483:—the commander of US forces in Vietnam—had invited him and the Vietnamese generals home to a dinner. There Taylor asked for an end to the persistent changes in leadership, and Khánh and his men assured him of stability. Westmoreland warned that persistent instability would turn the American political class and public against Saigon, as they would deem it useless to support such a regime. Taylor initially cabled the State Department back in the US to state a "naked military fist" had "crumpled carefully woven fabric of civilian government", and that the arrest of the civilians would be "immediately and understandably interpreted by all the world as another military coup, setting back all that had been accomplished" since the formation of the HNC and the creation of a veneer of civilian rule. He went on to say that an "inescapable conclusion that if a group of military officers could issue decisions abolishing one of the three fundamental organs of the governmental structure ... and carry out military arrests of civilians, that group of military officers has clearly set themselves above and beyond the structure of government in Vietnam." Taylor bemoaned the fact that the generals had shown no second thoughts about ignoring US policy recommendations, particularly in disregarding his explicit advice to maintain stable civilian rule, at least at a nominal level. Taylor issued a thinly disguised threat to cut aid, releasing a public statement saying Washington might reconsider its military funding if "the fabric of legal government" was not reinstated.
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they perceived to be misleading tactics during the talks. Khánh appeared reassured by
Throckmorton's overtures and made a public statement on December 30, saying he was not as hostile to the Americans as reported, and he wanted Thiệu and Cang to meet the Americans to relieve any remaining tension. He also claimed privately that the statements attributed to him by Deepe were false and set up a bilateral committee to discuss tensions. The generals eventually won out, as the Americans did not move against them in any way for their refusal to reinstate the HNC. The South Vietnamese won in large part because the Americans had spent so much on the country, and could not afford to abandon it and lose to the communists over the matter of military rule, as a communist takeover would be a public relations coup for the Soviet bloc. According to Karnow, for Khánh and his officers, "their weakness was their strength". An anonymous South Vietnamese government official said "Our big advantage over the Americans is that they want to win the war more than we do."
264:, and after beginning with "Do all of you understand English?", Taylor harshly berated them and threatened cuts in aid. While angered by Taylor's manner, the officers defended themselves in a restrained way. The next day Khánh met Taylor and the Vietnamese leader made oblique accusations that the U.S. wanted a puppet ally; he also criticized Taylor for his manner the previous day. When Taylor told Khánh he had lost confidence in his leadership, Taylor was threatened with expulsion, to which he responded with threats of total aid cuts. Later however, Khánh said he would leave Vietnam along with some other generals he named, and during a phone conversation, asked Taylor to help with travel arrangements. He then asked Taylor to repeat the names of the would-be exiles for confirmation, and Taylor complied, not knowing that Khánh was taping the dialogue. Khánh then showed the tape to his colleagues out of context, misleading them into thinking that Taylor wanted them expelled from their own country to raise the prestige of his embattled leadership.
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council, saying "We know you want stability, but you cannot have stability until you have Unity." He claimed some HNC members were disseminating coup rumors and creating doubt among the population, and that "both military and civilian leaders regard the presence of these people in the High
National Council as divisive of the Armed Forces due to their influence". Kỳ further accused some of the HNC members of being communist sympathizers and cowards who wanted to stop the military from strengthening. He promised to explain the decision at a media conference and vowed that he and his colleagues would return to purely military roles in the near future. Thiệu added "I do not see how our action has hurt the Hương government ... Hương now has the full support of the Army and has no worries from the High National Council, which we have eliminated." Cang said "It seems ... we are being treated as though we were guilty. What we did was only for the good of the country."
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hold a media conference and release "detailed accounts" of the ambassador's confrontation with the quartet and his "ultimatum to
General Khánh" the day after. However, someone in the junta was a CIA informant and reported the incident, allowing American officials to individually lobby the officers to change their stance. At the same time, the Americans informed Hương if Taylor was expelled, US funding would stop. The next day, the generals changed their mind and when they met Hương at his office, only asked him to formally denounce Taylor's behavior in his meetings with Khánh and his quartet and to "take appropriate measures to preserve the honor of all the Vietnamese armed forces and to keep national prestige intact".
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rule if a military "organ of control" was created to keep control of them, but Taylor quashed the idea. This resulted in an official announcement by Hương and Khánh three days later, in which the military again reiterated their commitment to civilian rule through an elected legislature and a new constitution, and that "all genuine patriots" would be "earnestly assembled" to collaborate in making a plan to defeat the communists. The
Americans were not impressed with the statement, which was shown to Taylor before it was made public; the State Department dourly announced that "it appears to represent some improvement to the situation". Nevertheless, Khánh and Taylor were both signatories to this January 9 announcement.
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resented being treated in ways that reminded them of their almost total dependence on an alien power. How could they preserve a sense of sovereignty when Taylor, striving to push them into 'getting things done', behaved like a viceroy?" However, Thi also took a perverse pleasure in riling Taylor. He was seen by a CIA officer soon after, grinning. When asked why he was happy, Thi said "Because this is one of the happiest days of my life ... Today I told the
American ambassador that he could not dictate to us." Nevertheless, Taylor's conduct had rankled the officers, stirring their latent sense of nationalism and anti-Americanism; Khánh would exploit this to strengthen his fragile position in the junta.
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release those arrested. Hương also said he would be willing to reorganize his administration to meet the wishes of the military, and that retaining their support was essential in keeping a civilian government functional. Taylor said the US did not agree with military rule as a principle, and might reduce aid, but Hương was unmoved and said the
Vietnamese people "take a more sentimental than legalistic approach" and that the existence of civilian procedure and the HNC was much less pressing than the "moral prestige of the leaders". American military advisers and intelligence officers who liaised with senior junta members found they were unconcerned with any possible legal ramifications of their actions.
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decision. They also proclaimed their ongoing confidence for Suu and Hương. Two days later, Khánh went public in support of the Young Turks' coup against the HNC, condemning the advisory body and asserting the army's right to intervene if "disputes and differences create a situation favorable to the common enemies: Communism and colonialism". The generals announced they had formed a new body called the Armed Forces
Council (AFC) to succeed the current Military Revolutionary Council, and referred to the dissolution of the HNC as Decision No. 1 of the AFC. The American policymakers viewed the public moves by the Vietnamese generals as "throwing down the gauntlet" and challenging their counsel.
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would understand what he had done and not reach negative conclusions about his conduct in their writing. Due to the sensitivity of the situation, he asked them to keep the remarks off the record. However, someone at the briefing informed Deepe of what Taylor had said, and she published the remarks on
December 25 under the title "Taylor Rips Mask Off Khánh". In this article, comments were also attributed to Taylor describing some South Vietnamese officers as borderline "nuts" and accusing many generals of staying in Saigon and allowing their junior officers to run the war as they saw fit. Deepe's article caused an uproar due to the tension between Taylor and the Vietnamese generals.
