Sign language - Knowledge

851:). Later researchers, thus, acknowledged that natural languages do not need to consist of an arbitrary relationship between form and meaning. The visual nature of sign language simply allows for a greater degree of iconicity compared to spoken languages as most real-world objects can be described by a prototypical shape (e.g., a table usually has a flat surface), but most real-world objects do not make prototypical sounds that can be mimicked by spoken languages (e.g., tables do not make prototypical sounds). It has to be noted, however, that sign languages are not fully iconic. On the one hand, there are also many arbitrary signs in sign languages and, on the other hand, the grammar of a sign language puts limits to the degree of iconicity: All known sign languages, for example, express lexical concepts via manual signs. From a truly iconic language one would expect that a concept like smiling would be expressed by mimicking a smile (i.e., by performing a smiling face). All known sign languages, however, do not express the concept of smiling by a smiling face, but by a manual sign. 827:. The first studies on iconicity in ASL were published in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Many early sign language linguists rejected the notion that iconicity was an important aspect of sign languages, considering most perceived iconicity to be extralinguistic. However, mimetic aspects of sign language (signs that imitate, mimic, or represent) are found in abundance across a wide variety of sign languages. For example, when deaf children learning sign language try to express something but do not know the associated sign, they will often invent an iconic sign that displays mimetic properties. Though it never disappears from a particular sign language, iconicity is gradually weakened as forms of sign languages become more customary and are subsequently grammaticized. As a form becomes more conventional, it becomes disseminated in a methodical way phonologically to the rest of the sign language community. Nancy Frishberg concluded that though originally present in many signs, iconicity is degraded over time through the application of natural grammatical processes. 2237: 584: 566:, two manual articulators, and the signer's face and body. Though there is still much discussion on the topic of iconicity in sign languages, classifiers are generally considered to be highly iconic, as these complex constructions "function as predicates that may express any or all of the following: motion, position, stative-descriptive, or handling information". It needs to be noted that the term classifier is not used by everyone working on these constructions. Across the field of sign language linguistics the same constructions are also referred with other terms such as depictive signs. 176: 3200:. The book is a work on cryptography, and fingerspelling was referred to as one method of "secret discoursing, by signes and gestures". Wilkins gave an example of such a system: "Let the tops of the fingers signifie the five vowels; the middle parts, the first five consonants; the bottomes of them, the five next consonants; the spaces betwixt the fingers the foure next. One finger laid on the side of the hand may signifie T. Two fingers V the consonant; Three W. The little finger crossed X. The wrist Y. The middle of the hand Z." (1641:116–117) 2137: 1906:

to be applicable to any sign language with minimal modification and to be usable through any medium without special equipment or software. Non-manual elements can be encoded to some extent, but the authors argue that the system does not need to represent all elements of a sign to be practical, the same way written oral language does not. The system has seen some updates which are kept publicly on a wiki page. The Center for Linguistic Normalization of Spanish Sign Language has made use of SEA to transcribe all signs on its dictionary.

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used in signed communication to borrow a word from a spoken language. This is most commonly used for proper names of people and places; it is also used in some languages for concepts for which no sign is available at that moment, particularly if the people involved are to some extent bilingual in the spoken language. Fingerspelling can sometimes be a source of new signs, such as initialized signs, in which the handshape represents the first letter of a spoken word with the same meaning.

1156: 50: 2288: 2356: 220: 38: 11326: 2310:(VRI), the two clients (a sign language user and a hearing person who wish to communicate with each other) are in one location, and the interpreter is in another. The interpreter communicates with the sign language user via a video telecommunications link, and with the hearing person by an audio link. VRI can be used for situations in which no on-site interpreters are available. 262: 2216:, the signer appears to stage left or right of the public official to allow both the speaker and signer to be in frame at the same time. Live sign interpretation of important televised events is increasingly common but still an informal industry In traditional analogue broadcasting, some programmes are repeated outside main viewing hours with a signer present. Some emerging 887:

into the head from books. The form is a grasping hand moving from an open palm to the forehead. The iconic correspondence is between form and concrete source. The metaphorical correspondence is between concrete source and abstract target meaning. Because the concrete source is connected to two correspondences linguistics refer to metaphorical signs as "double mapped".

1106:, which arise where generally uneducated deaf people congregate in urban centers for employment. At first, Deaf-community sign languages are not generally known by the hearing population, in many cases not even by close family members. However, they may grow, in some cases becoming a language of instruction and receiving official recognition, as in the case of ASL. 333:), a pamphlet by an anonymous author who was himself unable to speak. He suggested that the manual alphabet could also be used by mutes, for silence and secrecy, or purely for entertainment. Nine of its letters can be traced to earlier alphabets, and 17 letters of the modern two-handed alphabet can be found among the two sets of 26 handshapes depicted. 2180:(ASL) and spoken English in the U.S. and most of anglophone Canada (since BSL and ASL are distinct sign languages both used in English-speaking countries), etc. Sign language interpreters who can translate between signed and spoken languages that are not normally paired (such as between LSE and English), are also available, albeit less frequently. 622: 2188: 626: 625: 621: 2186: 445:. Duality of patterning means that languages are composed of smaller, meaningless units which can be combined into larger units with meaning (see below). The term recursion means that languages exhibit grammatical rules and the output of such a rule can be the input of the same rule. It is, for example, possible in sign languages to create 2191: 2190: 2185: 627: 651:(ASL) are quite different and mutually unintelligible, even though the hearing people of the United Kingdom and the United States share the same spoken language. The grammars of sign languages do not usually resemble those of spoken languages used in the same geographical area; in fact, in terms of syntax, ASL shares more with spoken 2192: 3707: 293:, in which he presented his own method of deaf education, including an "arthrological" alphabet, where letters are indicated by pointing to different joints of the fingers and palm of the left hand. Arthrological systems had been in use by hearing people for some time; some have speculated that they can be traced to early 662:, which has 11 official spoken languages and a similar number of other widely used spoken languages, is a good example of this. It has only one sign language with two variants due to its history of having two major educational institutions for the deaf which have served different geographic areas of the country. 51: 624: 707:). Spoken language is by and large linear; only one sound can be made or received at a time. Sign language, on the other hand, is visual and, hence, can use a simultaneous expression, although this is limited articulatorily and linguistically. Visual perception allows processing of simultaneous information. 2189: 52: 687: 671: 843:

and meaning. Thus, if ASL consisted of signs that had iconic form-meaning relationship, it could not be considered a real language. As a result, iconicity as a whole was largely neglected in research of sign languages for a long time. However, iconicity also plays a role in many spoken languages. Spoken

91:, meaning that both emerged through an abstract, protracted aging process and evolved over time without meticulous planning. This is supported by the fact that there is substantial overlap between the neural substrates of sign and spoken language processing, despite the obvious differences in modality. 2608:

Home sign arises due to the absence of any other way to communicate. Within the span of a single lifetime and without the support or feedback of a community, the child naturally invents signs to help meet his or her communication needs, and may even develop a few grammatical rules for combining short

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Some sign languages have obtained some form of legal recognition, while others have no status at all. Sarah Batterbury has argued that sign languages should be recognized and supported not merely as an accommodation for those with disabilities, but as the communication medium of language communities.

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On occasion, where the prevalence of deaf people is high enough, a deaf sign language has been taken up by an entire local community, forming what is sometimes called a "village sign language" or "shared signing community". Typically this happens in small, tightly integrated communities with a closed

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accepted a dissertation written in Brazilian Sign Language using Sutton SignWriting for a master's degree in linguistics. The dissertation "The Writing of Grammatical Non-Manual Expressions in Sentences in LIBRAS Using the SignWriting System" by João Paulo Ampessan states that "the data indicate the

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So far, there is no consensus regarding the written form of sign language. Except for SignWriting, none are widely used. Maria Galea writes that SignWriting "is becoming widespread, uncontainable and untraceable. In the same way that works written in and about a well developed writing system such as

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is a local indigenous language that typically arises over several generations in a relatively insular community with a high incidence of deafness, and is used both by the deaf and by a significant portion of the hearing community, who have deaf family and friends. The most famous of these is probably

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principles for two years, Balard revealed the design of the flag, featuring the stylized outline of a hand. The three colors which make up the flag design are representative of Deafhood and humanity (dark blue), sign language (turquoise), and enlightenment and hope (yellow). Balard intended the flag

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Children who are exposed to a sign language from birth will acquire it, just as hearing children acquire their native spoken language. In a study done at the University of McGill, they found that American Sign Language users who acquired the language natively (from birth) performed better when asked

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Brentari classifies sign languages as a whole group determined by the medium of communication (visual instead of auditory) as one group with the features monosyllabic and polymorphemic. That means, that one syllable (i.e. one word, one sign) can express several morphemes, e.g., subject and object of

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A central task for the pioneers of sign language linguistics was trying to prove that ASL was a real language and not merely a collection of gestures or "English on the hands." One of the prevailing beliefs at this time was that "real languages" must consist of an arbitrary relationship between form

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While the content of a signed sentence is produced manually, many grammatical functions are produced non-manually (i.e., with the face and the torso). Such functions include questions, negation, relative clauses and topicalization. ASL and BSL use similar non-manual marking for yes/no questions, for

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The possible simultaneity of sign languages in contrast to spoken languages is sometimes exaggerated. The use of two manual articulators is subject to motor constraints, resulting in a large extent of symmetry or signing with one articulator only. Further, sign languages, just like spoken languages,

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Wittmann's explanation for this is that models of acquisition and transmission for sign languages are not based on any typical parent-child relation model of direct transmission which is inducive to variation and change to a greater extent. He notes that sign creoles are much more common than vocal

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on-line. This system makes use of the letters of the Latin alphabet with a few diacritics to represent sign through the morphemic sequence S L C Q D F (bimanual sign, place, contact, handshape, direction and internal form). The resulting words are meant to be read by signing. The system is designed

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word) is learned, the non-manual aspects are attached to the word but do not have the flexibility associated with adult use. At a certain point, the non-manual features are dropped and the word is produced with no facial expression. After a few months, the non-manuals reappear, this time being used

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Sign languages tend to be incorporating classifier languages, where a classifier handshape representing the object is incorporated into those transitive verbs which allow such modification. For a similar group of intransitive verbs (especially motion verbs), it is the subject which is incorporated.

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mappings as well as iconic or metonymic ones. For these signs there are three-way correspondences between a form, a concrete source and an abstract target meaning. The ASL sign LEARN has this three-way correspondence. The abstract target meaning is "learning". The concrete source is putting objects

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was one of the first to suggest that the properties of ASL give it a clear advantage in terms of learning and memory. In his study, Brown found that when a group of six hearing children were taught signs that had high levels of iconic mapping they were significantly more likely to recall the signs

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says: "If we hadn't a voice or a tongue, and wanted to express things to one another, wouldn't we try to make signs by moving our hands, head, and the rest of our body, just as dumb people do at present?" Most of what is known about pre-19th-century sign languages is limited to the manual alphabets

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In his classification, the author distinguishes between primary and auxiliary sign languages as well as between single languages and names that are thought to refer to more than one language. The prototype-A class of languages includes all those sign languages that seemingly cannot be derived from

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Some adjectival and adverbial information is conveyed through non-manual elements, but what these elements are varies from language to language. For instance, in ASL a slightly open mouth with the tongue relaxed and visible in the corner of the mouth means "carelessly", but a similar non-manual in

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By 1720, the British manual alphabet had found more or less its present form. Descendants of this alphabet have been used by deaf communities, at least in education, in the former British colonies India, Australia, New Zealand, Uganda and South Africa, as well as the republics and provinces of the

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As a sign language develops, it sometimes borrows elements from spoken languages, just as all languages borrow from other languages that they are in contact with. Sign languages vary in how much they borrow from spoken languages. In many sign languages, a manual alphabet ("fingerspelling") may be

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Wittmann adds that this taxonomic criterion is not really applicable with any scientific rigor: Auxiliary sign languages, to the extent that they are full-fledged natural languages (and therefore included in his survey) at all, are mostly used by the deaf as well, and some primary sign languages

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that are designed for sign language communication may provide better quality than 'off-the-shelf' services and may use data compression methods specifically designed to maximize the intelligibility of sign languages. Some advanced equipment enables a person to remotely control the other person's

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When Deaf people constitute a relatively small proportion of the general population, Deaf communities often develop that are distinct from the surrounding hearing community. These Deaf communities are very widespread in the world, associated especially with sign languages used in urban areas and

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influences how the mind makes sense of their visual language experience. For example, a handshape may vary based on the other signs made before or after it, but these variations are arranged in perceptual categories during its development. The mind detects handshape contrasts but groups similar

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and creolization is common in the development of sign languages, making clear family classifications difficult– it is often unclear whether lexical similarity is due to borrowing or a common parent language, or whether there was one or several parent languages, such as several village languages

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between signed and spoken languages further perpetuated this misconception. Hearing teachers in deaf schools, such as Charles-Michel de l'Épée or Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, are often incorrectly referred to as "inventors" of sign language. Instead, sign languages, like all natural languages, are

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Wittmann's classification went into Ethnologue's database where it is still cited. The subsequent edition of Ethnologue in 1992 went up to 81 sign languages, ultimately adopting Wittmann's distinction between primary and alternate sign languages (going back ultimately to Stokoe 1974) and, more

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Some hearing parents teach signs to young hearing children. Since the muscles in babies' hands grow and develop quicker than their mouths, signs are seen as a beneficial option for better communication. Babies can usually produce signs before they can speak. This reduces the confusion between

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Increasingly, hearing schools and universities are expressing interest in incorporating sign language. In the U.S., enrollment for ASL (American Sign Language) classes as part of students' choice of second language is on the rise. In New Zealand, one year after the passing of NZSL Act 2006 in

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to copy videos of ASL sentences than ASL users who acquired the language later in life. They also found that there are differences in the grammatical morphology of ASL sentences between the two groups, all suggesting that there is a very important critical period in learning signed languages.

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perspective rejects a more traditional definition of iconicity as a relationship between linguistic form and a concrete, real-world referent. Rather it is a set of selected correspondences between the form and meaning of a sign. In this view, iconicity is grounded in a language user's mental

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There are a number of communication systems that are similar in some respects to sign languages, while not having all the characteristics of a full sign language, particularly its grammatical structure. Many of these are either precursors to natural sign languages or are derived from them.

