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SNAP authorized stores involved in trafficking in 2011. A variety of store characteristics and settings were related to the level of trafficking. Although large stores accounted for 87.3 percent of all SNAP redemptions, they only accounted for about 5.4 percent of trafficking redemptions. Trafficking was much less likely to occur among publicly owned than privately owned stores and was much less likely among stores in areas with less poverty rather than more. The total annual value of trafficked benefits increased at about the same rate as overall program growth. The current estimate of total SNAP dollars trafficked is higher than observed in the previous 2002â2005 period. This increase is consistent, however, with the almost 37 percent growths in average annual SNAP benefits from the 2002â2005 study periods to the most recent one. The methodology used to generate these estimates has known limitations. However, given variable data and resources, it is the most practical approach available to FNS. Further improvements to SNAP trafficking estimates would require new resources to assess the prevalence of trafficking among a random sample of stores.
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administrative burden and personal freedom grounds. The Food and
Nutrition Service noted in 2007 that no federal standards exist to determine which foods should be considered "healthy" or not, that "vegetables, fruits, grain products, meat and meat alternatives account for nearly three-quarters of the money value of food used by food stamp households" and that "food stamp recipients are no more likely to consume soft drinks than are higher-income individuals, and are less likely to consume sweets and salty snacks." Thomas Farley and Russell Sykes argued that the USDA should reconsider the possibility of restricting "junk food" purchases with SNAP in order to encourage healthy eating, along with incentivizing the purchase of healthy items through a credit or rebate program that makes foods such as fresh vegetables and meats cheaper. They also noted that many urban food stores do a poor job of stocking healthy foods and instead favor high-profit processed items. Some data suggests that it would benefit public health by making
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or do not talk about the program, limiting awareness and the potential of CalFresh to eliminate college food insecurity. To counteract this, many recent legislations and changes to SNAP are focusing on SNAP education, outreach, and accessibility. For instance, the recently proposed
College Student Hunger Act of 2019 focuses on improving student eligibility, increasing outreach and education for SNAP, and introduces a student hunger pilot program to test different ways CalFresh can be made more useful for students. The Act would allow Pell-Grant eligible and independent students to qualify for benefits, lowers the 20 hours/week work requirement to 10 hours/week, and requires the Department of Education to notify Pell Grant eligible students of their SNAP eligibility. The pilot program will test different ways students can use SNAP benefits such as directly at the dining hall or indirectly to help pay for student meal plans.
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1984:, a sociologist whose work involved evaluation of social programs, "the program rests on the assumption that households with restricted incomes may skimp on food purchases and live on diets that are inadequate in quantity and quality, or, alternatively skimp on other necessities to maintain an adequate diet". Food stamps, as many like Rossi, MacDonald, and Eisinger contend, are used not only for increasing food but also as income maintenance. Income maintenance is money that households are able to spend on other things because they no longer have to spend it on food. According to various studies shown by Rossi, because of income maintenance only about $ 0.17â$ 0.47 more is being spent on food for every food stamp dollar than was spent prior to individuals receiving food stamps.
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to school, there may be limited access to affordable and nutritious food, making students particularly vulnerable to food insecurity. In 2015, in response to the changing student population, the CalFresh
Student Eligibility Amendment established exemptions to the rule in Section 273.5(a) of Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations which excluded college students enrolled at least half-time from SNAP benefits. Commonly met exemptions include students be under 18 or over 49, physically or mentally unfit to work, participate in federal or state work study, be employed for at least 20 hours per week, participate in SNAP employment and training program, receive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families benefits, and caring for dependent children.
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students simply do not apply. Many students are also misinformed that using CalFresh will negatively affect their financial aid packages. While there are about 4 million people enrolled in CalFresh, there are an additional 4 million eligible people who are not enrolled which may be due to incomplete applications, improper documentation, and the time it takes to verify applications. Fortunately, measures to make the application more accessible for students are underway. For instance, California SB 173âa bill by
Senator Bill Doddâwill required colleges to alert any students participating in work-study of their SNAP eligibility and provide them with a more efficient and time-saving application process.
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container could be returned for deposit redemption, and thereby, allowed these individuals to eventually purchase non-EBT authorized products with cash from the beverage container deposits. In
January 2011, Maine state prosecutors requested local law enforcement agencies to send reports of "water dumping" to welfare fraud prosecutor in the state attorney general's office. In January 2016, a Maine woman, Linda Goodman, who purchased $ 125 in bottled water, dumping them and redeeming containers for cash to purchase alcohol, was charged with welfare fraud and pleaded no contest to SNAP trafficking. She was fined and suspended from SNAP eligibility for one year.
404:'s first Executive Order called for expanded food distribution and, on February 2, 1961, he announced that food stamp pilot programs would be initiated. The pilot programs would retain the requirement that the food stamps be purchased, but eliminated the concept of special stamps for surplus foods. A Department spokesman indicated the emphasis would be on increasing the consumption of perishables. This decision still provided great advantages for retailers, and the political choice to eliminate the required purchase of surplus produce created financial gains for the producers and distributors of processed foods.
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when the Great
Depression caused unemployment, homelessness, and starvation to become a national issues that permeated such a high percentage of the population. At the time of the Great Depression, farmers were growing surplus produce, but unemployed and impoverished people were unable to afford to buy it. The origin of food stamps were intended partially to help the poor, but just as equally to boost the economy and pay farmers a fair price for their labors. In essence, food stamps were intended to create a political agreement between agriculture and the federal government by giving out excess goods in a crisis.
2001:(ERS), published a study that examined diet quality in SNAP participants compared to low-income nonparticipants. The study revealed a difference in diet quality between SNAP participants and low-income nonparticipants, finding that SNAP participants score slightly lower on the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) than nonparticipants. The study also concluded that SNAP increases the likelihood that participants will consume whole fruit by 23 percentage points. However, the analysis also suggests that SNAP participation decreases participants' intake of dark green and orange vegetables by a modest amount.
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states with access to large federal databases they would be required to use to verify information from applicants. SNAP benefit fraud, generally in the form of store employees buying EBT cards from recipients is widespread in urban areas, with one in seven corner stores engaging in such behavior, according to a recent government estimate. There are in excess of 200,000 stores, and we have 100 agents spread across the country. Some do undercover work, but the principal way we track fraud is through analyzing electronic transactions" for suspicious patterns,
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1848:. SNAP average monthly benefits increased from $ 96.18 per person to $ 133.08 per person. Other program costs, which include the Federal share of State administrative expenses, Nutrition Education, and Employment and Training, amounted to roughly $ 3.7 million in 2013. There were cuts into the program's budget introduced in 2014 that were estimated to save $ 8.6 billion over 10 years. Some of the states are looking for measures within the states to balance the cuts, so they would not affect the recipients of the federal aid program.
40:
2134:, at a 2009 count, there was a payment error rate of 4.36% of SNAP benefits down from 9.86% in 1999. A 2003 analysis found that two-thirds of all improper payments were the fault of the caseworker, not the participant. There are also instances of fraud involving exchange of SNAP benefits for cash and/or for items not eligible for purchase with EBT cards. In 2011, the Michigan program raised eligibility requirements for full-time college students, to save taxpayer money and to end student use of monthly SNAP benefits.
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benefits from their intended purpose of helping low-income families access a nutritious diet. Also trafficking may indirectly increase costs by encouraging participants to stay in the program longer than intended, or by incentivizing new participants seeking to profit from trafficking. The FNS aggressively acts to control trafficking by using SNAP purchase data to identify suspicious transaction patterns, conducting undercover investigations, and collaborating with other investigative agencies.
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data in eFind is used to help state eligibility workers determine applicants' eligibility for public assistance programs, including
Medicaid, CHIP, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and child care assistance. When information is changed in one database, the reported changes become available to other departments utilizing the system. This system was developed with federal funds and it is available to other states free of charge.
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the shortcomings of SNAP. Households facing the greatest hardships are the most likely to bear the burden of applying for program benefits. Therefore, SNAP participants tend to be, on average, less food secure than other low-income nonparticipants. SNAP has been seen to provide around $ 1.40 less in terms of benefits than individuals need. Thus SNAP participants need to visit food banks, food parcels, food distribution sites, etc. in order to get the enough nutritious food.
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1080:. Specifically, the Act would allow Pell-Grant eligible and independent students to qualify for benefits, lowers the 20 hours/week work requirement to 10 hours/week, and requires the Department of Education to notify Pell Grant eligible students of their SNAP eligibility. The student hunger pilot program will test different ways students can use SNAP benefits such as directly at the dining hall or indirectly to help pay for student meal plans.
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options in administering the program. Certain options may facilitate program design goals, such as removing or reducing barriers to access for low-income families and individuals, or providing better support for those working or looking for work. This flexibility helps States better target benefits to those most in need, streamline program administration and field operations, and coordinate SNAP activities with those of other programs.
523:(SSI) "cash-out" (which gave the option to states to issue Food Stamp benefits to SSI recipients in the form of their estimated cash value consolidated within the SSI grant, in order to reduce administrative costs); introduced statutory complexity in the income definition (by including in-kind payments and providing an accompanying exception); and required the department to establish temporary eligibility standards for disasters.
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expensive and economic effects of the
Depression and world wars were forgotten, Congress introduced more intense eligibility standards for the program in an attempt to mitigate costs that went towards helping those in need. Through the 1970s and 1980s many communities made claims that federal safety net and private charities were failing to meet the needs of poor individuals who needed greater resources and access to food.
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plantation owners utilized food stamps as leverage against former Black sharecroppers. This leverage looked like taking food stamp costs out of a sharecropper's income, permitting food stamps for only select grocers, permitting stamps for only the most expensive products, and similar maneuvers. These mechanisms consolidated White power over sharecroppers, and the move to food stamps was criticized by many Black activists.
1968:
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1121:, is based on the needs of a family of four as defined by law, and sets $ 835.57 as the monthly cost for the reference family. This is a 21.03% increase from the prior amount (adjusted for current prices), or an increase of $ 4.79 per day for the reference family of four, and sets $ 835.57 as the monthly cost for the reference family. These changes are permanent, and went into effect October 1, 2021.
1181:. Such recipients must work 30 hours a week, or register for work or participate in state training; they may not quit or decline a job offer without a good reason, or reduce hours below 30 per week if working. For able-bodied adults aged 18 to 49 without dependents under 18 in the household and who are not pregnant, there is a requirement for 80 hours per month spent at work, volunteering,
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deductions from their gross (before deductions) income. If the household's total expenditures on rent exceed 50% of that net income, then the net income is further reduced by the amount of rent that exceeds 50% of net income. For 2007, this deduction can be no more than $ 417, except in households that include an elderly or disabled person. Deductions include:
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allowed for increased access to food and nutrition assistance, including increased benefits under the
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). The Secretary of Agriculture could also waive certain requirements, such as work requirements, in order to ensure those in need had access to assistance. March 2020 is estimated to be the start date.
572:, Hubert Humphrey, and Bob Dole, and Congressmen Foley and Richmond. Amid all the themes, the one that became the rallying cry for FSP reform was "EPR"âeliminate the purchase requirementâbecause of the barrier to participation the purchase requirement represented. The bill that became the law (S. 275) did eliminate the purchase requirement. It also:
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stores and within those, poorer quality foods. CalFresh can help expand family's budgets so they can afford healthy, nourishing foods. Studies are inconclusive as to whether SNAP has a direct effect on the nutritional quality of food choices made by participants. Unlike other federal programs that provide food subsidies, i.e. the
1731:, SNAP participation hit an all-time high. Arguing in support for SNAP, the Food Research and Action Center argued that "putting more resources quickly into the hands of the people most likely to turn around and spend it can both boost the economy and cushion the hardships on vulnerable people who face a constant struggle against
320:. Of the program, Perkins said, "We got a picture of a gorge, with farm surpluses on one cliff and under-nourished city folks with outstretched hands on the other. We set out to find a practical way to build a bridge across that chasm." The program, run by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) by permitting people on
2104:(supermarkets and large groceries), only 0.32 percent were estimated to have trafficked. In terms of redemptions, about 17 percent of small groceries redemptions and 14 percent of convenience store redemptions were estimated to have been trafficked. This compares with a rate of 0.2 percent for large stores."
