361:, which posited that much of psychotherapy involves helping people make decisions. In the ABC model, people are said to be blocked or stuck in resolving a problem when their C schemas define strong advantages to maintaining the problem and/or strong disadvantages to resolving the problem, and often their C schemas are at a low level of awareness. In such cases, resolving the problem usually requires raising awareness and restructuring the C schemas, although several other general strategies for resolving the problem are available as alternatives or adjuncts.
479:(FACT) the four square tool is a tabular method similar in appearance to a decisional balance sheet. The four square tool shows four sets of behaviors: positive behaviors (called "workable" behaviors) and negative behaviors (called "unworkable" behaviors) that a person does publicly and privately. In the four square tool, the advantages and disadvantages of the behaviors are implied, rather than listed in separate cells as in a decisional balance sheet. The following table is a blank four square tool.
60:
session with someone who is experiencing problems with their alcohol consumption with a question such as: "Could you tell me what you get out of your drinking and what you perhaps find less good about it?" Therapists are generally advised to use this sort of phrasing rather than a blunter injunction to think about the negative aspects of problematic behaviour, as the latter could increase
181:
changed behaviour. Some authors separate out short- and long-term benefits and risks of a behaviour. The example below allows for three options: carrying on as before, reducing a harmful behaviour to a level where it might be less harmful, or stopping it altogether; it therefore has six cells consisting of a pro and con pair for each of the three options.
127:. Research studies on the transtheoretical model suggest that, in general, for people to succeed at behaviour change, the pros of change should outweigh the cons before they move from the contemplation stage to the action stage of change. Thus, the balance sheet is both an informal measure of readiness for change and an aid for decision-making.
268:
Any evaluation is subject to change and often the cells are inter-connected. For example, looking at the table above, if something were to happen in the individual's marital life (an argument or the partner leaves or becomes pregnant or has an accident), the event can either increase or decrease how
83:
for practical reasoning have warned that the Ben
Franklin method is only appropriate for very informal decision making: "A weakness in applying this rough-and-ready approach is a poverty of imagination and lack of background knowledge required to generate a full enough range and detail of competing
303:
establishes the initial frame, the situation seen by a particular actor (Chris) at a specific point. The actors are Jo and Chris and each has a single yes/no policy option—for Chris this is to stay or leave and for Jo it is to stop drinking or not. These options define four possible scenarios or
159:
There are several variations of the decisional balance sheet. In Janis and Mann's original description there are eight or more cells depending on how many choices there are. For each new choice there are pairs of cells (one for advantages, one for disadvantages) for these four different aspects:
59:
The decisional balance sheet records the advantages and disadvantages of different options. It can be used both for individual and organisational decisions. The balance sheet recognises that both gains and losses can be consequences of a single decision. It might, for example, be introduced in a
138:
or either strategy alone." Another research paper said that a decisional balance intervention may strengthen a person's commitment to change when that person has already made a commitment to change, but could decrease commitment to change if that person is ambivalent; the authors suggested that
180:
is among the psychologists who have simplified the balance sheet to four cells: the pros and cons of changing, for self and for others. Similarly, a number of psychologists have simplified the balance sheet to a four-cell format consisting of the pros and cons of the current behaviour and of a
151:'s textbook on motivational interviewing discusses decisional balance in a chapter titled "Counseling with Neutrality", and describes "decisional balance as a way of proceeding when you wish to counsel with neutrality rather than move toward a particular change goal".
79:. It involves making a list of pros and cons, estimating the importance of each one, eliminating items from the pros and cons lists of roughly equal importance (or groups of items that can cancel each other out) until one column (pro or con) is dominant. Experts on
143:(a technique from motivational interviewing) is more appropriate than a decisional balance sheet when a clinician intends to help ambivalent clients resolve their ambivalence in the direction of change.