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are largely regulated through head movement and eye gaze. Since the addressee in a signed conversation must be watching the signer, a signer can avoid letting the other person have a turn by not looking at them, or can indicate that the other person may have a turn by making eye contact.

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Informal, rudimentary sign systems are sometimes developed within a single family. For instance, when hearing parents with no sign language skills have a deaf child, the child may develop a system of signs naturally, unless repressed by the parents. The term for these mini-languages is

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When Deaf and Hearing people interact, signing systems may be developed that use signs drawn from a natural sign language but used according to the grammar of the spoken language. In particular, when people devise one-for-one sign-for-word correspondences between spoken words (or even

2568:) and signs that represent them, the system that results is a manual code for a spoken language, rather than a natural sign language. Such systems may be invented in an attempt to help teach Deaf children the spoken language, and generally are not used outside an educational context. 54: 1929:

handshapes together in one category. Different handshapes are stored in other categories. The mind ignores some of the similarities between different perceptual categories, at the same time preserving the visual information within each perceptual category of handshape variation.

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is more systematic and widespread in sign languages than in spoken ones, the difference is not categorical. The visual modality allows the human preference for close connections between form and meaning, present but suppressed in spoken languages, to be more fully expressed.

1067:. Home sign is amorphous and generally idiosyncratic to a particular family, where a deaf child does not have contact with other deaf children and is not educated in sign. Such systems are not generally passed on from one generation to the next. Where they are passed on, 339:

published a book in 1692 describing an alphabetic system where pointing to a body part represented the first letter of the part (e.g. Brow=B), and vowels were located on the fingertips as with the other British systems. He described such codes for both English and Latin.

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Only in a very few sign languages (for instance Japanese Sign Language) are agents ever incorporated. In this way, since subjects of intransitives are treated similarly to objects of transitives, incorporation in sign languages can be said to follow an ergative pattern.

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The earliest records of contact between Europeans and Indigenous peoples of the Gulf Coast region in what is now Texas and northern Mexico note a fully formed sign language already in use by the time of the Europeans' arrival there. These records include the accounts of

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derive from Swedish SL, though with local admixture in the case of mutually unintelligible Finnish SL. Danish SL has French SL influence and Wittmann (1991) places them in that family, though he proposes that Swedish, Finnish, and Portuguese SL are instead related to

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According to an SIL report, the sign languages of Russia, Moldova and Ukraine share a high degree of lexical similarity and may be dialects of one language, or distinct related languages. The same report suggested a "cluster" of sign languages centered around

225: 2260:– two deaf users were able to freely communicate with each other between the fair and another city. However, video communication did not become widely available until sufficient bandwidth for the high volume of video data became available in the early 2000s. 5212: 1832:

notation system. Designed specifically for representing the use of the hands, it has no way of expressing facial expression or other non-manual features of sign languages. However, his was designed for research, particularly in a dictionary, not for general

2392:, which is almost extinct except for a few elderly signers. Even nationally recognised sign languages can be endangered; for example, New Zealand Sign Language is losing users. Methods are being developed to assess the language vitality of sign languages. 2609:

sequences of signs. Still, this kind of system is inadequate for the intellectual development of a child and it comes nowhere near meeting the standards linguists use to describe a complete language. No type of home sign is recognized as a full language.

524:, of spoken languages. Now they are sometimes called phonemes when describing sign languages too, since the function is the same, but more commonly discussed in terms of "features" or "parameters". More generally, both sign and spoken languages share the 5697: 6932:

Branson, J., D. Miller, & I G. Marsaja. (1996). "Everyone here speaks sign language, too: a deaf village in Bali, Indonesia." In: C. Lucas (ed.): Multicultural aspects of sociolinguistics in deaf communities. Washington, Gallaudet University Press,

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the Latin script, the time has arrived where SW is so widespread, that it is impossible in the same way to list all works that have been produced using this writing system and that have been written about this writing system." In 2015, the

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Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,

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Sermo mirabilis, or, The silent language whereby one may learn ... how to impart his mind to his friend, in any language ... being a wonderful art kept secret for several ages in Padua, and now published only to the wise and prudent

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E.g.: Irit Meir, Wendy Sandler, Carol Padden, and Mark Aronoff (2010): Emerging Sign Languages. In: Marc Marschark and Patricia Elizabeth Spencer (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education, Vol. 2, pp.

1956:. This sign language was developed in the Black Deaf community as a variant during the American era of segregation and racism, where young Black Deaf students were forced to attend separate schools than their white Deaf peers. 258:('Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak') in Madrid. It is considered the first modern treatise of sign language phonetics, setting out a method of oral education for deaf people and a manual alphabet. 2236: 2152:

In order to facilitate communication between deaf and hearing people, sign language interpreters are often used. Such activities involve considerable effort on the part of the interpreter, since sign languages are distinct

1117:, which are developed by the hearing community and only used secondarily by the deaf. It is doubtful whether most of these are languages in their own right, rather than manual codes of spoken languages, though a few such as 3733: 623: 5901: 5815: 2187: 3087:; Sayers, Edna Edith . "Visual-Kinetic Communication in Europe Before 1600: A Survey of Sign Lexicons and Finger Alphabets Prior to the Rise of Deaf Education". Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2 (1997): 1–25; 5306: 2687:

One theory of the evolution of human language states that it developed first as a gestural system, which later shifted to speech. An important question for this gestural theory is what caused the shift to vocalization.

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published his manual alphabet in the 18th century, which has survived largely unchanged in France and North America until the present time. In 1755, Abbé de l'Épée founded the first school for deaf children in Paris;

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would be expected to occur, resulting in a full language. However, home sign may also be closer to full language in communities where the hearing population has a gestural mode of language; examples include various

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developed in the Middle Ages has come to regard them as gestural systems rather than true sign languages. Monastic sign languages were the basis for the first known manual alphabet used in deaf schools, developed by

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John Bulwer's "Chirologia: or the natural language of the hand.", published in 1644, London, mentions that alphabets are in use by deaf people, although Bulwer presents a different system which is focused on public

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Healy, Alice F. (1980). "Can Chimpanzees learn a phonemic language?" In: Sebeok, Thomas A. & Jean Umiker-Sebeok, eds, Speaking of apes: a critical anthology of two-way communication with man. New York: Plenum,

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Interpreters may be physically present with both parties to the conversation but, since the technological advancements in the early 2000s, provision of interpreters in remote locations has become available. In

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For the history of research on iconicity in sign languages see, for example: Vermeerbergen, Myriam (2006): Past and current trends in sign language research. In: Language & Communication, 26(2). 168-192.

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described "Master Babington", a deaf man proficient in the use of a manual alphabet, "contryved on the joynts of his fingers", whose wife could converse with him easily, even in the dark through the use of

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The cognitive linguistics perspective allows for some signs to be fully iconic or partially iconic given the number of correspondences between the possible parameters of form and meaning. In this way, the

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Bruce, Scott G. Silence and Sign Language in Medieval Monasticism: The Cluniac Tradition, C.900–1200. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

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any other language. Prototype-R languages are languages that are remotely modelled on a prototype-A language (in many cases thought to have been French Sign Language) by a process Kroeber (1940) called "

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At the lexical level, signs can be lexically specified for non-manual elements in addition to the manual articulation. For instance, facial expressions may accompany verbs of emotion, as in the sign for

1840:(HamNoSys), developed in the early 1990s, is a detailed phonetic system, not designed for any one sign language, and intended as a transcription system for researchers rather than as a practical script. 691: 675: 6193:

Taylor-DiLeva, Kim. Once Upon A Sign : Using American Sign Language To Engage, Entertain, And Teach All Children, p. 15. Libraries Unlimited, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 29 Feb. 2012.

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code . It only ever had one deaf user, and thus appears to have been a home sign system that was mistakenly-accepted into the ISO 639-3 standard. It has been proposed for deletion from the standard. (

5527: 772:. Non-manual elements may also be lexically contrastive. For example, in ASL (American Sign Language), facial components distinguish some signs from other signs. An example is the sign translated as 2583:

parents when trying to figure out what their child wants. When the child begins to speak, signing is usually abandoned, so the child does not progress to acquiring the grammar of the sign language.

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The only comprehensive classification along these lines going beyond a simple listing of languages dates back to 1991. The classification is based on the 69 sign languages from the 1988 edition of

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parliament, a NZSL curriculum was released for schools to take NZSL as an optional subject. The curriculum and teaching materials were designed to target intermediate schools from Years 7 to 10, (

409:, they conclude that it is more complex than a typical pidgin and indeed is more like a full sign language. While the more commonly used term is International Sign, it is sometimes referred to as 223: 2317:(VRS), the sign language user, the interpreter, and the hearing person are in three separate locations, thus allowing the two clients to talk to each other on the phone through the interpreter. 658:

Similarly, countries which use a single spoken language throughout may have two or more sign languages, or an area that contains more than one spoken language might use only one sign language.

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Reilly, Judy (2005). "How Faces Come to Serve Grammar: The Development of Nonmanual Morphology in American Sign Language". In Brenda Schick; Marc Marschack; Patricia Elizabeth Spencer (eds.).

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In such communities deaf people are generally well-integrated in the general community and not socially disadvantaged, so much so that it is difficult to speak of a separate "Deaf" community.

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through non-manual elements. Postures or movements of the body, head, eyebrows, eyes, cheeks, and mouth are used in various combinations to show several categories of information, including

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lists 150 sign languages, while the SIGN-HUB Atlas of Sign Language Structures lists over 200 and notes that there are more that have not been documented or discovered yet. As of 2021,

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Boudreault, Patrick; Mayberry, Rachel I. (2006). "Grammatical processing in American Sign Language: Age of first-language acquisition effects in relation to syntactic structure".

1864:, facial expression and dynamics of movement). The script is sometimes used for detailed research, language documentation, as well as publishing texts and works in sign languages. 879:

has parts of its form that are iconic ("movement away from the mouth" means "something coming from the mouth"), and parts that are arbitrary (the handshape, and the orientation).

6001: 102:. Linguists also distinguish natural sign languages from other systems that are precursors to them or obtained from them, such as constructed manual codes for spoken languages, 10620: 6836:

Steklis, H. D., & Harnad, S. (1976). From hand to mouth: Some critical stages in the evolution of language. In Origins and evolution of language and speech (pp. 445-455).

10677: 9228: 204:(fingerspelling systems) that were invented to facilitate the transfer of words from a spoken language to a sign language, rather than documentation of the language itself. 7549:

Sign language among North American Indians compared with that among other peoples and deaf-mutes. A first annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the

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This is in contrast to hearing children who grow up with Deaf parents, who generally acquire the full sign language natively, the same as Deaf children of Deaf parents.

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In Britain, manual alphabets were also in use for a number of purposes, such as secret communication, public speaking, or communication by or with deaf people. In 1648,

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The number of sign languages worldwide is not precisely known. Each country generally has its own native sign language; some have more than one. The 2021 edition of

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Indigenous Sign Language and Culture; the interpreting and access needs of Deaf people who are of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander in Far North Queensland

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Newman, A. J.; Bavelier, D; Corina, D; Jezzard, P; Neville, HJ (2002). "A Critical Period for Right Hemisphere Recruitment in American Sign Language Processing".

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The language is considered to be endangered. 9,600 deaf people in Hawaii now use American Sign Language with a few local signs for place-names and cultural items.

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derived from ASL and the native sign languages of Bangkok and Chiang Mai, and may be considered part of the ASL family. Others possibly influenced by ASL include

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Moser, Henry M.; O'Neill, John J.; Oyer, Herbert J.; Wolfe, Susan M.; Abernathy, Edward A.; Schowe, Ben M. (1960). "Historical Aspects of Manual Communication".

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The acquisition of non-manual features follows an interesting pattern: When a word that always has a particular non-manual feature associated with it (such as a

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that use the visual-manual modality to convey meaning, instead of spoken words. Sign languages are expressed through manual articulation in combination with

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Sign language is also used as a form of alternative or augmentative communication by people who can hear but have difficulties using their voices to speak.

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of prototype languages. Creolization is seen as enriching overt morphology in sign languages, as compared to reducing overt morphology in spoken languages.

7354:. Studies in linguistics, Occasional papers, No. 8, Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University at Buffalo. 2d ed., Silver Spring: Md: Linstok Press. 189:

Groups of deaf people have used sign languages throughout history. One of the earliest written records of a sign language is from the fifth century BC, in

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in a later memory task than another group of six children that were taught signs that had little or no iconic properties. In contrast to Brown, linguists

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Brentari, Diane (2002). "Modality differences in sign language phonology and morphophonemics". In P. Meier; Kearsy Cormier; David Quinto-Pozos (eds.).

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Today, linguists study sign languages as true languages, part of the field of linguistics. However, the category "sign languages" was not added to the

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See Wilkins (1641) above. Wilkins was aware that the systems he describes are old, and refers to Bede's account of Roman and Greek finger alphabets.

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arose in a context of extensive speech taboos, such as during mourning and initiation rites. They are or were especially highly developed among the

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Enacting Stories, Seeing Worlds: Similarities and Differences in the Cross-Cultural Narrative Development of Linguistically Isolated Deaf Children

6866: 5076: 11596: 7076:, Senghas A., Coppola M (1999). "Creation through contact: Sign language emergence and sign language change in Nicaragua." In: M. DeGraff (ed.), 5729: 4934:

in spoken languages, include papers such as Fischer (1974, 1978), Deuchar (1987) and Judy Kegl's pre-1991 work on creolization in sign languages.

3432: 1102:, which develop in the student bodies of deaf schools which do not use sign as a language of instruction, as well as community languages such as 1148:, a village sign language of Ghana, may be related to the "gestural trade jargon used in the markets throughout West Africa", in vocabulary and 8880: 6018: 1361:

A subset of this group includes languages that have been heavily influenced by American Sign Language (ASL), or are regional varieties of ASL.

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from Suliphone, a deaf artist. This was one of several activities at a school book party sponsored by Big Brother Mouse, a literacy project in

5620:"Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Summer 2016 and Fall 2016: Preliminary Report" 1516:

that were known at the time of the 1989 conference on sign languages in Montreal and 11 more languages the author added after the conference.