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names for confirmation. Taylor did so, unaware Khánh was taping the dialogue. Afterwards, Khánh played the tape out of context to his colleagues, giving them the impression Taylor was calling for their expulsion from their own country. Khánh then asked his colleagues to participate in a campaign of fomenting anti-American street protests and to give the impression the country did not need
Washington's aid. A CIA informant reported the recent arguments with Taylor had incensed the volatile Thi so much that he had privately vowed to "blow up everything" and "kill Phan Khắc Sửu, Trần Văn Hương and Nguyễn Khánh and put an end to all this. Then we will see what happens."
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problem was, stating: "Ambassador Taylor has undertaken no activities which can be considered improper in any way ... All his activities are designed to serve the best interests of both
Vietnam and the United States." The State Department issued a statement later in the day in more robust terms, saying "Ambassador Taylor has been acting throughout with the full support of the U.S. government ... a duly constituted government exercising full power ... without improper interference ... is the essential condition for the successful prosecution of the effort to defeat the Viet Cong." The following day, Secretary of State
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image of the United States, because the way of life and people are entirely different". He added that Taylor's "attitude during the last 48 hours—as far as my small head is concerned—has been beyond imagination". Justifying the removal of the HNC, Khánh said they were "exploited by counter-revolutionary elements who placed partisan considerations above the homeland's sacred interest". Khánh also threatened to divulge the content of his discussion with Taylor, saying "One day I hope to tell the Vietnamese people and the American people about this ... It is a pity because Gen. Taylor is not serving his country well."
296:—in charge of picking the 17 members of the HNC, and Minh filled it with figures sympathetic to him. The HNC then made a resolution to recommend a political model with a powerful head of state, which would likely be Minh, given their sympathy towards him. Khánh did not want his rival taking power, so he and the Americans convinced the HNC to dilute the powers of the position to make it unappealing to Minh, who was then sent on an overseas diplomatic goodwill tour to remove him from the political scene. However, Minh was back in South Vietnam after a few months and the power balance in the junta was still fragile.
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Vietnam and the senior officers' careers and advancement were dependent on US aid. Taylor hoped Khánh's appeals to nationalism might backfire by causing his colleagues to fear a future without US funding. The Americans were aware of Khánh's tactics and exploited it by persistently trying to scare his colleagues with the prospect of a military heavily restricted by the absence of US funding. After the December coup, Taylor felt the fear of US abandonment "raised the courage level of the other generals to the point of sacking" Khánh, as many were seen as beholden above all to their desire for personal advancement.
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Americans from Vietnam, although this effort did not lead anywhere in the two months before he was forced out of power. For his part, Taylor privately told Americans journalists that Khánh was expressing opposition to the US merely because he knew he had lost Washington's confidence. Taylor said Khánh was completely unprincipled and was stirring up anti-American sentiment purely to try to shore up his political prospects, not because he thought US policy was harmful to South Vietnam. The US media were generally very critical of Khánh's actions and did not blame Taylor for the disharmony. Peter Grose of
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being paid. Khánh did this as he thought the Young Turks had become too powerful and he hoped to use the Da Lat Generals as a counterweight. All this time, Minh had been allowed to continue as a figurehead chief of state due to his popularity, but Khánh was intent on sidelining him too. The Young Turks were fully aware of Khánh's motives for rehabilitating the Da Lat Generals, and wanted to marginalize them. In public, Khánh and the Young Turks claimed the Da Lat Generals and Minh, who had returned from his overseas tour, had been making plots with the Buddhist activists to regain power.
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made it clear that all the military plans I know you would like to carry out are dependent on government stability", something he felt had been lost with the dismissal of the HNC. He said "you have made a real mess. We cannot carry you forever if you do things like this." Taylor believed the HNC to be an essential part of the government, because as an American, he believed civilian legitimacy was a must. For him, the HNC was a necessary step in a progression towards an elected civilian legislature, which he regarded as critical for national and military morale. The historian
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American public were unlikely to believe the Viet Cong were behind the attack, feeling they would instead blame local infighting for the violence. Johnson administration officials did not conclude that the communists were responsible until four days after the attack. The State Department cabled Taylor, saying "In view of the overall confusion in Saigon", public US and international opinion towards an American air strike would be that the Johnson administration was "trying to shoot its way out of an internal political crisis".
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Embassy yesterday." He threatened to expel Taylor, who responded by saying a forced departure would mean the end of US support. However, Khánh later said he was open to the possibility of going abroad and asked Taylor if he thought this would be good for the country, to which the ambassador replied in the affirmative. Khánh also said he took responsibility for his generals' actions, and expressed regret at what they had done. Khánh then ended the meeting, saying he would think about his future.
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expand the war, increase funding for the South Vietnamese military, and to go on the offensive against the communists at the request of Khánh. Taylor said the Americans would not be able to help Saigon pursue their desired military strategy if the political machinations did not stop. Taylor said that if the military did not transfer some powers or advisory capacity back to the HNC or another civilian institution, aid would be withheld, and some planned military operations against the
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572:, but this rankled Taylor, who had argued against the regime change. Taylor then bemoaned Khánh, saying he had lost confidence in the Vietnamese officer, recommending Khánh resign and go into exile. He also said military supplies currently being shipped to Vietnam would be withheld after arriving in Saigon and that American help in planning and advising military operations would be suspended.
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misleading tactics had rallied the Young Turks around his fragile leadership for at least the short-term future. Afterward, Khánh and the Young Turks began preparations to expel Taylor before changing their minds. The Americans were forced to back down on their insistence that the HNC be restored and did not carry through on Taylor's threats to cut off aid despite Saigon's defiance.
705:, where US officers were billeted, killing two Americans and injuring around 50 people, civilian bystanders and military personnel. As a result, there was a suspicion among a minority that Khánh's junta had been behind the attack, even though the Viet Cong had claimed responsibility through a radio broadcast. When the Americans started making plans to retaliate against
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out the policy of any foreign country." He said it was "better to live poor but proud as free citizens of an independent country rather than in ease and shame as slaves of the foreigners and Communists". Khánh pledged support for both Hương and Suu's civilian rule, and condemned colonialism in a thinly veiled reference to the US.
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Vietnamese mockingly called the HNC the High National Museum. On December 19, a Saturday, the generals moved to dissolve the HNC by arresting some of its members. The HNC had already ceased to function in any meaningful way, as only 9 of the 17 members were still occasionally attending its meetings, and few on a regular basis.
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certain members of the HNC rather than the dissolution of the entire body, hoping the HNC could be reconstituted with figures they deemed to be more satisfactory. The four officers did not give a clear answer to Johnson's idea, indicating they had not made a concrete decision by saying "the door is not closed".