765:, pp. 135ff; Janis said that his balance sheet made "a considerable extension of psychological inquiry beyond the conventional discussions of decision-making" due to its novel inclusion of social,
272:
Another refinement of the balance sheet is to use a scoring system to give numerical weights to different elements of the balance sheet; in such cases, the balance sheet becomes what is often called a
353:) about the advantages and disadvantages of resolving the problem; and C is a row that lists schemas about the advantages and disadvantages of maintaining the problem. Tschudi was partly inspired by
382:, although coherence therapy also differentiates between "functional" symptoms that are directly caused by C and "functionless" symptoms that are not directly caused by C. In terms of
31:
method for representing the pros and cons of different choices and for helping someone decide what to do in a certain circumstance. It is often used in working with
299:
A couple, Jo and Chris, have lived together for a number of years. However, Chris cannot stand any longer that Jo is always drunk and threatens to leave. The
1407:
2208:
1681:
288:
2294:
2103:
2065:
1982:
1657:
1588:
1486:
1385:
1295:
1222:
1187:
2254:
2180:
2149:
2034:
1869:
1793:
1626:
1336:
1257:
484:
476:
1811:
1769:
1718:
1415:
345:
uses a structure similar to a decisional balance sheet: A is a row that defines the problem; B is a row that lists
144:
295:, and applied them to an example of interpersonal conflict over substance abuse, which they described as follows:
124:
1531:
1969:
Solutions for the "treatment-resistant" addicted client: therapeutic techniques for engaging difficult clients
1930:; Rakowski, William; Fiore, Christine; Harlow, Lisa L.; Redding, Colleen A.; Rosenbloom, Dena (January 1994).
2023:
Brief interventions for radical change: principles and practice of focused acceptance and commitment therapy
308:
89:
1679:(May 2006). "Combining MCDA and conflict analysis: an exploratory application of an integrated approach".
893:
1936:
1503:
2322:
2026:
1365:
1442:
1889:"The use of implementation intentions and the decision balance sheet in promoting exercise behaviour"
1074:
541:
325:
created a four-cell matrix similar in appearance to a decisional balance sheet that he compared to a
120:
68:
48:
1888:
1429:
891:
An example of an eight-cell balance sheet using Janis and Mann's original categories can be seen at
88:
has warned that the Ben
Franklin method can be used in ways that fool people into falsely believing
2286:
593:
131:
61:
35:
in people who are engaged in behaviours that are harmful to their health (for example, problematic
269:
much weight the person gives to the elements in the balance sheet that refer to the relationship.
1324:
617:
80:
1328:
1315:
2332:
1816:"Motivational interviewing and decisional balance: contrasting responses to client ambivalence"
1580:
1424:
1369:
1356:
1244:
Unlocking the emotional brain: eliminating symptoms at their roots using memory reconsolidation
599:
383:
116:
44:
2277:
1287:
602: – State of balance among a set of beliefs, arrived at by considering general principles
575:
2276:
1778:
1611:
1241:
1171:
2133:
1214:
130:
One research paper reported that combining the decisional balance sheet technique with the
1408:"Resolving decisional conflict by Gestalt two-chair dialogue: relating process to outcome"
8:
2327:
1861:
1573:
974:
For example, such a weighted version is used to help readers choose between colleges in:
346:
292:
28:
817:
2239:
2199:
2171:
Making robust decisions: decision management for technical, business, and service teams
2169:
2054:
1923:
1911:
1854:
1757:
1706:
1698:
1652:. Career planning guide. Vol. 1 (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
1646:
1556:
1548:
1475:
1279:
1207:
564:
559:
535:
135:
112:
544: – Systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives
2300:
2290:
2272:
2260:
2250:
2225:
2186:
2176:
2155:
2145:
2109:
2099:
2071:
2061:
2040:
2030:
1988:
1978:
1967:
1953:
1915:
1875:
1865:
1837:
1799:
1789:
1749:
1663:
1653:
1632:
1622:
1606:
1594:
1584:
1560:
1492:
1482:
1461:
1391:
1381:
1342:
1332:
1301:
1291:
1275:
1263:
1253:
1228:
1218:
1193:
1183:
365:
85:
2203:
1931:
1761:
682:, pp. 231–254; see also the section titled "MI is not a decisional balance" in
2217:
2137:
2128:. In Caputi, Peter; Viney, Linda L.; Walker, Beverly M.; Crittenden, Nadia (eds.).
