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1375:) that was home to many of the city's poorest. Worcester ordered the burning of hundreds of houses and forced quarantine of many frightened and homeless Filipinos. Despite these draconian measures taken by Worcester and public health officials, 109,461 people died in Manila and elsewhere in the Philippines. Failure to effectively control this major outbreak and subsequent cholera outbreaks in 1905 and 1908 were major embarrassments for Worcester and drew the ire of the Philippine press often claiming that the public health measures were primarily aimed at clearing slums for the redevelopment of the valuable Manila seaport area. In response, the Insular Department of Interior, primarily under the authorship of Worcester, published a history of these cholera outbreaks with an account of the agency's attempts to control them. In the monograph, he said that he went too far by ordering the burning of the houses in the Farola district.
258:(A.B., 1889). Worcester's involvement with the Philippines began in 1887 when he joined a scientific expedition to the region as a junior member. This experience laid the groundwork for his controversial career in the early American colonial government, which commenced in 1899. He held firm beliefs in the colonial mission and vehemently opposed Philippine independence. Worcester's influence extended as he served as the Secretary of the Interior of the Philippine Islands until 1913. Afterward, he shifted his focus to business endeavors, particularly in coconut farming and processing, cattle raising, and maritime shipping lines. He died in the Philippines, leaving behind a legacy of both public service and entrepreneurial success.
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1426:, Worcester objected to "insinuation(s) that he was like a rapacious eagle that plundered his fellow men. He was offended by the line that said he had: 'the characteristics of the vulture, the owl and the vampire.'" Although the editorial did not mention names, Worcester felt that he was the public official referred to and filed a libel case against Reyes, as well as editor
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Act was passed into law and the coconut oil exports were beginning to substantially fuel the local economy in Cebu. Historians Rodney J. Sullivan and
Michael Culinane have both pointed out that this later muted response toward American businesses in Cebu was largely because some of the leading families such as the
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for the use by large-scale agribusinesses. After resignation from public service, he became more involved in the operations of the
American-Philippine Company (AMPHILCO) and its three subsidiaries in which he was an investor: the Insular Transportation Company, the Bukidnon Plantation Company and the
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in which he again used the power of his photography to depict "primitive" Filipinos juxtaposed with photos of the modern infrastructure brought by the
Americans, particularly during his own tenure as Secretary of the Interior. But the protests against Worcester subsided in late 1916 once the Jones
1586:, which was then managed by his son Frederick after his death. With Worcester's scientific approach to cattle ranching, the business became highly profitable and provided enough supply to greatly diminish cattle imports from as far away as China and Australia that had been occurring since the
1407:("Birds of Prey"), which denounced an American official for using his office to exploit the resources of the country for his personal gains. The article dealt with corruption in the colonial government. Worcester was alleged to have used his anthropological research to seek out gold in
1747:
Bourns, Frank Swift; Dean Conant
Worcester (1894). "Preliminary Notes on the Birds and Mammals Collected by the Menage Scientific Expedition to the Philippine Islands." The Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences at Minneapolis, Minn. Occasional Papers (Harrison & Smith) 1 (1):
1483:(1914) made for a favorable economic climate for importation of Philippine products, including coconut oil, to the industrial centers of the East Coast of the United States. Beginning in 1908, in his capacity as Secretary of Interior, Worcester acquired large tracts of lands in
1352:. In this capacity he oversaw the founding of a number of agencies, including the Bureau of Agriculture, Bureau of Science, Bureau of Government Laboratories and the Bureau of Health. In 1907, he founded the Philippine Medical School and in 1908 laid the cornerstone of the
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broke out in 1898, Worcester was very quick to capitalize on his first-hand knowledge of the
Philippines by engaging in public lectures and establishing himself as a leading authority on the country with the October 1898 publication of his
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The lower court sentenced Ocampo to six months imprisonment and a fine of ₱2,000 and Kalaw to twelve months imprisonment and ₱3,000 fine and a verdict for moral and punitive damages for ₱25,000. The defendants appealed to the
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in which they collected over 300 zoological specimens, of which 53 were deemed new to science. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in zoology in 1889. Shortly thereafter in
September 1890, Worcester and fellow zoologist
1325:. Worcester was an avid photographer during his time in the Philippines and his published photographs had a profound influence in shaping public opinion in the United States about the "exotic" Filipinos.