233:(EBT), provided by private contractors. EBT has been implemented in all states since June 2004. Each month, SNAP benefits are directly deposited into the household's EBT card account. Households may use EBT to pay for food at supermarkets, convenience stores, and other food retailers, including certain
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In
February 2013, the USDA expanded the definition of benefits trafficking to include indirect exchanges and "water dumping". The USDA defines water dumping as "purchase of beverages in containers with returnable deposits for the sole purpose of discarding the contents and returning the containers to
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States are allowed under federal law to administer SNAP in different ways. As of April 2015, the USDA had published eleven periodic State Options Reports outlining variations in how states have administered the program. The USDA's most recent State Options Report, published in April 2015, summarizes:
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Unfortunately, many students are misinformed that using CalFresh or SNAP will negatively affect their financial aid packages and are worried about the stigma associated with food insecurity in college campuses. Out of fear of being ostracized by their peers, many college students simply do not apply
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and the Biden administration January 22, 2021 Executive Order, the USDA implemented the first cost adjustment to the Thrifty Food Plan since its introduction in 1975. The Thrifty Food Plan is not dependent on geographical location, rather everyone is allocated the same amount of money. The USDA went
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P.L. 91-671 (January 11, 1971) established uniform national standards of eligibility and work requirements; required that allotments be equivalent to the cost of a nutritionally adequate diet; limited households' purchase requirements to 30 percent of their income; instituted an outreach requirement;
384:
Hunger continued for the poor people of the country even after the Great Depression ended, but advocacy to reinstate the food stamp program was generally unsuccessful while the political agenda did not require it. Until 1961 when President John F. Kennedy took office, there were few pilot programs in
250:
The federal government's ability to alleviate hunger through the means of food stamps was first introduced with Congress passing the income tax law. Even after the federal government had the funding to create a social safety net, its involvement in food assistance was not introduced until the 1930s,
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By 1994, SNAP's program enrollment seemed to see growth once more, with an enrollment of 27 million people. By 1996, President Clinton's Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act restricted eligibility even further, reinforced even stronger working requirements, restricted
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State agencies also have an option to call their program SNAP; whether to continue to refer to their program under its former name, the Food Stamp Program; or whether to choose an alternate name. Among the 50 states plus the District of Columbia, 32 call their program SNAP; five continue to call the
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However, many students nowadays come from low-income families, racial and ethnic minorities, have jobs, are parents, or are not recent high school graduates. Many college students are leaving their homes and managing their own finances for the first time in their lives and depending on where they go
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Certain non-citizens, such as those admitted for humanitarian reasons and those admitted for permanent residence, may also be eligible for SNAP. Eligible household members can get SNAP benefits even if there are other members of the household that are not eligible. Undocumented immigrants, including
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This provision applies to children who would otherwise be eligible for free or reduced price meals under the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act. It allows states to provide meals to children during the school closures due to COVID-19. It does not require states to provide meals to children
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renamed the Food Stamp Program to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (beginning October 2008) and replaced all references to "stamp" or "coupon" in federal law with "card" or "EBT". This was done to mark a more explicit focus on providing nutrition. It was also done to reduce usage of the
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The State of Utah developed a system called "eFind" to monitor, evaluate and cross-examine qualifying and reporting data of recipients assets. Utah's eFind system is a "back end", web-based system that gathers, filters, and organizes information from various federal, state, and local databases. The
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gave a statement regarding SNAP benefits: "Every dollar of SNAP benefits generates $ 1.84 in the economy in terms of economic activity." Vilsack's estimate was based on a 2002 USDA study which found that "ultimately, the additional $ 5 billion of FSP (Food Stamp Program) expenditures triggered
2020:
government assistance programâit provides assistance to more low-income households during an economic downturn or recession and to fewer households during an economic expansion. The rise in SNAP participation during an economic downturn results in greater SNAP expenditures which, in turn, stimulate
1918:
from survey data, but data such as average income can be compared. SNAP allows individuals to go to grocery stores and buy what foods are needed with their EBT cards. However, simply receiving food is not enough, since many individuals do not know which foods are most nutritious, nor how to prepare
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A 2018 study found that toddlers and preschoolers in households with access to food stamps had better health outcomes at ages 6â16 than similar children who did not have access to food stamps. A 2019 study found, "higher participation in SNAP is associated with lower overall and male suicide rates.
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A summary statistical report indicated that an average of 44.2 million people used the program in FY 2016, down from 45.8 million in 2015 and below the 2013 peak of 47.6 million. SNAP is able to support 75% of those eligible for the program. Nearly 72 percent of SNAP participants are
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The benefit allotment subtracts 30% of net monthly income from a maximum monthly allotment given household size. Net income accounts for deductions such as excess shelther costs, expected taxes, and dependent care. USDA sets the maximum monthly allotment based on the annual thrifty food plan, their
648:
Senator Dole, Republican of Kansas, who had worked with Senator McGovern, Democrat of South Dakota, to produce a bipartisan solution to the two of the main problems associated with food stampsâcumbersome purchase requirements and lax eligibility standardsâtold Congress regarding the new provisions:
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Both the outgoing Republican administration and the new Democratic administration offered Congress proposed legislation to reform the FSP in 1977. The Republican bill stressed targeting benefits to the neediest, simplifying administration, and tightening controls on the program; the Democratic bill
498:
The early 1970s were a period of growth in participation, concern about the cost of providing food stamp benefits, and questions about administration, primarily timely certification. During this time, the issue was framed that would dominate food stamp legislation ever after: how to balance program
197:
SNAP benefits supplied roughly 40 million Americans in 2018, at an expenditure of $ 57.1 billion. Approximately 9.2% of American households obtained SNAP benefits at some point during 2017, with approximately 16.7% of all children living in households with SNAP benefits. Beneficiaries and
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On average, people in the HIP program ate about a quarter cup (26 percent) more fruits and vegetables per day than SNAP recipients who did not receive the incentives. HIP participants were more likely to have fruits and vegetables available at home during the pilot. If the program were implemented
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HIP offered select SNAP recipients a 30% subsidy on produce, which was credited to the participant's EBT card. Out of approximately 55,000 SNAP households in Hampden County, 7,500 households participated in HIP. Under HIP, produce is defined as fresh, frozen, canned, or dried fruits and vegetables
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Trafficking diverted an estimated one cent of each SNAP dollar ($ 330 million annually) from SNAP benefits between 2006 and 2008. Trafficking has declined over time from nearly 4 percent in the 1990s. About 8.2 percent of all stores trafficked from 2006 to 2008 compared to the 10.5 percent of
1907:
Low income participants along with SNAP participants spend similar amount on food. Yet, SNAP participants continue to experience greater food insecurity than non participants. This is believed to be a reflection of the welfare of individuals who take the time to apply for SNAP benefits rather than
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Although SNAP has had positive impacts on reducing food insecurity, the nutrition options offered by the program do not consistently meet dietary guidelines. A study conducted in 2023 showed that participating children in particular perform poorly on health indicators compared with income-eligible
1843:
Amounts paid to program beneficiaries rose from $ 28.6 billion in 2005 to $ 76 billion in 2013, falling back to $ 66.6 billion by 2016. This increase was due to the high unemployment rate (leading to higher SNAP participation) and the increased benefit per person with the passing of
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Some areas of differences among states include: when and how frequently SNAP recipients must report household circumstances; on whether the state agency acts on all reported changes or only some changes; whether the state uses a simplified method for determining the cost of doing business in cases
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was first introduced, college students were not considered a main target for food assistance; most students at the time were from white, middle-class families, under the care of their parents and were young high school graduates without dependents to provide for. To prevent students from mis-using
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ineligible to purchase with SNAP benefits. SNAP households use about 10% of their food budgets on sugar-sweetened beverages. Removing eligibility for sugar-sweetened beverages could result in a 2.4% reduction in obesity prevalence, 1.7% reduction in type II diabetes prevalence, and elimination of
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The USDA, in December 2011, announced new policies to attempt to curb waste, fraud, and abuse. These changes will include stiffer penalties for retailers who are caught participating in illegal or fraudulent activities. "The department is proposing increasing penalties for retailers and providing
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There is also a resource requirement for SNAP, although eligibility requirements vary slightly from state to state. Generally speaking, households may have up to $ 2,250 in a bank account or other countable sources. If at least one person is age 60 or older and/or has disabilities, households may
336:
Over the course of nearly four years, the first FSP reached approximately 20 million people in nearly half of the counties in the United States at a total cost of $ 262 million. At its peak, the program assisted an estimated four million people. The first recipient was Mabel McFiggin of
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was selected as the Healthy Incentives Pilot site. HIP operated between November 2011 and December 2012. The Massachusetts Department of Transitional Assistance (DTA) was the state agency responsible for SNAP. DTA recruited retailers to take part in HIP and sell more produce, planned for the EBT
1992:
Healthy and nutritious foods, such as raw produce, fish, and grains, on average cost much more than less nutritious, processed food options on a daily basis. As a result, maintaining a healthy diet is elusive and nearly impossible for low-income families. Many low income areas have fewer grocery
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SNAP's statutes, regulations, and waivers provide State agencies with various policy options. State agencies use this flexibility to adapt their programs to meet the needs of eligible, lowâincome people in their States. Modernization and technology have provided States with new opportunities and
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School children eligible for emergency nutrition benefits receive temporary benefits loaded onto their EBT cards. As of mid-summer 2020, all states and territories eligible to provide these benefits (except Guam) have selected the option and issued these benefits to replace meals lost during the
1034:
Our business operations are subject to numerous risks, factors, and uncertainties, domestically and internationally, which are outside our control. These factors include... changes in the amount of payments made under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Plan and other public assistance plans,
324:
to buy orange stamps equal to their normal food expenditures; for every dollar of orange stamps purchased, fifty cents worth of blue stamps were received. Orange food stamps could be used at any food retailers or wholesalers, but excluded alcoholic beverages, concession stand meals that could be
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The USDA report released in August 2013 says the dollar value of trafficking increased to 1.3 percent, up from 1 percent in the USDA's 2006â2008 survey, and "About 18 percent of those stores classified as convenience stores or small groceries were estimated to have trafficked. For larger stores
2095:
In March 2012, the USDA published its fifth report in a series of periodic analyses to estimate the extent of trafficking in SNAP; that is, selling or otherwise converting SNAP benefits for cash payouts. Although trafficking does not directly increase costs to the Federal Government, it diverts
1305:
In order to apply for SNAP benefits, one must fill out an application and return said application to either the state or local SNAP office. Each state has a different application, which is usually available online. There is more information about various state applications processes, including
1088:
The Families First Coronavirus Response Act of 2020 provided the Secretary of Agriculture with authority to approve state agency plans for temporary emergency eligibility standards and benefit levels under the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 after the COVID-19 pandemic began in 2020. These plans
518:
Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 (P.L. 93â86, August 10, 1973) required States to expand the program to every political jurisdiction before July 1, 1974; expanded the program to drug addicts and alcoholics in treatment and rehabilitation centers; established semi-annual
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The original implementation of food stamps was intended to help working farmers earn fair wages. The passing of the Food Stamp Act of 1964 that eliminated the surplus produce clause for blue stamps helped to boost the market for processed food retailers. After 1964, when the program grew more
2146:
In Maine, incidents of recycling fraud have occurred in the past where individuals once committed fraud by using their EBT cards to buy canned or bottled beverages (requiring a deposit to be paid at the point of purchase for each beverage container), dump the contents out so the empty beverage
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The current eligibility criteria attempt to address this, by including a deduction for "excess shelter costs". This applies only to households that spend more than half of their net income on rent. For the purpose of this calculation, a household's net income is obtained by subtracting certain
1322:
While many schools try to connect students to SNAP, students still struggle to qualify despite facing food insecurity, feel intimidated by the probing application process, and are often misinformed of how the program works. To avoid the stigma often attached with food insecurity, many college
407:
This move, however, was heavily resisted by representatives of the Civil Rights Movement. Black sharecroppers, already pushed out of agricultural work due to mechanization, lost their source of income to purchase food stamps. While White-based grocers grew profits as a result of food stamps,
2240:
Periodically, proposals have been raised to restrict SNAP benefits from being used to purchase various categories or types of food which have been criticized as "junk food" or "luxury items". However, Congress and the Department of Agriculture have repeatedly rejected such proposals on both
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focused on increasing access to those most in need and simplifying and streamlining a complicated and cumbersome process that delayed benefit delivery as well as reducing errors, and curbing abuse. The chief force for the Democratic administration was Robert Greenstein, Administrator of the
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Economists consider SNAP one of the most effective forms of economic stimulus. Moody's Analytics estimates that in a weak economy, every dollar increase in SNAP benefits generates about $ 1.70 in economic activity. Similarly, CBO rated an increase in SNAP benefits as one of the two most
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According to a 2021 study, the staggered decade-long rollout of the American Food Stamp Program led to greater support for Democrats: "Overall, I find that Democratsâat the center of the program's enacting coalitionâgained votes when the program was implemented locally, apparently through
489:
In April 1965, participation topped half a million. (Actual participation was 561,261 people.) Participation topped 1 million in March 1966, 2 million in October 1967, 3 million in February 1969, 4 million in February 1970, 5 million one month later in March 1970,
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programs as well, such as cash assistance. The move was designed to save the government money by not printing the coupons, make benefits available immediately instead of requiring the recipient to wait for mailing or picking up the booklets in person, and reduce theft and diversion.