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As a result of the tension in late-December, the standoff remained. The US hoped the generals would relent because they could not survive and be able to repel the communists or rival officers without aid from Washington. On the other hand, Khánh and the Young Turks expected the Americans would become
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Angry with Deepe for airing Khánh's grievances against him, Taylor invited every other US journalist in Saigon to this private briefing. Taylor gave the journalists his account of the dispute and discussions with the generals, and hoped it would be useful background information for the media, so they
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Khánh bristled and said "You should keep to your place as Ambassador ... as Ambassador, it is really not appropriate for you to be dealing in this way with the commander-in-chief of the armed forces on a political matter, nor was it appropriate for you to have summoned some of my generals to the
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Khánh's quartet of delegates responded to Taylor in a circumlocutory way. They remained calm and did not resort to direct confrontation. Kỳ said the change was necessary, as "the political situation is worse than it ever was under Diệm". Kỳ explained that the situation mandated the dissolution of the
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and they a group of cadets caught cheating". He said "I told you all clearly at General Westmoreland's dinner we Americans were tired of coups. Apparently I wasted my words." He decried the removal of the HNC as "totally illegal", and said it had "destroyed the government-making process", and that "I
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said it was dangerous to pressure South Vietnam too much, citing the instability that followed the American support for the coup against Diệm, who had resisted US advice so often. It said "The issue is not General Khánh versus General Taylor. It is whether the Vietnamese still have the will to exist
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and expel him from South Vietnam. They were confident Hương could not reject them and side with a foreign power at the expense of the military that had installed him, and made preparations to meet him the next day. Khánh also told Hương that if Taylor was not ejected, he and the other generals would
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after his January coup, claiming they were about to make a deal with the communists, a falsehood to cover up his motive of revenge. These four thus became known as the "Da Lat Generals". Khánh later released them and placed them into meaningless desk jobs with no work to do, although they were still
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The only concession the AFC made was on January 6, 1965, when they made a charade move of officially renouncing all their power to Hương, who was asked to organize elections. They also agreed to appoint a civilian body and release those arrested in December. Khánh had proposed to reinstate civilian
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to meet them and mend relations. Throckmorton told the Vietnamese generals they had read too much into Taylor's comments and that the US had no intention of pressuring them out of power with aid cuts. Admiral Cang appeared unimpressed, while Thiệu and Kỳ made indirect and vague comments about what
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to authorize reprisal bombings against North Vietnam, Taylor predicting: "Some of our local squabbles will probably disappear in enthusiasm which our action would generate." Johnson refused and one reason was the political instability in Saigon. Johnson reasoned the international community and the
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On the morning of December 22, as part of his Order of the Day, a regular message to the armed forces over Radio Vietnam, Khánh went back on his promise to leave the country and announced, "We make sacrifices for the country's independence and the Vietnamese people's liberty, but not to carry
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Later, Khánh phoned Taylor from his office and expressed his desire to resign and go abroad along with several other generals, asking for the Americans to fund the travel costs. He then read Taylor the list of generals for whom arrangements needed to be made, and asked the ambassador to repeat the
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The day after the Young Turks' press conference, Taylor privately met Khánh at the latter's office. He complained about the dissolution of the HNC and said it did not accord with the values of the alliance and the loyalty Washington expected of Saigon. He added that the US could not cooperate with
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regarded Taylor's intervention as unnecessary, and noted that there had been many instances of fierce fighting in Vietnamese history despite the complete absence of democracy throughout the nation's history. Taylor also reminded them of an earlier meeting where he had discussed an American plan to
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on December 23, saying "if Taylor did not act more intelligently, Southeast Asia would be lost" and that the US could not expect to succeed by modelling South Vietnam on American norms. Khánh said Taylor and the US would need to be "more practical and not have a dream of having Vietnam be an
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When Taylor said the moves detracted from Hương and Suu's powers, the officers disagreed and said they supported the pair in full and that Hương had approved of the HNC's dissolution. Taylor was unimpressed by the reassurances, concluding with "I don't know whether we will continue to support you
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The four officers were taken aback by Taylor's searing words and felt they had been humiliated. A decade after the incident, Kỳ described Taylor as "the sort of man who addressed people rather than talked to them", referencing the confrontation. Karnow said "For the sake of their own pride, they
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Before dawn on December 19, there were troop movements in the capital as the junta deposed the civilians. The operation was commanded by Thi—who had travelled into Saigon from I Corps in the far north—and Kỳ. The national police, which was under the control of the army, moved through the streets,
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Although the coup was a political success for Khánh, it was not enough to stabilize his leadership in the long run. During the dispute over the HNC, Khánh had tried to frame the dispute in nationalistic terms against what he saw as overbearing US influence. In the long run, this failed, as South
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Khánh had not divulged that angry discussions had occurred in private, so Deepe was unsure what had happened between Taylor and Khánh to provoke such an outburst. She contacted the US Embassy to ask what the dispute was about. At first, the Americans defended Taylor without referring to what the
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felt the discussion had become counterproductive and was increasing the problem. He suggested that should the generals feel unwilling to alter their position immediately, they should refrain from actions that would preclude a later change of heart. He proposed they merely announce the removal of
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At this point, Khánh had not spoken up and allowed the impression that the moves had been made without his consultation or against his will, and an attempt on the part of other officers to take power themselves. Hương had actually privately endorsed the dissolution of the HNC, as both he and the
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by the intervention of some younger generals dubbed the Young Turks, was indebted to them and needed to satisfy their wishes to stay in power. The Young Turks disliked a group of older officers who had been in high leadership positions but were now in powerless posts, and wanted to sideline them
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When Taylor met Hương afterwards, he urged the prime minister to reject the dissolution of the HNC. Hương said he and Suu had not been notified of the moves, but agreed to step in and take over the body's work. Taylor nevertheless asked Hương to publicly condemn the coup and call on the army to
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In January and February 1965, Khánh sensed he could no longer work with Taylor and the Americans, and that his support in the junta was unreliable, so he began to try to set up secret peace talks with the communists. Planning for discussions was only beginning, but this was unacceptable to the
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On December 24, Khánh issued a declaration of independence from "foreign manipulation", and condemned "colonialism", explicitly accusing Taylor of abusing his power. At the time, Khánh was also secretly negotiating with the communists, hoping to put together a peace deal so he could expel the
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Later, despite Taylor's pleas to keep the dissolution of the HNC secret in the hope it would be reversed, Kỳ, Thi, Thiệu and Cang called a media conference, where they maintained the HNC had been dissolved in the nation's best interests. The quartet vowed to stand firm and not renege on their
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Over the next few days, Khánh embarked on a media offensive, repeatedly criticizing U.S. policy and decrying what he saw as an undue influence and infringement on Vietnamese sovereignty, explicitly condemning Taylor and declaring the nation's independence from "foreign manipulation". Khánh's
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Suu's signature was required to pass the ruling, but he referred the matter to the HNC to get their opinion. The HNC turned down the request. There was speculation the HNC did this as many of them were old, and therefore did not appreciate the generals' negativity towards seniors—some South
203:(HNC) and arrested some of its members. The HNC was an unelected legislative-style civilian advisory body they had created at the request of the United States—South Vietnam's main sponsor—to give a veneer of civilian rule. The dissolution dismayed the Americans, particularly the ambassador,
777: – hostile to both the plot and to Khánh himself, and with the backroom support of the Americans – able to force a leadership change on February 20 and take control themselves, forcing Khánh into exile. With Khánh out of the way, the bombing campaign started.
