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sealing the larger, historic types of properties that these beetles are mostly attracted to. External insecticide application may, in fact, do more harm than good by killing the natural enemies of the beetle. One way of dealing with the problem may be with the use of ultra-violet "insectocutors", to attract and kill the adults that emerge from the wood in the spring. If there is concern about the strength of structural timbers, a structural surveyor can drill core samples to determine the condition of the wood.
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Alternatively, where a degree of damage to the fabric of a building is acceptable, larger 6 mm holes can be drilled deep into the timbers, and a thick, insecticide-laden paste introduced which does not seep out into surrounding areas. In all situations, any structural damage which has permitted water to ingress and moisten the timbers now being attacked should be addressed in order to slow down the life cycle of the insects, and thus minimize their spread.
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555:(fecal residue) and fresh dust. Recent exit holes often have bright rims, while the rims of older holes have become dull. The species of insects involved can sometimes be identified by examination of the fecal pellets in the frass. Adult beetles, alive or dead, may be present on the glass or the sills of windows, as may the specific enemies of the beetles in the same locations—a likely indication of specific wood-boring insects inside.
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cause of terrour unto melancholy and meticulous heads. For this noise is made by a little sheath-winged gray insect found often in wainscot, benches, and wood-work in the Summer. We have taken many thereof, and kept them in thin boxes, wherein I have heard and seen them work and knack with a little proboscis or trunk against the side of the box, like a
538:
larval stage. Males who are heavier in mass are capable of donating a larger mass to the female than lighter males which results in females choosing heavier males and rejecting lighter males. By giving up this much body weight, males are reducing the likelihood that they will mate with an additional female due to a lack of resources for a further gift.
487:). The adult female blue beetle lays her eggs in the exit holes made by the emerging borers, and the carnivorous larvae wander through the galleries made by the wood-borers, feeding on their larvae. The adult deathwatch beetles are weak fliers and may run over the surface of the timber, rather than fly. They are sometimes caught by
636:
Few ears have escaped the noise of the dead-watch, that is, the little clickling sound heard often in many rooms, somewhat resembling that of a watch; and this is conceived to be of an evil omen or prediction of some persons death: wherein notwithstanding there is nothing of rational presage or just
508:
A deathwatch beetle communicates by hitting its head on a substrate to create a noise, a method called tapping. Males and females differ in that males usually tap first, and females tap only in response to males. A female responds within 2 seconds of a male tap. After the female responds, a male will
426:
In
Britain, the adults emerge in April, May or June. The males emerge first, and the females are willing to copulate as soon as they emerge, often in the afternoon. Emergence only occurs in temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F). Mating takes place in a concealed location, mainly on surface wood,
205:
is brown and measures on average 7 mm (0.3 in) long. Eggs are laid in dark crevices in old wood inside buildings, trees, and inside tunnels left behind by previous larvae. The larvae bore into the timber, feeding for up to ten years before pupating, and later emerging from the wood as adult
499:
An adult female deathwatch beetle is short-lived (1–2 months) and must find a suitable host in which to lay her eggs relatively quickly. She is capable of using odour to locate wood that has been decayed by fungi, which provides an excellent host. When selecting a host, old wood (more than a century
417:
is also attacked in the United
Kingdom. The beetle does not infest wood that has recently died; about sixty years must pass for dead oak to reach a suitable condition for attack. These beetles tend to stay on the same piece of wood for several generations until resources are used up and the piece of
609:
examination now allow the extent and localisation of an attack within timbers to be determined with great accuracy, and, for historic properties where damage to ornate plasterwork must be avoided, can be followed by micro-drilling and highly-targeted injection of insecticide via hypodermic needle.