1938:
A 2021 study found that the availability of food stamps during early childhood substantially reduced the likelihood of a criminal conviction in young adulthood. The study concluded that the social benefits of food stamps were substantial enough to outweigh the costs of the program.
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By 1993, major changes in food stamp benefits had arrived. The final legislation provided for $ 2.8 billion in benefit increases over Fiscal Years 1984â1988. Leon Panetta, in his new role as OMB Director, played a major role as did Senator Leahy. Substantive changes included:
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1935:) for convicted drug felons led to greater recidivism. The study found that this applied in particular for financially motivated crimes, which the authors said suggested "that the cut in benefits causes ex-convicts to return to crime to make up for the lost transfer income."
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of 2007. Beginning in April 2009 and continuing through the expansion's expiration on November 1, 2013, the ARRA appropriated $ 45.2 billion to increase monthly benefit levels to an average of $ 133. This amounted to a 13.6 percent funding increase for SNAP recipients.
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locations of SNAP offices in various states, displayed on an interactive Outreach Map found on the FNS website. Individuals who believe they may be eligible for P.O.SNAP benefits may use the Food and Nutrition Services' SNAP Screening Tool, which can help gauge eligibility.
451:
The Food Stamp Act of 1964 was intended to strengthen the agricultural economy and provide improved levels of nutrition among low-income households; however, the practical purpose was to bring the pilot FSP under congressional control and to enact the regulations into law.
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Based on income and family structure, SNAP does not target specific racial and ethnic groups. As a result, SNAP benefits reach a broad range of disadvantaged households; yet, minority households report food insecurity at a rate more than twice that of White households.
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were deposited. The Post stated that "a federal program that began as a last resort for a few million hungry people has grown into an economic lifeline for entire towns." And this growth "has been especially swift in once-prosperous places hit by the housing bust".
341:; the first retailer to redeem the stamps was Joseph Mutolo; and the first retailer caught violating program rules was Nick Salzano in October 1939. The program ended when the conditions that brought the program into beingâunmarketable food surpluses and widespread
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Because SNAP is a means-tested program, recipients must meet all eligibility criteria in order to receive benefits. There are income and resource requirements for SNAP, as well as specific requirements for immigrants, elderly persons and persons with disabilities.
1963:
SNAP benefits to greater expenditures in healthcare, childcare, education and housing. Low wages and unstable working conditions have also impacted the ability to pay for transportation costs, which is needed for access to grocery stores and supermarkets.
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in urban areas means that money that could have been spent on food is spent on housing expenses. Housing is generally considered affordable when it costs 30% or less of total household income; rising housing costs have made this ideal difficult to attain.
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In December 2019, the Trump Administration proposed to limit states' ability to issue eligibility waivers to single able-bodied adults between 18 and 49, which would result in ineligibility of SNAP benefits to an estimated 688,000 people in April 2020.
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The 18 years between the end of the first FSP and the inception of the next were filled with studies, reports, and legislative proposals. Prominent US senators actively associated with attempts to enact a food stamp program during this period included
419:
asserted, "...the Department of Agriculture seemed bent on outlining a possible food stamp plan of such scope and magnitude, involving some 25 million persons, as to make the whole idea seem ridiculous and tear food stamp plans to smithereens."
1997:(WIC), SNAP does not have nutritional standards for purchases. Critics of the program suggest that this lack of structure represents a missed opportunity for public health advancement and cost containment. In April 2013, the USDA research body, the
1735:" Researchers have found that every $ 1 that is spent from SNAP results in $ 1.73 of economic activity. In California, the cost-benefit ratio is even higher: for every $ 1 spent from SNAP between $ 3.67 to $ 8.34 is saved in health care costs. The
2056:
is 1.79). The same report also estimated that the "preferred jobs impact ... are the 8,900 full-time equivalent jobs plus self-employed or the 9,800 full-time and part-time jobs plus self-employed from $ 1 billion of SNAP benefits."
1076:-eligible students and independent students. Warren and Lawson both believe that students have a right to both food and education, and the goal was to alleviate financial tension. This bill has been endorsed by several organizations including
213:âworth $ 1 (brown), $ 5 (blue), and $ 10 (green)âbound into booklets of various denominations, to be torn out individually and used in single-use exchange. Because of their 1:1 value ratio with actual currency, the coupons were printed by the
2246:
52,000 deaths from stroke and heart attack over the course of ten years. The soda and broader food industries have received criticism for lobbying against reforms that would exclude âjunk foodâ including soda from purchase with SNAP funds.
1185:, or workforce training. Critics say opportunities for training or volunteering are limited. Individual states may waive the work requirements, with many states in high unemployment areas opting to loosen requirements for SNAP eligibility.
473:
The division of responsibilities between States (certification and issuance) and the Federal Government (funding of benefits and authorization of retailers and wholesalers), with shared responsibility for funding costs of administration;
466:
The eligibility for purchase with food stamps of all items intended for human consumption except alcoholic beverages and imported foods (the House version would have prohibited the purchase of soft drinks, luxury foods, and luxury frozen
462:
They required that the recipients should purchase their food stamps, while paying the average money spent on food then receiving an amount of food stamps representing an opportunity more nearly to obtain a low-cost nutritionally adequate
923:
for All Consumers each year beginning in fiscal year 2002. The legislation also allowed states to use the vehicle limit they use in a TANF assistance program, if it would be result in a lower attribution of resources for the household.
345:âceased to exist. By 1943, the start of World War II equalized the agricultural economy and the unemployment rate was lowered, and incentive to help those still in need was not reason enough for the government to continue this program.
5651:
1097:
2019â2020 school year. These benefits provide children with essential nutrition, allowing them to focus on their studies and grow academically. The benefits are also instrumental in helping to reduce food insecurity among children.
535:
In accordance with P.L. 93â86, the FSP began operating nationwide on July 1, 1974. (The program was not fully implemented in Puerto Rico until November 1, 1974.) Participation for July 1974 was almost 14 million.
2047:
and found that in a weak economy, every $ 1 in SNAP expenditures generates $ 1.73 in real GDP increase, making it the most effective stimulus among all the provisions of the act, including both tax cuts and spending increases.
1959:
data shows that poverty and SNAP participation levels have continued to rise following the 2008 recession, even though unemployment rates have leveled off. Poverty levels are the strongest correlates for program participation.
1176:
General work requirements apply to people aged 16 to 59 to participate in the program, exempting students, caregivers of children under 6 and incapacitated people, people unable to work due to a disability, and people in
2051:
A 2010 report by Kenneth Hanson published by the USDA's Economic Research Service estimated that a $ 1 billion increase in SNAP expenditures increases economic activity (GDP) by $ 1.79 billion (i.e., the GDP
6638:
2195:
authorized $ 20 million to be spent on pilot projects to determine whether incentives provided to SNAP recipients at the point-of-sale would increase the purchase of fruits, vegetables, or other healthful foods.
3730:
3131:
6756:
7251:
548:(SSI) Program they may be automatically eligible for Food Stamps depending on their state's laws. How much money in food stamps they receive also varies by state. Supplemental Security Income was created in 1974.
526:
P.L. 93-347 (July 12, 1974) authorized the department to pay 50 percent of all states' costs for administering the program and established the requirement for efficient and effective administration by the States.
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6 million two months later in May 1970, 10 million in February 1971, and 15 million in October 1974. Rapid increases in participation during this period were primarily due to geographic expansion.
1071:
introduced the College Student Hunger Act of 2019 on July 17, 2019, in an attempt to extend SNAP benefits for college students in need; the act has not passed as of October 2022. The idea was to include both
918:
The fiscal year 2001 agriculture appropriations bill included two significant changes. The legislation increased the excess shelter cap to $ 340 in fiscal year 2001 and then indexed the cap to changes in the
742:. The Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 and the Mickey Leland Memorial Domestic Hunger Relief Act in 1990 foretold the improvements that would be coming. The 1988 and 1990 legislation accomplished the following:
4874:"Challenges and opportunities to increasing fruit and vegetable distribution through the US charitable feeding network: increasing food systems recovery of edible fresh produce to build healthy food access"
914:
cutting administrative funding for states to account for certain administrative costs that previously had been allocated to the AFDC program and now were required to be allocated to the Food Stamp Program.
686:
The large and expensive FSP proved to be a favorite subject of close scrutiny from both the Executive Branch and Congress in the early 1980s. Major legislation in 1981 and 1982 enacted cutbacks including:
2127:
reports that there was another $ 2.2 billion in erroneous payouts in 2009. Cato also reported that the erroneous payout rate dropped significantly from 5.6 percent in 2007 to 3.8 percent in 2011.
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EPR was implemented January 1, 1979. Participation that month increased 1.5 million over the preceding month. Increased participation was due to both eliminating the purchase requirement and the
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2109:
1994:
2215:
6203:
5902:
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2601:
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Increasing SNAP participation by one standard deviation (4.5% of the state population) during the study period could have saved the lives of approximately 31,600 people overall and 24,800 men."
6919:
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1371:
Additionally, restaurants operating in certain areas may be permitted to accept SNAP benefits from eligible candidates like elderly, homeless or disabled people in return for affordable meals.
2308:
6482:
325:
eaten on premises, and tobacco products. The blue stamps could only be used to buy what the USDA defined as surplus produce, which included items such as beans, eggs, fruit, and the like.
6525:
6389:
2116:. Also, states will be given additional guidance that will help develop a tighter policy for those seeking to effectively investigate fraud and clarifying the definition of trafficking.
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481:
The Agriculture Department estimated that participation in a national FSP would eventually reach 4 million, at a cost of $ 360 million annually, far below the actual numbers.
3665:
Martinez, Suzanna M.; Webb, Karen; Frongillo, Edward A.; Ritchie, Lorrene D. (January 2, 2018). "Food insecurity in California's public university system: What are the risk factors?".
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an increase in total economic activity (production, sales, and value of shipments) of $ 9.2 billion and an increase in jobs of 82,100", or $ 1.84 stimulus for every dollar spent.
645:
The integrity provisions of the new program included fraud disqualifications, enhanced federal funding for states' anti-fraud activities, and financial incentives for low error rates.
6624:
4082:
804:
increasing the FMV test for vehicles to $ 4,550 on September 1, 1994, and $ 4,600 on October 1, 1995, then annually adjusting the value from $ 5,000 on October 1, 1996;
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1168:
for a specific household size. For example: in Fiscal Year 2024, the SNAP-eligible gross monthly income limit is $ 1,580 for an individual. For a household of four, it is $ 3,250.
209:
The amount of SNAP benefits received by a household depends on the household's size, income, and expenses. For most of its history, the program used paper-denominated "stamps" or
5196:
3731:"Senator Warren and Representative Lawson Introduce the College Student Hunger Act of 2019 to Address Hunger on College Campuses | U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts"
3132:"Senator Warren and Representative Lawson Introduce the College Student Hunger Act of 2019 to Address Hunger on College Campuses | U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts"
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For income, individuals and households may qualify for benefits if they earn a gross monthly income and a net monthly income that is 130% and 100% or less, respectively, of the
836:
4331:
996:
This temporary expansion expired on November 1, 2013, resulting in a relative benefit decrease for SNAP households; on average, benefits decreased by 5 percent. According to a
5459:
1955:, SNAP enrollment tends to increase and in periods of prosperity, SNAP participation tends to be lower. Unemployment is therefore also related to SNAP participation. However,
670:"The Food Stamp Act of 1977 finally eliminated the food stamp purchase requirement, which mean poor families no longer needed to have cash up front to purchase food stamps."
5766:
1218:, where 28% of rent stabilized tenants spend more than half their income on rent. Among lower income families the percentage is much higher. According to an estimate by the
901:
The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA) and the Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Act of 1998 (AREERA) made some changes to these provisions, most significantly:
5329:
2355:
Gross monthly income is the amount made each month before deductions (e.g., taxes, insurance, pensions, etc), while net monthly income is the amount after such deductions.
5250:
3014:
1739:
also rated an increase in SNAP benefits as one of the two most cost-effective of all spending and tax options it examined for boosting growth and jobs in a weak economy.
4263:
2940:"H.R.6124 â Title: To provide for the continuation of agricultural and other programs of the Department of Agriculture through fiscal year 2012, and for other purposes."
1000:
report, the maximum monthly benefit for a family of four dropped from $ 668 to $ 632, while the maximum monthly benefit for an individual dropped from $ 200 to $ 189.
738:
on food stamp purchases, reinstitution of categorical eligibility, increased resource limit for most households ($ 2,000), eligibility for the homeless, and expanded
7506:
2844:
2207:
Fifteen states expressed interest in having the Healthy Incentives Pilot (HIP) program and, ultimately, five states submitted applications to be considered for HIP.
