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sealing the larger, historic types of properties that these beetles are mostly attracted to. External insecticide application may, in fact, do more harm than good by killing the natural enemies of the beetle. One way of dealing with the problem may be with the use of ultra-violet "insectocutors", to attract and kill the adults that emerge from the wood in the spring. If there is concern about the strength of structural timbers, a structural surveyor can drill core samples to determine the condition of the wood.
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Alternatively, where a degree of damage to the fabric of a building is acceptable, larger 6 mm holes can be drilled deep into the timbers, and a thick, insecticide-laden paste introduced which does not seep out into surrounding areas. In all situations, any structural damage which has permitted water to ingress and moisten the timbers now being attacked should be addressed in order to slow down the life cycle of the insects, and thus minimize their spread.
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566:(fecal residue) and fresh dust. Recent exit holes often have bright rims, while the rims of older holes have become dull. The species of insects involved can sometimes be identified by examination of the fecal pellets in the frass. Adult beetles, alive or dead, may be present on the glass or the sills of windows, as may the specific enemies of the beetles in the same locations—a likely indication of specific wood-boring insects inside.
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cause of terrour unto melancholy and meticulous heads. For this noise is made by a little sheath-winged gray insect found often in wainscot, benches, and wood-work in the Summer. We have taken many thereof, and kept them in thin boxes, wherein I have heard and seen them work and knack with a little proboscis or trunk against the side of the box, like a
549:
larval stage. Males who are heavier in mass are capable of donating a larger mass to the female than lighter males which results in females choosing heavier males and rejecting lighter males. By giving up this much body weight, males are reducing the likelihood that they will mate with an additional female due to a lack of resources for a further gift.
498:). The adult female blue beetle lays her eggs in the exit holes made by the emerging borers, and the carnivorous larvae wander through the galleries made by the wood-borers, feeding on their larvae. The adult deathwatch beetles are weak fliers and may run over the surface of the timber, rather than fly. They are sometimes caught by
647:
Few ears have escaped the noise of the dead-watch, that is, the little clickling sound heard often in many rooms, somewhat resembling that of a watch; and this is conceived to be of an evil omen or prediction of some persons death: wherein notwithstanding there is nothing of rational presage or just
519:
A deathwatch beetle communicates by hitting its head on a substrate to create a noise, a method called tapping. Males and females differ in that males usually tap first, and females tap only in response to males. A female responds within 2 seconds of a male tap. After the female responds, a male will
437:
In
Britain, the adults emerge in April, May or June. The males emerge first, and the females are willing to copulate as soon as they emerge, often in the afternoon. Emergence only occurs in temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F). Mating takes place in a concealed location, mainly on surface wood,
216:
is brown and measures on average 7 mm (0.3 in) long. Eggs are laid in dark crevices in old wood inside buildings, trees, and inside tunnels left behind by previous larvae. The larvae bore into the timber, feeding for up to ten years before pupating, and later emerging from the wood as adult
510:
An adult female deathwatch beetle is short-lived (1–2 months) and must find a suitable host in which to lay her eggs relatively quickly. She is capable of using odour to locate wood that has been decayed by fungi, which provides an excellent host. When selecting a host, old wood (more than a century
428:
is also attacked in the United
Kingdom. The beetle does not infest wood that has recently died; about sixty years must pass for dead oak to reach a suitable condition for attack. These beetles tend to stay on the same piece of wood for several generations until resources are used up and the piece of
620:
examination now allow the extent and localisation of an attack within timbers to be determined with great accuracy, and, for historic properties where damage to ornate plasterwork must be avoided, can be followed by micro-drilling and highly-targeted injection of insecticide via hypodermic needle.