2001:
1945:
1903:
1849:
1827:
1773:
1741:
1722:
1710:
1690:
1540:
1453:
1434:
1373:
770:
587:
581:
354:
350:
322:
177:
148:
72:
2122:
1726:
1694:
2006:
1907:
1242:
1172:
825:
338:
273:
108:
36:
2221:
2084:
1377:
2246:
2095:
1785:
1676:
1618:
1544:
1438:
1179:
547:
280:
2141:
2085:"Loaded and honest questions: a construct theory view of symptoms and therapy"
1949:
1832:
1815:
1745:
185:
Example of decisional balance sheet for someone experiencing alcohol problems
75:, Franklin described his own use of the method, which is now often called the
2316:
2264:
2159:
2044:
1974:
1879:
1803:
1636:
1575:
Decision making: a psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment
1403:
1346:
1267:
879:
Some early variations, in addition to those discussed here, can be found in:
813:
605:
569:
553:
391:
342:
2304:
2190:
2113:
2075:
1992:
1667:
1477:
Counseling for effective decision making: a cognitive-behavioral perspective
1395:
1232:
1197:
1841:
1753:
1598:
1568:
1526:
1496:
766:
284:
100:
2229:
1957:
1465:
1305:
1927:
318:
32:
2204:"Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status"
1174:
Addiction and change: how addictions develop and addicted people recover
1702:
718:
For examples of modern usage of the phrase "Ben
Franklin method", see:
93:
40:
1784:. Applications of motivational interviewing (3rd ed.). New York:
1552:
134:
technique was "more effective in increasing exercise behaviour than a
2197:
1354:
Girle, Rod; Hitchcock, David; McBurney, Peter; Verheij, Bart (2004).
1249:
917:
786:
611:
326:
1284:
The papers of
Benjamin Franklin: January 1 through December 31, 1772
572: – Diagram in which pros and cons are types of nodes
115:
and colleagues then incorporated Janis and Mann's concept into the
2021:
Strosahl, Kirk; Gustavsson, Thomas; Robinson, Patricia A. (2012).
1932:"Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors"
1887:
Prestwich, Andrew; Lawton, Rebecca; Conner, Mark (December 2003).
596: – Form of behavioral dependence involving emotional symptoms
43:), as part of psychological approaches such as those based on the
1362:
Argumentation machines: new frontiers in argument and computation
387:
370:
1321:
Addicted?: recognizing destructive behavior before it's too late
397:
The following table summarizes the structure of the ABC model.
170:
anticipated effect on how one is regarded by significant others
1926:; Velicer, Wayne F.; Rossi, Joseph S.; Goldstein, Michael G.;
1922:
1529:(March 1959). "Decisional conflicts: a theoretical analysis".
1511:
660:
1353:
735:
2283:
Strangers to ourselves: discovering the adaptive unconscious
1856:
Changeology: 5 steps to realizing your goals and resolutions
2002:"How the bento box can change how we think about the world"
1016:
2020:
1153:
386:, the problematic half of A describes one or more costly
1848:
929:
832:
technique are another way of resolving such conflict:
801:
668:
329:, with cells for self and others, present and future.
167:
anticipated utilitarian effects for significant others
2237:
Walters, Scott T.; Rotgers, Frederick, eds. (2012) .
1886:
1014:; Strickler's matrix is also explained on a website:
845:
311:
includes a form of decisional balance sheet called a
1240:Ecker, Bruce; Ticic, Robin; Hulley, Laurel (2012).
291:, two decision-making techniques from the field of
2238:
2168:
2053:
1966:
1853:
1777:
1727:"Ten things that motivational interviewing is not"
1645:
1610:
1572:
1474:
1355:
1314:
1206:
67:An early use of a decisional balance sheet was by
2314:
2056:The choosing by advantages decisionmaking system
1780:Motivational interviewing: helping people change
1402:
1239:
1126:
833:
608: – Business planning and analysis technique
584: – Benefit lost by a choice between options
1073:The other major influence on the ABC model was
656:
654:
475:In an approach to psychotherapy called focused
2241:Treating substance abuse: theory and technique
2236:
1852:; Loberg, Kristin; Norcross, Jonathon (2012).
1768:
1717:
1364:. Argumentation library. Vol. 9. Boston:
1316:"Unmasking addiction and preparing for change"
867:
683:
679:
645:
2120:
2092:New perspectives in personal construct theory
1360:. In Reed, Chris; Norman, Timothy J. (eds.).