1980:
The purpose of the Food Stamp Program as laid out in its implementation was to assist low-income households in obtaining adequate and nutritious diets. According to
1340:
lowest cost food plan that still maintains a healthy diet. For example, a family of four with no net income receives the maximum monthly allotment of $ 973 in 2024.
5818:
1143:
The SNAP emergency allotments, a temporary increase in benefits implemented at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, were ended in March 2023 under the
734:
Recognition of the severe domestic hunger problem in the latter half of the 1980s led to incremental expansions of the FSP in 1985 and 1987, such as elimination of
5144:
Kim, Jiyoon (December 2016). "Do SNAP participants expand non-food spending when they receive more SNAP Benefits?âEvidence from the 2009 SNAP benefits increase".
2212:
system change with the state EBT vendor, and hired six new staff members dedicated to HIP. DTA provided FNS with monthly reports, data collection and evaluation.
5403:
677:
An advertisement for food stamps in the 1970s, to help fight hunger in America. The programs in the late 1970s were very effective in fighting hunger in America.
5845:
882:
setting the shelter cap at graduated specified levels up to $ 300 by fiscal year 2001, and allowing states to mandate the use of the standard utility allowance;
6160:
5170:
4001:
3107:"Rep. Al Lawson and Sen. Elizabeth Warren Introduce the College Student Hunger Act of 2019 to Address Hunger on College Campuses | U.S. Congressman Al Lawson"
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448:, of Kansas. (Later, as a senator, after he worked on the 1977 legislation that addressed problems with the program, Dole became a staunch supporter of it.)
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Bleich, Sara N.; Moran, Alyssa J.; Vercammen, Kelsey A.; Frelier, Johannah M.; Dunn, Caroline G.; Zhong, Anthony; Fleischhacker, Sheila E. (April 2, 2020).
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restoring eligibility for certain elderly, disabled, and minor immigrants who resided in the United States when the 1996 welfare reform act was enacted; and
1309:
477:
Appropriations for the first year limited to $ 75 million; for the second year, to $ 100 million; and, for the third year, to $ 200 million.
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3856:
1810:
37% of participants are White, 22% are African-American, 10% are Hispanic, 2% are Asian, 4% are Native American, and 19% are of unknown race or ethnicity.
229:. In the late 1990s, the Food Stamp Program was revamped, with some states phasing out actual stamps in favor of a specialized debit card system known as
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950:
In the late 1990s, the Food Stamp Program was revamped, with some states phasing out actual stamps in favor of a specialized debit card system known as
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6802:
6102:
5933:
6036:
3491:
4968:
Barr, Andrew; Smith, Alexander A. (April 13, 2021). "Fighting Crime in the Cradle: The Effects of Early Childhood Access to Nutritional Assistance".
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48:
4669:"Positive Influence of the Revised Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Food Packages on Access to Healthy Foods"
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The adjusted net income, including the deduction for excess shelter costs, is used to determine whether a household is eligible for food stamps.
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In addition to local town merchants, national retailers are starting to take in an increasing large percentage of SNAP benefits. For example, "
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reduced the number of deductions used to calculate net income and established a standard deduction to take the place of eliminated deductions;
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6347:
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6272:
905:
using additional Employment and Training (E&T) funds to providing work program opportunities for able-bodied adults without dependents;
5251:"The Food Assistance National Input-Output Multiplier (FANIOM) Model and Stimulus Effects of SNAP (Economic Research Report No. (ERR-103)"
673:
7511:
6988:
6682:
6496:
4361:
Kogan, Vladimir (January 1, 2021). "Do Welfare Benefits Pay Electoral Dividends? Evidence from the National Food Stamp Program Rollout".
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The House Report for the 1977 legislation points out that the changes in the Food Stamp Program are needed without reference to upcoming
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raising the cap on the dependent care deduction from $ 160 to $ 200 for children under 2 years old and $ 175 for all other dependents;
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5376:
4506:"Association Between Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Use and Memory Decline: Findings From the Health and Retirement Study"
4339:
2219:
USDA is working to expand access to farmers' markets for those participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).
203:
6267:
2942:
2863:. National Agricultural Library U. S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D. C. : Office of Governmental and Public Affairs.
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7126:
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2203:
Baltimore's Farmers Market helping the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program by providing them with fresh vegetables and fruits
1947:
Because SNAP is a means-tested entitlement program, participation rates are closely related to the number of individuals living in
503:
authorized the Agriculture Department to pay 62.5 percent of specific administrative costs incurred by States; expanded the FSP to
2123:
The USDA only reports direct fraud and trafficking in benefits, which was officially estimated at $ 858 million in 2012. The
499:
access with program accountability. Three major pieces of legislation shaped this period, leading up to massive reform to follow:
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4504:
Lu, Peiyi; Kezios, Katrina; Lee, Jongseong; Calonico, Sebastian; Wimer, Christopher; Hazzouri, Adina Zeki Al (November 9, 2022).
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17:
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997:
375:
310:
5108:
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consideration of non-elderly parents who live with their children and non-elderly siblings who live together as one household;
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temporary freeze on adjustments of the shelter deduction cap and the standard deduction and constraints on future adjustments;
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5022:
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2513:
1748:
in families with children; more than one-quarter of participants are in households with seniors or people with disabilities.
1222:, 65% of New York City families living below the federal poverty line are paying more than half of their income toward rent.
1219:
1144:
866:
3249:
7296:
7131:
6859:
6741:
6677:
6648:
6135:
Nestle, Marion (1992). "Hunger in the United States: rationale, methods, and policy implications of state hunger surveys".
3612:
The supplemental nutrition assistance program: How does CalFresh work for college students in California? A policy analysis
2331:
1444:
program the Food Stamp Program; and 16 have adopted their own name. For example, California calls its SNAP implementation "
989:
819:
In December 1979, participation surpassed 20 million. In March 1994, participation hit a new high of 28 million.
288:
Orange stamps were good for any grocery item the purchaser chose, except drugs, liquor, and items consumed on the premises.
4027:
190:(FNS), though benefits are distributed by specific departments of U.S. states (e.g., the Division of Social Services, the
7268:
7263:
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7219:
7214:
7020:
6721:
6705:
6692:
5871:
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East, Chloe N. (2020). "The Effect of Food Stamps on Children's Health: Evidence from Immigrants' Changing Eligibility".
3956:
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1331:
SNAP benefits ensure households can purchase a thrifty nutritious food plan given their net income and household size.
771:
Throughout this era, significant players were principally various committee chairmen: Congressmen Leland, Hall, Foley,
338:
5492:"Hearing To Review Updates On Usda Inspector General Audits, Including Snap Fraud Detection Efforts And It Compliance"
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1242:
a deduction for medical expenses above a set amount per month (only available to elderly and disabled recipients), and
908:
allowing states to exempt up to 15 percent of able-bodied adults without dependents who would otherwise be ineligible;
6844:
6736:
5849:
3906:
885:
revising provisions for disqualification, including comparable disqualification with other means-tested programs; and
342:
5705:"USDA Announces Additional Steps to Reduce Fraud and Misuse in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program | USDA-FNS"
4433:"Is there a relationship between welfare-state policies and suicide rates? Evidence from the U.S. states, 2000â2015"
3779:
Martinez, Suzanna M.; Grandner, Michael A.; Nazmi, Aydin; Canedo, Elias Ruben; Ritchie, Lorrene D. (June 24, 2019).
942:
892:
As a result of all these changes, participation rates plummeted in the late 1990s, according to the online magazine
2131:
1874:
A 2022 study showed that users of the program aged 50 and above had slower memory loss, or "about 2 fewer years of
1111:
735:
214:
7288:
3055:
606:
established the principle that stores must sell a substantial amount of staple foods if they are to be authorized;
7501:
7009:
6981:
6667:
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2017:
1289:
the system, students enrolled in higher education for at least half-time were automatically ineligible for SNAP.
392:
86-341 authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to operate a food-stamp system through January 31, 1962. The
5306:
4850:
1782:
Average number of persons participating in the SNAP, 2000â2016. The number of participants increased due to the
1549:
According to June 2009 figures reported by the state agencies, the USDA, and Census Bureau, and compiled by the
202:, peaked in 2013 and declined through 2017 as the economy recovered. It is the largest nutrition program of the
7141:
7121:
6849:
6535:
6056:
3587:
3347:
2480:
2374:
1798:
49% of all participant households have children (17 or younger), and 55% of those are single-parent households.
1794:(based on a study of data gathered in Fiscal Year 2010), statistics for the food stamp program are as follows:
1641:
441:
5612:
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Payment Errors and Trafficking Have Declined, but Challenges Remain
4872:
Wetherill, Marianna S.; White, Kayla Castleberry; Rivera, Christine; Seligman, Hilary K. (September 3, 2019).
862:
denying eligibility for food stamps to most legal immigrants who had been in the country less than five years;
6492:
5491:
3636:
3513:
2208:
2044:
1651:
470:
Prohibitions against discrimination on basis of race, religious creed, national origin, or political beliefs;
218:
6616:
6033:
4667:
Andreyeva, Tatiana; Luedicke, Joerg; Middleton, Ann E.; Long, Michael W.; Schwartz, Marlene B. (June 2012).
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6562:
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1711:
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1008:
545:
520:
171:
6258:
6220:
4179:
cost-effective of all spending and tax options it examined for boosting growth and jobs in a weak economy.
3931:
3527:
609:
established the ground rules for Indian Tribal Organization administration of the FSP on reservations; and
126:
7372:
7315:
7101:
6771:
6761:
6262:
4052:
2968:"Strengthening the Public Health Impacts of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Through Policy"
2540:"The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): History, Politics, and Public Health Implications"
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2289:
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1736:
1732:
1132:
951:
230:
5222:
5109:"Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Participation Leads to Modest Changes in Diet Quality"
3556:
2841:
Cost of food stamp program has soared: Economic recovery should reduce demand starting in 2014, CBO says
2448:
Wilde, Parke E. (January 2013). "The New Normal: The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)".
1878:
over a 10-year period compared with non-users", despite the program having nearly no conditions for the
1313:
San Antonio Food Bank providing information and the SNAP application to help the family with their needs
1131:
On August 28, 2022, outages were reported across multiples states for the payment system, including the
1055:, which receives "One-sixth revenues ... from food stamp purchases" also opposes food stamp cuts.
302:
Blue stamps bought only surplus foodsâdairy products, eggs, citrus fruits, prunes, and fresh vegetables.
7474:
6974:
6447:
6238:
6229:
6224:
6044:
1621:
558:
187:
6242:
3492:"Housing Conditions and Problems In New York City: An Analysis of the 1996 Housing and Vacancy Survey"
2840:
7146:
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6507:
6326:
3159:
2303:
2013:
1998:
1956:
1681:
1611:
1601:
359:
6161:"The Changing Food Assistance Landscape: The Food Stamp Program in a Post-Welfare Reform Environment
1807:
The average gross monthly income per food stamp household is $ 731; The average net income is $ 336.
1775:. Washington, D.C., was the highest share of the population to receive food assistance at over 23%.
7422:
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7069:
6869:
6818:
6751:
5682:
5588:
5432:
5234:
4141:
2644:
Moran, R. L. (March 1, 2011). "Consuming Relief: Food Stamps and the New Welfare of the New Deal".
2424:"Government social benefits: to persons: Federal: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)"
2072:
1631:
1440:
payments made to non-household members are counted as an income exclusion rather than a deduction.
835:(AFDC), were waived for many states. With the enactment of the 1996 welfare reform act, called the
691:
addition of a gross income eligibility test in addition to the net income test for most households;
321:
4755:"Breakfast of Champions?: The School Breakfast Program and the Nutrition of Children and Families"
4716:"The impact of the National School Lunch Program on child health: A nonparametric bounds analysis"
2505:
In the Shadow Of the Poorhouse (Tenth Anniversary Edition): A Social History Of Welfare In America
2396:
2075:'s population used food stamps, putting local merchants on a "boom or bust" cycle each month when
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6422:
1879:
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on the evaluate the four aspects including current food prices within the typical American diet,
1018:
428:
President Johnson called for a permanent food-stamp program on January 31, 1964, as part of his "
81:
5107:
Gregory, Christian; Ver Ploeg, Michele; Andrews, Margaret; Coleman-Jensen, Alisha (April 2013).