11586: 10770: 10725: 7747: 5771: 80:. Sign languages are full-fledged natural languages with their own grammar and lexicon. Sign languages are not universal and are usually not 1121:

are independent of any particular spoken language. Hearing people may also develop sign to communicate with users of other languages, as in

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In J. V. Van Cleve (ed.), "Gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness", Vol 3 S-Z, Index. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.

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The interpretation flow is normally between a sign language and a spoken language that are customarily used in the same country, such as

4548: 3671: 1257: 7461: 6177: 5992: 3831: 2089: 711: 548: 130: 5249: 3864: 3658:

Bross, Fabian (2020). The clausal syntax of German Sign Language. A cartographic approach. Berlin: Language Science Press. Page 37-38.

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Susan Goldin-Meadow (Goldin-Meadow 2003, Van Deusen, Goldin-Meadow & Miller 2001) has done extensive work on home sign systems.

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creoles and that we can't know on how many successive creolizations prototype-A sign languages are based prior to their historicity.

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Bross, Fabian (2020). The clausal syntax of German Sign Language. A cartographic approach. Berlin: Language Science Press. Page 25.

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which uses a minimalist collection of symbols in the order of Handshape-Location-Movement. Many signs can be written the same way (

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Sandler, Wendy; & Lillo-Martin, Diane. (2006). Sign Language and Linguistic Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Sandler, Wendy (2003). "Sign Language Phonology". In William Frawley (Ed.), The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics.

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Wurtzburg, Susan, and Campbell, Lyle. "North American Indian Sign Language: Evidence for its Existence before European Contact,"

1810:

Sign languages do not have a traditional or formal written form. Many deaf people do not see a need to write their own language.

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On the whole, though, sign languages are independent of spoken languages and follow their own paths of development. For example,

5501:

McCaskill, C. (2011). The hidden treasure of Black ASL: its history and structure. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.

4678:

Henri Wittmann (1991). The classification is said to be typological satisfying Jakobson's condition of genetic interpretability.

2970: 784:, which are (parts of) spoken words accompanying lexical signs, can also be contrastive, as in the manually identical signs for 12551: 7610: 5753: 5327:

Ampessan, João Paulo. "The Writing of Grammatical Non-Manual Expressions in Sentences in LIBRAS Using the SignWriting System."

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has demonstrated that they exhibit the fundamental properties that exist in all languages. Such fundamental properties include

3019: 11994: 11739: 8133: 7413: 7183: 7005: 6704: 6679: 6654: 6596: 5487: 5102: 4378: 3776: 3608: 3062: 2836: 2803: 2329: 2050: 1098:, on the other hand, arise where deaf people come together to form their own communities. These include school sign, such as 710:

One way in which many sign languages take advantage of the spatial nature of the language is through the use of classifiers.

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developed by the people who use them, in this case, deaf people, who may have little or no knowledge of any spoken language.

387:, founded a school for the deaf in 1857 in Washington, D.C., which in 1864 became the National Deaf-Mute College. Now called 6087: 5967: 4392: 3614: 12343: 7668: 7586: 4906: 4743: 3638: 2019: 1912: 1114: 1073: 839:

and Richard Meier found that iconicity "appears to have virtually no impact on the acquisition of American Sign Language".

6554:

Miles, H.L. (1990) "The cognitive foundations for reference in a signing orangutan" in S.T. Parker and K.R. Gibson (eds.)

5876: 5387:"Human adults and human infants show a 'perceptual magnet effect' for the prototypes of speech categories, monkeys do not" 12358: 12348: 11636: 11043: 8247: 5930: 3170: 3131: 2753: 2101: 158: 2196:

Video about access to cultural institutions in Mexico, with Mexican sign language interpretation and captions in Spanish

11462: 11089: 10667: 8831: 6303: 5619: 5066:"The Critical Period for Language Acquisition and The Deaf Child's Language Comprehension: A Psycholinguistic Approach" 4755: 2826: 2783: 2503: 1969: 1089: 17: 7309:

Sandler, Wendy & Lillo-Martin, Diane (2001). "Natural sign languages". In M. Aronoff & J. Rees-Miller (Eds.),

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have been developed which automatically translate short videos containing sign language directly to written language.

12242: 11038: 9516: 7603: 7488: 7341: 7333: 7318: 7298: 7212: 7154: 7139: 7040: 7009: 6959: 6571: 6138:

MacDougall, Jamie (February 2001). "Access to justice for deaf Inuit in Nunavut: The role of "Inuit sign language"".

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Cf. Supalla, Ted & Rebecca Webb (1995). "The grammar of international sign: A new look at pidgin languages." In:

2005: 587:

Sign language relief sculpture on a stone wall: "Life is beautiful, be happy and love each other", by Czech sculptor

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The Resilience of Language: What Gesture Creation in Deaf Children Can Tell Us About How All Children Learn Language

2618: 11732: 11535: 11145: 11114: 11033: 10682: 9485: 5183:. Alfaro, Juan José,, Cascales, Inmaculada. San Vicente del Raspeig : Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante. 4807: 3320: 3080: 2647:

as a complete system, rather than simply signs/words. Notable examples of animals who have learned signs include:

2531: 867:). It is defined as a fully grammatical and central aspect of a sign language rather than a peripheral phenomenon. 11701:

Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.

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SignWriting (SW) of Maltese Sign Language (LSM) and its development into an orthography: Linguistic considerations

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merging into a Deaf-community language. Contact occurs between sign languages, between sign and spoken languages (

242: 12566: 10836: 9885: 9146: 9120: 7987: 7428:, December 4, 2012, p. D1 and published online at NYTimes.com on December 3, 2012. Retrieved on December 7, 2012. 6612: 3894: 1978: 1505: 1501: 6203: 5596: 3470:(International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research) Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, pp. 333–352 703:

Sign languages exploit the unique features of the visual medium (sight), but may also exploit tactile features (

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Comparative Grammatical Change: The Intersection of Language Acquisition, Creole Genesis, and Diachronic Syntax

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Woll, Bencie; Ladd, Paddy (2003), "Deaf communities", in Marschark, Marc; Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth (eds.),

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depend on linear sequencing of signs to form sentences; the greater use of simultaneity is mostly seen in the

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that include speech. The signer usually appears in the bottom corner of the screen, with the programme being

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that was evidently not used by deaf people in the Plains nations, though it presumably influenced home sign.

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is similarity or analogy between the form of a sign (linguistic or otherwise) and its meaning, as opposed to

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Sign languages have capability and complexity equal to spoken languages; their study as part of the field of

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Harnad, S. R., Steklis, H. D., & Lancaster, J. E. (1976). Origins and evolution of language and speech.

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Sign languages vary in word-order typology. For example, Austrian Sign Language, Japanese Sign Language and

1298:(LSF), or are the result of language contact between local community sign languages and LSF. These include: 583: 11688:

both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to

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Baker, Charlotte (1977). Regulators and turn-taking in American Sign Language discourse, in Lynn Friedman,

2991: 2778: 2065:) before European contact. It was used by hearing people to communicate among tribes with different spoken 1860:, developed by Valerie Sutton in 1974, is a system for representing sign languages phonetically (including 1753: 1474: 1229: 1095: 1092:

of the U.S., but there are also numerous village languages scattered throughout Africa, Asia, and America.

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former Yugoslavia, Grand Cayman Island in the Caribbean, Indonesia, Norway, Germany and the United States.

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Tirosh, Yoav. "Deafness and Nonspeaking in Late Medieval Iceland (1200–1550)," Viator 51.1 (2020): 311-344

1481: 562:. More than spoken languages, sign languages can convey meaning by simultaneous means, e.g. by the use of 12434: 12259: 11837: 11810: 11204: 11158: 10841: 10831: 10421: 9753: 9474: 9462: 9405: 9263: 8926: 8708: 8635: 8404: 8162: 8024: 7802: 7439: 5779:. 32nd AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-18), Feb. 2–7, 2018, New Orleans, Louisiana, US. 5760:(then about to be released) Bell Laboratories, Pg.134–153 & 160–187, Volume 47, No. 5, May/June 1969; 5626: 4759: 3255: 2464: 2458: 2062: 1642: 1602: 1291: 1192: 1122: 1036: 971: 913: 489: 4599: 117:

people exist, sign languages have developed as useful means of communication and form the core of local

11999: 11800: 11591: 11279: 11166: 10375: 10023: 8330: 8179: 7477: 7444: 6863: 6499:

Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S; Rumbaugh, D.M.; McDonald, K. (1985). "Language learning in two species of apes".

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Bickford; Albert, J.; Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F. (2014). "Rating the vitality of sign languages".

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Ulrike, Zeshan; Escobedo Delgado, Cesar Ernesto; Dikyuva, Hasan; Panda, Sibaji; de Vos, Connie (2013).

4811: 2682: 2384:. For example, a sign language used by a small community may be endangered and even abandoned as users 2313:

However, VRI cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. With

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This article is about primary sign languages of the deaf. For signed versions of spoken languages, see

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Wilcox, S (2004). "Conceptual spaces and embodied actions: Cognitive iconicity and signed languages".

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Trettenbrein, Patrick C.; Papitto, Giorgio; Friederici, Angela D.; Zaccarella, Emiliano (2021-02-15).

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Legal requirements covering sign language accessibility in media vary from country to country. In the

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Sign language. An international handbook (HSK – Handbooks of linguistics and communication science).

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video camera, in order to zoom in and out or to point the camera better to understand the signing.

1738: 1485: 1382: 1245: 1218: 1099: 1077: 848: 719: 588: 541: 501: 493: 376: 356: 170: 99: 8421: 7360:(1974). Classification and description of sign languages. Current Trends in Linguistics 12.345–71. 12546: 12451: 12327: 11755: 11646: 11467: 11371: 11300: 11269: 11259: 11214: 11209: 11119: 11001: 10967: 10920: 10894: 10878: 10750: 10745: 10401: 10359: 10309: 10229: 10221: 10068: 9976: 9950: 9820: 9804: 9682: 9605: 9544: 9380: 9193: 9177: 9166: 8888: 8653: 8648: 8502: 8482: 8306: 8216: 8201: 8092: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7720: 7550: 7466: 6936:

Deuchar, Margaret (1987). "Sign languages as creoles and Chomsky's notion of Universal Grammar."

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Meir, I (2010). "Iconicity and metaphor: Constraints on metaphorical extension of iconic forms".

2723: 2558: 2404: 2340: 2321: 2119: 1996: 1837: 1462: 1445: 1410: 1398: 1386: 1351: 1343: 1335: 1277: 1267: 1206: 1202: 1145: 604: 570: 208: 31: 11854: 4225: 4219: 2521: 12541: 12142: 11881: 11681: 11661: 11386: 11254: 11249: 11229: 11224: 11084: 11020: 10954: 10886: 10846: 10800: 10735: 10730: 10689: 10628: 10602: 10563: 10468: 10437: 10341: 10253: 10187: 10171: 10150: 10113: 10105: 10078: 10007: 9999: 9984: 9968: 9960: 9942: 9918: 9908: 9890: 9695: 9666: 9661: 9595: 9496: 9450: 9435: 9395: 9269: 9253: 9248: 9171: 9151: 9055: 8916: 8893: 8790: 8679: 8643: 8604: 8583: 8537: 8523: 8487: 8317: 8261: 8237: 8184: 8174: 8143: 8042: 8009: 7859: 7737: 7701: 7691: 7637: 7505: 7501: 6437: 4910: 4867: 4775: 4739: 3078:

Stokoe, William C. "Approaching Monastic Sign Language". Sign Language Studies 58 (1988): 37–47

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Sign languages, like spoken languages, organize elementary, meaningless units into meaningful

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Hopkins, Jason (2008). "Choosing how to write sign language: a sociolinguistic perspective".

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Brown, R (1978). "Why Are Signed Languages Easier to Learn than Spoken Languages? Part Two".

3437: 2814: 2643:. However, linguists generally point out that this does not constitute knowledge of a human 2526: 2416: 2173: 2169: 2115: 1902: 1668: 1489: 1455: 1441: 1430: 1374: 1339: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1303: 1237: 1233: 1223: 1214: 1210: 1172: 1084: 1008: 932: 872: 855: 808: 737: 644: 477: 473: 438: 305: 7352:

Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf

6172: 5808:"Deluxe Launches First Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) Localization Service Outside Brazil" 3935: 3793: 3636:

Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf

12409: 11944: 11909: 11886: 11844: 11768: 11689: 11396: 11140: 10899: 10859: 10821: 10765: 10508: 10503: 10473: 10388: 10317: 10205: 10192: 10158: 10039: 9955: 9934: 9926: 9913: 9828: 9745: 9716: 9703: 9674: 9585: 9564: 9440: 9375: 9340: 9335: 9325: 9315: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9161: 9141: 8800: 8795: 8766: 8721: 8716: 8689: 8658: 8492: 8438: 8384: 8325: 8223: 8019: 7879: 7869: 7742: 7545: 6429: 5241: 4913:, Thai Hill-Country sign languages (possibly including languages in Vietnam and Laos), and 4851: 4847: 4835: 4815: 4791: 4783: 3853: 2908:"Functional neuroanatomy of language without speech: An ALE meta‐analysis of sign language" 2773: 2381: 2165: 2145: 2141: 1885: 1788: 1704: 1696: 1426: 1422: 1414: 1402: 1378: 1307: 1299: 1295: 1281: 1263: 1198: 1118: 1103: 952: 388: 352: 7095:

Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives.

6318:

Plooij, F.X. (1978) "Some basic traits of language in wild chimpanzees?" in A. Lock (ed.)

5026: 4834:(Pakistani SL is said to be R, but Indian SL to be A, though they are the same language), 4774:(Pakistani SL is said to be R, but Indian SL to be A, though they are the same language), 4496: 2118:

addressed the requirements for blind and deaf viewers, but has since been replaced by the

8: 12353: 12090: 12041: 11989: 11621: 11481: 11069: 10959: 10851: 10826: 10760: 10581: 10547: 10526: 10478: 10285: 10237: 10213: 10197: 10015: 9994: 9872: 9737: 9729: 9711: 9536: 9511: 9501: 9390: 9385: 9370: 9305: 9288: 9233: 9223: 8844: 8684: 8557: 8446: 8189: 7956: 7951: 7901: 7685: 7406: 4859: 4787: 3810: 2808: 2798: 2660: 2652: 2434: 2314: 2300: 2249: 1761: 1757: 1728: 1708: 1661: 1466: 1451: 1394: 1355: 1323: 1315: 942: 824: 793: 769: 317: 195: 134: 11565: 7526: 7025: 7021: 6862:

Blondin-Massé, Alexandre; Harnad, Stevan; Picard, Olivier; and St-Louis, Bernard (2013)

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Another aspect of typology that has been studied in sign languages is their systems for

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Morford, J. P.; Grieve-Smith, A. B.; MacFarlane, J.; Staley, J.; Waters, G. S. (2008).