537:
to the female. Although females cannot tell the mass of the male by looking at them, females can instead determine the mass of the male when the male tries to climb on the females back and mount them. Since male deathwatch beetles do not feed, their resources for the gift have been stored from the
360:
The pupa, when newly formed, is shiny and milky white in colour. It gradually darkens as the larva matures and develops eyes, tarsi, and “teeth”. During this stage of development, the larva will completely change appearance by forming a head, complete eyes, mouthparts, antennae, and legs. The pupa
601:
The larvae of deathwatch beetle feed deep within timbers. Recent studies have suggested that most of the previously accepted practices of external application of insecticides are largely ineffective. Only gas fumigation remains effective, but poses considerable practical challenges in effectively
408:
wood, especially when the timber has been softened by fungal attack. This may be due to the way fungal decayed wood affects nitrogen metabolism in the deathwatch beetle. Decayed wood is also much easier for the larvae of the deathwatch beetle to bore into which allows them to develop at a faster
221:
The larvae of deathwatch beetles weaken the structural timbers of a building by tunneling through them. Treatment with insecticides to kill the larvae is largely ineffective, and killing the adult beetles when they emerge in spring and early summer may be a better option. However, infestation by
449:. This fungus affects damp timber, often gaining entry where rafters or joists are embedded in stone walls, or in the vicinity of leaking roofs or overflowing gutters. It is not the adult insects that cause structural damage to the building, but rather their larvae tunneling through the wood.
516:
To locate females, males will walk a short distance, stop and tap, orient themselves towards a female's response, and repeat. If females respond they advertise their receptivity. Recently mated females will not respond. Each tapping bout contains between 4–11 taps at an average frequency of
641:, or woodpecker against a tree....He that could extinguish the terrifying apprehensions hereof, might prevent the passions of the heart, and many cold sweats in grandmothers and nurses, who in the sickness of children, are so startled with these noises." (II.vii, 1650 edition)
430:
The eggs hatch after about a month. The newly hatched larvae are tiny and chew their way into the timber, feeding on the wood. Their growth is slow and it may take from two to ten years, or even more, for them to reach their full size. At this stage they
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578:
can also be used. Similarly, active larvae may be identified by vibrations in the ultrasound range. The exit holes of deathwatch beetles are 2 to 3 mm (about 0.1 inch) in diameter, larger than those produced by the common furniture beetle.
241:
To attract mates, the adult insects create a tapping or ticking sound that can sometimes be heard in the rafters of old buildings on summer nights; therefore, the deathwatch beetle is associated with quiet, sleepless nights and is named for the
427:
and lasts for about an hour. Females lay eggs in crevices in the wood or in the holes left by emerging beetles, The adults do not feed, and so die within a few weeks, by which time the female may have laid 40 to 80 eggs in small batches.
712:" and that the sound the protagonist was hearing at the end of that story was that of a beetle tapping inside the wall, not the beating of the (dead) victim's heart. However, it is more likely that it was the metronomic ticking of a
521:. Females will only respond to tapping bouts with 6 or more taps and only bouts with a frequency of 4–20 Hz. Males with higher frequencies are more likely to obtain a mate than males with lower frequencies.
740:(written 1901, published 1903) when the mice under the tea-cups start up "a chorus of little tappings, all sounding together, and answering one another, like watch-beetles in an old worm-eaten window-shutter—".
550:
Identification of which insect is present in interior timbers is difficult; by their nature, the larvae are tucked away from sight in their galleries. The presence of wood-boring insects may be indicated by
546:
Many
English buildings, especially in the south of the country, are built from old oak wood which these beetles seem to be attracted to, and the greatest economic damage these beetles cause is in England.
618:
The tapping sound of the deathwatch beetle has long been associated as a harbinger of death, being most audible on quiet nights in the rafters of old houses, and in silent bedside vigils for the dying.
270:
558:
Direct examination of the interior of the timber by destructive means is often not acceptable, and non-invasive means are required. Other means of identifying the wood-boring insects include
992:
White, Peter R.; Birch, Martin C.; Church, Stuart; Jay, Chantelle; Rowe, Edwin; Keenlyside, Julian J. (1993). "Intraspecific variability in the tapping behaviour of the deathwatch beetle,
529:
Females have been shown to be selective of which males they mate with. During mating, males give up a significant fraction of their body mass, an average of 13.5%, via ejaculation of the
570:) but not for the deathwatch beetle. However, adults of the deathwatch beetle are attracted to light. The sounds of the feeding larvae can be heard either unaided or with the help of a
435:
in a chamber close to the wood surface, and either emerge through a newly created hole after twenty to thirty days, or else emerge in the following spring (about eleven months later).
