533:Igbo
3528:Ezaa
3500:Phla
3485:Tɔli
3427:Ahan
3189:Bole
3184:Bade
3176:Yobe
3166:Yoti
3156:Waka
3151:Waja
3141:Rang
3126:Nyam
3116:Lufu
3111:Laka
3086:Buru
3081:Bete
3023:Ogba
2973:Ijaw
2933:Baan
2928:Abua
2850:Ngas
2790:Fyer
2785:Fyam
2780:Dass
2770:Bole
2732:Izon
2719:Ondo
2704:Nupe
2679:Cipu
2651:Toro
2646:Jili
2598:Nupe
2593:Kupa
2565:Nupe
2542:Kogi
2522:Cipu
2486:Kano
2466:Vono
2456:Tumi
2446:Toro
2406:Ruma
2371:Mala
2366:Mada
2331:Hyam
2296:Duya
2286:Doka
2281:Cori
2271:Bina
2246:Anib
2213:Bade
2195:Waja
2190:Tula
2185:Tera
2175:Pero
2165:Kamo
2160:Jara
2150:Bole
2140:Awak
2122:Bini
2079:Izon
2041:Efik
2008:Tera
1983:Mafa
1953:Jara
1938:Gude
1913:Bura
1857:Epie
1852:Izon
1814:Siri
1799:Piya
1794:Pa'a
1789:Miya
1744:Kubi
1724:Jimi
1694:Gera
1674:Deno
1664:Dass
1654:Bure
1649:Bole
1626:Oron
1611:Ekit
1573:Waja
1568:Vere
1558:Teme
1483:Koma
1478:Kofa
1448:Huba
1438:Gudu
1433:Gude
1413:Dong
1408:Daka
1403:Daba
1393:Bura
1388:Boga
1383:Bata
1378:Bali
1311:Tyap
1296:Nupe
1266:Ijaw
1205:Igbo
1095:ISBN
1048:ISBN
999:ISBN
961:ISBN
940:ISBN
845:and
839:ijaw
238:and
87:yeai
3950:Oko
3816:Asu
3652:Edo
3581:Ede
3538:Ika
3480:Gun
3475:Gen
3465:Fon
3460:Ewe
3445:Aja
3437:Gbe
3053:Tee
2885:Tal
2880:Sur
2875:Sha
2870:Ron
2669:Asu
2616:Ake
2416:Sha
2341:Jju
2256:Ayu
2104:Edo
2074:Ika
2046:Mbe
1819:Tso
1578:Wom
1563:Tso
1458:Hya
1428:Gaa
1368:Baa
1306:Tiv
1281:Jju
1236:Edo
888:at
816:as
761:(a
720:Ewu
646:nw
201:in
154:deg
3972::
2855:Pe
982:ff
914:.
781::
695:z
683:ụu
678:ụ
663:p
651:ny
634:kp
631:k
619:gb
614:g
599:d
410:ŋʷ
358:gb
351:kp
330:dʒ
242:.
226:.
193:,
68:?
3398:e
3391:t
3384:v
1348:)
1162:e
1155:t
1148:v
1101:.
1054:.
1020:.
1007:.
967:.
946:.
924:.
692:y
689:w
686:v
675:u
672:t
669:s
666:r
660:ọ
657:o
654:ñ
643:n
640:m
637:l
628:j
625:ị
622:i
611:f
608:ẹ
605:e
602:ḍ
596:ḅ
593:b
590:ạ
587:a
568:w
555:j
546:l
524:h
507:s
500:β
493:f
467:r
435:ɗ
426:ɓ
401:ŋ
392:ɲ
383:n
374:m
344:g
337:k
321:d
314:t
307:b
300:p
285:/
94:–
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