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In 1914, Worcester also had become involved in the cattle ranching operations at the Diklum Ranch (another subsidiary of AMPHILCO), a 10,000 hectare tract of grasslands on the
Bukidnon Plateau in
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if early
Americans were presented to the British public as mostly Indian savages that were incapable of self-government. At issue according to Kalaw was that Worcester had published in 1914
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but acknowledged that he was an outstanding entrepreneur and major contributor to the three
Philippine businesses of coconut farming and processing, cattle ranching and seagoing transport.
1924:
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to Ezra Carter
Worcester (1816-1887) and Ellen Hunt (Conant) Worcester (1826–1902), the youngest of nine children. He attended public schools in Vermont. He attended high school in
1558:, but Worcester had taken what had been learned from experiments undertaken by the Bureau of Agriculture to crossbreed cattle from different parts of the world, including the
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Despite Worcester's resignation from public office, Worcester remained as a focus of Filipino animosity largely for his unfavorable depiction of Filipinos in
1419:. He was also alleged to have profited from the illegal sale of diseased cattle meat and from the sale of overpriced land concessions on government property.
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into the Philippines as well. Worcester also had close relations with Dr. William Hutchins Boynton (1881–1959) the chief veterinary pathologist with the
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from India for better performance and disease resistance in a tropics. And later in the early 1920s he promoted the introduction of the newly developed
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Culinane, Michael. (1982). "The Changing Nature of the Cebu Urban Elite in the 19th Century." pp. 251–296 In: A.W. McCoy and Ed.C. deJesus (eds.),
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in which Worcester was denounced as the coconut agribusiness company manager, demanding his replacement. And in early 1916, Philippine nationalist
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that restructured the Insular Government and began a process for full Philippine independence. On 24 July 1915, a popular protest broke out in
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to make recommendations on how the U.S. should proceed after the sovereignty of the Philippines was ceded to the United States by Spain by the
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1695:. Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia No. 36, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 395pp
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titled "Mr. Worcester and the Filipinos must part forever" in which he asserted that the Cebu protests were like the protests against
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2048:. Asian Studies Association of Australia, Southeast Asian Publication Series No. 7, Ateneo de Manila University Press, Quezon City.
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American-Philippine Relations: A Guide to the Resources in the Michigan Historical Collections (Article with Dean Conant Worcester)
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243:
2246:
2156:
Boynton, W.H. (1918). "Use of organ extracts instead of virulent blood in immunization and hyperimmunization against rinderpest".
1794:
Patrick M. Kirkwood (Fall 2014). "Michigan Men' in the Philippines and the Limits of Self-Determination in the Progressive Era".
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1475:. By 1914, this publication had become a standard reference for investors interested in coconut products, and the passage of the
1340:. He was again appointed on 16 March 1900 by McKinley as the only member from the Schurman Commission to serve on the successor
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and the Kalaws themselves were major beneficiaries of the economic development brought by Worcester and the other Americans.
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Minutes of the June 10, 1890 & July 2, 1890 Meetings of the Trustees of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, IN:
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pardoned Ocampo and Kalaw in 1914 after Worcester left public office in September 1913. Nevertheless, the fines forced
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273:(bottom row center) and his students including Worcester (top, 2nd from left) prior to their 1887 Philippine expedition
1773:"Photography and Power in the Colonial Philippines -- 2 Dean Worcester's Ethnographic Images of Filipinos (1898-1912)"
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in which he analysed the farming technology and economics of plantation culture of coconuts for production of
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and his high-profile public opposition of the 1912 and 1914 "Jones Bills" that were eventually passed by the
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and other Philippine cities was highly criticized. The epidemic was particularly severe in the district of
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Page 4 of the Year 8, Number 49 issue of the newspaper containing the infamous editorial "Aves de rapiña"
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in October 1884, and he was part of the 1887–1888 zoological expedition to the Philippines organized by
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1991:"MARTIN OCAMPO and Teodoro M. Kalaw, Plffs. in Err., v. UNITED STATES U.S. Supreme court Decision"
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246:(October 1, 1866 – May 2, 1924) was an American zoologist, public official, and authority on the
87:
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Visayan Refining Company. Considerable American investments were being made in these companies.