269:
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tap again from 2 to 30 seconds later. The taps create a substrate-borne vibration. This long-distance communication mode differs from that of most wood-boring beetles, which use
915:
874:
582:
Deathwatch beetles will only attack buildings primarily made out of hardwood. Coniferous wood in buildings will be attacked only if it is in contact with the hardwood.
1075:"Knocking on wood for a mate: The deathwatch beetle's reputation is misplaced. The sinister tapping in ancient timbers turns out to be a form of sexual communication"
271:
753:(chapter 17), the mechanism of the ticking of the death-watch beetle is discussed, and it is compared with a clicking sound made by an ill-fitting hard shirt front.
1764:
344:
The eggs are white, slightly pointed at one end and sticky. Eggs measure on average 0.7 mm (~0.03 in) in length and 0.5 mm (~0.02 in) in width.
364:
The adult deathwatch beetle is cylindrical measuring on average 6 to 7.5 mm (0.24 to 0.30 in) long. The head is largely concealed by a brown
452:
Wood is difficult to digest, but as long as the wood has been softened by fungal decay, the enzymes in the guts of the larvae are able to digest the
206:
beetles. Timber that has been damp and is affected by fungal decay is soft enough for the larvae to chew through. They obtain nourishment by using
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1102:
626:(1605-1682) attempted to correct misconceptions about the deathwatch beetle as an omen of death in his encyclopedic catalog of common errors,
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325:
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In buildings, deathwatch beetles infest old oak timbers, especially those that have been the subject of fungal decay, usually by the fungus
1810:
729:: "Next the ghastly ticking of a deathwatch in the wall at the bed's head made Tom shudder – it meant that somebody's days were numbered."
125:
246:(watch) being kept beside the dying or dead. By extension, there exists a superstition that these sounds are an omen of impending death.
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by Fall in 1905. White elevated this taxon to subfamily status in 1962 and 1971, and in 1974 included 14 genera in the subfamily.
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rate. The sapwood is more nutritious and is usually attacked first, followed by heart wood that has been softened by decay. Oak (
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1649:"Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - Poe Studies - Poe Newsletter - Thoreau and the Deathwatch in Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart"
373:
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are dark brown or reddish-brown, with a patchy felting of yellowish-grey short hairs. The antennae have eleven segments, the
2616:
1341:
Belmain, Steven R.; Simmonds, Monique S. J.; Blaney, Walter M. (2000). "Behavioural responses of adult deathwatch beetles,
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1705:
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1803:
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Goulson, D.; Birch, M. C.; Wyatt, T. D. (1994). "Paternal investment in relation to size in the deathwatch beetle,
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old) is favoured. Trees with deep crevices are also favoured, as they provide a dark safe shelter for the eggs.
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found in
Britain. These larvae are distinctive due to a swollen thoracic region and multiple golden setae.
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1796:
1424:
Birch & Keenlyside (1991). "Tapping behaviour is a rhythmic communication in the death-watch beetle,
958:
de G IV The effect of type and extent of fungal decay in timber upon the rate of development of insect".
2322:
2302:
837:"Molecular systematics and evolution of the Ptinidae (Coleoptera: Bostrichoidea) and related families"
351:
on either side of the head. They grow to about 11 mm (0.4 in) long, making them the largest
43:
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464:; this enables the larvae to make use of the protein, starch, and sugars found within the cells.
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spp.) is the main host, with
American oaks being more susceptible than European oaks. Pollarded
2603:
2437:
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published an essay mentioning the deathwatch beetle. It is possible that this essay influenced
2450:
1222:"Influence of odor from wood-decaying fungi on host selection behaviour of deathwatch beetle,
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De G II The habits of the adult with special reference to the factors affecting oviposition".
2347:
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2029:
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1875:
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770:, using it as an omen of death; the main character hears it shortly before her husband dies.
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1975:
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these beetles is often limited to historic buildings, because modern buildings tend to use
8:
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The term "death watch" has been applied to a variety of other ticking insects, including
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De G. I. A summary of past work and a brief account of the developmental stages".
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1918:
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1384:, (Coleoptera, Anobiidae), and evidence for female selection for large mates".
733:
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761:
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594:, but it was not until 1913 that the first scientific study was conducted by
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1908:
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rather than the groups of six to eight taps made by the deathwatch beetle.