1114:
1090:
1046:
550: – Sequence of steps for decision-making
2209:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
651:
173:anticipated effects on how one views oneself
107:and used the concept as a way of looking at
1682:Journal of the Operational Research Society
1204:
1149:
1147:
958:
816:noted that Janis and Mann's description of
780:
47:of change, and in certain circumstances in
1810:
1674:
1504:"Counseling for effective decision making"
1357:"Decision support for practical reasoning"
1169:
987:
856:
828:, and experiential techniques such as the
797:
664:
637:
590: – Use of reason to decide how to act
92:that do not accurately reflect their true
2198:Velicer, Wayne F.; DiClemente, Carlo C.;
1999:
1831:
1567:
1452:
1428:
1205:Dixon, David N.; Glover, John A. (1984).
1057:
1011:
762:
2121:Tschudi, Finn; Winter, David A. (2011).
1406:; Webster, Michael C. (September 1982).
1312:
1274:
1154:Strosahl, Gustavsson & Robinson 2012
1144:
946:
707:
641:
620: – Unforeseen outcomes of an action
164:anticipated utilitarian effects for self
2082:
1820:Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
1734:Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
1605:
1138:
1102:
1078:
1061:
1042:
999:
942:
364:In an approach to psychotherapy called
2315:
2271:
2166:
1648:Taking charge of your career direction
1282:. In Willcox, William Bradford (ed.).
1209:Counseling: a problem-solving approach
1038:
1036:
894:"Sample career decision balance sheet"
746:
723:
2000:Strickler, Yancey (5 November 2019).
1525:
1481:. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury Press.
1472:
880:
774:
758:
222:I can't remember things the next day
123:that is widely used for facilitating
84:considerations." Social psychologist
2051:
1964:
1643:
975:
962:
930:Norcross, Loberg & Norcross 2012
802:Norcross, Loberg & Norcross 2012
719:
695:
669:Norcross, Loberg & Norcross 2012
2278:"Introspection and self-narratives"
1033:
846:Prestwich, Lawton & Conner 2003
470:
289:multiple-criteria decision analysis
96:or predict their future behaviour.
16:Tool for representing pros and cons
13:
2285:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of
54:
14:
2344:
2202:; Brandenburg, Nancy (May 1985).
477:acceptance and commitment therapy
1416:Journal of Counseling Psychology
258:I might have to avoid my friends
249:I won't get into fights any more
103:and Leon Mann coined the phrase
1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1067:
1051:
1005:
993:
981:
968:
951:
935:
923:
911:
885:
873:
861:
850:
839:
807:
791:
2130:Personal construct methodology
2090:. In Bannister, Donald (ed.).
1814:; Rose, Gary S. (March 2015).
1532:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1127:Ecker, Ticic & Hulley 2012
752:
740:
729:
712:
701:
689:
673:
631:
1:
1695:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602034
1170:DiClemente, Carlo C. (2003).
1162:
556: – Decision support tool
260:How will I cope with anxiety?
154:
121:integrative theory of therapy
99:In papers from 1959 onwards,
1908:10.1080/08870440310001594493
834:Greenberg & Webster 1982
614: – Situational decision
332:
309:Dialectical behavior therapy
7:
2222:10.1037/0022-3514.48.5.1279
1378:10.1007/978-94-017-0431-1_3
1286:. Vol. 19. New Haven:
640:, pp. 74–77, 141–146;
538: – Overthinking causes
528:
394:that the operant provides.
237:Will my partner believe me?
232:I can still meet my friends
10:
2349:
2245:(3rd ed.). New York:
2175:. Victoria, BC: Trafford.
2027:New Harbinger Publications
1965:Roes, Nicholas A. (2002).
1617:(2nd ed.). New York:
1613:DBT skills training manual
1545:10.1177/002200275900300102
1501:Alternative HTML version:
1439:10.1037/0022-0167.29.5.468
1366:Kluwer Academic Publishers
1313:Freimuth, Marilyn (2008).