3081:
2628:
Putting the 'Food' in Food Stamps: Food Eligibility in the Food Stamps Program from 1939 to 2012
623:
requirements for outreach, bilingual personnel and materials, and nutrition education materials;
6955:
6929:
6884:
6568:
2053:
1751:
As of 2013, more than 15% of the U.S. population receive food assistance, and more than 20% in
1661:
1374:
However, the USDA is clear that households cannot use SNAP benefits to purchase the following:
437:
396:
Administration never used the authority. However, in fulfillment of a campaign promise made in
222:
5046:
Rossi, Peter H. Feeding the Poor: Assessing Federal Food Aid. Washington: AEI Press, 1998 p.28
3160:"States Are Using Much-Needed Temporary Flexibility in SNAP to Respond to COVID-19 Challenges"
954:(EBT), provided by private contractors. Many states merged the use of the EBT card for public
795:
providing a deduction for legally binding child support payments made to nonhousehold members;
7301:
6945:
6879:
6417:
6170:
MacDonald, Maurice. Food, Stamps, and Income Maintenance. New York: Academic Pres, Inc, 1977.
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3301:
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2004:
A 2016 study found no evidence that SNAP increased expenditures on tobacco by beneficiaries.
1671:
1165:
1044:
723:
317:
6008:
2722:
2503:
515:
of the United States; and provided $ 1.75 billion appropriations for Fiscal Year 1971.
309:
The idea for the first food stamp program has been credited to various people, most notably
7416:
6766:
6343:
4264:"Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Households: Fiscal Year 2010"
2858:
2779:
2277:
2113:
2036:
1752:
1236:
a deduction for dependent care expenses related to work or training (up to certain limits),
920:
484:
459:
The State Plan of Operation requirement and development of eligibility standards by States;
432:" platform introduced at the State of the Union a few weeks earlier. Agriculture Secretary
393:
6282:
5749:"Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Trafficking Controls and Fraud Investigations"
3581:
3180:
2910:"@A Satisfying Subsidy: How conservatives learned to love the federal food stamps program"
2235:
1914:
by more food-needy households into SNAP makes it difficult to observe positive effects on
1827:
Total program costs from 2000 to 2016. The amount increased sharply after 2008 due to the
8:
7404:
7392:
6950:
6700:
6558:
5513:
2950:
2939:
2232:
nationwide, the estimated cost would be approximately $ 90 million over five years.
2175:
1456:
According to January 2015 figures reported by the Census Bureau and USDA and compiled by
1178:
1077:
869:(ABAWDs) who are not working at least 20 hours a week or participating in a work program;
840:
739:
512:
234:
5704:
4212:
2606:
57:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
7341:
7064:
6864:
6797:
6776:
6370:
6061:
5433:"The Extent of Trafficking in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: 2009â2011"
5356:"The Extent of Trafficking in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: 2009-2011"
5089:
4981:
4906:
4873:
4644:
4611:
4551:
4538:
4505:
4460:
4413:
4378:
3807:
3781:"Pathways from Food Insecurity to Health Outcomes among California University Students"
3780:
3682:
3583:
Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition
3341:
2744:
2704:
2564:
2539:
1207:
927:
764:
establishing severe penalties for violations by individuals or participating firms; and
412:
141:
2778:" (research topic guide). Robert and Elizabeth Dole Archive and Special Collections.
2627:
7380:
7091:
6997:
6909:
6874:
6177:
6110:
5564:
5093:
5081:
5018:
4985:
4911:
4893:
4847:"USDA ERS - Does SNAP Decrease Food Insecurity? Untangling the Self-Selection Effect"
4800:
4774:
4735:
4696:
4688:
4649:
4631:
4555:
4543:
4525:
4464:
4452:
4382:
4312:
4213:"Policy Basics: Introduction to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)"
3812:
3686:
3507:
3231:
2989:
2889:
2708:
2694:
2661:
2569:
2509:
2423:
2336:
1116:
985:
873:
264:
6178:"2002 Indicators of Welfare Dependence Appendix A: Program Data: Food Stamp Program"
5119:
4593:"More Adequate SNAP Benefits Would Help Millions of Participants Better Afford Food"
4448:
4417:
3983:
6914:
6899:
6246:
6137:
Department of Nutrition, Food, and Management by the Department of Health Education
5153:
5073:
5057:
5010:
4973:
4945:
4901:
4885:
4766:
4727:
4680:
4639:
4623:
4533:
4517:
4444:
4405:
4370:
4335:
4304:
4121:
3802:
3792:
3674:
3221:
2979:
2927:
2881:
2686:
2653:
2559:
2551:
2457:
2296:
2167:
1857:
mobilization of new supporters rather than the conversion of political opponents."
1478:
1385:
1064:
894:
746:
increasing benefits by applying a multiplication factor to Thrifty Food Plan costs;
616:
In addition to EPR, the Food Stamp Act of 1977 included several access provisions:
371:
313:
5171:
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Linkages with the General Economy
5157:
5077:
4977:
4889:
4731:
3678:
3418:
3226:
3209:
2875:
2143:
obtain cash refund deposits" Trafficking is the most egregious program violation.
591:
established the fair market value (FMV) test for evaluating vehicles as resources;
7461:
7443:
7359:
7321:
7081:
6040:
5199:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 2002. Archived from
4627:
4521:
4409:
4083:"SNAP/Food Stamps Provide Real Stimulus ÂŤ Food Research & Action Center"
4031:
3755:
3700:
3619:
2946:
2067:
1828:
1783:
1728:
1417:
565:
433:
401:
378:
363:
199:
5958:
4715:
4024:
2775:
932:
Colored Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) cards of certain states are displayed.
539:
440:
was H.R. 10222, introduced by Congresswoman Sullivan. One of the members on the
436:
submitted the legislation on April 17, 1964. The bill eventually passed by
7096:
4684:
4166:
3637:"How an outdated law is leaving millions of low-income college students hungry"
3210:"Are SNAP benefits adequate? A geographical and food expenditure decomposition"
2282:
2124:
1981:
1911:
1823:
975:
955:
946:
US legislation that promoted the public health impacts of SNAP, 2002–2018
855:
653:
429:
367:
5959:"Healthy Incentives Program webpage on U.S. Department of Agriculture website"
5872:"SNAP, crackle and pop: Food Stamp fraud means taxpayers subsidize drug abuse"
5002:
3015:
Food stamps will get cut by $ 5 billion this week â and more cuts could follow
2793:"Understanding Supplemental Security Income SSI and Other Government Programs"
1460:, the states and district with the most food stamp recipients per capita are:
1147:. For the average recipient, the change would mean about $ 90 less per month.
7490:
7450:
6646:
6273:
Food Stamp Fraud - Supermarket Owner Imprisoned for Multi-Million-Dollar Scam
6114:
5879:
5223:
Assessing the Macroeconomic Impact of Economic Impact of Fiscal Stimulus 2008
5085:
5014:
4897:
4821:"The United States Can End Hunger and Food Insecurity for Millions of People"
4778:
4739:
4692:
4668:
4635:
4529:
4316:
3393:
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): Categorical Eligibility
3235:
2815:
2792:
2555:
1915:
1508:
1437:
1215:
776:
715:
state option to require job search of applicants as well as participants; and
709:
replacing the FSP in Puerto Rico with a block grant for nutrition assistance;
629:
30-day processing standard and inception of the concept of expedited service;
626:
recipients' right to submit applications the first day they attempt to do so;
397:
254:
151:
4754:
3990:(official website), November 17, 2017 (Last modified), Accessed May 7, 2018.
3932:"USDA Food Plans: Monthly Cost of Food Reports | Food and Nutrition Service"
3857:"CA Senate bill could help thousands of college students enroll in CalFresh"
3368:
2657:
1778:
1257:
The 2002 Farm Bill restores SNAP eligibility to most legal immigrants that:
879:
freezing the standard deduction, the vehicle limit, and the minimum benefit;
282:
7351:
7309:
4915:
4700:
4653:
4569:
Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health via medicalxpress.com
4547:
4456:
4191:
4126:
4109:
3816:
2993:
2665:
2573:
1883:
772:
649:"I am confident that this bill eliminates the greedy and feeds the needy."
569:
355:
5819:"Maine DHHS uncovers over $ 1.2 million in welfare fraud in recent months"
5611:
4770:
4296:
3391:
2461:
1451:
1022:
reported that "Overall, 18 percent of all food benefits money is spent at
858:, the 1996 welfare reform made several changes to the program, including:
801:
improving employment and training (E&T) dependent care reimbursements;
296:
206:
and is a key component of the social safety net for low-income Americans.
7329:
6731:
6334:
4950:
4933:
4308:
3474:"Nearly 700,000 SNAP Recipients Could Lose Benefits Under New Trump Rule"
3082:"S.2143 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): College Student Hunger Act of 2019"
2856:
2680:
2381:(official website), March 3, 2011 (last revised). Accessed March 4, 2011.
2321:
2225:
2199:
2028:
1995:
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants and Children
1875:
1488:
1052:
865:
placing a time limit on food stamp receipt of three out of 36 months for
844:
508:
4753:
Bhattacharya, Jayanta; Currie, Janet; Haider, Steven J. (July 1, 2006).
2885:
2690:
1967:
1801:
15% of all participant households have elderly (age 60 or over) members.
600:
eliminated the requirement that households must have cooking facilities;
579:
established statutory income eligibility guidelines at the poverty line;
485:
Program expansion: participation milestones in the 1960s and early 1970s
7428:
6920:
Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers
5626:"Food-stamp fraud: Detroit-area stores swipe millions from aid program"
5197:"Effects of Changes in Food Stamp Expenditures Across the U.S. Economy"
4110:"Cost-benefit analysis conducted for nutrition education in California"
3797:
3181:"Pandemic EBT - State Plans for 2019-2020 | Food and Nutrition Service"
2242:
2164:
2087:
estimates it takes in about 18% of total U.S. outlays on food stamps."
2040:
1764:
1498:
1230:
a standard deduction that is subtracted from income for all recipients,
1073:
668:
Feeding the Crisis of Care and Abandonment in America's Food Safety Net
389:
6103:"Coke and Pepsi Give Millions to Public Health, Then Lobby Against It"
5930:"State investigating after WKYT spotlighted 'Pop Train' welfare fraud"
5903:"Welfare fraud hotline lights up after WKYT 'Pop Train' investigation"
5794:"'Water dumping' Bangor man upset after police stop his bottle return"
5173:, Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture].
3443:
2309:
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children
1553:, the individual counties with the highest levels of SNAP usage were:
49:
Biden administration prompts largest permanent increase in food stamps
7086:
6253:
5106:
3302:"Changes to SNAP Benefit Amounts - 2023 | Food and Nutrition Service"
2914:
2877:
Feeding the Crisis: Care and Abandonment in America's Food Safety Net
1952:
1772:
1760:
1538:
1528:
1068:
792:
eliminating the shelter deduction cap beginning January 1, 1997;
226:
175:
6966:
6077:"Rubio calls for Congress to bar SNAP purchases of soda, junk foods"
6034:
Implications of Restricting the Use of Food Stamp Benefits â Summary
4612:"Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program as a health intervention"
1804:
20% of all participant households have non-elderly disabled members.
872:
reducing the maximum allotments to 100 percent of the change in the
697:
annual adjustments in food stamp allotments rather than semi-annual;
255:
First Food Stamp Program (FSP; May 16, 1939 â Spring 1943)
6823:
5381:
4374:
2909:
2171:
1756:
1445:
1436:
where an applicant is self-employed; and whether legally obligated
1285:
1182:
1035:
changes in the eligibility requirements of public assistance plans.
445:
416:
5281:"Food stamps put Rhode Island town on monthly boom-and-bust cycle"
1100:
47:
Parts of this article (those related to 2021 rate increase, e.g.,
6889:
4295:
Coleman-Jensen, Alisha; Gregory, Christian; Singh, Anita (2014).
4055:, United States Department of Agriculture (11th ed.), April 2015.
3494:. Housingnyc.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013
2084:
1948:
1348:
As per USDA rules, households can use SNAP benefits to purchase:
1326:
1040:
1023:
828:
782:
638:
notice, recertification, and retroactive benefit protections; and
5460:"The Extent of Trafficking in the Food Stamp Program: 2002-2005"
4108:
Joy, Amy Block; Pradhan, Vijay; Goldman, George (October 2006).
2421:
2137:
1835:
822:
4714:
Gundersen, Craig; Kreider, Brent; Pepper, John (January 2012).
2930:" (November 30, 2011). United States Department of Agriculture.
1887:
1768:
1518:
1048:
837:
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
831:
reform. Prior to 1996, the rules for the cash welfare program,
635:(AFDC), the major cash welfare program; also assist SSI clients
444:
who voted against the FSP in Committee was then Representative
328:
210:
179:
7180:
United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937
6167:, Agricultural Economics Report No. (AER773) 36 pp, March 1999
5846:"WKYT Investigates: Taxpayer money and Kentucky's 'Pop Train'"
4666:
4479:"SNAP Use Linked to Slower Decline in Memory for Older Adults"
3328:"US ending extra help for groceries that started during COVID"
3277:"Mass. EBT system back online following outage, officials say"
1233:
an earned income deduction reflecting taxes and work expenses,
1083:
1058:
888:
requiring states to implement EBT before October 1, 2002.