5137: 5031: 4470: 4452: 4330: 4200: 4137: 4019: 3823: 3312: 3304: 2963:

Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2021), "Sign language",

2940: 2907: 2788: 2748: 2577: 2245: 2201: 2136: 2043: 1688: 1366: 847:

for example exhibits many words mimicking the sounds of their potential referents (see

476:. As in spoken languages, these meaningless units are represented as (combinations of) 446: 394: 107: 7541:, Multimodal Human Speech and Sign Language Processing for Human-Machine Communication 6952:

The signs of language revisited: An anthology to honor Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima

6720:

Hewes, Gordon W. (1973). "Primate communication and the gestural origin of language".

4654: 714:

allow a signer to spatially show a referent's type, size, shape, movement, or extent.

12556: 12222: 12172: 11979: 11914: 11820: 11805: 11515: 11176: 7555: 7409: 7357: 7347: 7337: 7329: 7314: 7294: 7265: 7261: 7208: 7179: 7150: 7135: 7101: 7036: 7001: 6997: 6955: 6921: 6811: 6741: 6700: 6675: 6650: 6639: 6592: 6567: 6516: 6512: 6455: 6394: 6390: 6299: 6077: 6012: 5957: 5555: 5483: 5457: 5408: 5194: 5184: 5162: 5141: 5098: 5035: 5001: 4980: 4437:

Wittmann, H. (1991). Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement.

4417: 4384: 4374: 4334: 4229: 4070: 3951: 3941: 3827: 3815: 3772: 3604: 3580: 3484: 3394: 3358: 3316: 3127: 3058: 2964: 2945: 2927: 2670: 2225: 1843: 1160: 864: 844: 836: 731: 397:, formerly known as Gestuno, is used mainly at international deaf events such as the 7566:, a project documenting sign language television shows for the deaf around the world 7277: 6585: 6406: 6363: 5814:. Deluxe Entertainment Services Group Inc. through Cision PR Newswire. 18 Sep 2017. 5750: 5443: 4023: 3541: 12379: 11832: 11714: 11525: 11356: 11337: 7483: 7257: 7117: 6911: 6903: 6823: 6803: 6729: 6559: 6508: 6447: 6386: 6349: 6341: 6332:

Nishida, T (1968). "The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali Mountains".

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There have been several notable examples of scientists teaching signs to non-human

2325: 2220:

technologies allow the viewer to turn the signer on and off in a similar manner to

2209: 2154: 2027: 1132: 652: 632: 480:, although coarser descriptions are often also made in terms of five "parameters": 249: 88: 11520: 7122: 7105: 6528: 6377:

Premack, D (1985). "'Gavagai!' or the future of the animal language controversy".

4120:

Frishberg, N (1975). "Arbitrariness and Iconicity: Historical Change in America".

3891:. (1995). "About American Sign Language." Deaf Resource Library, Yale University. 3016: 528:

that linguists have found in all natural human languages, such as transitoriness,

12503: 12477: 12162: 12059: 12029: 11815: 11651: 11446: 11426: 11305: 7576: 7533: 7517: 7169: 7017: 6870: 6563: 6451: 6181: 6071: 5951: 5905: 5770:

Huang, Jie; Zhou, Wengang; Zhang, Qilin; Li, Houqiang; Li, Weiping (2018-01-30).

5757: 5661:"ITC Guidelines on Standards for Sign Language on Digital Terrestrial Television" 4976: 4794:. Wittmann also includes, bizarrely, Chinese characters and Egyptian hieroglyphs. 4718:

vaguely, some other traits from his analysis. The 2013 version (17th edition) of

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A deaf person using a remote VRS interpreter to communicate with a hearing person

2039: 2035: 1817: 704: 286: 279: 185:("Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak") (Madrid, 1620) 3635: 3281: 1779:. Typologically significant differences have been found between sign languages. 12384: 12080: 11560: 11545: 11436: 11421: 11191: 6420:

Gardner, R.A.; Gardner, B.T. (1969). "Teaching Sign Language to a Chimpanzee".

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Josep Quer i Carbonell; Carlo Cecchetto; Rannveig Sverrisd Ãttir, eds. (2017).

3888: 3572: 3119: 2713: 2666: 2385: 2272: 2111: 1821: 1716: 1370: 1068: 238: 7538: 6558:: Comparative Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 511–539. 6252:

The one possible exception to this is Rennellese Sign Language, which has the

5922: 5543: 5528:""Deaf discourse": The social construction of deafness in a Bedouin community" 5513:

Sign languages in village communities: Anthropological and linguistic insights

4015: 3955: 1813:

Several ways to represent sign languages in written form have been developed.

129:, those who have trouble with oral language due to a disability or condition ( 12535: 12424: 12317: 12312: 12291: 12282: 12247: 12177: 12152: 12137: 11984: 11791: 11530: 11431: 11416: 11411: 11048: 7571: 7324:

Stiles-Davis, Joan; Kritchevsky, Mark; & Bellugi, Ursula (Eds.). (1988).

7289: 7245: 7232: 7200: 6943: 6232: 6164: 6110:"Sign languages in UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Project" 5994:

12th International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research

5198: 5002:"Cardinal numerals in rural sign languages: Approaching cross-modal typology" 4388: 3819: 3597:

Baker, Anne; Bogaerde, Beppie van den; Pfau, Roland; Schermer, G. M. (2016).

3463: 2931: 2703: 2364: 2344: 2058: 1973: 1742: 1149: 563: 533: 391:, it is still the only liberal arts university for deaf people in the world. 372: 95: 7193:. Sponsored by ASLIA, the Australian Sign Language Interpreters Association. 5428:"Effects of language experience on the perception of American Sign Language" 4412:

Frishberg, Nancy (1987). "Ghanaian Sign Language." In: Cleve, J. Van (ed.),

2380:

As with any spoken language, sign languages are also vulnerable to becoming

1846:

has attempted to create a phonetic transcription system for signing that is

375:

was arguably its most famous graduate. Clerc went to the United States with

12322: 12307: 12274: 11919: 11406: 11351: 7398: 7284: 7196: 7033:

Everyone here spoke sign language: Hereditary deafness on Martha's Vineyard

6925: 6815: 6641:

Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Language & Linguistics

5559: 5461: 5017: 4927: 4642: 4353: 4349: 3568: 3362: 2949: 2728: 2656: 2205: 2054: 1943: 1870:

is another orthography which is largely phonemic. However, a few signs are

1734: 1712: 1137: 1110: 741: 659: 457: 122: 118: 27:

Language that uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning

11724: 7269: 6907: 6520: 6459: 6398: 6174:

Proceedings of Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory.

5551: 5412: 5348: 5181:

Escritura alfabética de la Lengua de Signos Española : once lecciones

5133: 4326: 4280: 4103: 3500: 3354: 3300: 12498: 12456: 12286: 12034: 12004: 11869: 11540: 11310: 6947: 6228: 4038:

American Sign Language: A teacher's resource text on grammar and culture.

3422:. The Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center, Gallaudet University. 3398: 3393:

London, Printed for Tho. Salusbury... and sold by Randal Taylor... 1692.

2733: 2718: 2368: 1949:

throughout a nation, and the cultures they have developed are very rich.

1857: 1798: 901: 800:

example. They are shown through raised eyebrows and a forward head tilt.

529: 434: 398: 360: 348: 274: 7512:) may contain further external links, e.g. for learning those languages. 6989:, Psychology Press, a subsidiary of Taylor & Francis, New York, 2003 3649:. Buffalo: Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo. 3308: 3077: 2339:; for example, all movies shown in Brazilian movie theaters must have a 2069:, as well as by deaf people. There are especially users today among the 1155: 547:

Common linguistic features of many sign languages are the occurrence of

12419: 12389: 12167: 11974: 11656: 11295: 10638: 10447: 9856: 9330: 8271: 7248:(1985). "'Gavagai!' or the future of the animal language controversy". 6354: 6345: 5403: 5386: 4719: 4655:"SIL Electronic Survey Reports: The signed languages of Eastern Europe" 4204: 4087: 3755:

Language, cognition and the brain: Insights from sign language research

3027: 2905: 2632: 2571: 2268: 2264: 2253: 2217: 2070: 1987: 1881: 1513: 1497: 1470: 883: 552: 142: 87:

Linguists consider both spoken and signed communication to be types of

6076:. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 57–58. 5991:

McKee, Rachel; McKee, David (2016), "Assessing the vitality of NZSL",

4141: 3892: 2923: 2256:(trademarked as the Picturephone) was introduced to the public at the 2248:

to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when

596: 12429: 12217: 12157: 12085: 11954: 11891: 11864: 11849: 11181: 11150: 11006: 10442: 7083: 7073: 7058: 6965:

Fischer, Susan D. (1974). "Sign language and linguistic universals."

6253: 6240: 6151: 3987: 3970: 3409:

Daniel Defoe (1720). "The Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell"

2821: 2640: 2602: 2595: 2565: 2221: 1953: 1889: 1884:

is a system designed primarily for education of deaf children by Dr.

1875: 1764:. Influence from the surrounding spoken languages is not improbable. 1746: 1060: 860: 820: 757: 749: 481: 472:

units. This type of organization in natural language is often called

461: 442: 103: 6645:(8th ed.). Columbus: The Ohio State University Press. pp. 5687:"Sign language interpreting on TV and media: sharing best practices" 5592: 5300: 4196: 2388:

to a sign language used by a larger community, as has happened with

2287: 1772:

a verb determine the direction of the verb's movement (inflection).

405:. While recent studies claim that International Sign is a kind of a 12254: 12020: 11929: 11859: 11795: 11786: 11361: 11320: 11171: 10925: 6733: 5785: 5773:

Video-based Sign Language Recognition without Temporal Segmentation

5425: 4133: 3766: 3377:

A Pictorial History of the evolution of the British Manual Alphabet

2738: 2074: 2066: 1871: 1861: 1829: 1433:, though it is unclear whether the latter derives from DGS or from 781: 469: 200: 126: 73: 7225:

Poizner, Howard; Klima, Edward S.; & Bellugi, Ursula. (1987).

6807: 6231:(1988) published a seminal study of the homesign system of a deaf 4999: 3163:. Ed. Abarca de Angulo, Madrid, ejemplar facsímil accesible en la 2355: 2208:

full size or slightly shrunk away from that corner. Typically for

508:. These meaningless units in sign languages were initially called 316:. The earliest known printed pictures of consonants of the modern 84:, although there are similarities among different sign languages. 12508: 11827: 10996: 6873:. In, Lefebvre, Claire; Cohen, Henri; and Comrie, Bernard (eds.) 5271:"Diccionario normativo de la lengua de signos española ... (SID)" 4827: 4571:"O que todos devíamos saber sobre língua gestual (em dez pontos)" 2708: 2636: 2624: 2543: 2078: 1851: 1141: 745: 517: 509: 449:

and a subordinate clause may contain another subordinate clause.

7595: 6169:

The ethics of documenting sign languages in village communities.

4687: 4155:

Klima, Edward; Bellugi, Ursula (1989). "The Signs of Language".

2997: 1952:

One example of sign language variation in the Deaf community is

607:, or that they were invented by hearing people. Similarities in 255:

Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos

182:

Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos

12482: 12227: 12182: 12147: 12024: 11939: 11901: 11625: 10710: 7982: 7970: 7590: 7546:

Sign Language among North American Indians, by Garrick Mallery.

7377:

Van Deusen-Phillips S.B., Goldin-Meadow S., Miller P.J., 2001.

6498: 5167:

A dictionary of American sign language on linguistic principles

3166:"Reduction de las letras y arte para enseñar a ablar los mudos" 2276: 2158: 2009: 1982: 1959: 1692: 1583: 1184: 1176: 1126: 1064: 1026: 753: 592: 559: 406: 309: 304:

of this alphabet have survived in the modern alphabets used in

7432: 6864:

Symbol Grounding and the Origin of Language: From Show to Tell

6615:. Department of Linguistics, The Ohio State University. 1994. 5923:"Did you know Hawai'i Sign Language is critically endangered?" 4926:

Wittmann's references on the subject, besides his own work on

4631:(2010). "Variation in East Asian Sign Language Structures" in 4173:

Brentari, Diane. "Introduction." Sign Languages, 2011, pp. 12.

4067:

On the other hand: New perspectives on American Sign Language.

7563: 7061:(1994). "The Nicaraguan Sign Language Project: An Overview". 6699:(8th ed.). Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 352–356. 6472:

Gardner, R.A., Gardner, B.T., and Van Cantfort, T.E. (1989),

5751:

A collection of several articles on the AT&T Picturephone

5593:"Benefits of Sign Language and Other Forms of AAC for Autism" 4747: 4001: 3161:

Reduction de las letras y Arte para enseñar á ablar los Mudos

2628: 2031: 2000: 1847: 301: 294: 190: 37: 5351:"Seeing Signs: Language Experience and Handshape Perception" 5349:

Morford, Jill P.; Staley, Joshua; Burns, Brian (Fall 2010).

4154: 3938:

SignGram blueprint: A guide to sign language grammar writing

3420:"Laurent Clerc: Apostle to the Deaf People of the New World" 3041:

Sign Language Legislation in the European Union – Edition II

2676: 2271:

designed for use with sign language or with "off-the-shelf"

11325: 11315: 7450: 6793: 3676:. The University of Sydney: unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. 2336: 1991: 1867: 1180: 1164: 453: 154:

ranks it as the 151st most "spoken" language in the world.

114: 7370:

Valli, Clayton, Ceil Lucas, and Kristin Mulrooney. (2005)

5515:. Berlin and Nijmegen: De Gruyter Mouton and Ishara Press. 5095:

Advances in the Sign Language Development of Deaf Children

4363:. In Marschark, Marc; Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth (eds.). 3673:

Auslan: The Sign Language of the Australian Deaf community

2372:

to be an international symbol which welcomes deaf people.