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1348:, he simultaneously served in the highly influential role of Secretary of the Interior for the
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Lao, Mardonio M (1987). "The economy of the Bukidnon Plateau during the American Period".
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Worcester died on 2 May 1924 in Manila. In the reports of his death the Manila newspapers
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businessman who was the major benefactor of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences.
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In 1911, while serving as Secretary of the Interior, Worcester published a monograph
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Dean Worcester's Fantasy Islands: Photography, Film, and the Colonial Philippines
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Worcester had a keen interest in public health, but his response to a major
1356:, which opened in 1910 and has become the primary teaching hospital for the
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1832:. Bureau of Printing, Insular Government of the Philippines, Manila. 1912.
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Governor of the Cordillera: John C. Early among the Philippine Highlanders
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returned to the Philippines on a two-year zoological expedition funded by
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1830:"Philippine General Hospital History 1900–1911. by John E. Snodgrass MD"
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Secretaries of the interior and local government of the Philippines
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Exemplar of Americanism: The Philippine Career of Dean C. Worcester
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Public service in the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
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Philippine Social History: Global Trade and Local Transformations
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2137:. Veterinary Science Department, University of California, Davis
2115:
Philippines, American Chamber of Commerce of the (August 1922).
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American Involvement in the Philippines 1880-1930: An Exhibition
1775:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Visualizing Cultures
1605:
recognized his shortcomings as a public official and political
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132:
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1468:
623:
1442:, which sustained the decision of the Philippine tribunals.
1438:, which affirmed the decision of the lower court and to the
1617:
His publications include, besides various academic papers:
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1515:
526:
1550:. Cattle ranching began in Bukidnon in the mid-1900s from
1328:
On 20 January 1899, Worcester was appointed by President
2121:
Journal of the American Chamber of Commerce, Philippines
2253:
Dean C, Worcester Collection of Philippine Photographs
1844:
A History Of Asiatic Cholera In The Philippine Islands
1458:
2011:
1759:
Bulletin of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences
1917:"Volcanoes and love in the time of the Corona virus"
1793:
1430:and publisher Martin Ocampo, among several others.
223:Dean C. Worcester Papers at University of Michigan
1770:
1590:had reduced cattle production by as much as 90%.
1358:University of the Philippines College of Medicine
1334:Schurman Commission (First Philippine Commission)
277:Dean Conant Worcester was born 1 October 1866 in
2378:
146:Pleasant Ridge Cemetery, North Thetford, Vermont
2018:. United States Bureau of Insular Affairs,31pp.
1574:who by 1918 had developed an early vaccine for
1344:where he served until 1913. As a member of the
1342:Taft Commission (Second Philippine Commission)
2302:
1289:
2114:
2032:, p.163–167 The Century Company, New York.
1915:Nakpil, Lisa Guerrero (February 10, 2020).
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261:
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2117:"Cattle Industry Discussed Before Chamber"
1993:. Legal Information Institute. 24 May 1914
1842:Philippines. Dept. Of The Interior. 1909.
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1628:The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon
1411:and exploit untapped natural resources in
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1282:
29:
2437:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
2189:
1522:wrote an editorial in the Cebu newspaper
1465:Coconut Growing in the Philippine Islands
748:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization
1719:. Cornell University Press. p. 53.
1612:
1495:A poster advertising the passage of the
1490:
1384:
1307:
265:
2447:People of American colonial Philippines
2422:American expatriates in the Philippines
2325:First Philippine Commission (1898–1900)
2238:Works by or about Dean Conant Worcester
2193:The Philippine Islands and their People
2155:
2063:
2061:
1660:
1622:The Philippine Islands and Their People
1504:The Philippine Islands and Their People
487:Historically documented states/polities
2379:
2091:
2089:
2068:Edward Weber and Kathryn Beam (1998).