6009:"Healthy Incentives Pilot Final Evaluation Report - USDA-FNS"
4565:"Using SNAP benefits may slow memory decline in older adults"
2286:
540:
Eligible access to Supplemental Security Income beneficiaries
5060:
Reinventing food banks and pantries: New tools to end hunger
4871:
3664:
2441:
2254:
given benefits, and increased penalties for non-compliance.
1931:
found that a lifetime food stamp ban (as implemented by the
980:
SNAP benefits temporarily increased with the passage of the
976:
Temporary benefits increase from April 2009 to November 2013
274:, the first food stamps came off the presses April 20, 1939.
6312:
3778:
3444:"Able-Bodied Adults Without Dependents (ABAWDs) | USDA-FNS"
2965:
2160:
1448:", while Arizona calls its program "Nutrition Assistance".
1264:
Are receiving disability-related assistance or benefits; or
504:
5769:. New.bangordailynews.com. August 19, 2010. Archived from
4294:
3208:
Davis, George C.; You, Wen; Yang, Yanliang (August 2020).
755:
simplifying procedures for calculating medical deductions;
718:
increased disqualification periods for voluntary quitters.
493:
6276:
5648:"New Restrictions on Bridge Card Use by College Students"
5377:"Feds: More Americans selling their food stamps for cash"
5184:
Obama Ag Secretary Vilsack: Food Stamps Are A "Stimulus."
4269:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
3830:
3332:
2928:
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: 2008 Farm Bill
1367:
Plants and seeds which are fit for household consumption.
656:
since "the path to welfare reform is, indeed, rocky...."
603:
replaced store due bills with cash change up to 99 cents;
4934:"Snapping Back: Food Stamp Bans and Criminal Recidivism"
4752:
4432:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
854:
Although the Food Stamp Program was reauthorized in the
807:
mandating asset accumulation demonstration projects; and
758:
instituting periodic adjustments of the minimum benefit;
703:
required periodic reporting and retrospective budgeting;
620:
using mail, telephone, or home visits for certification;
5650:. Michiganpolicy.com. February 13, 2011. Archived from
5404:"Feds: Food Stamp Trafficking Up 30% From 2008 to 2011"
2771:
2769:
1452:
States and counties with highest use of SNAP per capita
594:
penalized households whose heads voluntarily quit jobs;
348:
4713:
4297:"Household Food Security in the United States in 2013"
4002:"FemBeat: Period Poverty Is A Thing, Even In The U.S."
3035:
After Friday, states will lose $ 5 billion in food aid
2816:"A Short History of SNAP | Food and Nutrition Service"
1039:
Companies that have lobbied on behalf of SNAP include
752:
excluding advance earned income tax credits as income;
7185:
1938 United States House of Representatives elections
6875:
Single Family Housing Direct Home Loans (Section 502)
6174:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
5100:
4215:. Center for Budget and Policy Priorities. March 2013
4037:
1026:", and that Walmart had submitted a statement to the
706:
prohibition against using Federal funds for outreach;
170:
program that provides food-purchasing assistance for
3979:
3977:
3390:
Falk, Gene; Aussenberg, Randy Alison (May 1, 2018).
2766:
2422:
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (January 1, 1961).
1971:
SNAP is closely related to poverty and unemployment.
1831:, and has fallen since 2013 as the economy recovers.
1093:
who do not qualify for free or reduced price meals.
641:
a requirement for States to develop a disaster plan.
5589:"SNAP Failure: The Food Stamp Program Needs Reform"
5330:"WSJ: Retailers Brace for Reduction in Food Stamps"
4503:
2236:
Proposals to restrict "junk food" or "luxury items"
1893:
1252:
1012:
Brooklyn Deli with "We Accept Food Stamps EBT" sign
6803:Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant
6159:Gundersen, Craig; LeBlanc, Michael; Kuhn, Betsey,
4192:"Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)"
2857:United States. Food and Nutrition Service (1980).
1245:a deduction for excessively high shelter expenses.
1003:
962:
182:. It is a federal aid program administered by the
6608:*Reports directly to the Secretary of Agriculture
5465:. USDA Food and Nutrition Service. Archived from
4673:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
4164:
4107:
3974:
3854:
1114:, and the available nutrients in food items. The
814:
7507:United States Department of Agriculture programs
7488:
6782:Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations
6583:Farm Production and Conservation Business Center
6221:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
5973:
5767:"Bangor food stamp scam dumps water for deposit"
4610:Mande, Jerold; Flaherty, Grace (February 2023).
3399:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service
2860:Food stamp program : how well is it working
2752:Robert J. Dole Archive & Special Collections
2181:
876:(TFP) from 103 percent of the change in the TFP;
749:making outreach an optional activity for States;
519:allotment adjustments, bi-monthly issuance, and
27:United States government food assistance program
6050:
5009:, Routledge, pp. 184â205, April 16, 2013,
4878:Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition
3957:"SNAP Eligibility | Food and Nutrition Service"
3907:"SNAP Eligibility | Food and Nutrition Service"
3882:"SNAP Eligibility | Food and Nutrition Service"
3667:Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition
3553:"Fact Sheet on Resources, Income, and Benefits"
3250:"SNAP, EBT outages reported across the country"
1902:
1101:2021 Thrifty Food Plan modernization and update
937:
597:restricted eligibility for students and aliens;
381:strove to pass food-stamp program legislation.
6156:. Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1998.
5427:
5425:
5137:
3389:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
2880:(1 ed.). University of California Press.
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
1327:SNAP Benefit Allotment and Eligible Food Items
1276:(DACA) recipients, are not eligible for SNAP.
982:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
783:1993 Mickey Leland Childhood Hunger Relief Act
681:
221:(although about one-half the size), including
7230:Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960
6982:
6632:
6298:
4609:
4236:"Food-Stamp Use Rises; Some 15% Get Benefits"
4205:
2138:Water dumping/container deposit cashing fraud
1300:
823:1996 welfare reform and subsequent amendments
588:raised the general resource limit to $ 1,750;
582:established 10 categories of excluded income;
7210:United States Senate special elections, 1941
6649:social welfare programs in the United States
5614:GAO report number GAO-10-956T, July 28, 2010
5225:, Moody's Analytics (January 2008), pp. 3â4.
5055:
4332:"Only 4 states will see cuts to food stamps"
4227:
3207:
767:establishing EBT as an issuance alternative.
722:Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT) began in
6182:Article based on the USDA Web publication:
5607:
5605:
5422:
5056:Ramos-Gerena, Carol E. (October 31, 2022).
3999:
3354:
3049:
3047:
2580:
2481:"Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program"
2397:"SNAP Benefits and the Government Shutdown"
2391:
2389:
2387:
2186:
1402:Food items that are consumable in the store
1084:2020 COVID-19 and Pandemic-EBT Introduction
1059:Proposed College Student Hunger Act of 2019
612:introduced demonstration project authority.
7152:Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
7137:Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
6989:
6975:
6639:
6625:
6541:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
6513:National Institute of Food and Agriculture
6305:
6291:
5257:. October 2010. p. iv. Archived from
5245:
5243:
4938:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
4258:
4256:
4066:States with the most people on food stamps
4034:, United States Department of Agriculture.
4000:Magistretti, BĂŠrĂŠnice (January 25, 2019).
2685:. The University of North Carolina Press.
2450:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
2272:Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
1951:in a given period. In periods of economic
1929:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
712:counting retirement accounts as resources;
666:According to Maggie Dickinson in the book
530:
140:
137:/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program
80:
7497:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
6925:Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program
6747:School meal programs in the United States
6727:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
6452:Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion
6184:A Short History of the Food Stamp Program
5979:
4967:
4949:
4905:
4643:
4537:
4233:
4142:"Food stamps offer best stimulus - study"
4125:
3806:
3796:
3609:
3579:
3225:
3053:
3029:
3027:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2983:
2961:
2959:
2873:
2563:
2060:
1869:
1378:Wine, beer, liquor, cigarettes or tobacco
1334:
1261:Have lived in the country for 5 years; or
564:In Congress, major players were Senators
551:
423:
156:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
7274:1960 United States presidential election
7127:Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
6895:Government National Mortgage Association
6503:National Agricultural Statistics Service
6100:
5623:
5602:
5307:"Food Stamp Use Soars, and Stigma Fades"
4430:
3855:Gordon-Feierabend, Lev (June 22, 2019).
3044:
2985:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094143
2678:
2639:
2637:
2384:
2214:
2198:
1966:
1886:of the food products purchased with the
1834:
1822:
1786:, peaking in 2013, and has since fallen.
1777:
1416:
1308:
1192:
1007:
941:
926:
672:
327:
245:
7517:Federal assistance in the United States
6663:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
6314:United States Department of Agriculture
6208:United States Department of Agriculture
6165:United States Department of Agriculture
6013:United States Department of Agriculture
5987:United States Department of Agriculture
5255:United States Department of Agriculture
5240:
5235:Food stamps offer best stimulus - study
4590:
4253:
4184:
4160:
4158:
3988:United States Department of Agriculture
3468:
3466:
3464:
3325:
2874:Dickinson, Maggie (November 19, 2019).
2625:
2613:United States Department of Agriculture
2428:FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2174:and then re-selling the soda to turn a
2007:
1792:United States Department of Agriculture
1364:snack foods and non-alcoholic beverages
1239:a deduction for child support payments,
1028:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
833:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
761:authorizing nutrition education grants;
633:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
494:Major legislative changes (early 1970s)
316:and the program's first administrator,
272:effort to manage agricultural surpluses
192:Department of Health and Human Services
116:Federal government of the United States
75:United States Department of Agriculture
14:
7489:
6855:Child care and development block grant
6579:Natural Resources Conservation Service
6440:Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services
6359:Trade and Foreign Agricultural Affairs
6234:Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
6134:
6059:. Sykes, Russell & Thomas Farley,
5980:Concannon, Kevin (February 17, 2017).
5953:
5951:
5791:
5586:
5582:
5580:
5569:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5454:
5452:
4997:
4995:
4931:
4790:
4788:
4597:Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
3725:
3723:
3721:
3660:
3658:
3631:
3629:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3274:
3203:
3201:
3154:
3152:
3079:
3024:
3000:
2956:
2754:. Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics
2537:
2502:Katz, Michael B. (December 11, 1996).
2375:Nutrition Assistance Program Home Page
1343:
1279:
1274:Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
1201:
1159:
998:Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
849:Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
544:Once a person is a beneficiary of the
217:. Their rectangular shape resembled a
6996:
6970:
6620:
6591:Office of the Chief Financial Officer
6410:Under Secretary for Rural Development
6286:
6101:OâConnor, Anahad (October 10, 2016).
6074:
5514:"Kevin Concannon - Bio, News, Photos"
5327:
5042:
5040:
4963:
4961:
4927:
4925:
4794:
4360:
3774:
3772:
3056:"9 Questions About Poverty, Answered"
2902:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2643:
2634:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2447:
1975:
1198:have $ 3,500 in countable resources.
1145:Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023
867:Able-bodied Adults Without Dependents
810:simplifying the household definition.
7297:Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture
7132:Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland
6860:HOME Investment Partnerships Program
6742:Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico
6678:Social Security Disability Insurance
5672:
5587:Tanner, Michael (October 16, 2013).
4395:
4329:
4165:Rosenbaum, Dottie (March 11, 2013).
4155:
3461:
2847:. khi.org. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2501:
2332:Social programs in the United States
1399:Hot prepared foods in grocery stores
1171:
729:
349:Pilot Food Stamp Program (1961â1964)
225:printing on high-quality paper with
33:
7259:Democratic National Convention 1956
7215:1948 United States Senate elections
7021:Vice President of the United States
7010:36th President of the United States
6829:Children's Health Insurance Program
6722:Commodity Supplemental Food Program
6706:Office of Public and Indian Housing
5948:
5577:
5449:
5143:
4992:
4865:
4849:. December 20, 2013. Archived from
4813:
4785:
3718:
3693:
3655:
3626:
3594:
3419:"SNAP Work Requirements | USDA-FNS"
3198:
3149:
3124:
3080:Warren, Elizabeth (July 17, 2019).
2795:. Social Security Online â USA.gov.
2672:
2265:Department of Agriculture v. Moreno
1899:and higher income nonparticipants.
1107:Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018
576:eliminated categorical eligibility;
24:
7512:Food security in the United States
7381:Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson
6573:Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
6550:Under Secretary of Agriculture for
6526:Under Secretary of Agriculture for
6485:Research, Education, and Economics
6483:Under Secretary of Agriculture for
6473:Food Safety and Inspection Service
6463:Under Secretary of Agriculture for
6438:Under Secretary of Agriculture for
6428:Rural Business-Cooperative Service
6390:Under Secretary of Agriculture for
6357:Under Secretary of Agriculture for
6206:from websites or documents of the
6154:Toward an end to hunger in America
6146:
6057:See No Junk Food, Buy No Junk Food
5792:Ricker, Nok-Noi (April 15, 2013).