548:
to the female. Although females cannot tell the mass of the male by looking at them, females can instead determine the mass of the male when the male tries to climb on the females back and mount them. Since male deathwatch beetles do not feed, their resources for the gift have been stored from the
371:
The pupa, when newly formed, is shiny and milky white in colour. It gradually darkens as the larva matures and develops eyes, tarsi, and “teeth”. During this stage of development, the larva will completely change appearance by forming a head, complete eyes, mouthparts, antennae, and legs. The pupa
612:
The larvae of deathwatch beetle feed deep within timbers. Recent studies have suggested that most of the previously accepted practices of external application of insecticides are largely ineffective. Only gas fumigation remains effective, but poses considerable practical challenges in effectively
419:
wood, especially when the timber has been softened by fungal attack. This may be due to the way fungal decayed wood affects nitrogen metabolism in the deathwatch beetle. Decayed wood is also much easier for the larvae of the deathwatch beetle to bore into which allows them to develop at a faster
232:
The larvae of deathwatch beetles weaken the structural timbers of a building by tunneling through them. Treatment with insecticides to kill the larvae is largely ineffective, and killing the adult beetles when they emerge in spring and early summer may be a better option. However, infestation by
460:. This fungus affects damp timber, often gaining entry where rafters or joists are embedded in stone walls, or in the vicinity of leaking roofs or overflowing gutters. It is not the adult insects that cause structural damage to the building, but rather their larvae tunneling through the wood.
527:
To locate females, males will walk a short distance, stop and tap, orient themselves towards a female's response, and repeat. If females respond they advertise their receptivity. Recently mated females will not respond. Each tapping bout contains between 4–11 taps at an average frequency of
652:, or woodpecker against a tree....He that could extinguish the terrifying apprehensions hereof, might prevent the passions of the heart, and many cold sweats in grandmothers and nurses, who in the sickness of children, are so startled with these noises." (II.vii, 1650 edition)
441:
The eggs hatch after about a month. The newly hatched larvae are tiny and chew their way into the timber, feeding on the wood. Their growth is slow and it may take from two to ten years, or even more, for them to reach their full size. At this stage they
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589:
can also be used. Similarly, active larvae may be identified by vibrations in the ultrasound range. The exit holes of deathwatch beetles are 2 to 3 mm (about 0.1 inch) in diameter, larger than those produced by the common furniture beetle.
252:
To attract mates, the adult insects create a tapping or ticking sound that can sometimes be heard in the rafters of old buildings on summer nights; therefore, the deathwatch beetle is associated with quiet, sleepless nights and is named for the
438:
and lasts for about an hour. Females lay eggs in crevices in the wood or in the holes left by emerging beetles, The adults do not feed, and so die within a few weeks, by which time the female may have laid 40 to 80 eggs in small batches.
723:" and that the sound the protagonist was hearing at the end of that story was that of a beetle tapping inside the wall, not the beating of the (dead) victim's heart. However, it is more likely that it was the metronomic ticking of a
532:. Females will only respond to tapping bouts with 6 or more taps and only bouts with a frequency of 4–20 Hz. Males with higher frequencies are more likely to obtain a mate than males with lower frequencies.
751:(written 1901, published 1903) when the mice under the tea-cups start up "a chorus of little tappings, all sounding together, and answering one another, like watch-beetles in an old worm-eaten window-shutter—".
561:
Identification of which insect is present in interior timbers is difficult; by their nature, the larvae are tucked away from sight in their galleries. The presence of wood-boring insects may be indicated by
557:
Many
English buildings, especially in the south of the country, are built from old oak wood which these beetles seem to be attracted to, and the greatest economic damage these beetles cause is in England.
629:
The tapping sound of the deathwatch beetle has long been associated as a harbinger of death, being most audible on quiet nights in the rafters of old houses, and in silent bedside vigils for the dying.
281:
569:
Direct examination of the interior of the timber by destructive means is often not acceptable, and non-invasive means are required. Other means of identifying the wood-boring insects include
1003:
White, Peter R.; Birch, Martin C.; Church, Stuart; Jay, Chantelle; Rowe, Edwin; Keenlyside, Julian J. (1993). "Intraspecific variability in the tapping behaviour of the deathwatch beetle,
540:
Females have been shown to be selective of which males they mate with. During mating, males give up a significant fraction of their body mass, an average of 13.5%, via ejaculation of the
581:) but not for the deathwatch beetle. However, adults of the deathwatch beetle are attracted to light. The sounds of the feeding larvae can be heard either unaided or with the help of a
446:
in a chamber close to the wood surface, and either emerge through a newly created hole after twenty to thirty days, or else emerge in the following spring (about eleven months later).
280:
520:
tap again from 2 to 30 seconds later. The taps create a substrate-borne vibration. This long-distance communication mode differs from that of most wood-boring beetles, which use
926:
885:
593:
Deathwatch beetles will only attack buildings primarily made out of hardwood. Coniferous wood in buildings will be attacked only if it is in contact with the hardwood.