1029:

family (British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Language)

261: 7403:

Talking Hands: What Sign Language Reveals About the Mind

7386:

American Sign Language: Linguistic and applied dimensions

7218:

Pfau, Roland, Markus Steinbach & Bencie Woll (eds.),

6967:

Actes du Colloque franco-allemand de grammaire générative

6674:. New Haven CT: Yale University Press. pp. 263–300. 6171:

In Peter K. Austin, Oliver Bond & David Nathan (eds)

6031: 4048: 4046: 3596: 3340: 2275:

designed for use with broadband and an ordinary computer

1294:. There are a number of sign languages that emerged from 575:

until the 1988 volume, when it appeared with 39 entries.

12238:

Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

7363:

Twilhaar, Jan Nijen, and Beppie van den Bogaerde. 2016.

7164:. M.A. Thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. 7080:, pp. 179–237. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 6973:

Fischer, Susan D. (1978). "Sign languages and creoles".

5685:

de Wit, Maya; Pérez, Sheyla M.; Peterson, Paal Richard.

5480:

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5178: 4366:

Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education

4347: 3924:

Grammar, Gesture, and Meaning in American Sign Language.

3792:

Pirot, Khunaw Sulaiman; Ali, Wrya Izaddin (2021-09-29).

2291:

Video interpreter sign used at VRS/VRI service locations

603:

There is a common misconception that sign languages are

125:, it is also used by hearing individuals, such as those 7520:, directory for all online Sign Languages dictionaries 7132:

The Deaf experience: Classics in language and education

6695:

Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert; Hyams, Nina (2007).

5097:. Cary, NC: Oxford University Press. pp. 262–290. 4439:

Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée

2375: 2343:

video track available to play alongside the film via a

7455: 7372:

Linguistics of American Sign Language: An Introduction

7313:(pp. 533–562). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. 7207:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 7134:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 7035:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 4043: 3767:

Janse, Mark; Borkent, Hans; Tol, Sijmen, eds. (1990).

3379:. British Deaf History Society Publications: Middlesex 3140: 2046:, and are based on their respective spoken languages. 578: 11582:

Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada

7374:, 4th Ed. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. 7162:

Warlpiri Sign Language and Auslan – A Comparison

6034:

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development

4969:

Modality and Structure in Signed and Spoken Languages

4185:

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

1852:

Sign Language International Phonetic Alphabet (SLIPA)

121:. Although signing is used primarily by the deaf and 5897:

Bickford, J. Albert, and Melanie McKay-Cody (2018).

4433: 4431: 4429: 2962: 2552: 1937: 1749:, polysynthetic, incorporating, and isolating ones. 1465:, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq (and possibly 1140:, a kind of pidgin), and between sign languages and 1056:

Sign languages may be classified by how they arise.

383:

in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1817. Gallaudet's son,

7290:

Seeing voices: A journey into the world of the deaf

6293: 5899:"Endangerment and revitalization of sign languages" 4527:

Sign Languages of the World: a Comparative Handbook

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3524:Rubino, F., Hayhurst, A., and Guejlman, J. (1975). 2244:One of the first demonstrations of the ability for 665: 6890:Aronoff, Mark; Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy (2005). 6889: 6780:Wittmann, H. (1980). Intonation in Glottogenesis. 6694: 6638: 6584: 6204:"Baby sign language: A helpful communication tool" 5305:(Ph.D. dissertation). Malta: University of Malta. 5121:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 3600:The Linguistics of Sign Languages: An Introduction 2769:List of sign languages by number of native signers 2263:The Internet now allows deaf people to talk via a 1895:The Alphabetic Writing System for sign languages ( 572:Linguistic Bibliography/Bibliographie Linguistique 7420:Pushing Science's Limits in Sign Language Lexicon 5910:The Routledge handbook of language revitalization 5360:(2). Videography by Jo Santiago and Brian Burns. 4688:Simons, Gary F.; Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2018). 4426: 4221:The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition 3971:"Scope-taking strategies in German Sign Language" 3647:Studies in linguistics: Occasional papers (No. 8) 3526:Gestuno. International sign language of the deaf. 3234:Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor 2989: 2619:Great ape language § Primate use of sign language 1183:are usually considered to be a language known as 1076:and gestural systems across West Africa, such as 291:Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor 150:is the most-used sign language in the world, and 12533: 7451:Journal of American Sign Language and Literature 6636: 5769: 5618:Looney, Dennis; Lusin, Natalia (February 2018). 5504: 5473: 5471: 4917:(14 deaf schools with different sign languages). 4030: 3771:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 970–972. 3603:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 2. 2990:Hosemann, Jana; Steinbach, Markus, eds. (2021), 133:), and those with deaf family members including 11597:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters 6556:"Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes 5684: 5292: 4052:Sutton-Spence, Rachel, and Bencie Woll (1998). 3794:"The Common Misconceptions about Sign Language" 1737:) is based on word structure and distinguishes 421:(IG). International Sign is a term used by the 157:Some sign languages have obtained some form of 7326:Spatial cognition: Brain bases and development 6637:Stewart, Thomas W.; Vaillette, Nathan (2001). 6419: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 4600:"Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe" 4300:. Washington D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. 4292: 4290: 3539:International gesture: Principles and gestures 3279: 3148:International Journal of American Linguistics, 2544:Communication systems similar to sign language 11740: 11587:International Center on Deafness and the Arts 7611: 6294:Premack and Premack, David and Ann J (1984). 5875:. National Technical Institute for the Deaf. 5468: 5148: 3694:. New York : Cambridge University Press. 3485:"Interpreting into International Sign Pidgin" 3221:Philocopus, or the Deaf and Dumbe Mans Friend 1896: 1260:is largely intelligible with Portuguese Sign. 253: 180: 9645: 7661: 7293:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7088:Biolinguistics and the Evolution of Language 6875:New Perspectives on the Origins of Language. 6769:Neuromotor Mechanisms in Human Communication 5860: 5510: 5092: 4947: 4308: 4306: 4217: 4036:Baker, Charlotte, and Dennis Cokely (1980). 3911:Lexical Borrowing in American Sign Language. 3686: 3684: 3682: 3112: 2367:. After studying flags around the world and 2132:Language interpretation § Sign language 1960:Use of sign languages in hearing communities 1878:due to regional variation in sign languages. 1144:used by the broader community. For example, 906:The classification of Sign Language families 110:", and signs learned by non-human primates. 11754: 7433:Academic journals related to sign languages 6954:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 6487:Nim: A chimpanzee who learned Sign Language 6044: 5617: 5169:. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet College Press 4955:A prosodic model of sign language phonology 4287: 4260: 3579:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 3482: 3039:Wheatley, Mark & Annika Pabsch (2012). 3017:What are the top 200 most spoken languages? 1916:need for usage in writing sign language". 321: 11747: 11733: 7618: 7604: 7462:Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 7147:When the mind hears: A history of the deaf 6838:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 6756:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 6298:(1st ed.). NY: W.W. Norton & Co. 6137: 6069: 6017:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5990: 5838:"Accessibility & The Audio Track File" 5519: 5053:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 3757:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2572:"Baby sign language" with hearing children 2176:(BSL) and spoken English in the U.K., and 1520:Wittmann classification of sign languages 1365:is sometimes considered a dialect of ASL. 1256:, although some reports also say that the 722:(internal structure of individual signs). 131:augmentative and alternative communication 94:Sign language should not be confused with 12265:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder 7176:Intermediate Conversational Sign Language 7121: 6915: 6892:"The Paradox of Sign Language Morphology" 6441: 6353: 5953:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 5784: 5743: 5451: 5402: 5025: 4690:"Bibliography of Ethnologue Data Sources" 4303: 4119: 4054:The linguistics of British Sign Language. 3986: 3809: 3769:Linguistic Bibliography for the Year 1988 3679: 3150:Vol. 61, No. 2 (Apr., 1995), pp. 153-167. 3124:A Disability History of the United States 3046: 2939: 2677:Gestural theory of human language origins 2335:Sign language has been incorporated into 12133:Basic interpersonal communicative skills 7580:) is being considered for deletion. See 7328:. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates. 6849:Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Q. Whishaw (2003). 6669: 5720: 5718: 5477: 4966: 4802: 4800: 4730: 4728: 4224:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 4218:Newport, Elissa; Meier, Richard (1985). 3791: 3564: 3562: 3282:"The Ancient Origins of Sign Handshapes" 2354: 2286: 2235: 2200:Sign language is sometimes provided for 2182: 2135: 1154: 1063:is not a full language, but closer to a 900: 685: 669: 618: 582: 260: 218: 174: 77: 48: 36: 12200: 11392:Manually coded language in South Africa 7527:List Serv for Sign Language Linguistics 7244: 7100: 6972: 6582: 6376: 6331: 6131: 5956:. Oxford University Press. 2003-01-01. 5511:Zeshan, Ulrike; de Vos, Connie (2012). 5242:"Traductor de español a LSE – Apertium" 5117: 5048: 3343:Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 3198:Mercury, the Swift and Silent Messenger 3126:. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. 3118: 1429:; it also at least strongly influenced 1209:are largely mutually intelligible with 1125:; this was a contact signing system or 555:by means of changes of movement, and a 425:and other international organisations. 14: 12534: 7229:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 7205:Deaf in America: Voices from a culture 7097:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6545:, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston 6541:Patterson, F.G. and Linden E. (1981), 6501:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 6073:An Introduction to Linguistic Typology 5482:, Oxford UK: Oxford University Press, 5329:Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina 4604:African Sign Languages Resource Center 4545:African Sign Languages Resource Center 4524: 4501:African Sign Languages Resource Center 4416:. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 4266: 4056:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3926:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3851: 3726:"American Sign Language: "parameters"" 3483:McKee, Rachel; Napier, Jemina (2002). 3478: 3476: 3052: 2759:List of international common standards 2161:, different from any spoken language. 2049:A sign language arose among tribes of 1802:the way adult signers would use them. 725: 12199: 12121: 11995:High-context and low-context cultures 11766: 11728: 9644: 7660: 7599: 7227:What the hands reveal about the brain 6851:Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology 6719: 6492: 6474:Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees 5848:from the original on 14 November 2023 5818:from the original on 14 November 2023 5715: 5525: 5298: 4957:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press 4797: 4725: 4569:Pinto, Mariana Correia (2017-11-14). 4568: 4358:"Chapter 18: Emerging sign languages" 4182: 4115: 4113: 4085: 3968: 3559: 2877:from the original on 13 February 2018 2856: 2854: 2852: 2837:Machine translation of sign languages 2804:Sign language in infants and toddlers 635:video informing viewers of their new 12344:Computer processing of body language 12122: 7381:, Human Development, Vol. 44, No. 6. 7367:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 7365:Concise Lexicon for Sign Linguistics 7057: 7020:Sections for primary sign languages 6548: 6535: 6479: 6466: 6413: 6370: 6325: 6312: 6287: 6239:highlands, with special emphasis on 5866: 5384: 5063: 4907:Australian Aboriginal sign languages 4744:Australian Aboriginal sign languages 4696:(21st ed.). SIL International. 4312: 3055:Open your eyes: Deaf studies talking 2969:(24th ed.), SIL International, 2683:Origin of language § Gestural theory 2376:Language endangerment and extinction 2363:The Sign Union flag was designed by 2095: 2020:Australian Aboriginal sign languages 1965:gene pool. Famous examples include: 1913:Federal University of Santa Catarina 1826:Dictionary of American Sign Language 1473:, or may be one dialect of a larger 1115:Aboriginal Australian sign languages 1074:Australian Aboriginal sign languages 804:BSL means "boring" or "unpleasant". 736:Sign languages convey much of their 363:, by using their own sign language. 12359:List of facial expression databases 12349:Emotion recognition in conversation 11703: 11694: 11672: 8429:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL) 5213:"Biblioteca de signos – Materiales" 4909:(at least 14 different languages), 4592: 4040:Silver Spring, MD: T.J. Publishers. 3528:Carlisle: British Deaf Association. 3473: 3171:Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library 2754:Legal recognition of sign languages 2168:(LSF) and spoken French in France, 2102:Legal recognition of sign languages 1733:Linguistic typology (going back to 1258:São Tomé and Príncipe Sign Language 1159:Young students learn some words of 579:Relationships with spoken languages 24: 9742:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti 9356:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain) 7392: 6994:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 6771:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5879:from the original on 17 April 2022 5703:from the original on 24 April 2023 5051:Language, Cognition, and the Brain 4694:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 4533: 4298:Metaphor in American Sign Language 4110: 3870:from the original on 12 April 2014 3723: 3425: 2966:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 2849: 2827:Sociolinguistics of sign languages 2784:Modern Sign Language communication 2350: 2328:, some recent deep learning based 2172:(LSE) to spoken Spanish in Spain, 1919: 1232:includes the following languages: 605:spoken language expressed in signs 232:Alphabets - Ghanaian Sign Language 25: 12578: 12243:Childhood disintegrative disorder 7625: 7584:to help reach a consensus. › 7494: 7489:John Benjamins Publishing Company 6259:"Change Request Number: 2016-002" 5599:from the original on 7 March 2022 5179:Herrero Blanco, Ángel L. (2003). 4896:) have acquired auxiliary usages. 3913:Silver Spring, MD: Linstok Press. 3057:. University of Minnesota Press. 2993:Atlas of Sign Language Structures 2553:Manual codes for spoken languages 2125: 1938:Deaf communities and Deaf culture 1152:including prosody and phonetics. 890: 59:Preservation of the Sign Language 11324: 11115:Sandy River Valley Sign Language 6969:, 2.187–204. Tübingen: Niemeyer. 6856: 6853:, 5th edition, Worth Publishers. 6843: 6830: 6787: 6774: 6761: 6748: 6713: 6688: 6663: 6630: 6605: 6576: 6246: 6221: 6196: 6187: 6158: 6114:University of Central Lancashire 6102: 6090:from the original on 26 May 2024 6025: 5984: 5944: 5915: 5891: 5830: 5800: 5796:from the original on 2018-03-29. 5763: 5749:Bell Laboratories RECORD (1969) 5678: 5653: 5640: 5636:from the original on 2021-08-16. 5611: 5585: 5495: 5309:from the original on 13 May 2018 5082:from the original on 2017-12-01. 4905:Wittmann includes in this class 4780:Thai Hill-Country sign languages 4722:is now up to 137 sign languages. 4004:Language and Cognitive Processes 3798:Journal of University of Raparin 3187:, online (Spanish) scan of book. 2532:Sandy River Valley Sign Language 2267:, either with a special-purpose 1805: 1437:, which is in the French family. 1336:Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) 794:Sign Language of the Netherlands 666:Spatial grammar and simultaneity 609:language processing in the brain 11705: 11696: 11674: 11642:U.S. Army hand and arm signals 10726:Far North Queensland Indigenous 9348:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign) 7484:Sign Language & Linguistics 7235:, & Ann J. Premack (1983). 7130:Lane, Harlan L. (Ed.). (1984). 6938:Essays in honor of Noam Chomsky 6883: 6619:from the original on 2008-02-07 6275:from the original on 2016-01-28 6120:from the original on 2021-08-23 6007:from the original on 2016-11-01 5970:from the original on 2023-01-14 5933:from the original on 2016-03-07 5667:from the original on 2007-04-23 5574:from the original on 2024-05-26 5444:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.07.016 5419: 5378: 5367:from the original on 2012-01-11 5342: 5321: 5263: 5252:from the original on 2019-07-03 5234: 5205: 5172: 5111: 5086: 5057: 5042: 4993: 4960: 4937: 4920: 4899: 4885: 4756:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language 4711: 4700:from the original on 2008-07-25 4681: 4672: 4661:from the original on 2012-01-14 4647: 4621: 4610:from the original on 2024-05-13 4581:from the original on 2024-05-13 4562: 4551:from the original on 2024-05-13 4518: 4507:from the original on 2024-05-13 4489: 4477:from the original on 2008-09-21 4459:from the original on 2011-06-04 4444: 4406: 4395:from the original on 2023-01-14 4341: 4251: 4242: 4211: 4176: 4167: 4148: 4092:Sign Language & Linguistics 4079: 4059: 3995: 3962: 3929: 3916: 3903: 3882: 3845: 3834:from the original on 2022-12-04 3785: 3760: 3747: 3736:from the original on 2021-11-29 3717: 3697: 3661: 3652: 3628: 3617:from the original on 2023-01-14 3590: 3531: 3518: 3507:from the original on 2024-05-26 3489:Sign Language & Linguistics 3456: 3412: 3403: 3382: 3369: 3334: 3323:from the original on 2023-01-04 3273: 3262:from the original on 2010-06-02 3248: 3239: 3226: 3223:, London: Humphrey and Moseley. 3213: 3203: 3190: 3178:from the original on 2021-10-04 3153: 3071: 2973:from the original on 2019-04-02 2504:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language 1979:Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language 1970:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language 1898:Sistema de escritura alfabética 1506:Providence Island Sign Language 1502:Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language 1284:are thought to be members of a 1090:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language 699:in ASL (American Sign Language) 682:in ASL (American Sign Language) 11767: 11463:Bilingual–bicultural education 10783:Western Torres Strait Islander 9857:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese) 7834:Western Torres Strait Islander 7388:. San Diego, CA: College-Hill. 7178:. Gallaudet University Press. 6591:. Cambridge University Press. 6208:Child & Family Development 5646:Sarah C. E. Batterbury. 2012. 5027:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-B2E1-B 3033: 3010: 2983: 2956: 2899: 2889: 2863: 2612: 2441:Jamaican Country Sign Language 2330:machine translation algorithms 1782: 1405:. This group may also include 1113:languages such as the various 428: 13: 1: 12552:Language varieties and styles 10535:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq) 9683:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa) 9545:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa) 9294:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq) 8801:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu) 7569: 7544:Mallery, Garrick. 1879–1880. 7123:10.1525/aa.1940.42.1.02a00020 6992:Gordon, Raymond, ed. (2008). 6985:Goldin-Meadow, Susan (2003), 6670:Anderson, Stephen R. (2004). 5726:"Sign Language on Television" 4471:"South African Sign Language" 4450:See Gordon (2008), under nsr 3969:Bross, Fabian; Hole, Daniel. 3468:Language, gesture, and space. 3043:. European Union of the Deaf. 2843: 2627:in order to communicate with 2423:Finland-Swedish Sign Language 2231: 1932: 1458:(VGT) though this is unclear. 1448:, used in Hong Kong and Macau 1286:Japanese Sign Language family 1242:Finland-Swedish Sign Language 1096:Deaf-community sign languages 1018:Japanese Sign Language family 9121:Providence Island (Provisle) 8771:North West Frontier Province 7262:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90036-8 7052:The Sign Languages of Africa 6564:10.1017/CBO9780511665486.021 6513:10.1016/0149-7634(85)90012-0 6452:10.1126/science.165.3894.664 6391:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90036-8 5391:Perception and Psychophysics 5358:Deaf Studies Digital Journal 5277:(in Spanish). Archived from 4977:10.1017/CBO9780511486777.003 4772:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language 4348:Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy; 3811:10.26750/Vol(8).No(3).Paper6 3441:. 2014-02-06. Archived from 2779:Metacommunicative competence 2605:(sometimes "kitchen sign"). 2589: 2320:With recent developments in 1754:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language 1475:Eastern Arabic Sign Language 1230:Swedish Sign Language Family 1059:In non-signing communities, 1000:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language 963:Swedish Sign Language family 815: 807:Discourse functions such as 423:World Federation of the Deaf 403:World Federation of the Deaf 381:American School for the Deaf 148:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language 41:Two men and a woman signing 7: 12260:Nonverbal learning disorder 11838:Speech-independent gestures 11811:Facial Action Coding System 10721:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke) 7440:American Annals of the Deaf 7174:Madsen, Willard J. (1982), 6697:An introduction to language 6672:Doctor Doolittle's Delusion 6070:Velupillai, Viveka (2012). 5627:Modern Language Association 4850:(with possible admixture), 4760:Plains Indian Sign Language 3375:Hay, A. and Lee, R. (2004) 2691: 2465:Plains Indian Sign Language 2459:Old Chiangmai Sign Language 2212:such as those given by the 2063:Plains Indian Sign Language 1722: 1292:French Sign Language family 1193:South African Sign Language 1123:Plains Indian Sign Language 1037:South African Sign Language 983:& some Thai and Lao SLs 972:German Sign Language family 914:French Sign Language family 655:than it does with English. 