5673:King, Bertel (February 21, 2013).
5328:Banjo, Shelly (November 4, 2013).
5037:
4958:
4922:
4431:Rambotti, Simone (February 2020).
3848:
3823:
3769:
2839:Shields, Mike (August 27, 2012). "
2799:
2626:Pepperl, Nicole (March 18, 2014).
2468:
2090:
1839:SNAP benefits cost since the 1960s
1592:Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota
1391:paper products, household supplies
1138:
988:to help Americans affected by the
972:stigmatized phrase "food stamps".
411:Of the program, US Representative
25:
7528:
6845:Community Development Block Grant
6757:Farmers' Market Nutrition Program
6737:Child and Adult Care Food Program
6528:Marketing and Regulatory Programs
6392:Natural Resources and Environment
6230:History of the Food Stamp Program
6214:
6075:Oshin, Olafimihan (May 9, 2023).
5927:
5900:
5843:
4591:Carlson, Steven (July 15, 2021).
4167:"SNAP Is Effective and Efficient"
3528:"Making The Rent: Who's At Risk?"
3054:Van Buren, Peter (June 6, 2014).
2953:, undated. Accessed May 20, 2009.
2544:American Journal of Public Health
2522:
198:costs increased sharply with the
7470:
7469:
6552:Farm Production and Conservation
6379:
6202: This article incorporates
6197:
6128:
6094:
6068:
6027:
6001:
5921:
5894:
5864:
5837:
5811:
5785:
5759:
5741:
5723:
5697:
5675:"USDA Cracks Down On SNAP Fraud"
5666:
5640:
5617:
5531:
5506:
5484:
5396:
5369:
5348:
5332:. Online.wsj.com. Archived from
5321:
5299:
5273:
5228:
5007:Food Policy in the United States
3574: This article incorporates
3569:
3275:Stoico, Nick (August 28, 2022).
2600: This article incorporates
2595:
2538:Nestle, Marion (December 2019).
2132:Government Accountability Office
1894:Obesity prevalence amongst youth
1412:
1253:Immigrant status and eligibility
1105:As directed by the US Farm Bill
295:
281:
263:
215:Bureau of Engraving and Printing
38:
6348:Deputy Secretary of Agriculture
6254:Statute Compilations collection
5982:"USDA Backs Healthy Incentives"
5215:
5189:
5176:
5164:
5049:
4839:
4746:
4707:
4660:
4603:
4584:
4497:
4471:
4449:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112778
4424:
4389:
4354:
4323:
4288:
4134:
4101:
4075:
4058:
4018:
3993:
3949:
3924:
3899:
3874:
3748:
3563:
3545:
3520:
3484:
3436:
3411:
3383:
3319:
3294:
3268:
3242:
3173:
3099:
3073:
2933:
2920:
2867:
2850:
2833:
2785:
2737:
2715:
2349:
1987:
1742:
1004:Corporate influence and support
963:Renaming the Food Stamp Program
775:, and, de la Garza and Senator
174:to help them maintain adequate
7142:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
6850:Community Services Block Grant
6536:Agricultural Marketing Service
6239:Food and Nutrition Act of 2008
3588:Congressional Research Service
2972:Annual Review of Public Health
2619:
2495:
2415:
2368:
1642:East Carroll Parish, Louisiana
1421:State waiver requests for SNAP
1150:
1126:
827:The mid-1990s was a period of
815:Later participation milestones
442:House Committee on Agriculture
385:place to help America's poor.
184:U.S. Department of Agriculture
13:
1:
7157:Memorial Grove on the Potomac
6517:Office of the Chief Scientist
6497:National Agricultural Library
6493:Agricultural Research Service
5253:. Economic Research Service,
5158:10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.10.002
5078:10.1080/07352166.2022.2119049
4978:10.3368/jhr.58.3.0619-10276R2
4890:10.1080/19320248.2018.1484315
4732:10.1016/j.jeconom.2011.06.007
4616:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
4437:Social Science & Medicine
4234:Phil Izzo (August 12, 2013).
3679:10.1080/19320248.2017.1374901
3227:10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101917
2362:
2209:Hampden County, Massachusetts
2182:Role of SNAP in healthy diets
2045:Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
1652:Humphreys County, Mississippi
6673:Supplemental Security Income
6563:Commodity Credit Corporation
6366:Foreign Agricultural Service
5309:. NYTimes. November 29, 2009
5003:"Hunger and food insecurity"
4932:Tuttle, Cody (May 1, 2019).
4825:Center for American Progress
4628:10.1097/MOP.0000000000001192
4522:10.1212/WNL.0000000000201499
4410:10.3368/jhr.55.3.0916-8197R2
3610:Stribling, Hanna F. (2016).
2150:
1903:Food security and insecurity
1712:Ziebach County, South Dakota
1692:Rolette County, North Dakota
1572:Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska
1381:Certain nonfood items like:
938:Electronic Benefits Transfer
546:Supplemental Security Income
521:Supplemental Security Income
7:
7316:The Years of Lyndon Johnson
6772:Nutrition Assistance Grants
6762:Summer Food Service Program
6263:Code of Federal Regulations
3831:"Nourish California - Home"
3756:"Where is my local office?"
2908:Lowery, Annie (2010-12-10)
2782:. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
2679:Smith II, Bobby J. (2023).
2646:Journal of American History
2327:Hunger in the United States
2290:Electronic Benefit Transfer
2257:
2071:reported that one-third of
1851:
1737:Congressional Budget Office
1384:hygiene (soaps, deodorant,
1317:
1214:This is especially true in
952:Electronic Benefit Transfer
839:of 1996 (PRWORA), AFDC, an
682:Cutbacks of the early 1980s
455:The major provisions were:
231:Electronic Benefit Transfer
99:; 85 years ago
10:
7533:
7087:Texas Broadcasting Company
6448:Food and Nutrition Service
6371:United States Codex Office
6268:SNAP/Food Stamp Challenges
6225:Food and Nutrition Service
6045:Food and Nutrition Service
4970:Journal of Human Resources
4759:Journal of Human Resources
4685:10.1016/j.jand.2012.02.019
4562:University press release:
4398:Journal of Human Resources
3346:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1622:Sioux County, North Dakota
1301:Applying for SNAP benefits
843:, was replaced with a new
559:Food and Nutrition Service
332:Image showing food coupons
240:
188:Food and Nutrition Service
172:low- and no-income persons
7438:
7371:
7287:
7170:
7147:Lyndon Baines Johnson Day
7110:
7051:
7004:
6938:
6905:HUD Neighborhood Networks
6837:
6811:
6790:
6714:
6691:
6655:
6606:
6590:
6549:
6524:
6508:Economic Research Service
6481:
6461:
6436:
6408:
6388:
6377:
6356:
6327:Jamie L. Whitten Building
6320:
5237:, CNN (January 29, 2008).
5116:Economic Research Service
3512:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2379:Department of Agriculture
2304:National School Lunch Act
2243:sugar-sweetened beverages
2043:analyzed measures of the
2035:A January 2008 report by
2014:Economic Research Service
1999:Economic Research Service
1860:
1722:
1682:Phillips County, Arkansas
1612:Todd County, South Dakota
1602:Pemiscot County, Missouri
1220:Community Service Society
360:Robert M. La Follette Jr.
162:), formerly known as the
121:
111:
93:
88:
79:
7423:George Washington Baines
7075:Civil Rights Act of 1960
7070:Civil Rights Act of 1957
6870:Mutual self-help housing
6752:School Breakfast Program
6339:Secretary of Agriculture
5066:Journal of Urban Affairs
5015:10.4324/9780203121795-17
2945:August 10, 2009, at the
2556:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305361
2342:
2187:Healthy Incentives Pilot
2073:Woonsocket, Rhode Island
2026:Secretary of Agriculture
1818:
1632:Dunklin County, Missouri
1361:meats, poultry, and fish
1047:, and the grocery chain
311:Secretary of Agriculture
7411:Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr.
7399:Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.
7387:Lynda Bird Johnson Robb
7029:U.S. Senator from Texas
6598:National Finance Center
6423:Rural Utilities Service
5624:AP Photo (March 2010).
4720:Journal of Econometrics
4363:The Journal of Politics
4301:SSRN Electronic Journal
3326:ALECCIA, JONEL (2023).
2845:Kansas Health Institute
2608:A Short History of SNAP
1702:Ripley County, Missouri
1582:Owsley County, Kentucky
1559:County (or equivalent)
1408:Live animals and birds.
531:1974 nationwide program
388:On September 21, 1959,
18:Deduction (food stamps)
7502:Great Society programs
7325:(1991 television film)
7059:Early years and career
6885:Urban Partnership Bank
6838:Grants & subsidies
6683:Unemployment insurance
6569:Risk Management Agency
6204:public domain material
5876:www.claycity-times.com
4127:10.3733/ca.v060n04p185
4114:California Agriculture
3576:public domain material
2602:public domain material
2220:
2204:
2061:Local economic effects
1972:
1919:and cook those foods.
1870:Brain health and aging
1840:
1832:
1787:
1662:Wolfe County, Kentucky
1433:
1422:
1405:Vitamins and medicines
1335:SNAP Benefit Allotment
1314:
1267:Have children under 18
1037:
1013:
947:
934:
678:
552:Food Stamp Act of 1977
424:Food Stamp Act of 1964
333:
204:15 administered by FNS
6939:State & territory
6880:NeighborWorks America
6418:Rural Housing Service
5598:. The Cato Institute.
5182:Real Clear Politics:
5062:, by Katie S. Martin"
4797:food policy in the US
4795:wilde, parke (2013).
4771:10.3368/jhr.XLI.3.445
3861:The Daily Californian
3735:www.warren.senate.gov
3136:www.warren.senate.gov
2843:". KHI News Service.
2658:10.1093/jahist/jaq067
2615:. September 11, 2018.
2300:, 477 U.S. 635 (1986)
2268:, 413 U.S. 528 (1973)
2228:, salt, fat, or oil.
2224:that do not have any
2218:
2202:
2112:Kevin Concannon told
2016:explains: "SNAP is a
1970:
1890:(or coupon-credits).
1838:
1826:
1781:
1672:Perry County, Alabama
1428:
1420:
1352:fruits and vegetables
1312:
1193:Resource requirements
1166:federal poverty level
1045:The Coca-Cola Company
1032:
1011:
945:
930:
724:Reading, Pennsylvania
676:
331:
246:Origin of food stamps
7417:Joseph Wilson Baines
6767:Special Milk Program
6344:Xochitl Torres Small
6015:. September 18, 2014
5936:on February 22, 2017
5909:on February 22, 2017
5852:on February 22, 2017
5654:on December 19, 2013
5551:on December 30, 2013
5336:on December 12, 2013
5261:on December 14, 2013
4951:10.1257/pol.20170490
4853:on December 20, 2013
4309:10.2139/ssrn.2504067
4053:State Options Report
4025:State Options Report
3169:. November 15, 2023.
2780:University of Kansas
2278:Food stamp challenge
2114:The Washington Times
2110:USDA Under Secretary
2008:Macroeconomic effect
1927:A 2019 study in the
1479:District of Columbia
921:Consumer Price Index
7425:(great-grandfather)
7405:Sam Houston Johnson
7393:Luci Baines Johnson
7037:U.S. Representative
6701:Section 8 (housing)
6559:Farm Service Agency
6261:regulations in the
6259:7 CFR parts 271â292
6152:Eisinger, Peter K.
5823:Des Moines Register
5711:. February 21, 2013
5685:on October 30, 2019
5285:The Washington Post
4485:. November 14, 2022
4276:on January 11, 2012
4240:Wall Street Journal
4072:(January 17, 2015).
3984:Eligible Food Items
3041:(October 28, 2013).
3021:(October 28, 2013).
2951:Library of Congress
2886:10.2307/j.ctvqr1bbj
2691:10.1353/book.114144
2682:Food Power Politics
2462:10.1093/ajae/aas043
2065:In March 2013, the
1933:1996 Welfare reform
1344:Eligible Food Items
1280:Student eligibility
1202:Housing expenditure
1179:drug rehabilitation
1160:Income requirements
1078:Bread for the World
841:entitlement program
740:nutrition education
374:. From 1954 on, US
339:Rochester, New York
76:
7162:U.S. Postage stamp
7065:Southern Manifesto
6865:Housing trust fund
6798:Head Start Program
6777:Reduced-price meal
6139:– via JSTOR.
6107:The New York Times
6062:The New York Times
6039:2016-03-04 at the
5882:on October 2, 2023
5825:. January 14, 2016
5755:. August 21, 2013.