591:
534:
1042:
Fisher, Ronald (1938). "Studies of the biology of the death-watch beetle,
954:
Fisher, Ronald (1941). "Studies of the biology of the death-watch beetle.
804:
Fisher, Ronald (1937). "Studies of the biology of the death-watch beetle,
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that sometimes infests the structural timbers of old buildings. The adult
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2009:
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1941:
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in an attempt to come up with a management solution for these beetles.
563:
317:
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115:
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1282:: Oviposition preference choice assays testing old vs new oak timber,
1220:
Belmain, Steven R.; Simmonds, Monique S. J.; Blaney, Wally M. (2002).
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1951:
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1602:"35. Endymion. Keats, John. 1884. The Poetical Works of John Keats"
1221:
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674:
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traps; these are effective for the common furniture beetle and the
401:
353:
305:
297:
223:
105:
1501:"Precision Treatment of Death Watch Beetle Attack - Robert Demaus"
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2155:
2121:
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1197:
Belmain, Steven R.; Simmonds, Monique S.J.; Blaney, W.M. (1999).
686:
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Its notoriety as an ill omen is alluded to in the fourth book of
575:
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369:
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The larvae are creamy-white with six legs, black jaws, a pair of
194:
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1834:
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694:
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1578:
Thomas Browne: Selected
Writings (21st-Century Oxford Authors)
361:
measures 7–8 mm in length and around 3 mm in width.
2104:
552:
518:
243:
227:
2148:
1580:. Oxford, UK: University of Oxford Press. pp. 220–21.
1345:
de Geer (Coleoptera : Anobiidae), to light and dark".
432:
324:
erected
Ernobiinae for beetles previously classified under
1072:
917:
Urban
Insects and Arachnids A Handbook of Urban Entomology
1176:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 87–89.
1129:"The digestive enzymes of some wood-boring beetle larvae"
300:, formerly known as Anobiidae. This includes a number of
235:
760:
wrote a poem entitled "The
Deathwatch Beetle". In 1995,
1423:
1276:
Belmain, S.R.; Blaney, W.M.; Simmonds, M.S.J. (1998).
1340:
1275:
1219:
764:
made reference to the deathwatch beetle in her novel
1818:
991:
296:The deathwatch beetle is part of the beetle family
1697:Carnival Evening: New and Selected Poems 1968-1998
1473:The Entokil Man. The Life of Harold Maxwell-Lefroy
1379:
320:, deathwatch beetles, also wood-borers. In 1912,
2737:
1278:"Host selection behaviour of deathwatch beetle,
491:, their silk-encased husks being found on webs.
1720:
1170:Unger, A.; Schniewind, Arno; Unger, W. (2001).
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
673:; some of the so-called booklice of the family
923:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71.
835:Bell, Karen Leanne; Philips, T. Keith (2011).
622:The English writer, physician, and naturalist
384:This beetle is found in Europe, including the
1804:
1576:Browne, Thomas (2014). Killeen, Kevin (ed.).
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
736:references the beetle in her children's book
1770:Museumpests.net Death watch beetle factsheet
1126:
1100:
1073:Birch, Martin; Menendez, Guy (6 July 1991).
896:
1665:
1494:
1492:
834:
590:This beetle was first described in 1668 by
379:
1811:
1797:
1757:
1621:
1173:Conservation of Wood Artifacts: A Handbook
1165:
1163:
1161:
1096:
1094:
1092:
780:
660:No sound so loud as when on curtain'd bier
400:. Its natural habitat is dead or decaying
29:
1617:
1615:
1149:
1103:"How can I get rid of deathwatch beetle?"
855:
844:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1489:
913:
335:
1624:"Should we fear the deathwatch beetle?"
1475:. London: Dexter Haven Publishing Ltd.
1470:
1293:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
1158:
1089:
263:Sound produced by the deathwatch beetle
2738:
2095:List of crop plants pollinated by bees
1693:
1612:
1575:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1203:, accommodated in all the best places"
1041:
953:
803:
376:three segments are somewhat enlarged.