221:. Instead, Taylor's searing verbal attacks were counterproductive as they galvanized the Vietnamese officers around the embattled Khánh. At the time, Khánh's leadership was under threat from his fellow generals, as well as Taylor, who had fallen out with him and was seeking his removal.
679:(CINCPAC): "In view of the current unstable political situation ... and the possibility that this situation could lead to anti-American activities of the unknown intensity, request Marine Landing Force now off Cap Varella be positioned out of sight of land off
233:, an elderly figure appointed by the military to give a semblance of civilian rule, did not want to sign the decree without the agreement of the HNC, which mostly consisted of old men. The HNC recommended against the new policy, and the younger officers, led by
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Defying Taylor earned Khánh heightened approval among his junta colleagues, as the ambassador's actions were seen as an insult to the nation. On the night of December 23, Khánh convinced his fellow officers to join him in lobbying Hương to declare Taylor
312:, and the incumbent was under pressure. During 1964, South Vietnam had suffered a succession of setbacks on the battlefield, in part due to disunity in the military and a focus on coup plotting. In the meantime, both Saigon and Washington were planning a
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commander Thiệu—wanted to forcibly retire officers with more than 25 years of service, as they thought them to be lethargic and ineffective, but most importantly, rivals for power. Most of the older officers had more experience under the
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said aid would have to be cut, as the programs being funded needed an effective government to be useful. Taylor later responded by calling the generals' actions an "improper interference" into the purview of civilian government.
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as prime minister, a position that had greater power. However, Khánh and the senior generals retained the real power. At the same time, a group of Catholic officers were trying to replace Khánh with their co-religionist, General
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lampooned Khánh's junta, calling it a "parody of a government" and saying it would not survive for a week without US support and describing the generals as "remittance men on the United States' payroll". However, the
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Americans and hardline anti-communists in the junta, as it meant the bombing campaign against North Vietnam would not be possible. When Khánh's plans were discovered, US-encouraged plotting intensified. On
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two governments at once: a military regime that held power while a civilian body took the responsibility. Khánh testily replied that Vietnam was not a satellite of the US and compared the situation to the
371:, and some of the younger men saw them as too detached from the modern situation. The Young Turks had quite a lot of influence over Khánh, as Thi and Kỳ had intervened militarily to save him from a
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in November 1963. The generals who deposed Diệm did not trust Khánh because of his habit of changing sides, and Khánh was angered by their snubs. Khánh put Don, Kim, Xuan and Dinh under arrest in
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completely. As a result, they decided to hide their political motives by introducing a policy to compulsorily retire all general officers with more than 25 years of service. The chief of state
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of the successful coup against Diệm, saying that loyalty was meant to be reciprocated. Khánh had hinted that he felt the Americans were about to have him deposed like Diệm, who was then
288:—in Vietnam, as they placed great value in the appearance of civilian legitimacy, which they saw as vital to building a popular base for any government. Khánh put his rival General
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arresting five HNC members, other politicians and student leaders they deemed to be an obstacle to their aims. Minh and the other aging generals were arrested and flown to
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456:; the NSC was a new party active in central Vietnam in the I Corps region and opposed to the expansion of the war. It was aligned with Thi and the Buddhist activist monk
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against North Vietnam in an attempt to deter communist aggression, but were waiting for stability in the south before starting the air strikes.
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as an independent state." The newspaper said if the answer was yes, then both Washington and Saigon would have to look beyond personalities.
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after this ... You people have broken a lot of dishes and now we have to see how we can straighten out this mess." Taylor's deputy,
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said "It almost seems as if Viet Cong insurgents and the Saigon government conspired to make the United States feel unwelcome." The
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The South Vietnamese eventually had their way. As the generals and Hương were unwilling to reinstate the HNC, Taylor sent General
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The genesis of the removal of the HNC was a power struggle within the ruling junta. Khánh, who had been saved from an earlier
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area, while other officers were simply imprisoned in Saigon. The junta's forces also arrested around 100 members of the
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The HNC, which had representatives from a wide range of social groups, selected the aging civilian politician
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At the same time, Westmoreland became concerned with the growing antipathy towards the US and requested the
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As a result of this event, Taylor summoned Khánh to his office. Khánh sent Thi, Kỳ, the commander of the
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2508:
2400:
2365:
2310:
2220:
1901:
1896:
702:
670:
431:
Maxwell Taylor, the US Ambassador to South Vietnam, opposed the coup and was angry with its leaders.
313:
3726:
2440:
407:
399:
3145:
3022:
2731:
2638:
2595:
2017:
1908:
1891:
496:
476:
364:
359:
257:
249:
2455:
2415:
2335:
387:
280:
and the senior officers in his military junta created a semblance of civilian rule by forming the
3659:
3419:
3246:
2996:
2855:
2764:
2685:
2205:
2042:
2002:
1886:
598:
351:
234:
2405:
2320:
770:
355:
238:
139:
3027:
2979:
2691:
491:
Taylor summoned Khánh to his office, but the Vietnamese leader sent Thi, Kỳ, Thiệu and Admiral
2465:
2435:
2380:
2240:
2230:
769:
was attempted. The original plot was put down by the Young Turks, with a group led by General
289:
148:
3607:
3561:
3437:
2882:
2841:
2425:
2315:
2275:
2119:
2109:
1638:
774:
710:
347:
328:
Kỳ was one of the most prominent of the Young Turks to whom Khánh was substantially beholden.
300:
242:
230:
152:
143:
3675:
3163:
2501:
2445:
2430:
2270:
2265:
749:
741:
683:
soonest." Better known as Vũng Tàu, Cap St. Jacques was a coastal city at the mouth of the
593:
480:
457:
445:
386:
One of the specific and unspoken aims of this proposed policy was to remove Generals Minh,
2395:
2260:
2245:
376:
8:
3641:
3593:
3085:
3034:
2954:
2864:
2677:
2633:
2350:
2290:
2210:
1192:
2460:
2345:
2300:
2280:
687:
around 80 km southeast of the capital. Westmoreland also put U.S. Marines based at
524:
Thi (left) and Thiệu (right) during the 1960s. Both were subjected to Taylor's outburst.
395:
277:
196:
135:
84:
3545:
2903:
2828:
2814:
2255:
2235:
2200:
2104:
2099:
2084:
2063:
1849:
1621:
Death of a Generation: How the Assassinations of Diem and JFK Prolonged the Vietnam War
629:
492:
253:
2295:
503:, Taylor "launched into a tirade, scolding them as if he were still superintendent of
3693:
3471:
3290:
2908:
2818:
2801:
2628:
2195:
2177:
2079:
1773:
1756:
1737:
1694:
1670:
1648:
1624:
1605:
618:
538:
514:
464:
Young Turks thought it would allow them to gain more power and influence over Khánh.