10: 12583: 12000:Interpersonal relationship 11801:Body-to-body communication 11592:Mimics and Gesture Theatre 10801:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo) 10731:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme) 9517:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL) 9371:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu) 8791:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa) 8185:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel) 7478:Gallaudet University Press 7445:Gallaudet University Press 7222:Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 7149:. New York: Random House. 6940:, 81–91. New York: Falmer. 6320:Action, Gesture and Symbol 4812:Kod Tangan Bahasa Malaysia 4764:Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language 4069:New York: Academic Press. 3922:Liddell, Scott K. (2003). 3388:Charles de La Fin (1692). 3258:. Bris.ac.uk. 2000-11-07. 3159:Pablo Bonet, J. de (1620) 2996:, Sign-hub, archived from 2680: 2616: 2593: 2575: 2556: 2294: 2258:1964 New York World's Fair 2129: 2099: 2006:Yucatec Maya Sign Language 1941: 1924:For a native signer, sign 1786: 1726: 1254:Cape Verdian Sign Language 1039:(within the BANZSL family) 894: 729: 599:, by a school for the deaf 512:, from the Greek word for 168: 164: 127:unable to physically speak 29: 12491: 12465: 12405: 12398: 12372: 12336: 12300: 12273: 12210: 12206: 12195: 12128: 12117: 12073: 12050: 12013: 11965: 11900: 11779: 11775: 11762: 11670: 11605: 11574: 11503: 11480: 11455: 11370: 11347: 11336: 11288: 11190: 11128: 11057: 11019: 10984: 10868: 10837:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL) 10700: 10410: 10095: 9786: 9651: 9637: 9578: 9276:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo) 9134: 9109: 9086:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam) 9070: 9053: 8934: 8925: 8907: 8879: 8843: 8809: 8781: 8735: 8707: 8670: 8634: 8613: 8592: 8571: 8550: 8516: 8493:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL) 8475: 8466: 8436: 8419: 8402: 8363: 8339: 8257: 8246: 8170: 8161: 8132: 8119: 8110: 8075: 8033: 7988:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL) 7978: 7969: 7939: 7910: 7897: 7888: 7855: 7846: 7821: 7793: 7667: 7651: 7643:List by number of signers 7633: 7160:Madell, Samantha (1998). 7026:Browse by Language Family 7022:Browse by Language Family 7016:January 13, 2013, at the 6322:New York: Academic Press. 5544:10.1080/01459740802222807 4915:Sri Lankan sign languages 4864:Sri Lankan sign languages 4814:(manually signed Malay), 4369:. Vol. 2. New York: 4016:10.1080/01690960500139363 3909:Battison, Robbin (1978). 3634:Stokoe, William C. 1960. 3466:& Judy Reilly (eds). 3433:"How Sign Language Works" 2522:Pitta Pitta sign language 2516:Old Kentish Sign Language 2494:Angami Naga Sign Language 2471:Providencia Sign Language 2453:Old Bangkok Sign Language 2397:Endangered sign languages 2308:video remote interpreting 2297:Video remote interpreting 991:Arab sign-language family 981:Vietnamese sign languages 415:International Sign Pidgin 359:'s mute younger brother, 314:New Zealand Sign Language 61:, George W. Veditz (1913) 12415:Behavioral communication 11402:Paget Gorman Sign System 10856:Samoa and American Samoa 9646:Sign languages by region 9431:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem) 9157:Albarradas Sign Language 9147:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL) 8980:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk 8832:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL) 8796:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo) 8048:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL) 7662:Sign languages by family 7582:templates for discussion 7145:Lane, Harlan L. (1984). 7050:Kamei, Nobutaka (2004). 6000:, Melbourne, Australia, 5217:www.cervantesvirtual.com 4792:Nohya Maya Sign Language 4778:, and maybe the various 4453:"Maritime Sign Language" 3854:"What is Sign Language?" 3537:Bar-Tzur, David (2002). 3053:Bauman, Dirksen (2008). 2871:"What is Sign Language?" 2744:Intercultural competence 2537:Warluwarra sign language 2510:Old French Sign Language 2477:Rennellese Sign Language 1486:Nicaraguan Sign Language 1440:The southern dialect of 1383:Philippine Sign Language 1246:Portuguese Sign Language 1219:Portuguese Sign Language 1195:are also related to BSL. 1100:Nicaraguan Sign Language 1045: Isolated languages 849:Japanese sound symbolism 549:classifier constructions 377:Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet 368:Charles-Michel de l'Épée 357:Veerapandiya Kattabomman 171:History of sign language 113:Wherever communities of 11855:Interpersonal synchrony 11756:Nonverbal communication 11647:Monastic sign languages 11495:Television shows (list) 11468:Manually coded language 11301:Hamburg Notation System 9094:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst) 8340:Indonesian (Nusantaric) 8063:Finnish (Viittomakieli) 8000:Northern Ireland (NISL) 7551:Smithsonian Institution 7522:(in French and English) 7502:specific sign languages 7500:Note: the articles for 7467:Oxford University Press 7311:Handbook of linguistics 7110:American Anthropologist 7031:Groce, Nora E. (1988). 6767:Kimura, Doreen (1993). 5694:static1.squarespace.com 5049:Emmorey, Karen (2002). 4953:Brentari, Diane (1998) 4894:Adamorobe Sign Language 4752:Monastic sign languages 4736:Adamorobe Sign Language 4371:Oxford University Press 3280:Montgomery, G. (2002). 3236:. Oxford: Halton, 1680. 2724:Chinese number gestures 2559:Manually coded language 2405:Adamorobe Sign Language 2341:Brazilian Sign Language 2322:artificial intelligence 2120:Communications Act 2003 1997:Adamorobe Sign Language 1850:-friendly known as the 1838:Hamburg Notation System 1711:) were the products of 1446:Hong Kong Sign Language 1399:Hungarian Sign Language 1387:Malaysian Sign Language 1352:Hungarian Sign Language 1344:Ukrainian Sign Language 1278:Taiwanese Sign Language 1268:Pakistani Sign Language 1207:Icelandic Sign Language 1203:Norwegian Sign Language 1146:Adamorobe Sign Language 591:on Holečkova Street in 452:Sign languages are not 209:monastic sign languages 207:Debate around European 135:children of deaf adults 100:nonverbal communication 32:manually coded language 12567:Education for the deaf 12452:Monastic sign lexicons 12143:Emotional intelligence 11618:CHCI chimpanzee center 11387:Manually coded English 11085:Henniker Sign Language 10751:Warumungu (Warramunga) 10736:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka) 9730:Hausa (Magannar Hannu) 7638:List of sign languages 7518:Langue:Signes du Monde 7093:Kendon, Adam. (1988). 6782:The Melody of Language 6613:"Animal Communication" 6583:Wallman, Joel (1992). 6485:Terrace, H.S. (1979). 5728:. RNID. Archived from 5526:Kisch, Shifra (2008). 5018:10.1515/lity-2013-0019 4911:Monastic sign language 4776:Japanese Sign Language 4740:Armenian Sign Language 4525:Jepsen, Julie (2015). 3692:Language from the body 3554:International gesture. 3418:Canlas, Loida (2006). 3196:Wilkins, John (1641). 2873:. Linguistic society. 2764:List of sign languages 2499:Henniker Sign Language 2486:Extinct sign languages 2447:Maritime Sign Language 2411:Ban Khor Sign Language 2360: 2292: 2241: 2214:Mayor of New York City 2197: 2178:American Sign Language 2149: 1897: 1494:Armenian Sign Language 1435:Austrian Sign Language 1363:Bolivian Sign Language 1348:Austrian Sign Language 1312:American Sign Language 1274:Japanese Sign Language 1250:Eritrean Sign Language 1189:Maritime Sign Language 1168: 1167:where Suliphone works. 1053: 923:American Sign Language 897:List of sign languages 830:In 1978, psychologist 705:tactile sign languages 700: 683: 649:American Sign Language 640: 600: 385:Edward Miner Gallaudet 322: 320:appeared in 1698 with 270: 254: 233: 186: 181: 62: 46: 43:American Sign Language 12442:Impression management 11442:Signing Exact English 11382:Indian Signing System 11105:Plateau Sign Language 10479:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq) 10056:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda) 9586:Amami Shuwa languages 9259:Guatemalan (Lensegua) 9199:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda) 9178:Caucasian (Harsneren) 9126:Old Cayman (Guyanese) 8654:Norwegian (Tegnspråk) 8626:French Belgian (LSFB) 8058:Swedish (Teckenspråk) 7473:Sign Language Studies 7384:Wilbur, R.B. (1987). 7189:O'Reilly, S. (2005). 7168:June 8, 2011, at the 7024:and alternative ones 6908:10.1353/lan.2005.0043 6543:The education of Koko 6476:, Albany: SUNY Press. 6268:. SIL International. 6184:London: SOAS. p. 271. 5299:Galea, Maria (2014). 5159:Dorothy C. Casterline 5134:10.1515/ijsl.2008.036 4768:Chinese Sign Language 4327:10.1353/lan.2010.0044 4281:10.1515/cogl.2004.005 4269:Cognitive Linguistics 4157:Sign Language Studies 4104:10.1075/sll.22003.bro 3940:. De Gruyter Mouton. 3852:Perlmutter, David M. 3703:Fabian Bross (2016). 3577:The signs of language 3501:10.1075/sll.5.1.04mck 3438:Stuff You Should Know 3355:10.1044/jshd.2502.145 3301:10.1353/sls.2002.0010 3289:Sign Language Studies 2815:Sign Language Studies 2527:Plateau Sign Language 2429:Hawai'i Sign Language 2417:Benkala Sign Language 2390:Hawai'i Sign Language 2358: 2290: 2239: 2202:television programmes 2195: 2174:British Sign Language 2170:Spanish Sign Language 2139: 2116:Broadcasting Act 1996 1903:Spanish Sign Language 1490:Turkish Sign Language 1456:Flemish Sign Language 1454:may be the source of 1442:Chinese Sign Language 1431:Israeli Sign Language 1375:Ugandan Sign Language 1350:(along with its twin 1340:Catalan Sign Language 1332:Mexican Sign Language 1328:Spanish Sign Language 1320:Russian Sign Language 1304:Italian Sign Language 1238:Finnish Sign Language 1234:Swedish Sign Language 1224:British Sign Language 1215:Finnish Sign Language 1211:Swedish Sign Language 1158: 1085:village sign language 1009:Chinese Sign Language 933:Russian Sign Language 904: 873:Israeli Sign Language 856:cognitive linguistics 695:Another variation of 694: 678: 645:British Sign Language 630: 586: 542:cultural transmission 498:place of articulation 474:duality of patterning 439:duality of patterning 419:International Gesture 351:against the British, 306:British Sign Language 264: 231: 178: 82:mutually intelligible 57: 40: 12457:Verbal communication 12410:Animal communication 12328:Targeted advertising 11845:Haptic communication 11690:French Sign Language 11397:Manually Coded Malay 11205:British (two-handed) 11141:Bimodal bilingualism 10771:Far North Queensland 10079:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd) 9601:Sri Lankan languages 9532:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL) 9436:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd) 8947:Chaticks si Chaticks 8927:Plains Sign Language 8845:Mayan (Meemul Tziij) 8347:Indonesian (Bisindo) 8025:South African (SASL) 7748:Far North Queensland 7407:Simon & Schuster 7106:"Stimulus diffusion" 6722:Current Anthropology 5927:Endangered Languages 5867:Durr, Patti (2020). 5532:Medical Anthropology 4784:French Sign Language 4088:"What is iconicity?" 3753:Emmorey, K. (2002). 2774:Manual communication 2166:French Sign Language 2146:Przystanek Woodstock 2142:Polish Sign Language 1789:Language acquisition 1427:Polish Sign Language 1423:German Sign Language 1403:Slovak Sign Language 1379:Kenyan Sign Language 1308:Quebec Sign Language 1300:French Sign Language 1296:French Sign Language 1282:Korean Sign Language 1266:(ISL) is similar to 1264:Indian Sign Language 1201:and its descendants 1199:Danish Sign Language 1119:Yolngu Sign Language 1104:Bamako Sign Language 953:Danish Sign Language 516:, by analogy to the 401:and meetings of the 389:Gallaudet University 353:Veeran Sundaralingam 12466:Non-verbal language 12354:Gesture recognition 12201:Further information 12091:Emotion recognition 12042:Silent service code 9612:Tanzanian languages 9591:Ethiopian languages 9558:Nanabin (NanabinSL) 8649:Icelandic (Táknmál) 8364:Francophone African 8322:Puerto Rican (PRSL) 8180:Swiss-German (DSGS) 8111:Chilean-Paraguayan- 7539:The MUSSLAP Project 7241:. New York: Norton. 6796:Nature Neuroscience 6434:1969Sci...165..664G 6140:Canadian Psychology 5339:on 29 January 2021. 5006:Linguistic Typology 4866:, and perhaps BSL, 4788:Lyons Sign Language 4296:Wilcox, P. (2000). 2912:Human Brain Mapping 2809:Sign language media 2799:Sign language glove 2435:Inuit Sign Language 2359:The Sign Union flag 2315:video relay service 2301:Video relay service 2281:special videophones 2144:interpreter at the 1762:Subject-verb-object 1758:Subject-object-verb 1729:Linguistic typology 1691:". The families of 1521: 1469:) may be part of a 1452:Lyons Sign Language 1425:(DGS) gave rise to 1395:Czech Sign Language 1356:Czech Sign Language 1324:Dutch Sign Language 1316:Irish Sign Language 1109:Both contrast with 943:Czech Sign Language 770:Czech Sign Language 726:Non-manual elements 551:, a high degree of 447:subordinate clauses 318:two-handed alphabet 214:Pedro Ponce de León 12492:Art and literature 12447:Meta-communication 12435:Passive-aggressive 12364:Sentiment analysis 12065:Non-verbal leakage 11613:Baby sign language 11511:Jabbar Baghtcheban 10992:International Sign 10895:Brazilian (Libras) 10809:New Zealand (NZSL) 10756:Mudbura (Mudburra) 10684:Sandy River Valley 10663:Keresan (Keresign) 10254:Yugoslav (Kosovar) 9625:International Sign 9606:Sudanese languages 9229:Navajo/Diné Family 9043:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e 8881:Original Thai Sign 8659:Danish (Tegnsprog) 8202:Brazilian (Libras) 8015:New Zealand (NZSL) 7532:2004-10-13 at the 7425:The New York Times 7418:Quenqua, Douglas. 7358:Stokoe, William C. 7348:Stokoe, William C. 7238:The mind of an ape 7102:Kroeber, Alfred L. 6869:2022-01-21 at the 6346:10.1007/bf01730971 6296:The Mind of an Ape 6180:2015-09-24 at the 5904:2021-08-31 at the 5812:Cision PR Newswire 5756:2012-06-23 at the 5404:10.3758/bf03212211 5155:Stokoe, William C. 5064:Mayberry, Rachel. 4971:. pp. 35–36. 4808:Providencia Island 4627:Fischer, Susan D. 4497:"State of Eritrea" 4086:Bross, F. (2024). 3897:2013-05-19 at the 3710:2018-03-17 at the 3641:2013-12-02 at the 3547:2017-11-11 at the 3232:Dalgarno, George. 3219:Bulwer, J. (1648) 3106:2023-01-27 at the 3095:2023-01-27 at the 3083:2023-01-27 at the 3022:2023-09-23 at the 2789:Origin of language 2749:International Sign 2578:Baby sign language 2361: 2293: 2246:telecommunications 2242: 2198: 2150: 1689:stimulus diffusion 1519: 1461:Sign languages of 1367:Thai Sign Language 1354:and its offspring 1169: 1054: 701: 684: 641: 601: 395:International Sign 355:communicated with 297:manual alphabets. 271: 234: 187: 179:Juan Pablo Bonet, 78:non-manual markers 63: 47: 18:Deaf sign language 12529: 12528: 12525: 12524: 12521: 12520: 12517: 12516: 12223:Asperger syndrome 12191: 12190: 12173:Social competence 12113: 12112: 12109: 12108: 11915:Emotional prosody 11821:Subtle expression 11806:Facial expression 11722: 11721: 11715:extinct languages 11637:Legal recognition 11516:Jeanette Berglind 11476: 11475: 11177:Nonmanual feature 11090:Martha's Vineyard 11015: 11014: 10669:Martha's Vineyard 10164:Faroese (Teknmál) 9886:Al-Sayyid Bedouin 9696:Bouakako (LaSiBo) 9633: 9632: 9618:Zimsign languages 9596:Laotian languages 9480:Rwandan (AKR/AMR) 9239:Ecuadorian (LSEC) 9184:Azerbaijani (AİD) 9105: 9104: 8703: 8702: 8546: 8545: 8462: 8461: 8452:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG) 8157: 8156: 8085:Chinese (CSL/ZGS) 8071: 8070: 7965: 7964: 7935: 7934: 7842: 7841: 7697:Eltye eltyarrenke 7677: 7676:multiple families 7556:Project Gutenberg 7414:978-0-7432-4712-2 7184:978-0-913580-79-0 7090:. John Benjamins. 7006:978-1-55671-159-6 6998:SIL International 6706:978-1-4130-1773-1 6681:978-0-300-10339-7 6656:978-0-8142-5076-1 6598:978-0-521-40666-6 6428:(3894): 664–672. 5908:, pp. 255–264 in 5489:978-0-195-14997-5 5246:wiki.apertium.org 5163:Carl G. Croneberg 5104:978-0-19-803996-9 4892:(such as ASL and 4577:(in Portuguese). 4380:978-0-19-539003-2 3778:978-07-92-30936-9 3690:Taub, S. (2001). 3610:978-90-272-1230-6 3552:Moody, W. (1987). 3064:978-0-8166-4619-7 2924:10.1002/hbm.25254 2226:closed captioning 2210:press conferences 2193: 2155:natural languages 2096:Legal recognition 1844:David J. Peterson 1828:, is an abstract 1820:, devised by Dr. 1684: 1683: 1161:Lao sign language 865:cognitive grammar 859:representation (" 732:Nonmanual feature 692: 676: 628: 520:, from Greek for 504:, and non-manual 337:Charles de La Fin 229: 159:legal recognition 55: 16:(Redirected from 12574: 12403: 12402: 12380:Ray Birdwhistell 12208: 12207: 12197: 12196: 12123:Broader concepts 12119: 12118: 12096:First impression 11777: 11776: 11764: 11763: 11749: 11742: 11735: 11726: 11725: 11709: 11700: 11678: 11566:Pierre Pélissier 11551:Thomas Gallaudet 11526:Thomas Braidwood 11357:Initialized sign 11345: 11344: 11328: 10813:Papua New Guinea 10716:Australian-Irish 10422:Plains Sign Talk 10302:Northern Ireland 10298:Northern Ireland 9821:Hong Kong (HKSL) 9642: 9641: 9421:Nicaraguan (ISN) 9336:Kenyan (KSL/LAK) 9152:Albanian (AlbSL) 8932: 8931: 8746:Bangalore-Madras 8727:Israeli (Shassi) 8695:Thai (TSL/MSTSL) 8605:Honduran (LESHO) 8473: 8472: 8331:Singapore (SgSL) 8267:Black ASL (BASL) 8255: 8254: 8195:Australian-Irish 8168: 8167: 8117: 8116: 8093:Hong Kong (HKSL) 8053:Portuguese (LGP) 8043:Eritrean (EriSL) 7976: 7975: 7895: 7894: 7853: 7852: 7791: 7790: 7675: 7658: 7657: 7620: 7613: 7606: 7597: 7596: 7523: 7285:Sacks, Oliver W. 7281: 7127: 7125: 7070: 6996:, 15th edition. 6982: 6950:(Eds.). (2000). 6929: 6919: 6878: 6860: 6854: 6847: 6841: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6791: 6785: 6778: 6772: 6765: 6759: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6644: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6590: 6580: 6574: 6552: 6546: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6496: 6490: 6489:New York: Knopf. 6483: 6477: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6445: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6357: 6329: 6323: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6291: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6274: 6263: 6250: 6244: 6237:Papua New Guinea 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6200: 6194: 6191: 6185: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6152:10.1037/h0086880 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6067: 6042: 6041: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6016: 6008: 6006: 5999: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5975: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5919: 5913: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5788: 5778: 5767: 5761: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5722: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5702: 5691: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5657: 5651: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5624: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5475: 5466: 5465: 5455: 5438:(41–53): 41–53. 5423: 5417: 5416: 5406: 5385:Kuhl, P (1991). 