1086:"Knocking on wood for a mate: The deathwatch beetle's reputation is misplaced. The sinister tapping in ancient timbers turns out to be a form of sexual communication"
282:
764:(chapter 17), the mechanism of the ticking of the death-watch beetle is discussed, and it is compared with a clicking sound made by an ill-fitting hard shirt front.
1775:
355:
The eggs are white, slightly pointed at one end and sticky. Eggs measure on average 0.7 mm (~0.03 in) in length and 0.5 mm (~0.02 in) in width.
375:
The adult deathwatch beetle is cylindrical measuring on average 6 to 7.5 mm (0.24 to 0.30 in) long. The head is largely concealed by a brown
463:
Wood is difficult to digest, but as long as the wood has been softened by fungal decay, the enzymes in the guts of the larvae are able to digest the
217:
beetles. Timber that has been damp and is affected by fungal decay is soft enough for the larvae to chew through. They obtain nourishment by using
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1113:
637:(1605-1682) attempted to correct misconceptions about the deathwatch beetle as an omen of death in his encyclopedic catalog of common errors,
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336:
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In buildings, deathwatch beetles infest old oak timbers, especially those that have been the subject of fungal decay, usually by the fungus
1821:
740:: "Next the ghastly ticking of a deathwatch in the wall at the bed's head made Tom shudder – it meant that somebody's days were numbered."
136:
257:(watch) being kept beside the dying or dead. By extension, there exists a superstition that these sounds are an omen of impending death.
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by Fall in 1905. White elevated this taxon to subfamily status in 1962 and 1971, and in 1974 included 14 genera in the subfamily.
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rate. The sapwood is more nutritious and is usually attacked first, followed by heart wood that has been softened by decay. Oak (
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2105:
1660:"Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - Poe Studies - Poe Newsletter - Thoreau and the Deathwatch in Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart"
384:
1596:
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are dark brown or reddish-brown, with a patchy felting of yellowish-grey short hairs. The antennae have eleven segments, the
2627:
1352:
Belmain, Steven R.; Simmonds, Monique S. J.; Blaney, Walter M. (2000). "Behavioural responses of adult deathwatch beetles,
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1716:
17:
939:
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2434:
1814:
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Goulson, D.; Birch, M. C.; Wyatt, T. D. (1994). "Paternal investment in relation to size in the deathwatch beetle,
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old) is favoured. Trees with deep crevices are also favoured, as they provide a dark safe shelter for the eggs.
2220:
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1780:
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found in
Britain. These larvae are distinctive due to a swollen thoracic region and multiple golden setae.
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2771:
2497:
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2353:
1807:
1435:
Birch & Keenlyside (1991). "Tapping behaviour is a rhythmic communication in the death-watch beetle,
969:
de G IV The effect of type and extent of fungal decay in timber upon the rate of development of insect".
2333:
2313:
848:"Molecular systematics and evolution of the Ptinidae (Coleoptera: Bostrichoidea) and related families"
362:
on either side of the head. They grow to about 11 mm (0.4 in) long, making them the largest
54:
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491:
475:; this enables the larvae to make use of the protein, starch, and sugars found within the cells.
424:
spp.) is the main host, with
American oaks being more susceptible than European oaks. Pollarded
2614:
2448:
2396:
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published an essay mentioning the deathwatch beetle. It is possible that this essay influenced
2461:
1233:"Influence of odor from wood-decaying fungi on host selection behaviour of deathwatch beetle,
1057:
De G II The habits of the adult with special reference to the factors affecting oviposition".
2358:
2250:
2040:
2035:
1886:
1182:
781:, using it as an omen of death; the main character hears it shortly before her husband dies.
639:
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1999:
1986:
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these beetles is often limited to historic buildings, because modern buildings tend to use
8:
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1944:
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The term "death watch" has been applied to a variety of other ticking insects, including
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De G. I. A summary of past work and a brief account of the developmental stages".
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2171:
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1395:, (Coleoptera, Anobiidae), and evidence for female selection for large mates".