2015:Coconut Growing the Philippine Islands
1947:
1914:
1855:
1636:(two volumes, 1913; new edition, 1914)
319:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
2290:
1943:
1941:
1910:
1908:
1712:
1365:1902–04 outbreak of cholera in Manila
2200:
2058:
1948:Ocampo, Ambeth R. (August 2, 2019).
1856:Ocampo, Ambeth R. (March 25, 2020).
43:Philippine Secretary of the Interior
16:American zoologist and ornithologist
2135:"William Hutchins Boynton Obituary"
2095:
2086:
1654:"Dean Conant Worcester — Biography"
1459:Post-government and business career
1323:Philippine Islands and their People
13:
2183:
1938:
1905:
1440:Supreme Court of the United States
347:
14:
2458:
2222:
1978:"G.R. No. L-57 December 24, 1909"
1858:"When cholera and war ravaged PH"
1378:
688:Voyage of Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
401:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens
2318:
2207:. University of Michigan Press.
2028:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat. (1916).
1634:The Philippines Past and Present
1572:Philippine Bureau of Agriculture
1532:The Philippines Past and Present
1436:Supreme Court of the Philippines
1265:
2168:
2149:
2127:
2108:
2038:
2022:
2005:
1983:
1971:
1960:from the original on 2019-08-01
1927:from the original on 2020-02-10
1879:
1868:from the original on 2020-08-03
1849:
1554:stock originally imported from
2279:New International Encyclopedia
2273:"Worcester, Dean Conant"
2229:Works by Dean Conant Worcester
2012:Dean Conant Worcester (1911).
1836:
1822:
1816:10.5342/michhistrevi.40.2.0063
1808:10.5342/michhistrevi.40.2.0063
1787:
1764:
1751:
1741:
1706:
1646:
1479:(1909) and the opening of the
1094:2000 campaign against the MILF
599:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
453:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery
1:
2442:People from Thetford, Vermont
2387:University of Michigan alumni
2158:Philippine Journal of Science
1846:. Manila: Bureau Of Printing.
1640:
1360:and a hospital for the poor.
758:Battles of La Naval de Manila
206:Philippine Insular Government
2407:American non-fiction writers
1691:Sullivan, Rodney J. (1991).
1371:in Manila (near present-day
609:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik
7:
2190:Worcester, Dean C. (1898).
1354:Philippine General Hospital
1099:2nd People Power Revolution
1089:1997 Asian financial crisis
823:Declaration of Independence
10:
2463:
2030:The Case for the Filipinos
1796:Michigan Historical Review
828:American capture of Manila
316:
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1893:. Manila. 26 January 1927
1656:. University of Michigan.
708:Spanish capture of Manila
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21:
1887:"Martin Ocampo Obituary"
1546:, near the port city of
1544:Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon
1477:Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act
1168:Administrative divisions
883:American colonial period
803:Republic of Biak-na-Bato
639:Butuan Silver Paleograph
624:Batanes Ijang fortresses
567:Sultanate of Maguindanao
438:Cordillera Rice Terraces
262:Early life and education
2402:American ornithologists
1771:Christopher Capozzola.
1713:Woods, Shelton (2023).
1588:Philippine–American War
1449:Francis Burton Harrison
1422:According to historian
1399:, a daily newspaper in
1063:People Power Revolution
843:Philippine–American War
677:Spanish colonial period
2432:American photographers
1980:. The LawPhil Project.