427:
204:
2215:
460:, but as Thi was active in the purge, it was believed he had fallen out with Quyen.
245:, disbanded the body and arrested some of its members along with other politicians.
3579:
2918:
2850:
2671:
2661:
2643:
2470:
2124:
2094:
1720:
368:
64:
2250:
1711:(2004). "Political Monks: The Militant Buddhist Movement during the Vietnam War".
517:—which was being used to infiltrate communists into the south—would be suspended.
3684:
3387:
3134:
3039:
2958:
2745:
2285:
2114:
1828:
1688:
1642:
1043:
635:
391:
342:
Khánh and a group of younger officers called the Young Turks—led by chief of the
38:
3623:
3514:
3485:
2913:
2887:
2837:
1816:
1684:
1662:
500:
285:
3782:
3768:
1724:
3962:
3764:
3722:
3702:
3671:
3500:
2810:
2681:
2565:
2547:
2089:
1867:
1842:
1760:
706:
680:
209:
192:
116:
68:
657:
2928:
1804:
736:
684:
3772:
3711:
3225:
2524:
692:
214:
30:
1823:
3274:
3194:
2032:
1708:
509:
504:
213:
that had been handed to them, because they strongly desired to win the
3797:
3321:
2559:
1604:. Washington, D.C.: Center for Military History, United States Army.
699:
688:
662:
608:
565:
2305:
729:
more worried about the communist gains first and acquiesce to their
1719:(4). New York City, New York: Cambridge University Press: 749–784.
592:
Khánh explicitly denounced Taylor in an exclusive interview with
520:
324:
437:
411:
2493:
1770:
Shame and Humiliation: Presidential Decision Making on Vietnam
1602:
Public Affairs : The Military and the Media, 1962–1968
486:
422:
187:
took place before dawn on December 19, 1964, when the
1788:
744:
was sent to mend fences with the Vietnamese officers.
1644:
Intervention: How America Became Involved in Vietnam
1599:
1637:
1185:
583:
3960:
661:The Brinks Hotel bombing was perpetrated by the
1683:
402:, had been the leading members of a junta that
319:
3210:
2509:
1850:
1736:. New York City: Cambridge University Press.
43:Nguyễn Khánh, the leader of the coup, in 1964
2485:South Vietnamese military ranks and insignia
1734:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965
733:against the HNC. The generals were correct.
398:from the military. This quartet, along with
3045:Normalization of US–Vietnam relations
3217:
3203:
2516:
2502:
1857:
1843:
1772:. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's Press.
1623:. New York City: Oxford University Press.
1039:"South Viet Nam: The U.S. v. the Generals"
1033:
37:
1767:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
3224:
2013:Civilian Irregular Defense Group program
1369:
1367:
1329:
1276:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1188:"South Vietnamese Gen. Nguyen Chanh Thi"
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
948:
946:
735:
656:
519:
487:Angry confrontations with Maxwell Taylor
426:
423:Dissolution of the High National Council
323:
3066:Opposition to United States involvement
1750:
1529:
1527:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
994:
992:
990:
988:
891:
889:
652:
467:The infighting exasperated Taylor, the
3961:
1753:The Lost Revolution: Vietnam 1945–1965
1661:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1010:
879:
877:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
3198:
2497:
1838:
1731:
1707:
1693:. New York City: Simon and Schuster.
1618:
1545:
1536:
1364:
1271:
1245:
1207:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1067:
978:
976:
943:
558:
545:
3979:1960s coups d'état and coup attempts
3179:
1524:
1506:
1497:
1483:
1455:
1437:
1423:
1398:
1376:
1350:
1336:
1306:
1292:
1227:
1186:Sullivan, Patricia (June 26, 2007).
1179:
1153:
1085:
1051:
985:
886:
767:February 19–20, an unsuccessful coup
2783:U.S. escalation / "Americanization"
1515:
1469:
907:
874:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
806:
786:
185:December 1964 South Vietnamese coup
24:December 1964 South Vietnamese coup
13:
2712:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt
1113:
973:
338:January 1964 South Vietnamese coup
14:
4000:
2707:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos
303:as chief of state, and Suu chose
3178:
3169:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3061:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War
1866:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1669:. New York City: Penguin Books.
834:
115:
102:
3974:Military coups in South Vietnam
2697:Vietnamese migration of 1954–55
2523:
1690:Our Vietnam: The War, 1954–1975
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1414:
1283:
1001:
964:
955:
934:
925:
916:
219:Army of the Republic of Vietnam
109:Army of the Republic of Vietnam
2946:United States prisoners of war
898:
865:
856:
584:Public media campaign by Khánh
469:US Ambassador to South Vietnam
294:deposed in a January 1964 coup
226:coup attempt in September 1964
1:
3129:Henry Kissinger’s involvement
1593:
677:United States Pacific Command
344:Republic of Vietnam Air Force
271:
3989:December 1964 events in Asia
1768:Steinberg, Blema S. (1996).
1600:Hammond, William M. (1988).
320:Compulsory retirement policy
314:large-scale bombing campaign
16:Coup by General Nguyễn Khánh
7:
2737:Independence Palace bombing
717:
10:
4005:
3119:Canada and the Vietnam War
2788:1965 South Vietnamese coup
2596:People's Republic of China
2576:International participants
1280:Moyar (2006), pp. 344–345.
931:Moyar (2006), pp. 300–350.
904:Moyar (2004), pp. 765–766.
871:Moyar (2006), pp. 344–347.
724:1965 South Vietnamese coup
721:
668:
450:National Salvation Council
334:1963 South Vietnamese coup
331:
217:and needed to support the
125:other civilian politicians
3984:Saigon in the Vietnam War
3821:
3233:
3154:
3124:CIA activities in Vietnam
3106:
3053:
3010:
2972:
2896:
2720:
2654:
2621:
2540:
2531:
2479:
2186:
2133:
2072:
2051:
1995:
1917:
1879:
1873:Military of South Vietnam
1755:. London: André Deutsch.
1725:10.1017/S0026749X04001295
671:1964 Brinks Hotel bombing
373:coup attempt in September
176:
171:
158:
129:
95:
47:
36:
28:
23:
3146:Women in the Vietnam War
3078:United States news media
3023:Indochina refugee crisis
3018:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
2793:Bombing of North Vietnam
2732:Strategic Hamlet Program
1751:Shaplen, Robert (1966).
1647:. New York City: Knopf.
780:
497:Republic of Vietnam Navy
477:US Joint Chiefs of Staff
365:Vietnamese National Army
250:Republic of Vietnam Navy
2765:Gulf of Tonkin incident
2686:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
2043:Combined Action Program
703:bombed the Brinks Hotel
642:New York Herald Tribune
599:New York Herald Tribune
495:, the commander of the
276:On September 26, 1964,
3174:Battles and operations
3114:Awards and decorations
3028:Vietnamese boat people
2997:Impact of Agent Orange
2985:Body count controversy
2692:1954 Geneva Conference
1619:Jones, Howard (2003).