744:
396:
1369:
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2328:
1873:
772:
634:
605:, but it was not until 1913 that the first scientific study was conducted by
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2149:
1919:
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rather than the groups of six to eight taps made by the deathwatch beetle.
602:
545:
1053:
Fisher, Ronald (1938). "Studies of the biology of the death-watch beetle,
965:
Fisher, Ronald (1941). "Studies of the biology of the death-watch beetle.
815:
Fisher, Ronald (1937). "Studies of the biology of the death-watch beetle,
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that sometimes infests the structural timbers of old buildings. The adult
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2050:
2020:
1974:
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41:
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2100:
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in an attempt to come up with a management solution for these beetles.
574:
328:
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126:
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1612:
1293:: Oviposition preference choice assays testing old vs new oak timber,
1231:
Belmain, Steven R.; Simmonds, Monique S. J.; Blaney, Wally M. (2002).
2531:
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1934:
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1962:
1957:
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1613:"35. Endymion. Keats, John. 1884. The Poetical Works of John Keats"
1232:
1209:
685:
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traps; these are effective for the common furniture beetle and the
412:
364:
316:
308:
234:
116:
1512:"Precision Treatment of Death Watch Beetle Attack - Robert Demaus"
1180:
2210:
2166:
2132:
2110:
2065:
1208:
Belmain, Steven R.; Simmonds, Monique S.J.; Blaney, W.M. (1999).
697:
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Its notoriety as an ill omen is alluded to in the fourth book of
586:
404:
400:
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The larvae are creamy-white with six legs, black jaws, a pair of
205:
2523:
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2144:
1845:
1834:
1765:
705:
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218:
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1589:
Thomas Browne: Selected
Writings (21st-Century Oxford Authors)
372:
measures 7–8 mm in length and around 3 mm in width.
2115:
563:
529:
254:
238:
2159:
1591:. Oxford, UK: University of Oxford Press. pp. 220–21.
1356:
de Geer (Coleoptera : Anobiidae), to light and dark".
443:
335:
erected
Ernobiinae for beetles previously classified under
1083:
928:
Urban
Insects and Arachnids A Handbook of Urban Entomology
1187:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 87–89.
1140:"The digestive enzymes of some wood-boring beetle larvae"
311:, formerly known as Anobiidae. This includes a number of
246:
771:
wrote a poem entitled "The
Deathwatch Beetle". In 1995,
1434:
1287:
Belmain, S.R.; Blaney, W.M.; Simmonds, M.S.J. (1998).
1351:
1286:
1230:
775:
made reference to the deathwatch beetle in her novel
1829:
1002:
307:The deathwatch beetle is part of the beetle family
1708:Carnival Evening: New and Selected Poems 1968-1998
1484:The Entokil Man. The Life of Harold Maxwell-Lefroy
1390:
331:, deathwatch beetles, also wood-borers. In 1912,
2748:
1289:"Host selection behaviour of deathwatch beetle,
502:, their silk-encased husks being found on webs.
1731:
1181:Unger, A.; Schniewind, Arno; Unger, W. (2001).
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
684:; some of the so-called booklice of the family
934:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71.
846:Bell, Karen Leanne; Philips, T. Keith (2011).
633:The English writer, physician, and naturalist
395:This beetle is found in Europe, including the
1815:
1587:Browne, Thomas (2014). Killeen, Kevin (ed.).
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
747:references the beetle in her children's book
1781:Museumpests.net Death watch beetle factsheet
1137:
1111:
1084:Birch, Martin; Menendez, Guy (6 July 1991).
907:
1676:
1505:
1503:
845:
601:This beetle was first described in 1668 by
390:
1822:
1808:
1768:
1632:
1184:Conservation of Wood Artifacts: A Handbook
1176:
1174:
1172:
1107:
1105:
1103:
791:
671:No sound so loud as when on curtain'd bier
411:. Its natural habitat is dead or decaying
40:
1628:
1626:
1160:
1114:"How can I get rid of deathwatch beetle?"
866:
855:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1500:
924:
346:
1635:"Should we fear the deathwatch beetle?"
1486:. London: Dexter Haven Publishing Ltd.
1481:
1304:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
1169:
1100:
274:Sound produced by the deathwatch beetle
14:
2749:
2106:List of crop plants pollinated by bees
1704:
1623:
1586:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1214:, accommodated in all the best places"
1052:
964:
814:
387:three segments are somewhat enlarged.