5472:on October 1, 2013
5410:on August 18, 2013
4342:on January 7, 2016
4089:on January 5, 2016
4030:2015-07-12 at the
3835:Nourish California
3798:10.3390/nu11061419
3643:. January 10, 2019
3559:on March 10, 2010.
2723:"SNAP Legislation"
2403:. January 24, 2019
2221:
2205:
1976:Income maintenance
1973:
1841:
1833:
1788:
1423:
1355:breads and cereals
1315:
1208:affordable housing
1014:
984:(ARRA), a federal
948:
935:
679:
413:Leonor K. Sullivan
334:
168:federal government
164:Food Stamp Program
74:
7484:
7483:
7462:Hubert Humphrey â
7444:â John F. Kennedy
7092:Johnson Amendment
6998:Lyndon B. Johnson
6964:
6963:
6910:Renewal community
6656:Transfer payments
6614:
6613:
6011:(Press release).
5798:Bangor Daily News
5679:www.inquisitr.com
5024:978-0-203-12179-5
4827:. August 11, 2022
4483:Neurology Advisor
3256:. August 28, 2022
2895:978-0-520-97377-0
2700:978-1-4696-7509-1
2550:(12): 1631â1635.
2515:978-0-465-02452-0
2337:Social safety net
2130:According to the
2037:Moody's Analytics
1790:According to the
1729:recession of 2008
1720:
1719:
1547:
1546:
1172:Work requirements
1117:Thrifty Food Plan
874:Thrifty Food Plan
847:to states called
730:Mid-to-late 1980s
186:(USDA) under the
148:
147:
72:
71:
16:(Redirected from
7524:
7473:
7472:
7044:
7032:
7024:
7013:
6991:
6984:
6977:
6968:
6967:
6915:Empowerment zone
6900:FHA insured loan
6812:Health Insurance
6641:
6634:
6627:
6618:
6617:
6383:
6382:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6284:
6283:
6201:
6200:
6141:
6140:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6072:
6066:
6054:
6048:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5955:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5932:. Archived from
5928:Combs, Miranda.
5925:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5905:. Archived from
5901:Combs, Miranda.
5898:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5878:. Archived from
5868:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5848:. Archived from
5844:Combs, Miranda.
5841:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5773:on July 16, 2012
5763:
5757:
5756:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5709:www.fns.usda.gov
5701:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5681:. Archived from
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5600:
5599:
5593:
5584:
5575:
5574:
5568:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5550:
5544:. Archived from
5543:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5518:Washington Times
5510:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5471:
5464:
5456:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5437:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5406:. Archived from
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5287:. March 16, 2013
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5247:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5203:on April 4, 2014
5193:
5187:
5186:August 16, 2011.
5180:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5125:on June 22, 2013
5124:
5118:. Archived from
5113:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5072:(5): 1046â1048.
5053:
5047:
5044:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5031:
4999:
4990:
4989:
4972:: 0619â10276R2.
4965:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4929:
4920:
4919:
4909:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4792:
4783:
4782:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4647:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4559:
4541:
4516:(6): e595âe602.
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4338:. Archived from
4336:Associated Press
4330:Jalonick, Mary.
4327:
4321:
4320:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4275:
4268:
4260:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4162:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4085:. Archived from
4079:
4073:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4035:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
3997:
3991:
3981:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3961:www.fns.usda.gov
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3936:www.fns.usda.gov
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3911:www.fns.usda.gov
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3886:www.fns.usda.gov
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3810:
3800:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3727:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3607:
3592:
3591:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3555:. Archived from
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3470:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3448:www.fns.usda.gov
3440:
3434:
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3429:
3423:www.fns.usda.gov
3415:
3409:
3408:
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3323:
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3306:www.fns.usda.gov
3298:
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3185:www.fns.usda.gov
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3119:
3117:
3111:lawson.house.gov
3103:
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3086:www.congress.gov
3077:
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2732:
2730:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2652:(4): 1001â1022.
2641:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2578:
2577:
2567:
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2434:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2393:
2382:
2372:
2356:
2353:
2297:Lyng v. Castillo
2274:(2007 Farm Bill)
2039:chief economist
2018:counter-cyclical
1556:
1555:
1463:
1462:
1112:dietary guidance
1067:and Congressman
1065:Elizabeth Warren
986:stimulus package
372:Stuart Symington
314:Henry A. Wallace
299:
285:
267:
235:farmers' markets
219:U.S. dollar bill
144:
139:
136:
134:
132:
130:
128:
107:
105:
100:
89:Program overview
84:
77:
73:
67:
64:
58:
42:
41:
34:
21:
7532:
7531:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7458:â Richard Nixon
7451:Richard Nixon â
7434:
7367:
7283:
7166:
7112:
7106:
7082:Operation Texas
7047:
7035:
7027:
7016:
7008:
7000:
6995:
6965:
6960:
6934:
6833:
6807:
6786:
6710:
6687:
6668:Social Security
6651:
6645:
6615:
6610:
6609:
6602:
6586:
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6149:
6147:General sources
6144:
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6129:
6119:
6117:
6099:
6095:
6085:
6083:
6073:
6069:
6065:, 21 March 2015
6055:
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6041:Wayback Machine
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5539:"Archived copy"
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3707:
3705:www.cdss.ca.gov
3699:
3698:
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3663:
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3646:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3608:
3595:
3580:Jasper Womach.
3570:
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3281:BostonGlobe.com
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3062:
3052:
3045:
3039:Washington Post
3032:
3025:
3019:Washington Post
3012:
3001:
2964:
2957:
2947:Wayback Machine
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2642:
2635:
2624:
2620:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2581:
2536:
2523:
2516:
2508:. Basic Books.
2500:
2496:
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2478:
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2446:
2442:
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2430:
2420:
2416:
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2238:
2189:
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2153:
2140:
2093:
2091:Fraud and abuse
2068:Washington Post
2063:
2010:
1990:
1978:
1905:
1896:
1876:cognitive aging
1872:
1863:
1854:
1829:Great Recession
1821:
1784:Great Recession
1745:
1725:
1565:
1563:
1562:% of population
1472:
1470:
1469:% of population
1454:
1415:
1346:
1337:
1329:
1320:
1303:
1282:
1255:
1204:
1195:
1174:
1162:
1153:
1141:
1139:2023 aid shrink
1129:
1103:
1086:
1061:
1006:
990:Great Recession
978:
965:
940:
825:
817:
785:
732:
684:
566:George McGovern
554:
542:
533:
496:
487:
434:Orville Freeman
426:
402:John F. Kennedy
379:Leonor Sullivan
364:Hubert Humphrey
351:
307:
306:
305:
304:
303:
300:
291:
290:
289:
286:
277:
276:
275:
268:
257:
248:
243:
200:Great Recession
125:
103:
101:
98:
68:
62:
59:
56:
43:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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7509:
7504:
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7139:
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7105:
7104:
7099:
7097:Box 13 scandal
7094:
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7067:
7055:
7053:
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6729:
6724:
6718:
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6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6697:
6695:
6693:Public housing
6689:
6688:
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6685:
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6675:
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6433:
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6406:
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6403:
6402:
6400:Forest Service
6396:
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6378:
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6374:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6341:
6331:
6330:
6324:Headquarters:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6310:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6270:
6265:
6256:
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6216:
6215:External links
6213:
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6000:
5972:
5961:. Fns.usda.gov
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5099:
5048:
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5023:
4991:
4957:
4944:(2): 301â327.
4921:
4884:(5): 593â612.
4864:
4838:
4812:
4806:978-1849714297
4805:
4784:
4765:(3): 445â466.
4745:
4706:
4679:(6): 850â858.
4659:
4602:
4583:
4581:
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4496:
4470:
4423:
4404:(2): 387â427.
4388:
4375:10.1086/708914
4353:
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4287:
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4226:
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4183:
4154:
4133:
4120:(4): 185â191.
4100:
4074:
4068:, Cheat Sheet/
4057:
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4017:
3992:
3973:
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3267:
3241:
3197:
3172:
3148:
3123:
3098:
3072:
3043:
3023:
2999:
2978:(1): 453â480.
2955:
2932:
2919:
2901:
2894:
2866:
2849:
2832:
2798:
2784:
2765:
2736:
2725:. Fns.usda.gov
2714:
2699:
2671:
2633:
2618:
2579:
2521:
2514:
2494:
2467:
2456:(2): 325â331.
2440:
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2341:
2340:
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2329:
2324:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2301:
2293:
2283:Lone Star Card
2280:
2275:
2269:
2259:
2256:
2237:
2234:
2193:2008 Farm Bill
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2163:of using SNAP
2152:
2149:
2139:
2136:
2125:Cato Institute
2092:
2089:
2062:
2059:
2021:the economy."
2009:
2006:
1989:
1986:
1982:Peter H. Rossi
1977:
1974:
1912:Self-selection
1904:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1880:sustainability
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
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1598:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1566:SNAP benefits
1560:
1551:New York Times
1545:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1515:
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1505:
1504:
1501:
1495:
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1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1473:SNAP benefits
1467:
1453:
1450:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:menstrual care
1379:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:dairy products
1356:
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1345:
1342:
1336:
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1319:
1316:
1302:
1299:
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1234:
1231:
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1194:
1191:
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1149:
1140:
1137:
1128:
1125:
1102:
1099:
1085:
1082:
1060:
1057:
1016:In June 2014,
1005:
1002:
977:
974:
969:2008 farm bill
964:
961:
939:
936:
916:
915:
912:
909:
906:
890:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
870:
863:
856:1996 Farm Bill
824:
821:
816:
813:
812:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
784:
781:
769:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
731:
728:
720:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
683:
680:
661:1980 recession
654:welfare reform
643:
642:
639:
636:
630:
627:
624:
621:
614:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
553:
550:
541:
538:
532:
529:
513:Virgin Islands
495:
492:
486:
483:
479:
478:
475:
471:
468:
464:
460:
430:War on Poverty
425:
422:
376:Representative
368:Estes Kefauver
350:
347:
301:
294:
293:
292:
287:
280:
279:
278:
269:
262:
261:
260:
259:
258:
256:
253:
247:
244:
242:
239:
146:
145:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
95:
91:
90:
86:
85:
70:
69:
46:
44:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7529:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7477:
7476:
7467:
7466:
7463:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7441:
7440:
7437:
7430:
7427:
7424:
7421:
7419:(grandfather)
7418:
7415:
7413:(grandfather)
7412:
7409:
7406:
7403:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7391:
7388:
7385:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7370:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7350:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7305:advertisement
7304:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7286:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7109:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7050:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7006:
7003:
6999:
6992:
6987:
6985:
6980:
6978:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6937:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6647:Contemporary
6642:
6637:
6635:
6630:
6628:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6605:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6548:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6523:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6480:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6460:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6387:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6355:
6349:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6308:
6303:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6209:
6205:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6138:
6131:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6082:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6030:
6014:
6010:
6004:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5976:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5935:
5931:
5924:
5908:
5904:
5897:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5799:
5795:
5788:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5736:
5732:
5731:"Definitions"
5726:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5669:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5608:
5606:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5581:
5572:
5566:
5547:
5540:
5534:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5493:
5487:
5468:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5372:
5357:
5351:
5335:
5331:
5324:
5308:
5302:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5236:
5231:
5224:
5218:
5207:September 30,
5202:
5198:
5192:
5185:
5179:
5172:
5167:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5052:
5043:
5041:
5026:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4964:
4962:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4926:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4808:
4802:
4799:. Routledge.
4798:
4791:
4789:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4346:September 18,
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4272:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4214:
4208:
4193:
4187:
4180:
4168:
4161:
4159:
4143:
4137:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4071:
4067:
4064:Erika Rawes,
4061:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4006:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3773:
3757:
3751:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3659:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3529:
3523:
3515:
3509:
3493:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3370:
3369:"Eligibility"
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3349:
3343:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3322:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3255:
3254:www.nbc12.com
3251:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3033:Reid Wilson,
3030:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3013:Brad Plumer,
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2753:
2746:
2745:"Food Stamps"
2740:
2724:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1985:
1983:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:food security
1913:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1509:West Virginia
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1438:child support
1432:
1427:
1419:
1413:State options
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1332:
1324:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1216:New York City
1212:
1209:
1199:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1169:
1167:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1001:
999:
994:
991:
987:
983:
973:
970:
960:
957:
953:
944:
933:
929:
925:
922:
913:
910:
907:
904:
903:
902:
899:
897:
896:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
871:
868:
864:
861:
860:
859:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
820:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
790:
789:
780:
778:
777:Patrick Leahy
774:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
744:
743:
741:
737:
727:
725:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
689:
688:
675:
671:
669:
664:
662:
657:
655:
650:
646:
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