1508:United States Congress
1499:
1390:
1338:Treaty of Paris (1898)
1313:
1272:Philippines portal
1248:Science and technology
865:UST Baybayin Documents
813:Treaty of Paris (1898)
391:Austronesian expansion
376:Early hominin activity
352:
290:University of Michigan
288:Worcester entered the
274:
256:University of Michigan
254:, and educated at the
202:University of Michigan
159:University of Michigan
2366:Dean Conant Worcester
2262:Dean Conant Worcester
1613:Selected publications
1494:
1393:On October 30, 1908,
1388:
1346:Philippine Commission
1311:
1193:Cultural achievements
1017:Filipino First policy
1007:Mutual Defense Treaty
961:Philippine resistance
793:Philippine Revolution
753:Spanish–Moro conflict
743:Revolts and uprisings
629:Golden Tara of Agusan
351:
283:Newton, Massachusetts
269:
240:Dean Conant Worcester
23:Dean Conant Worcester
2361:Jacob Gould Schurman
2351:Charles Harvey Denby
2335:Jacob Gould Schurman
2333:Head of Commission:
1725:10.7591/j.ctv2v88fsg
1318:Spanish–American War
1253:World Heritage Sites
1119:Territorial disputes
1022:North Borneo dispute
1012:Hukbalahap Rebellion
976:Philippines campaign
971:Battle of Leyte Gulf
951:Battle of Corregidor
926:Tydings–McDuffie Act
818:Battle of Manila Bay
808:Spanish–American War
416:Precolonial barangay
77:Severino de las Alas
2397:American zoologists
2356:Elwell Stephen Otis
2201:Rice, Mark (2014).
1332:as a member of the
1114:Philippine drug war
1076:Contemporary period
1043:Communist rebellion
941:Japanese occupation
906:Military Government
860:Doctrina Christiana
768:Propaganda Movement
723:Spanish East Indies
713:Battle of Bangkusay
659:Magellan expedition
577:Sultanates of Lanao
572:Sultanate of Buayan
66:William Howard Taft
2392:American diplomats
2098:Philippine Studies
1500:
1391:
1350:Insular Government
1314:
916:Insular Government
901:Zamboanga Republic
798:Tejeros Convention
788:Cry of Pugad Lawin
773:1872 Cavite mutiny
481:Precolonial period
421:Maritime Silk Road
396:Angono Petroglyphs
368:Prehistoric period
353:
299:Frank Swift Bourns
294:Joseph Beal Steere
275:
137:Philippine Islands
88:Winfred T. Denison
2374:
2373:
2233:Project Gutenberg
2214:978-0-472-05218-9
1950:"'Birds of Prey'"
1734:978-1-5017-6995-5
1512:Jones Act of 1916
1306:
1305:
1153:Ancient religions
1134:COVID-19 pandemic
989:Post-independence
728:Captaincy General
604:Butuan Ivory Seal
582:Sultanate of Sulu
463:Prehistoric beads
279:Thetford, Vermont
252:Thetford, Vermont
250:. He was born at
237:
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166:Scientific career
116:Thetford, Vermont
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2257:Newberry Library
2249:by Thomas Powers
2242:Internet Archive
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1580:Barangay Lurugan
1446:Governor-General
1405:"Aves de Rapiña"
1330:William McKinley
1298:
1291:
1284:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1002:Treaty of Manila
946:Battle of Bataan
891:Tagalog Republic
833:Malolos Congress
778:La Liga Filipina
763:British invasion
733:Tondo Conspiracy
703:Blockade of Cebu
664:Battle of Mactan
588:Events/Artifacts
491:(north to south)
427:Events/Artifacts
411:Sa Huỳnh culture
341:
323:
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271:Joseph B. Steere
129:
112:
110:
98:Personal details
84:
74:
62:
53:
33:
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2184:Further reading
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1891:El Renacimiento
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1396:El Renacimiento
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1198:Diet and health
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1124:Siege of Marawi
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992:
981:
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956:Second Republic
896:Negros Republic
886:
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680:
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614:Kabayan Mummies
484:
473:
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381:Homo luzonensis
371:
340:the Philippines
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184:Public official
155:Alma mater
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2123:. p. 17.
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458:Manunggul Jar
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143:Resting place
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40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
2365:
2346:George Dewey
2277:
2266:Find a Grave
2203:
2192:
2175:Manila Times
2174:
2170:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2129:
2120:
2110:
2101:
2097:
2070:
2045:
2040:
2029:
2024:
2014:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1985:
1973:
1962:. Retrieved
1953:
1929:. Retrieved
1920:
1895:. Retrieved
1890:
1881:
1870:. Retrieved
1861:
1851:
1843:
1838:
1824:
1802:(2): 63–86.