1128:Langguth, pp. 322–325.
853:Langguth, pp. 326–327.
745:
666:
525:
432:
329:
130:Commanders and leaders
3969:1964 in South Vietnam
2883:1975 spring offensive
2842:ARVN campaign in Laos
2838:Vietnamization policy
2356:Nguyễn Phước Vĩnh Lộc
1503:Moyar (2006), p. 350.
1466:Moyar (2006), p. 348.
1411:Moyar (2006), p. 347.
1373:Moyar (2004), p. 771.
1333:Moyar (2006), p. 346.
1242:Moyar (2006), p. 345.
1082:Moyar (2004), p. 770.
982:Shaplen, pp. 228–242.
952:Moyar (2004), p. 769.
913:Moyar (2006), p. 334.
883:Moyar (2006), p. 328.
831:Moyar (2006), p. 344.
739:
711:Lyndon Baines Johnson
698:On the same day, the
660:
523:
430:
327:
282:High National Council
201:High National Council
189:ruling military junta
172:Casualties and losses
122:High National Council
80:High National Council
3676:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3002:Environmental impact
2874:Battle of Phước Long
2639:Cold War (1962–1979)
1732:Moyar, Mark (2006).
1713:Modern Asian Studies
862:Karnow, pp. 398–400.
750:John L. Throckmorton
742:John L. Throckmorton
653:Brinks Hotel bombing
481:William Westmoreland
164:Unknown small number
3781:General Secretary:
3767:General Secretary:
3082:In popular culture
3035:Sino-Vietnamese War
2865:Paris Peace Accords
2678:First Indochina War
2667:Japanese occupation
2634:Cambodian Civil War
1587:Kahin, pp. 303–310.
1578:Kahin, pp. 298–303.
1569:Kahin, pp. 296–298.
1560:Kahin, pp. 292–297.
1533:Kahin, pp. 296–297.
1521:Kahin, pp. 255–259.
1420:Kahin, pp. 294–299.
1289:Jones, pp. 318–321.
1193:The Washington Post
1007:Kahin, pp. 232–233.
970:Jones, pp. 400–430.
961:Kahin, pp. 228–232.
940:Kahin, pp. 240–280.
922:Kahin, pp. 210–270.
369:French colonial era
3660:Christmas Bombings
2856:Christmas bombings
2829:Cambodian campaign
2480:Ranks and insignia
2038:Presidential Guard
1667:Vietnam: A History
1639:Kahin, George McT.
1047:. January 1, 1965.
746:
667:
630:The New York Times
559:Taylor meets Khánh
546:Taylor meets Hương
526:
433:
330:
260:commander General
237:commander General
3956:
3955:
3694:Lyndon B. Johnson
3472:Buddhist Uprising
3192:
3191:
2909:Ho Chi Minh trail
2802:Buddhist Uprising
2760:Coup against Minh
2751:Coup against Diem
2674:(1949–1955)
2629:Laotian Civil War
2622:Related conflicts
2601:Republic of China
2491:
2490:
2401:Nguyễn Viết Thanh
2361:Nguyễn Trọng Luật
2052:ARVN Sub-branches
1480:Steinberg, p. 91.
619:persona non grata
596:published in the
539:U. Alexis Johnson
515:Ho Chi Minh trail
442:Central Highlands
205:Maxwell D. Taylor
181:
180:
91:
90:
87:political victory
55:December 19, 1964
3996:
3745:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
3663:
3662:
3656:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3631:
3630:
3620:
3613:
3612:
3604:
3597:
3596:
3590:
3583:
3582:
3580:Easter Offensive
3576:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3551:
3550:
3542:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3504:
3503:
3497:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3460:
3450:
3443:
3442:
3434:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3409:
3408:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3384:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3311:
3310:
3302:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3250:
3249:
3247:Battle of Saigon
3243:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3182:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3162:
3161:
2919:Operation Popeye
2851:Easter Offensive
2672:State of Vietnam
2662:French Indochina
2644:Cold War in Asia
2552:Việt Minh / PAVN
2518:
2511:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2451:Trần Thiện Khiêm
2446:Trần Thanh Phong
2431:Phan Trọng Chinh
2406:Nguyễn Vĩnh Nghi
2386:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
2366:Nguyễn Văn Chuân
2326:Nguyễn Đức Thắng
2321:Nguyễn Chánh Thi
2311:Ngô Quang Trưởng
1871:
1870:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1783:
1764:
1747:
1728:
1704:
1680:
1658:
1634:
1615:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1512:Shaplen, p. 298.
1510:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1494:Hammond, p. 122.
1492:
1481:
1478:
1467:
1464:
1453:
1452:Hammond, p. 121.
1450:
1435:
1434:Hammond, p. 120.
1432:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1396:
1395:Hammond, p. 119.
1393:
1374:
1371:
1362:
1361:Hammond, p. 118.
1359:
1348:
1347:Shaplen, p. 296.
1345:
1334:
1331:
1304:
1303:Shaplen, p. 297.
1301:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1269:
1266:
1243:
1240:
1225:
1222:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1183:
1177:
1176:Hammond, p. 117.
1174:
1151:
1148:
1129:
1126:
1111:
1108:
1083:
1080:
1065:
1064:Shaplen, p. 295.
1062:
1049:
1048:
1035:
1008:
1005:
999:
998:Shaplen, p. 294.
996:
983:
980:
971:
968:
962:
959:
953:
950:
941:
938:
932:
929:
923:
920:
914:
911:
905:
902:
896:
893:
884:
881:
872:
869:
863:
860:
854:
851:
832:
829:
804:
801:
773:and Air Marshal
771:Nguyễn Chánh Thi
356:Nguyễn Chánh Thi
310:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
262:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
241:and Air Marshal
239:Nguyễn Chánh Thi
140:Nguyễn Chánh Thi
120:
119:
107:
106:
105:
49:
48:
41:
21:
20:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3685:John F. Kennedy
3680:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3229:
3223:
3193:
3188:
3150:
3135:Pentagon Papers
3102:
3049:
3006:
2968:
2892:
2746:Buddhist crisis
2716:
2702:1955 referendum
2650:
2617:
2536:
2527:
2522:
2492:
2487:
2475:
2466:Trần Quang Khôi
2436:Phan Xuân Nhuận
2421:Phạm Quốc Thuần
2391:Nguyễn Văn Toàn
2381:Nguyễn Văn Minh
2376:Nguyễn Văn Mạnh
2371:Nguyễn Văn Hiếu
2351:Nguyễn Khoa Nam
2341:Nguyễn Hữu Hạnh
2331:Nguyễn Hợp Đoàn
2271:Lê Nguyên Khang
2188:
2182:
2135:
2129:
2068:
2047:
2028:Regional Forces
1991:
1913:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1833:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1780:
1744:
1701:
1685:Langguth, A. J.