319:, the spider beetles which are mostly
2395:
2394:
1803:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1048:
1046:
960:
958:
880:
878:
839:
2576:d5898b20-39f7-4c0e-a12a-cbff6fd8de3c
1562:"A Hard Day's Night For The Beetles"
998:
996:
994:
992:
490:of the deathwatch beetle and of the
1423:
249:timbers, which the beetles prefer.
221:present in their gut to digest the
24:
1776:Death watch beetle tapping on wood
1734:"Practical Magic by Alice Hoffman"
1509:
1275:
1071:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1938.tb04355.x
1043:
983:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1941.tb07557.x
955:
875:
833:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1937.tb05856.x
262:
25:
2798:
1755:
989:
673:The death-watch tick is stifled.
505:
2375:
1785:
1732:Childress, Mark (25 June 1995).
1324:10.1046/j.1570-7458.1998.00399.x
868:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00792.x
708:(Fates) associated with death).
514:
293:Problems playing this file? See
278:
53:
1725:
1698:
1686:. American Publishing Company.
1670:
1652:
1633:Floyd, Tim (21 November 2012).
1605:
1580:
1554:
1529:
1475:
1384:
1345:
1224:
1201:
1148:Journal of Experimental Biology
1131:
2221:Home-stored product entomology
1077:
688:, and the appropriately named
429:wood is no longer sufficient.
342:
13:
1:
2787:Taxa named by Charles De Geer
2304:Decline in insect populations
1897:List of insect-inspired songs
1112:Howell, Jeff (27 June 2012).
925:Robinson, William H. (2005).
784:
730:The beetle was referenced in
624:
432:
1683:The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
1537:"The deadwood invertebrates"
737:The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
596:
399:, as well as North America,
27:Species of woodboring beetle
7:
1241:Journal of Chemical Ecology
327:, wood-boring beetles, and
302:
10:
2803:
2334:Pesticide toxicity to bees
2314:List of endangered insects
1482:Fleming, Laurence (2015).
1441:Journal of Insect Behavior
1439:(Coleoptera, Anobiidae)".
1397:Journal of Insect Behavior
1358:Journal of Insect Behavior
1009:Journal of Insect Behavior
1007:(Coleoptera, Anobiidae)".
449:
2782:Beetles described in 1774
2703:
2403:
2372:
2344:
2286:
2238:
2189:
2074:
2013:
1985:
1943:
1912:
1855:
1841:
1059:Annals of Applied Biology
971:Annals of Applied Biology
821:Annals of Applied Biology
552:
535:
175:
168:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
34:
2299:Colony collapse disorder
2294:Bees and toxic chemicals
1516:buildingconservation.com
1210:"The deathwatch beetle,
895:. Natural History Museum
749:The Tailor of Gloucester
607:Professor Maxwell-Lefroy
544:. This is a nutritional
391:Distribution and habitat
2201:Insect bites and stings
2178:Drosophila melanogaster
2091:Biological pest control
1370:10.1023/A:1007707407939
1253:10.1023/a:1015284625697
492:common furniture beetle
379:shield. The shield and
2767:Household pest insects
2475:xestobium-rufovillosum
2462:Xestobium_rufovillosum
2449:Xestobium_rufovillosum
2435:Xestobium rufovillosum
2405:Xestobium rufovillosum
2266:Rats, Lice and History
1793:Xestobium rufovillosum
1705:Pastan, Linda (1988).
1437:Xestobium rufovillosum
1393:Xestobium rufovillosum
1354:Xestobium rufovillosum
1291:Xestobium rufovillosum
1235:Xestobium rufovillosum
1212:Xestobium rufovillosum
1055:Xestobium rufovillosum
1005:Xestobium rufovillosum
967:Xestobium rufovillosum
888:Xestobium rufovillosum
817:Xestobium rufovillosum
704:were two of the three
676:
654:
585:, and X-ray scans and
352:
267:
202:Xestobium rufovillosum
179:Xestobium rufovillosum
2251:Alfred Russel Wallace
2036:Entomological warfare
1887:Insects in literature
1138:Parkin, E.A. (1940).