308:, the spider beetles which are mostly
2384:
2383:
1792:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1037:
1035:
949:
947:
869:
867:
828:
2565:d5898b20-39f7-4c0e-a12a-cbff6fd8de3c
1551:"A Hard Day's Night For The Beetles"
987:
985:
983:
981:
479:of the deathwatch beetle and of the
1412:
238:timbers, which the beetles prefer.
210:present in their gut to digest the
13:
1765:Death watch beetle tapping on wood
1723:"Practical Magic by Alice Hoffman"
1498:
1264:
1060:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1938.tb04355.x
1032:
972:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1941.tb07557.x
944:
864:
822:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1937.tb05856.x
251:
14:
2787:
1744:
978:
662:The death-watch tick is stifled.
494:
2364:
1774:
1721:Childress, Mark (25 June 1995).
1313:10.1046/j.1570-7458.1998.00399.x
857:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00792.x
697:(Fates) associated with death).
503:
282:Problems playing this file? See
267:
42:
1714:
1687:
1675:. American Publishing Company.
1659:
1641:
1622:Floyd, Tim (21 November 2012).
1594:
1569:
1543:
1518:
1464:
1373:
1334:
1213:
1190:
1137:Journal of Experimental Biology
1120:
2210:Home-stored product entomology
1066:
677:, and the appropriately named
418:wood is no longer sufficient.
331:
1:
2776:Taxa named by Charles De Geer
2293:Decline in insect populations
1886:List of insect-inspired songs
1101:Howell, Jeff (27 June 2012).
914:Robinson, William H. (2005).
773:
719:The beetle was referenced in
613:
421:
1672:The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
1526:"The deadwood invertebrates"
726:The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
585:
388:, as well as North America,
16:Species of woodboring beetle
7:
1230:Journal of Chemical Ecology
316:, wood-boring beetles, and
291:
10:
2792:
2323:Pesticide toxicity to bees
2303:List of endangered insects
1471:Fleming, Laurence (2015).
1430:Journal of Insect Behavior
1428:(Coleoptera, Anobiidae)".
1386:Journal of Insect Behavior
1347:Journal of Insect Behavior
998:Journal of Insect Behavior
996:(Coleoptera, Anobiidae)".
438:
2771:Beetles described in 1774
2692:
2392:
2361:
2333:
2275:
2227:
2178:
2063:
2002:
1974:
1932:
1901:
1844:
1830:
1048:Annals of Applied Biology
960:Annals of Applied Biology
810:Annals of Applied Biology
541:
524:
164:
157:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
2288:Colony collapse disorder
2283:Bees and toxic chemicals
1505:buildingconservation.com
1199:"The deathwatch beetle,
884:. Natural History Museum
738:The Tailor of Gloucester
596:Professor Maxwell-Lefroy
533:. This is a nutritional
380:Distribution and habitat
2190:Insect bites and stings
2167:Drosophila melanogaster
2080:Biological pest control
1359:10.1023/A:1007707407939
1242:10.1023/a:1015284625697
481:common furniture beetle
368:shield. The shield and
2756:Household pest insects
2464:xestobium-rufovillosum
2451:Xestobium_rufovillosum
2438:Xestobium_rufovillosum
2424:Xestobium rufovillosum
2394:Xestobium rufovillosum
2255:Rats, Lice and History
1782:Xestobium rufovillosum
1694:Pastan, Linda (1988).
1426:Xestobium rufovillosum
1382:Xestobium rufovillosum
1343:Xestobium rufovillosum
1280:Xestobium rufovillosum
1224:Xestobium rufovillosum
1201:Xestobium rufovillosum
1044:Xestobium rufovillosum
994:Xestobium rufovillosum
956:Xestobium rufovillosum
877:Xestobium rufovillosum
806:Xestobium rufovillosum
693:were two of the three
665:
643:
574:, and X-ray scans and
341:
256:
191:Xestobium rufovillosum
168:Xestobium rufovillosum
2240:Alfred Russel Wallace
2025:Entomological warfare
1876:Insects in literature
1127:Parkin, E.A. (1940).