1677:
1663:Karnow, Stanley
1655:
1631:
1612:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1484:
1479:
1470:
1465:
1456:
1451:
1438:
1433:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1399:
1394:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1351:
1346:
1337:
1332:
1307:
1302:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1246:
1241:
1228:
1223:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1154:
1149:
1132:
1127:
1114:
1110:Karnow, p. 399.
1109:
1086:
1081:
1068:
1063:
1052:
1037:
1036:
1011:
1006:
1002:
997:
986:
981:
974:
969:
965:
960:
956:
951:
944:
939:
935:
930:
926:
921:
917:
912:
908:
903:
899:
894:
887:
882:
875:
870:
866:
861:
857:
852:
835:
830:
807:
803:Karnow, p. 398.
802:
787:
783:
726:
720:
681:Cap St. Jacques
673:
655:
636:Chicago Tribune
586:
561:
548:
489:
458:Thích Trí Quang
425:
350:, commander of
340:
322:
274:
195:led by General
151:
142:
138:
124:
114:
103:
101:
83:
71:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4002:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3954:
3953:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3815:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ
3809:
3808:
3807:
3802:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3754:Trần Văn Hương
3752:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3653:
3652:
3635:
3634:
3617:
3616:
3601:
3600:
3587:
3586:
3573:
3572:
3555:
3554:
3539:
3538:
3524:
3523:
3508:
3507:
3494:
3493:
3486:Sihanouk Trail
3479:
3478:
3465:
3464:
3447:
3446:
3431:
3430:
3413:
3412:
3397:
3396:
3381:
3380:
3374:Palace Bombing
3367:
3366:
3349:
3348:
3331:
3330:
3315:
3314:
3299:
3298:
3284:
3283:
3268:
3267:
3254:
3253:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3166:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2921:
2916:
2914:Sihanouk Trail
2911:
2906:
2904:Củ Chi tunnels
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2888:Fall of Saigon
2885:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2853:
2844:
2831:
2822:
2804:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2776:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2748:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2675:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2411:Phạm Ngọc Thảo
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:Hoàng Xuân Lãm
2238:
2233:
2231:Dương Văn Minh
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2206:Đặng Văn Quang
2203:
2201:Chung Tấn Cang
2198:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2163:September 1964
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2059:Special Forces
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:Popular Forces
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1832:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1765:
1748:
1742:
1729:
1705:
1699:
1681:
1675:
1659:
1653:
1635:
1629:
1616:
1610:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1551:Kahin, p. 296.
1544:
1542:Kahin, p. 297.
1535:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1482:
1468:
1454:
1436:
1422:
1413:
1397:
1375:
1363:
1349:
1335:
1305:
1291:
1282:
1270:
1268:Kahin, p. 258.
1244:
1226:
1224:Kahin, p. 257.
1206:
1178:
1152:
1150:Kahin, p. 256.
1130:
1112:
1084:
1066:
1050:
1009:
1000:
984:
972:
963:
954:
942:
933:
924:
915:
906:
897:
895:Kahin, p. 233.
885:
873:
864:
855:
833:
805:
784:
782:
779:
719:
716:
669:Main article:
654:
651:
585:
582:
560:
557:
547:
544:
501:Stanley Karnow
493:Chung Tấn Cang
488:
485:
424:
421:
346:, Air Marshal
321:
318:
305:Trần Văn Hương
290:Dương Văn Minh
286:Maxwell Taylor
273:
270:
254:Chung Tấn Cang
199:dissolved the
179:
178:
174:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
149:Dương Văn Minh
146:
132:
131:
127:
126:
112:
98:
97:
93:
92:
89:
88:
77:
73:
72:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4001:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3816:
3812:
3803:
3799:
3788:
3787:Tôn Đức Thắng
3785:/ President:
3784:
3774:
3771:/ President:
3770:
3766:
3755:
3746:
3737:
3728:
3727:Ngô Đình Diệm
3724:
3713:
3704:
3703:Richard Nixon
3695:
3686:
3677:
3673:
3661:
3647:
3629:
3611:
3595:
3594:Paris Accords
3581:
3567:
3549:
3532:
3518:
3502:
3501:Tet Offensive
3487:
3473:
3457:
3439:
3438:Laos bombings
3425:
3407:
3391:
3375:
3361:
3343:
3323:
3309:
3292:
3278:
3262:
3248:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3185:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3165:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:POW/MIA issue
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:Tet Offensive
2808:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:December coup
2772:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:United States
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2566:South Vietnam
2564:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2548:North Vietnam
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:Tôn Thất Đính
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Phạm Phú Quốc
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:Nguyễn Văn Vy
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:Nguyễn Hữu Có
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2256:Lâm Quang Thơ
2254:
2252:
2251:Lâm Quang Thi
2249:
2247:
2246:Huỳnh Văn Cao
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Hoàng Cơ Minh
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Dương Văn Đức
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:December 1964
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:Coup attempts
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:0-7735-1392-2
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1743:0-521-86911-0
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1700:0-684-81202-9
1696:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1676:0-670-84218-4
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1654:0-394-54367-X
1650:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1630:0-19-505286-2
1626:
1622:
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1611:0-16-001673-8
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820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
785:
778:
776:
775:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
772:
768:
762:
758:
754:
751:
743:
738:
734:
732:
731:fait accompli
725:
715:
712:
708:
707:North Vietnam
704:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
672:
664:
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638:
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594:Beverly Deepe
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581:
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459:
455:
454:Le Khac Quyen
451:
447:
443:
439:
429:
420:
416:
413:
409:
408:Ngô Đình Diệm
405:
401:
400:Tôn Thất Đính
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
381:Dương Văn Đức
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
345:
339:
335:
326:
317:
315:
311:
306:
302:
301:Phan Khắc Sửu
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
269:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
243:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
240:
236:
232:
231:Phan Khắc Sửu
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
211:
210:fait accompli
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:South Vietnam
190:
186:
175:
170:
166:
163:
162:
157:
154:
153:Phan Khắc Sửu
150:
147:
145:
144:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
141:
137:
134:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
110:
100:
99:
94:
86:
81:
78:
75:
74:
70:
69:South Vietnam
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3725:Presidents:
3133:
3107:Other topics
2929:Agent Orange
2878:
2869:
2860:
2846:
2833:
2824:
2806:
2797:
2778:
2773:
2755:
2741:
2727:
2541:Participants
2461:Trần Văn Hai
2456:Trần Văn Đôn
2426:Phạm Văn Phú
2346:Nguyễn Khánh
2301:Mai Hữu Xuân
2276:Lê Nguyên Vỹ
2261:Lâm Văn Phát
2221:Dư Quốc Đống
2196:Cao Văn Viên
2167:
2158:January 1964
2136:and mutinies
2120:Tan Son Nhut
1786:
1769:
1752:
1733:
1716:
1712:
1689:
1666:
1643:
1620:
1601:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1416:
1285:
1197:. Retrieved
1191:
1181:
1042:
1003:
966:
957:
936:
927:
918:
909:
900:
867:
858:
763:
759:
755:
747:
730:
727:
697:
685:Saigon River
674:
647:
641:
634:
628:
625:
617:
614:
605:
597:
591:
587:
578:
574:
570:assassinated
562:
553:
549:
535:
531:
527:
490:
466:
462:
434:
417:
396:Mai Hữu Xuân
388:Trần Văn Đôn
385:
377:Lâm Văn Phát
375:by Generals
341:
298:
292:—who he had
278:Nguyễn Khánh
275:
266:
247:
223:
208:
197:Nguyễn Khánh
184:
182:
136:Nguyễn Khánh
96:Belligerents
85:Nguyễn Khánh
29:Part of the
18:
3813:President:
3773:Ho Chi Minh
3736:Instability
3674:President:
3293:established
3261:ARVN formed
3226:Vietnam War
2611:New Zealand
2606:South Korea
2525:Vietnam War
2471:Vũ Văn Giai
2291:Lữ Mộng Lan
2281:Lê Văn Hưng
2266:Lê Minh Đảo
1709:Moyar, Mark
1199:October 11,
695:on notice.