719:'s 1843 short story "
666:
645:
640:Pseudodoxia Epidemica
616:Modern techniques of
575:house longhorn beetle
350:
266:
2571:Fauna Europaea (new)
2206:Insect sting allergy
2000:Cicadas in mythology
1162:10.1242/jeb.17.4.364
886:"Deathwatch beetle:
696:(in Greek mythology
694:Clothilla pulsatoria
161:X. rufovillosum
2705:Ptinus rufovillosum
2309:Habitat destruction
2061:Insects in religion
1619:. 8 September 2022.
1453:1991JIBeh...4..257B
1316:1998EEApp..89..193B
1021:1993JIBeh...6..549W
721:The Tell-Tale Heart
713:Henry David Thoreau
690:Atropos divinatoria
587:computer tomography
484:Korynetes caeruleus
457:Donkioporia expansa
415:, or in some cases
2777:Insects in culture
2772:Woodboring beetles
2382:Insects portal
2354:Insects and humans
1882:Arthropods in film
1831:Human interactions
1738:The New York Times
1461:10.1007/BF01054618
1409:10.1007/BF01048121
1029:10.1007/BF01048122
669:... within ye hear
579:Hylotrupes bajulus
480:steely blue beetle
353:
351:Adult in side view
268:
35:Deathwatch beetle
18:Death Watch Beetle
2744:
2743:
2688:Open Tree of Life
2397:Taxon identifiers
2388:
2387:
2277:Insect Literature
2234:
2233:
2133:Carmine/Cochineal
2086:Beneficial insect
2056:Insects in ethics
2005:Scarab (artifact)
1995:Bees in mythology
1904:Insects on stamps
1762:Deathwatch beetle
1598:978-0-19-879765-4
1493:978-1-903660-17-1
1194:978-3-540-41580-0
756:Dorothy L. Sayers
496:Anobium punctatum
283:
210:woodboring beetle
198:deathwatch beetle
194:
193:
16:(Redirected from
2794:
2762:Building defects
2737:
2736:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2696:
2695:
2683:
2682:
2670:
2669:
2657:
2656:
2654:NHMSYS0001720499
2644:
2643:
2631:
2630:
2618:
2617:
2605:
2604:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2578:
2566:
2565:
2553:
2552:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2526:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2488:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2464:
2452:
2451:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2392:
2391:
2380:
2379:
2256:Jean-Henri Fabre
2031:Cricket fighting
2026:Cockroach racing
1892:Insects in music
1853:
1852:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1790:Data related to
1789:
1772:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1711:. W. W. Norton.
1702:
1696:
1695:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1566:Combermere Abbey
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1510:Demaus, Robert.
1507:
1498:
1497:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1432:
1421:
1420:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1334:. Archived from
1301:
1284:
1273:
1272:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1218:Conference Paper
1205:
1199:
1198:
1178:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1109:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1000:
987:
986:
962:
953:
952:
950:
944:. Archived from
933:
922:
905:
904:
902:
900:
894:
882:
873:
872:
870:
852:
843:
837:
836:
812:
681:Anobium striatum
285:
284:
265:
245:instead of aged
181:
58:
57:
44:
32:
31:
21:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2732:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2678:
2675:Observation.org
2673:
2665:
2660:
2652:
2647:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2621:
2613:
2608:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2574:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2399:
2389:
2384:
2374:
2368:
2346:
2340:
2282:
2230:
2192:
2185:
2077:
2070:
2009:
1981:
1939:
1908:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1828:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1703:
1699:
1675:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1631:
1624:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1480:
1476:
1433:
1424:
1389:
1385:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1299:
1285:
1276:
1229:
1225:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1179:
1170:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1110:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1088:. New Scientist
1082:
1078:
1051:
1044:
1001:
990:
963:
956:
948:
942:
931:
923:
908:
898:
896:
892:
884:
883:
876:
850:
844:
840:
813:
792:
787:
778:Practical Magic
717:Edgar Allan Poe
675:
672:
670:
627:
599:
555:
538:
517:
508:
452:
435:
393:
345:
305:
300:
299:
291:
289:
288:
287:
286:
279:
276:
269:
263:
190:
183:
177:
164:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2725:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2684:
2671:
2658:
2645:
2632:
2619:
2606:
2593:
2580:
2567:
2558:Fauna Europaea
2554:
2541:
2528:
2515:
2502:
2489:
2479:
2466:
2453:
2440:
2425:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2386:
2385:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2273:Lafcadio Hearn
2270:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:Jan Swammerdam
2242:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2172:Model organism
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2046:Insect farming
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1930:Artificial fly
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1863:Insects in art
1859:
1857:
1850:
1839:
1838:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1796:at Wikispecies
1783:
1778:
1773:
1757:
1756:External links
1754:
1751:
1750:
1724:
1718:978-0393319279
1717:
1697:
1669:
1651:
1622:
1604:
1597:
1579:
1568:. 31 July 2014
1553:
1541:National Trust
1528:
1499:
1492:
1474:
1447:(2): 256–263.