708:'s 1843 short story "
655:
634:
629:Pseudodoxia Epidemica
605:Modern techniques of
564:house longhorn beetle
339:
255:
2560:Fauna Europaea (new)
2195:Insect sting allergy
1989:Cicadas in mythology
1151:10.1242/jeb.17.4.364
875:"Deathwatch beetle:
685:(in Greek mythology
683:Clothilla pulsatoria
150:X. rufovillosum
2694:Ptinus rufovillosum
2298:Habitat destruction
2050:Insects in religion
1608:. 8 September 2022.
1442:1991JIBeh...4..257B
1305:1998EEApp..89..193B
1010:1993JIBeh...6..549W
710:The Tell-Tale Heart
702:Henry David Thoreau
679:Atropos divinatoria
576:computer tomography
473:Korynetes caeruleus
446:Donkioporia expansa
404:, or in some cases
2766:Insects in culture
2761:Woodboring beetles
2371:Insects portal
2343:Insects and humans
1871:Arthropods in film
1820:Human interactions
1727:The New York Times
1450:10.1007/BF01054618
1398:10.1007/BF01048121
1018:10.1007/BF01048122
658:... within ye hear
568:Hylotrupes bajulus
469:steely blue beetle
342:
340:Adult in side view
257:
24:Deathwatch beetle
2733:
2732:
2677:Open Tree of Life
2386:Taxon identifiers
2377:
2376:
2266:Insect Literature
2223:
2222:
2122:Carmine/Cochineal
2075:Beneficial insect
2045:Insects in ethics
1994:Scarab (artifact)
1984:Bees in mythology
1893:Insects on stamps
1751:Deathwatch beetle
1587:978-0-19-879765-4
1482:978-1-903660-17-1
1183:978-3-540-41580-0
745:Dorothy L. Sayers
485:Anobium punctatum
272:
199:woodboring beetle
187:deathwatch beetle
183:
182:
2783:
2751:Building defects
2726:
2725:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2671:
2659:
2658:
2646:
2645:
2643:NHMSYS0001720499
2633:
2632:
2620:
2619:
2607:
2606:
2594:
2593:
2581:
2580:
2568:
2567:
2555:
2554:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2381:
2380:
2369:
2368:
2245:Jean-Henri Fabre
2020:Cricket fighting
2015:Cockroach racing
1881:Insects in music
1842:
1841:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1779:Data related to
1778:
1761:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1700:. W. W. Norton.
1691:
1685:
1684:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1555:Combermere Abbey
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1499:Demaus, Robert.
1496:
1487:
1486:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1421:
1410:
1409:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1323:. Archived from
1290:
1273:
1262:
1261:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1207:Conference Paper
1194:
1188:
1187:
1167:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1098:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1039:
1030:
1029:
989:
976:
975:
951:
942:
941:
939:
933:. Archived from
922:
911:
894:
893:
891:
889:
883:
871:
862:
861:
859:
841:
832:
826:
825:
801:
670:Anobium striatum
274:
273:
254:
234:instead of aged
170:
47:
46:
33:
21:
20:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2688:
2680:
2675:
2667:
2664:Observation.org
2662:
2654:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2628:
2623:
2615:
2610:
2602:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2558:
2550:
2545:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2357:
2335:
2329:
2271:
2219:
2181:
2174:
2066:
2059:
1998:
1970:
1928:
1897:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1817:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1692:
1688:
1664:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1620:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1469:
1465:
1422:
1413:
1378:
1374:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1288:
1274:
1265:
1218:
1214:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1168:
1159:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1099:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1077:. New Scientist
1071:
1067:
1040:
1033:
990:
979:
952:
945:
937:
931:
920:
912:
897:
887:
885:
881:
873:
872:
865:
839:
833:
829:
802:
781:
776:
767:Practical Magic
706:Edgar Allan Poe
664:
661:
659:
616:
588:
544:
527:
506:
497:
441:
424:
382:
334:
294:
289:
288:
280:
278:
277:
276:
275:
268:
265:
258:
252:
179:
172:
166:
153:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2789:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2714:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2673:
2660:
2647:
2634:
2621:
2608:
2595:
2582:
2569:
2556:
2547:Fauna Europaea
2543:
2530:
2517:
2504:
2491:
2478:
2468:
2455:
2442:
2429:
2414:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2375:
2374:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2262:Lafcadio Hearn
2259:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Jan Swammerdam
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2161:Model organism
2158:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2035:Insect farming
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1919:Artificial fly
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1852:Insects in art
1848:
1846:
1839:
1828:
1827:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1785:at Wikispecies
1772:
1767:
1762:
1746:
1745:External links
1743:
1740:
1739:
1713:
1707:978-0393319279
1706:
1686:
1658:
1640:
1611:
1593:
1586:
1568:
1557:. 31 July 2014
1542:
1530:National Trust
1517:
1488:
1481:
1463:
1436:(2): 256–263.