868:Miller & Rollnick 2013
820:is similar to the idea of
684:Miller & Rollnick 2009
680:Miller & Rollnick 2013
646:Walters & Rotgers 2012
483:The four square tool from
279:Similarly, Fabio Losa and
2167:Ullman, David G. (2006).
2142:10.1002/9781119953616.ch4
2123:"The ABC model revisited"
1950:10.1037/0278-6133.13.1.39
1833:10.1017/S1352465813000878
1746:10.1017/S1352465809005128
1644:Lock, Robert D. (2005) .
1115:Tschudi & Winter 2011
1091:Tschudi & Winter 2011
1075:personal construct theory
1047:Tschudi & Winter 2011
578: – Cognitive process
251:It will please my partner
201:Continue drinking as I am
132:implementation intentions
49:motivational interviewing
2287:Harvard University Press
2060:. Westport, CT: Quorum.
1460:. New York: P.H. Wyden.
1325:Rowman & Littlefield
625:
594:Psychological dependence
422:= desired position (DP)
415:= problem position (PP)
262:What will I do for fun?
207:It makes me less anxious
141:evocation of change talk
105:decisional balance sheet
81:decision support systems
62:psychological resistance
21:decisional balance sheet
1896:Psychology & Health
1675:Losa, Fabio Beniamino;
1473:Horan, John J. (1979).
1002:, pp. 132, 427–430
959:Dixon & Glover 1984
618:Unintended consequences
234:It will help my health
205:It's what my friends do
2083:Tschudi, Finn (1977).
988:Losa & Belton 2006
857:Miller & Rose 2015
600:Reflective equilibrium
464:= disadvantages of DP
436:= disadvantages of PP
390:, and C describes the
384:behaviour modification
306:
162:
117:transtheoretical model
71:. In a 1772 letter to
45:transtheoretical model
25:decision balance sheet
2134:John Wiley & Sons
1571:; Mann, Leon (1977).
1288:Yale University Press
1280:"To Joseph Priestley"
1215:John Wiley & Sons
763:Janis & Mann 1977
661:Prochaska et al. 1994
576:Motivational salience
542:Cost–benefit analysis
376:anti-symptom position
337:Psychology professor
297:
2289:. pp. 159–182.
2098:. pp. 321–350.
2094:. London; New York:
1862:Simon & Schuster
1404:Greenberg, Leslie S.
1290:. pp. 299–300.
961:, pp. 178–180;
920:, pp. 1279–1280
644:, pp. 226–231;
428:B = elaboration of A
380:pro-symptom position
378:and C is called the
209:It's fun being drunk
2200:Prochaska, James O.
2136:. pp. 89–108.
1924:Prochaska, James O.
918:Velicer et al. 1985
818:decisional conflict
787:Velicer et al. 1985
487:
457:= advantages of PP
449:C = defines dilemma
443:= advantages of DP
402:
293:operations research
255:Good for my health
239:Can I stick to it?
186:
77:Ben Franklin method
2273:Wilson, Timothy D.
2052:Suhr, Jim (1999).
1812:Miller, William R.
1770:Miller, William R.
1719:Miller, William R.
1607:Linehan, Marsha M.
1276:Franklin, Benjamin
1156:, pp. 265–272
1141:, pp. 336–337
1105:, pp. 331–333
836:, pp. 468–469
830:two-chair dialogue
800:, pp. 36–37;
749:, pp. 166–175
686:, pp. 132–133
565:Immunity to change
560:Formula for change
536:Analysis paralysis
482:
400:
374:, B is called the
368:, A is called the
313:pros and cons grid
253:It will save money
184:
113:James O. Prochaska
2323:Decision analysis
1937:Health Psychology
1850:Norcross, John C.
1774:Rollnick, Stephen
1723:Rollnick, Stephen
1454:Greenwald, Harold
736:Girle et al. 2004
526:
525:
468:
467:
366:coherence therapy
351:tacit assumptions
266:
265:
214:I get into fights
211:I like the taste
145:William R. Miller
86:Timothy D. Wilson
69:Benjamin Franklin
2340:
2308:
2280:
2268:
2244:
2233:
2216:(5): 1279–1289.