1799:
1795:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1766:
1758:
1753:
1743:
1715:
1708:
1692:
1648:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1602:Manila Times
1600:
1594:
1592:
1541:
1531:
1524:El Precursor
1523:
1503:
1501:
1481:Panama Canal
1464:
1462:
1452:
1444:
1432:
1421:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1379:
1362:
1327:
1322:
1315:
936:World War II
931:Commonwealth
848:
847:
682:
649:Barter rings
587:
586:
490:
489:
486:
448:Kalanay Cave
426:
425:
406:Jade culture
305:, a wealthy
287:
276:
239:
238:
198:Institutions
165:
128:(1924-05-02)
83:Succeeded by
61:Appointed by
50:
2417:1924 deaths
2412:1866 births
2196:. New York.
2177:4 May 1924.
2034:web version
1761:, Volume 3.
1568:South Texas
1566:breed from
1373:San Nicolas
1178:Archaeology
1173:Agriculture
1053:Martial law
1037:(1965–1986)
991:(1946–1965)
885:(1898–1946)
870:Velarde map
855:Boxer Codex
679:(1565–1898)
468:Shell tools
443:Grave goods
338:History of
307:Minneapolis
248:Philippines
189:Businessman
126:May 2, 1924
73:Preceded by
2381:Categories
2054:9710200062
1964:2020-05-27
1931:2020-05-27
1872:2020-05-27
1701:0891480609
1641:References
1607:polemicist
1576:rinderpest
1528:George III
1129:Bangsamoro
1035:Marcos era
966:Hukbalahap
644:Piloncitos
483:(900–1565)
109:1866-10-01
1596:El Debate
1552:shorthorn
1497:Jones Law
1316:When the
1223:Languages
1213:Geography
1203:Education
1188:Conflicts
921:Jones Law
849:Artifacts
783:Katipunan
718:New Spain
386:Tabon Man
370:(pre-900)
242:, D.Sc.,
55:1901–1913
51:In office
2141:21 March
1997:28 March
1958:Archived
1954:Inquirer
1925:Archived
1921:Philstar
1897:23 March
1866:Archived
1862:Inquirer
1779:21 March
1584:Valencia
1485:Bukidnon
1417:Mindanao
1243:Politics
1233:Military
1228:Medicine
1146:By topic
1104:EDSA III
619:Baybayin
594:Maragtas
562:Sanmalan
542:Madja-as
497:Caboloan
433:Balangay
359:Timeline
329:a series
327:Part of
2282:. 1905.
2240:at the
1537:Osmeñas
1510:as the
1413:Mindoro
1409:Benguet
1401:Spanish
1208:Economy
693:Sandugo
654:Luzones
547:Dapitan
517:Maynila
512:Namayan
179:Zoology
2211:
2052:
1814:
1748:10–11.
1731:
1699:
1630:(1906)
1624:(1898)
1369:Farola
1158:Rulers
683:Events
557:Butuan
537:Sandao
532:Pulilu
522:Ibalon
502:Cainta
331:on the
172:Fields
133:Manila
118:, U.S.
1812:JSTOR
1599:and
1556:Texas
1469:copra
1238:Names
507:Tondo
216:Notes
2209:ISBN
2143:2015
2050:ISBN
1999:2015
1899:2015
1781:2015
1729:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1560:zebu
1516:Cebu
1471:and
1415:and
552:Cebu
527:Ma-i
244:FRGS
123:Died
103:Born
2264:at
2255:at
2231:at
2076:hdl
1804:doi
1721:doi
1473:oil
2383::
2276:.
2162:13
2160:.
2119:.
2102:35
2100:.
2088:^
2060:^
1956:.
1952:.
1940:^
1923:.
1919:.
1907:^
1889:.
1864:.
1860:.
1810:.
1800:40
1798:.
1727:.
1662:^
1582:,
285:.
204:,
135:,
2310:e
2303:t
2296:v
2217:.
2145:.
2082:.
2078::
2001:.
1967:.
1934:.
1901:.
1875:.
1818:.
1806::
1783:.
1737:.
1723::
1703:.
1297:e
1290:t
1283:v
111:)
107:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