1411:
1392:(5): 539–547.
1372:
1333:
1330:on 2019-12-08.
1299:(2): 193–199.
1263:
1236:(4): 741–754.
1212:
1189:
1182:
1157:
1144:(4): 364–377.
1119:
1088:
1065:
1031:
1004:(5): 549–562.
977:
943:
940:on 2019-10-15.
929:
895:
863:
827:
778:
777:
775:
772:
734:Beatrix Potter
656:
615:
612:
587:
584:
543:
540:
526:
523:
505:
502:
496:
495:Host selection
493:
440:
437:
423:
420:
386:United Kingdom
381:
378:
333:
330:
293:
290:
279:
266:
261:
260:
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248:
181:
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155:
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26:
25:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
2788:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
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2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:Neonicotinoid
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:Other aspects
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1863:Musca depicta
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1123:
1108:
1107:The Telegraph
1104:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
986:
984:
982:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
948:
936:
932:
930:9780521812535
926:
919:
918:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
880:
878:
870:
868:
858:
853:
849:
845:
838:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
779:
771:
769:
768:
763:
762:Alice Hoffman
759:
754:
752:
751:
746:
741:
739:
735:
730:
728:
727:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:
663:
654:
652:
649:' 1818 poem "
648:
642:
640:
639:picus martius
633:
631:
630:
625:
624:Thomas Browne
620:
611:
608:
603:
599:
597:
593:
583:
580:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
548:
539:
536:
532:
531:spermatophore
522:
520:
514:
512:
504:Communication
501:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
458:hemicellulose
455:
450:
448:
447:
436:
434:
428:
419:
416:
412:
407:
403:
399:
398:New Caledonia
395:
391:
387:
377:
375:
371:
367:
362:
358:
356:
355:
350:
345:
338:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
287:
285:
264:
247:
245:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
219:
218:in the wood.
217:
216:hemicellulose
213:
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
177:
171:
169:
163:
160:
159:Binomial name
156:
152:
151:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2693:
2393:
2348:Insecticides
2265:
2253:
2250:Hans Zinsser
2215:Clothes moth
2165:
1976:In mythology
1909:Fishing bait
1861:
1781:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1716:
1696:
1689:
1671:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1628:Country Life
1627:
1606:bartleby.com
1605:
1596:
1577:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1554:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:
1472:
1466:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1325:the original
1296:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1215:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1172:
1141:
1135:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1106:
1079:. Retrieved
1068:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1001:
997:
993:
963:
959:
955:
935:the original
916:
886:. Retrieved
876:
847:
843:
830:
813:
809:
805:
765:
758:Linda Pastan
755:
748:
742:
731:
724:
718:
699:
682:
678:
668:
666:
657:
644:
638:
635:
627:
621:
617:
604:
600:
592:John Wilkins
589:
581:
567:
557:
549:
545:
535:nuptial gift
528:
515:
507:
498:
484:
472:
466:
460:forming the
451:
444:
442:
429:
425:
410:
383:
363:
359:
352:
346:
343:
295:
281:
240:
220:
190:
186:
184:
167:
165:
149:
148:
136:
18:
2625:NatureServe
2586:iNaturalist
2418:Wikispecies
2334:Categories,
2313:Insecticide
2144:Sericulture
2115:Royal jelly
2040:Flea circus
2030:Entomophagy
1964:Cantharidin
1959:Spanish fly
1934:In medicine
1914:Fly fishing
1845:In the arts
1753:media from
1667:Twain, Mark
1054:: 155–180.
966:: 244–260.
816:: 600–613.