1422:
1403:(5): 539–547.
1383:
1344:
1341:on 2019-12-08.
1310:(2): 193–199.
1274:
1247:(4): 741–754.
1223:
1200:
1193:
1168:
1155:(4): 364–377.
1130:
1099:
1076:
1042:
1015:(5): 549–562.
988:
954:
951:on 2019-10-15.
940:
906:
874:
838:
789:
788:
786:
783:
745:Beatrix Potter
667:
626:
623:
598:
595:
554:
551:
537:
534:
516:
513:
507:
506:Host selection
504:
451:
448:
434:
431:
397:United Kingdom
392:
389:
344:
341:
304:
301:
290:
277:
272:
271:
270:
261:
260:
259:
192:
191:
184:
173:
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165:
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46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2799:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2343:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Neonicotinoid
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:Other aspects
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1874:Musca depicta
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1134:
1119:
1118:The Telegraph
1115:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
997:
995:
993:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
959:
947:
943:
941:9780521812535
937:
930:
929:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
891:
889:
881:
879:
869:
864:
860:
856:
849:
842:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
790:
782:
780:
779:
774:
773:Alice Hoffman
770:
765:
763:
762:
757:
752:
750:
746:
741:
739:
738:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
674:
665:
663:
660:' 1818 poem "
659:
653:
651:
650:picus martius
644:
642:
641:
636:
635:Thomas Browne
631:
622:
619:
614:
610:
608:
604:
594:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
559:
550:
547:
543:
542:spermatophore
533:
531:
525:
523:
515:Communication
512:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
469:hemicellulose
466:
461:
459:
458:
447:
445:
439:
430:
427:
423:
418:
414:
410:
409:New Caledonia
406:
402:
398:
388:
386:
382:
378:
373:
369:
367:
366:
361:
356:
349:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
298:
296:
275:
258:
256:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
230:
229:in the wood.
228:
227:hemicellulose
224:
220:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
188:
182:
180:
174:
171:
170:Binomial name
167:
163:
162:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2704:
2404:
2359:Insecticides
2276:
2264:
2261:Hans Zinsser
2226:Clothes moth
2176:
1987:In mythology
1920:Fishing bait
1872:
1792:
1741:. Retrieved
1737:
1727:
1707:
1700:
1682:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1639:Country Life
1638:
1617:bartleby.com
1616:
1607:
1588:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1565:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1540:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1515:
1483:
1477:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1336:the original
1307:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1217:
1211:
1203:
1183:
1152:
1146:
1133:
1121:. Retrieved
1117:
1090:. Retrieved
1079:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1012:
1008:
1004:
974:
970:
966:
946:the original
927:
897:. Retrieved
887:
858:
854:
841:
824:
820:
816:
776:
769:Linda Pastan
766:
759:
753:
742:
735:
729:
710:
693:
689:
679:
677:
668:
655:
649:
646:
638:
632:
628:
615:
611:
603:John Wilkins
600:
592:
578:
568:
560:
556:
546:nuptial gift
539:
526:
518:
509:
495:
483:
477:
471:forming the
462:
455:
453:
440:
436:
421:
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292:
251:
231:
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195:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
29:
2636:NatureServe
2597:iNaturalist
2429:Wikispecies
2345:Categories,
2324:Insecticide
2155:Sericulture
2126:Royal jelly
2051:Flea circus
2041:Entomophagy
1975:Cantharidin
1970:Spanish fly
1945:In medicine
1925:Fly fishing
1856:In the arts
1764:media from
1678:Twain, Mark
1065:: 155–180.
977:: 244–260.