2194:
2174:
2163:
2127:
2117:
2089:
2079:
2059:
2048:
2017:
2015:
2014:
1996:
1972:
1961:
1919:
1893:
1883:
1859:
1845:
1835:
1807:
1783:
1765:
1731:
1714:
1671:
1651:
1640:
1616:
1602:
1578:
1569:Janis, Irving L.
1564:
1527:Janis, Irving L.
1522:
1520:
1519:
1510:. Archived from
1500:
1480:
1469:
1458:Decision therapy
1449:
1447:
1441:. Archived from
1432:
1412:
1399:
1359:
1350:
1318:
1309:
1271:
1247:
1236:
1212:
1201:
1177:
1157:
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1142:
1136:
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1118:
1112:
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1094:
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1071:
1065:
1055:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
978:, pp. 317ff
972:
966:
955:
949:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
908:
906:
904:
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848:
843:
837:
811:
805:
795:
789:
784:
778:
756:
750:
744:
738:
733:
727:
726:, pp. 42–43
716:
710:
705:
699:
693:
687:
677:
671:
658:
649:
648:, pp. 14–15
635:
588:Practical reason
582:Opportunity cost
488:
481:
471:Four square tool
403:
399:
359:Decision Therapy
355:Harold Greenwald
341:'s ABC model of
323:Yancey Strickler
187:
183:
178:John C. Norcross
149:Stephen Rollnick
125:behaviour change
90:rationalisations
73:Joseph Priestley
41:excessive eating
2348:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2297:
2257:
2183:
2152:
2125:
2106:
2087:
2068:
2037:
2025:. Oakland, CA:
2012:
2010:
1985:
1928:Marcus, Bess H.
1891:
1872:
1796:
1729:
1677:Belton, Valerie
1660:
1629:
1591:
1517:
1515:
1502:
1489:
1445:
1430:10.1.1.471.5776
1410:
1388:
1339:
1298:
1260:
1225:
1190:
1165:
1160:
1152:
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1725:(March 2009).
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1024:. Retrieved
1021:bentoism.org
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101:Irving Janis
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1368:. pp.
1327:. pp.
771:unconscious
747:Wilson 2002
724:Ullman 2006
493:Not working
407:A = problem
321:co-founder
319:Kickstarter
94:motivations
33:ambivalence
2328:Motivation
2317:Categories
2013:2019-11-05
1581:Free Press
1518:2015-07-13
1163:References
1026:2019-11-17
1017:"Bentoism"
881:Horan 1979
775:Janis 1959
759:Janis 1959
500:(do more)
495:(do less)
304:futures...
155:Variations
2265:730404390
2160:730906380
2045:774496029
1916:143757202
1880:779265892
1804:788281018
1776:(2013) .
1637:883366057
1609:(2015) .
1561:143316864
1425:CiteSeerX
1347:183258453
1278:(1975) .
1268:772112300
1250:Routledge
976:Lock 2005
963:Roes 2002
773:motives:
720:Suhr 1999
696:Roes 2002
612:Trade-off
518:behavior
507:behavior
333:ABC model
327:bento box
283:combined
2305:49355958
2275:(2002).
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2114:10274182
2076:38862607
1993:45715882
1842:24229732
1762:35320869
1754:19364414
1668:56967151
1456:(1973).
1396:53814623
1233:10046418
1198:50684146
529:See also
388:operants
357:'s book
228:Cut down
195:Minuses
192:Plusses
2230:3998990
1958:8168470
1711:5605202
1703:4102448
1599:2542340
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1329:211–239
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516:Private
371:symptom
347:schemas
136:control
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1912:S2CID
1892:(PDF)
1758:S2CID
1730:(PDF)
1707:S2CID
1699:JSTOR
1557:S2CID
1549:JSTOR
1446:(PDF)
1411:(PDF)
1370:55–83
626:Notes
220:Debts
27:is a
2301:OCLC
2291:ISBN
2261:OCLC
2251:ISBN
2226:PMID
2187:OCLC
2177:ISBN
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2100:ISBN
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2031:ISBN
2007:Time
1989:OCLC
1979:ISBN
1954:PMID
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1333:ISBN
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1292:ISBN
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1254:ISBN
1229:OCLC
1219:ISBN
1194:OCLC
1184:ISBN
905:2015
485:FACT
287:and
147:and
2218:doi
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1946:doi
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