750:Gaudy Night
572:stethoscope
332:Description
326:Dryophilini
302:subfamilies
112:Subfamily:
2740:Categories
2709:Q109605436
2353:Pesticides
2090:Bee pollen
2085:Beekeeping
2067:entomology
2010:Biomimicry
1942:Apitherapy
1902:In fishing
1857:Beetlewing
1838:in culture
1561:30 October
1535:30 October
1510:30 October
888:15 October
850:: 88–108.
774:References
721:Mark Twain
647:John Keats
614:In culture
607:ultrasound
511:pheromones
462:cell walls
422:Life cycle
406:coniferous
318:Ernobiinae
310:scavengers
304:including
284:media help
126:Xestobiini
116:Ernobiinae
96:Coleoptera
76:Arthropoda
2336:templates
2308:Pesticide
1924:Fly tying
1732:6 October
1653:eapoe.org
1633:7 October
1353:: 15–26.
1112:6 October
1081:6 October
756:In 1988,
714:booklouse
586:Treatment
560:pheromone
454:cellulose
314:Anobiinae
224:softwoods
212:cellulose
144:Species:
137:Xestobium
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
2746:Ptinidae
2703:Wikidata
2630:2.808791
2604:10977306
2495:BugGuide
2471:BioLib:
2409:Q1074662
2403:Wikidata
2276:Concerns
2228:Pioneers
2205:Woodworm
2110:Propolis
2065:Economic
1952:Melittin
1947:Apitoxin
1681:47052486
1669:(1876).
1458:37405288
1367:24610376
1321:84704056
1258:29143888
1250:12035923
1026:34433929
723:'s 1876
700:In 1838
675:Psocidae
651:Endymion
517:10
477:predator
402:hardwood
366:thoracic
354:Ptininae
349:eyespots
306:Ptininae
298:Ptinidae
292:Taxonomy
106:Ptinidae
102:Family:
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
2723:4426855
2578:1095669
2200:Bed bug
2182:insects
2180:Harmful
2156:Shellac
2100:Beeswax
2055:Jingzhe
1835:insects
1831:Aspects
1824:insects
1438:Bibcode
1406:7251065
1301:Bibcode
1284:Quercus
1006:Bibcode
687:Atropos
489:spiders
475:) is a
439:Ecology
411:Quercus
394:Algeria
390:Corsica
232:rafters
208:enzymes
195:species
193:) is a
178:, 1774)
176:De Geer
132:Genus:
122:Tribe:
92:Order:
86:Insecta
82:Class:
2682:103649
2656:879067
2617:114471
2591:233809
2552:100031
2539:103363
2526:XESTRU
2513:312241
2500:644518
2487:456905
2459:ARKive
2139:Kermes
2134:Chitin
2127:Polish
1755:ARKive
1704:
1679:
1584:
1479:
1456:
1404:
1365:
1319:
1256:
1248:
1180:
1024:
927:
695:moirai
691:Clotho
542:Damage
525:Mating
433:pupate
415:willow
396:, and
374:distal
370:elytra
228:joists
203:beetle
2669:23444
2599:IRMNG
2534:EUNIS
2105:Honey
1822:with
1454:S2CID
1402:S2CID
1363:S2CID
1328:(PDF)
1317:S2CID
1289:(PDF)
1254:S2CID
1132:(PDF)
1022:S2CID
938:(PDF)
921:(PDF)
882:(PDF)
840:(PDF)
732:Even
553:frass
244:vigil
2718:GBIF
2651:NCBI
2612:ITIS
2573:GBIF
2521:EPPO
2482:BOLD
2474:9833
2149:Silk
1734:2019
1702:ISBN
1677:OCLC
1635:2019
1582:ISBN
1563:2019
1537:2019
1512:2019
1477:ISBN
1246:PMID
1178:ISBN
1114:2019
1083:2019
925:ISBN
890:2019
689:and
681:and
467:The
456:and
230:and
226:for
214:and
185:The
2638:NBN
2508:EoL
2446:AFD
2433:ADW
1833:of
1446:doi
1394:doi
1355:doi
1309:doi
1286:sp"
1238:doi
1146:doi
1056:doi
1014:doi
968:doi
852:doi
848:165
818:doi
743:In
653:":
322:Pic
236:oak
197:of
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