827:: 600–613.
761:Gaudy Night
583:stethoscope
343:Description
337:Dryophilini
313:subfamilies
123:Subfamily:
2751:Categories
2720:Q109605436
2364:Pesticides
2101:Bee pollen
2096:Beekeeping
2078:entomology
2021:Biomimicry
1953:Apitherapy
1913:In fishing
1868:Beetlewing
1849:in culture
1572:30 October
1546:30 October
1521:30 October
899:15 October
861:: 88–108.
785:References
732:Mark Twain
658:John Keats
625:In culture
618:ultrasound
522:pheromones
473:cell walls
433:Life cycle
417:coniferous
329:Ernobiinae
321:scavengers
315:including
295:media help
137:Xestobiini
127:Ernobiinae
107:Coleoptera
87:Arthropoda
2347:templates
2319:Pesticide
1935:Fly tying
1743:6 October
1664:eapoe.org
1644:7 October
1364:: 15–26.
1123:6 October
1092:6 October
767:In 1988,
725:booklouse
597:Treatment
571:pheromone
465:cellulose
325:Anobiinae
235:softwoods
223:cellulose
155:Species:
148:Xestobium
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
2757:Ptinidae
2714:Wikidata
2641:2.808791
2615:10977306
2506:BugGuide
2482:BioLib:
2420:Q1074662
2414:Wikidata
2287:Concerns
2239:Pioneers
2216:Woodworm
2121:Propolis
2076:Economic
1963:Melittin
1958:Apitoxin
1692:47052486
1680:(1876).
1469:37405288
1378:24610376
1332:84704056
1269:29143888
1261:12035923
1037:34433929
734:'s 1876
711:In 1838
686:Psocidae
662:Endymion
528:10
488:predator
413:hardwood
377:thoracic
365:Ptininae
360:eyespots
317:Ptininae
309:Ptinidae
303:Taxonomy
117:Ptinidae
113:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
2734:4426855
2589:1095669
2211:Bed bug
2193:insects
2191:Harmful
2167:Shellac
2111:Beeswax
2066:Jingzhe
1846:insects
1842:Aspects
1835:insects
1449:Bibcode
1417:7251065
1312:Bibcode
1295:Quercus
1017:Bibcode
698:Atropos
500:spiders
486:) is a
450:Ecology
422:Quercus
405:Algeria
401:Corsica
243:rafters
219:enzymes
206:species
204:) is a
189:, 1774)
187:De Geer
143:Genus:
133:Tribe:
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
2693:103649
2667:879067
2628:114471
2602:233809
2563:100031
2550:103363
2537:XESTRU
2524:312241
2511:644518
2498:456905
2470:ARKive
2150:Kermes
2145:Chitin
2138:Polish
1766:ARKive
1715:
1690:
1595:
1490:
1467:
1415:
1376:
1330:
1267:
1259:
1191:
1035:
938:
706:moirai
702:Clotho
553:Damage
536:Mating
444:pupate
426:willow
407:, and
385:distal
381:elytra
239:joists
214:beetle
2680:23444
2610:IRMNG
2545:EUNIS
2116:Honey
1833:with
1465:S2CID
1413:S2CID
1374:S2CID
1339:(PDF)
1328:S2CID
1300:(PDF)
1265:S2CID
1143:(PDF)
1033:S2CID
949:(PDF)
932:(PDF)
893:(PDF)
851:(PDF)
743:Even
564:frass
255:vigil
2729:GBIF
2662:NCBI
2623:ITIS
2584:GBIF
2532:EPPO
2493:BOLD
2485:9833
2160:Silk
1745:2019
1713:ISBN
1688:OCLC
1646:2019
1593:ISBN
1574:2019
1548:2019
1523:2019
1488:ISBN
1257:PMID
1189:ISBN
1125:2019
1094:2019
936:ISBN
901:2019
700:and
692:and
478:The
467:and
241:and
237:for
225:and
196:The
2649:NBN
2519:EoL
2457:AFD
2444:ADW
1844:of
1457:doi
1405:doi
1366:doi
1320:doi
1297:sp"
1249:doi
1157:doi
1067:doi
1025:doi
979:doi
863:doi
859:165
829:doi
754:In
664:":
333:Pic
247:oak
208:of
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