693:Philippines
471:and former
367:during the
215:Vietnam War
31:Vietnam War
3963:Categories
3800:Chairman:
3517:withdrawal
2980:Casualties
2951:War crimes
2934:Land mines
2769:Resolution
2655:Background
2296:Lý Tòng Bá
2286:Lê Văn Kim
2211:Đỗ Cao Trí
2033:Junk Force
1594:References
722:See also:
566:US support
510:Mark Moyar
505:West Point
446:Montagnard
444:town in a
406:President
392:Lê Văn Kim
332:See also:
272:Background
3642:Cambodian
3610:Offensive
3546:Cambodian
3515:US begins
3291:HCM trail
3054:Reactions
3011:Aftermath
2682:Việt Minh
2591:Australia
2560:Viet Cong
2105:Phan Rang
2100:Nha Trang
2085:Binh Thuy
2073:Air bases
2003:Air Force
1919:Divisions
1761:460367485
700:Viet Cong
689:Subic Bay
663:Viet Cong
609:Dean Rusk
452:(NSC) of
404:overthrew
82:dissolved
3548:Campaign
3459:deployed
3424:Incident
3360:expanded
3308:Invasion
3277:defeated
3228:timeline
3164:Category
3071:Protests
3040:Veterans
2897:Conflict
2815:Khe Sanh
2586:Thailand
2189:officers
2090:Cam Ranh
2080:Bien Hoa
1996:Branches
1987:Airborne
1829:Politics
1687:(2000).
1665:(1997).
1641:(1986).
740:General
718:Fall out
473:Chairman
360:IV Corps
354:General
258:IV Corps
252:Admiral
159:Strength
60:Location
3783:Lê Duẩn
3769:Lê Duẩn
3712:G. Ford
3488:created
3420:Gulf of
3388:Buddhis
3342:Attempt
3275:Hòa Hảo
3184:Commons
2973:Impacts
2963:Đắk Sơn
2924:Weapons
2534:Outline
2187:Notable
2125:Tuy Hoa
2110:Phù Cát
2095:Da Nang
2064:Rangers
1817:Vietnam
1791:Portals
691:in the
475:of the
352:I Corps
235:I Corps
3646:widens
3628:Saigon
3608:Spring
3533:formed
3456:Forces
3422:Tonkin
3390:Crisis
3325:formed
2959:My Lai
2721:Events
2306:Ngô Du
2216:Đỗ Mậu
2115:Pleiku
1982:Marine
1776:
1759:
1740:
1697:
1673:
1651:
1627:
1608:
438:Pleiku
412:Da Lat
111:(ARVN)
76:Result
65:Saigon
3441:begin
3141:SEATO
3096:Songs
3091:Games
1880:Corps
1805:1960s
781:Notes
3945:1975
3939:1974
3933:1973
3927:1972
3921:1971
3915:1970
3909:1969
3903:1968
3897:1967
3891:1966
3885:1965
3879:1964
3873:1963
3867:1962
3861:1961
3855:1960
3849:1959
3843:1958
3837:1957
3831:1956
3825:1955
3624:Fall
3406:Coup
3404:1963
3358:role
3340:Coup
3338:1960
3306:Laos
3086:Film
2941:Rape
2879:1975
2870:1974
2861:1973
2847:1972
2834:1971
2825:1970
2807:1968
2798:1966
2779:1965
2756:1964
2742:1963
2728:1962
2570:ARVN
2178:1966
2173:1965
2153:1963
2148:1962
2143:1960
2018:Navy
2008:Army
1774:ISBN
1757:OCLC
1738:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1201:2009
1044:Time
440:, a
394:and
379:and
358:and
336:and
256:and
183:The
177:None
167:None
52:Date
3811:PRG
3798:NLF
3765:DRV
3723:RVN
3672:U.S
3644:War
3566:719
3564:Son
3562:Lam
3531:PRG
3322:NLF
2955:Huế
2819:Hue
2556:PRG
1902:CMD
1897:III
1721:doi
191:of
3965::
3626:of
3454:US
3356:US
2961:,
2957:,
2881::
2872::
2863::
2849::
2840:,
2836::
2827::
2817:,
2809::
2800::
2781::
2767:/
2758::
2744::
2730::
2684:,
2558:,
2554:,
1977:25
1972:23
1967:22
1962:21
1957:18
1909:IV
1892:II
1717:38
1715:.
1526:^
1485:^
1471:^
1457:^
1439:^
1425:^
1400:^
1378:^
1366:^
1352:^
1338:^
1308:^
1294:^
1273:^
1247:^
1229:^
1209:^
1190:.
1155:^
1133:^
1115:^
1087:^
1069:^
1053:^
1041:.
1012:^
987:^
975:^
945:^
888:^
876:^
836:^
808:^
788:^
390:,
383:.
67:,
3943:│
3937:│
3931:│
3925:│
3919:│
3913:│
3907:│
3901:│
3895:│
3889:│
3883:│
3877:│
3871:│
3865:│
3859:│
3853:│
3847:│
3841:│
3835:│
3829:│
3823:│
3655:↓
3637:↓
3619:↓
3603:↓
3589:↓
3575:↓
3557:↓
3541:↓
3526:↓
3510:↓
3496:↓
3481:↓
3467:↓
3449:↓
3433:↓
3415:↓
3399:↓
3383:↓
3369:↓
3351:↓
3333:↓
3317:↓
3301:↓
3286:↓
3270:↓
3256:↓
3242:↓
3218:e
3211:t
3204:v
2965:)
2953:(
2821:)
2813:(
2688:)
2680:(
2572:)
2568:(
2562:)
2550:(
2517:e
2510:t
2503:v
1952:9
1947:7
1942:5
1937:3
1932:2
1927:1
1887:I
1858:e
1851:t
1844:v
1793::
1782:.
1763:.
1746:.
1727:.
1723::
1703:.
1679:.
1657:.
1633:.
1614:.
1203:.
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