5382: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5366: 5355: 5346: 5340: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5219:. Archived from 5209: 5203: 5202: 5176: 5170: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5070: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5029: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4964: 4958: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4924: 4918: 4903: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4804: 4795: 4732: 4723: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4685: 4679: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4651: 4645: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4493: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4448: 4442: 4435: 4424: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4362: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4310: 4301: 4294: 4285: 4284: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4117: 4108: 4107: 4083: 4077: 4063: 4057: 4050: 4041: 4034: 4028: 4027: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988:10.5334/gjgl.106 3966: 3960: 3959: 3933: 3927: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3869: 3858: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3813: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3764: 3758: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3721: 3715: 3701: 3695: 3688: 3677: 3668:Johnston, Trevor 3665: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3594: 3588: 3569:Klima, Edward S. 3566: 3557: 3535: 3529: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3480: 3471: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3429: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3286: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3194: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3157: 3151: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3116: 3110: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3050: 3044: 3037: 3031: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3006: 3005: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2943: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2794:Origin of speech 2326:computer science 2194: 2051:American Indians 1900: 1777:cardinal numbers 1745:/concatenating, 1741:classes such as 1522: 1518: 1142:gestural systems 1133:Language contact 1050: 1044: 1034: 1024: 1015: 1006: 997: 988: 978: 969: 960: 950: 940: 930: 920: 911: 882:Many signs have 693: 677: 633:Welsh Government 629: 325: 257: 250:Juan Pablo Bonet 230: 184: 89:natural language 70:signed languages 56: 21: 12582: 12581: 12577: 12576: 12575: 12573: 12572: 12571: 12532: 12531: 12530: 12513: 12504:Mimoplastic art 12487: 12478:Tactile signing 12461: 12394: 12368: 12332: 12296: 12269: 12202: 12187: 12163:Social behavior 12124: 12105: 12069: 12060:Microexpression 12046: 12030:One-bit message 12009: 11961: 11896: 11816:Microexpression 11771: 11758: 11753: 11723: 11718: 11666: 11652:Tactile signing 11601: 11570: 11499: 11472: 11451: 11427:Signed Japanese 11373: 11366: 11339: 11332: 11306:Stokoe notation 11284: 11186: 11146:Phonology (ASL) 11124: 11059: 11053: 11011: 10980: 10879:Argentine (LSA) 10864: 10696: 10519:New Costa Rican 10514:Old Costa Rican 10414: 10412: 10406: 10290:North Macedonia 10091: 9782: 9717:Bamako (LaSiMa) 9647: 9629: 9579:Other groupings 9574: 9426:Old Costa Rican 9401:Burkina (Mossi) 9381:Mauritian (MSL) 9254:Ghardaia (AJSL) 9167:Argentine (LSA) 9130: 9112: 9101: 9066: 9049: 8921: 8903: 8875: 8839: 8805: 8777: 8738: 8731: 8699: 8666: 8636:Danish (Tegnic) 8630: 8609: 8588: 8567: 8542: 8517:Yugoslavic Sign 8512: 8483:Bulgarian (БЖЕ) 8468: 8458: 8447:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG) 8432: 8422:Hoailona ʻŌlelo 8415: 8398: 8385:Bamako (LaSiMa) 8366:(Françafrosign) 8365: 8359: 8335: 8307:Malaysian (BIM) 8249: 8242: 8217:Valencian (LSV) 8153: 8144:Paraguay (LSPY) 8135: 8128: 8112: 8106: 8067: 8029: 7961: 7931: 7906: 7890: 7884: 7848:Arab (Ishaaric) 7838: 7817: 7789: 7702:Iltyeme iltyeme 7673: 7670: 7663: 7653: 7647: 7629: 7624: 7585: 7534:Wayback Machine 7521: 7497: 7435: 7395: 7393:Further reading 7170:Wayback Machine 7018:Wayback Machine 6948:Lane, Harlan L. 6886: 6881: 6871:Wayback Machine 6861: 6857: 6848: 6844: 6835: 6831: 6792: 6788: 6779: 6775: 6766: 6762: 6753: 6749: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6693: 6689: 6682: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6635: 6631: 6622: 6620: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6581: 6577: 6553: 6549: 6540: 6536: 6497: 6493: 6484: 6480: 6471: 6467: 6443:10.1.1.384.4164 6418: 6414: 6375: 6371: 6330: 6326: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6292: 6288: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6247: 6235:woman from the 6226: 6222: 6213: 6211: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6192: 6188: 6182:Wayback Machine 6163: 6159: 6136: 6132: 6123: 6121: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6091: 6084: 6068: 6045: 6030: 6026: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5997: 5989: 5985: 5973: 5971: 5964: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5936: 5934: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5906:Wayback Machine 5896: 5892: 5882: 5880: 5869:"Arnaud Balard" 5865: 5861: 5851: 5849: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5758:Wayback Machine 5748: 5744: 5735: 5733: 5724: 5723: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5670: 5668: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5648:Language Policy 5645: 5641: 5633: 5622: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5595:. 3 June 2020. 5591: 5590: 5586: 5577: 5575: 5524: 5520: 5509: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5476: 5469: 5424: 5420: 5383: 5379: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5297: 5293: 5284: 5282: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5255: 5253: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5226: 5224: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5191: 5177: 5173: 5153: 5149: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5047: 5043: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4965: 4961: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4938: 4925: 4921: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4886: 4882:sign languages. 4805: 4798: 4733: 4726: 4716: 4712: 4703: 4701: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4664: 4662: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4637:Sign Languages, 4626: 4622: 4613: 4611: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4584: 4582: 4567: 4563: 4554: 4552: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4523: 4519: 4510: 4508: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4469: 4462: 4460: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4436: 4427: 4411: 4407: 4398: 4396: 4381: 4360: 4346: 4342: 4311: 4304: 4295: 4288: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4216: 4212: 4197:10.2307/3823113 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4153: 4149: 4118: 4111: 4084: 4080: 4064: 4060: 4051: 4044: 4035: 4031: 4000: 3996: 3967: 3963: 3948: 3934: 3930: 3921: 3917: 3908: 3904: 3899:Wayback Machine 3889:Nakamura, Karen 3887: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3856: 3850: 3846: 3837: 3835: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3765: 3761: 3752: 3748: 3739: 3737: 3732:. Bill Vicars. 3722: 3718: 3712:Wayback Machine 3702: 3698: 3689: 3680: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3643:Wayback Machine 3633: 3629: 3620: 3618: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3573:Bellugi, Ursula 3567: 3560: 3551: 3549:Wayback Machine 3536: 3532: 3523: 3519: 3510: 3508: 3481: 3474: 3461: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3387: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3339: 3335: 3326: 3324: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3265: 3263: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3231: 3227: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3204: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3164: 3158: 3154: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3133:978-080702204-7 3117: 3113: 3108:Wayback Machine 3097:Wayback Machine 3085:Wayback Machine 3076: 3072: 3065: 3051: 3047: 3038: 3034: 3024:Wayback Machine 3015: 3011: 3003: 3001: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2974: 2961: 2957: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2832:Tactile signing 2699:Animal language 2694: 2685: 2679: 2621: 2615: 2598: 2592: 2580: 2574: 2561: 2555: 2546: 2541: 2482: 2378: 2353: 2351:Sign Union flag 2303: 2295:Main articles: 2234: 2183: 2157:with their own 2134: 2128: 2104: 2098: 1962: 1946: 1940: 1935: 1922: 1920:Sign perception 1818:Stokoe notation 1808: 1791: 1785: 1731: 1725: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1417:sign languages. 1052: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1032: 1030: 1022: 1020: 1013: 1011: 1004: 1002: 995: 993: 986: 984: 976: 974: 967: 965: 958: 956: 948: 946: 938: 936: 928: 926: 918: 916: 909: 899: 893: 875:(ISL) sign for 818: 734: 728: 686: 670: 668: 631:A January 2021 619: 581: 526:characteristics 431: 287:George Dalgarno 280:tactile signing 265:Chirogram from 219: 173: 167: 123:hard of hearing 68:(also known as 49: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12580: 12570: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12547:Sign languages 12544: 12527: 12526: 12523: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12495: 12493: 12489: 12488: 12486: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12469: 12467: 12463: 12462: 12460: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12438: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12412: 12406: 12400: 12396: 12395: 12393: 12392: 12387: 12385:Charles Darwin 12382: 12376: 12374: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12340: 12338: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12304: 12302: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12294: 12289: 12279: 12277: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12251: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12214: 12212: 12204: 12203: 12193: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12115: 12114: 12111: 12110: 12107: 12106: 12104: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12081:Affect display 12077: 12075: 12071: 12070: 12068: 12067: 12062: 12056: 12054: 12048: 12047: 12045: 12044: 12039: 12038: 12037: 12027: 12017: 12015: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11971: 11969: 11967:Social context 11963: 11962: 11960: 11959: 11958: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11917: 11912: 11906: 11904: 11898: 11897: 11895: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11875:Pupil dilation 11872: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11835: 11825: 11824: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11803: 11798: 11789: 11783: 11781: 11773: 11772: 11760: 11759: 11752: 11751: 11744: 11737: 11729: 11720: 11719: 11671: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11615: 11609: 11607: 11603: 11602: 11600: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11578: 11576: 11572: 11571: 11569: 11568: 11563: 11561:William Stokoe 11558: 11553: 11548: 11546:Valerie Sutton 11543: 11538: 11536:Abbé de l'Épée 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11507: 11505: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11497: 11492: 11486: 11484: 11478: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11470: 11465: 11459: 11457: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11447:Signed Swedish 11444: 11439: 11437:Signed Spanish 11434: 11429: 11424: 11422:Signed Italian 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11378: 11376: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11348: 11342: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11330: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11292: 11290: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11265:Serbo-Croatian 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11196: 11194: 11192:Fingerspelling 11188: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11132: 11130: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11063: 11061: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11025: 11023: 11017: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10988: 10986: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10978: 10973: 10970: 10965: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10944: 10939: 10936: 10931: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10915: 10910: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10889: 10884: 10881: 10876: 10872: 10870: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10862: 10857: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10811: 10806: 10803: 10798: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10778:Western Desert 10775: 10774: 10773: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10704: 10702: 10698: 10697: 10695: 10694: 10687: 10680: 10675: 10672: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10652: 10649: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10641: 10636: 10629:American (ASL) 10626: 10623: 10621:Old Salvadoran 10618: 10613: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10597: 10592: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10566: 10561: 10558: 10553: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10537: 10532: 10529: 10524: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10498: 10491: 10488: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10469:Maritime (MSL) 10466: 10461: 10458: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10450: 10445: 10438:American (ASL) 10435: 10432: 10427: 10424: 10418: 10416: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10404: 10399: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10384:Central Taurus 10381: 10378: 10373: 10370: 10365: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10344: 10339: 10336: 10331: 10328: 10323: 10320: 10315: 10312: 10307: 10304: 10299: 10296: 10291: 10288: 10283: 10280: 10275: 10272: 10267: 10264: 10259: 10256: 10251: 10248: 10243: 10240: 10235: 10232: 10227: 10224: 10219: 10216: 10211: 10208: 10203: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10182: 10177: 10174: 10169: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10153: 10148: 10145: 10140: 10139:United Kingdom 10137: 10135:French Belgian 10132: 10127: 10124: 10119: 10116: 10111: 10108: 10103: 10099: 10097: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10089: 10084: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10058: 10053: 10050: 10045: 10042: 10037: 10034: 10029: 10026: 10021: 10018: 10013: 10010: 10005: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9979: 9974: 9971: 9966: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9945: 9940: 9937: 9935:Kazakh-Russian 9932: 9929: 9924: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9867: 9862: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9846: 9841: 9839:Indo-Pakistani 9836: 9831: 9826: 9823: 9818: 9815: 9810: 9807: 9802: 9799: 9794: 9790: 9788: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9780: 9775: 9772: 9767: 9764: 9759: 9756: 9751: 9748: 9743: 9740: 9735: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9706: 9701: 9698: 9693: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9677: 9672: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9655: 9653: 9649: 9648: 9639: 9635: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9609: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9582: 9580: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9552: 9547: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9465: 9460: 9459: 9458: 9451:Peruvian (LSP) 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9396:Miyakubo Shuwa 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9350: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9273: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9234:Dogon/Douentza 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9138: 9136: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9117: 9115: 9107: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9099: 9096: 9091: 9088: 9083: 9080: 9076: 9074: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9064: 9060: 9058: 9056:American (ASL) 9051: 9050: 9048: 9047: 9044: 9041: 9038: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9026: 9023: 9020: 9017: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9002: 8999: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8987: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8975: 8972: 8969: 8966: 8963: 8960: 8957: 8954: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8919: 8917:Namibian (NSL) 8913: 8911: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8885: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8871: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8853: 8849: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8823: 8815: 8813: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8787: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8772: 8769: 8764: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8750: 8747: 8743: 8741: 8737:Indo-Pakistani 8733: 8732: 8730: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8713: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8676: 8674: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8640: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8628: 8623: 8617: 8615: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8596: 8594: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8584:Tunisian (TSL) 8581: 8575: 8573: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8540: 8538:Yugoslav (YSL) 8535: 8532: 8529: 8526: 8524:Croatian (HZJ) 8520: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8479: 8477: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8454: 8443: 8441: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8426: 8424: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8413: 8409: 8407: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8396: 8395:Sierra Leonean 8393: 8390: 8387: 8382: 8379: 8376: 8373: 8369: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8320: 8318:Filipino (FSL) 8315: 8312: 8309: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8269: 8262:American (ASL) 8258: 8252: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8240: 8238:Romanian (LSR) 8235: 8234: 8233: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8175:Algerian (LSA) 8171: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8140: 8138: 8136:Uruguayan Sign 8130: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8124:Chilean (LSCh) 8120: 8114: 8113:Uruguayan Sign 8108: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8081: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8039: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8010:Maritime (MSL) 8007: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7943: 7941: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7898: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7875:Qatari Unified 7872: 7867: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7825: 7823: 7822:Zendath Kesign 7819: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7799: 7797: 7795:Western Desert 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7774: 7772:Worora Kinship 7769: 7764: 7757: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7740: 7735: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7711: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7681: 7679: 7665: 7664: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7623: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7567: 7564:signlangtv.org 7561: 7542: 7536: 7524: 7496: 7495:External links 7493: 7492: 7491: 7480: 7469: 7458: 7447: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7416: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7368: 7361: 7355: 7350:(1960, 1978). 7345: 7322: 7307: 7302: 7282: 7246:Premack, David 7242: 7233:Premack, David 7230: 7223: 7216: 7201:Humphries, Tom 7194: 7187: 7172: 7158: 7143: 7128: 7098: 7091: 7081: 7071: 7055: 7048: 7044: 7029: 6990: 6983: 6970: 6963: 6944:Emmorey, Karen 6941: 6934: 6930: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6855: 6842: 6829: 6786: 6773: 6760: 6747: 6734:10.1086/201401 6712: 6705: 6687: 6680: 6662: 6655: 6629: 6604: 6597: 6587:Aping Language 6575: 6547: 6534: 6507:(4): 653–665. 6491: 6478: 6465: 6412: 6385:(3): 207–296. 6369: 6340:(3): 167–224. 6324: 6311: 6305:978-0393015812 6304: 6286: 6245: 6220: 6195: 6186: 6165:Zeshan, Ulrike 6157: 6130: 6101: 6082: 6043: 6024: 5983: 5962: 5943: 5914: 5890: 5859: 5829: 5799: 5762: 5742: 5714: 5677: 5652: 5639: 5610: 5584: 5552:11245/1.345005 5538:(3): 283–313. 5518: 5503: 5494: 5488: 5467: 5418: 5377: 5341: 5320: 5291: 5262: 5233: 5204: 5189: 5171: 5147: 5128:(192): 75–90. 5110: 5103: 5085: 5056: 5041: 4992: 4985: 4959: 4946: 4936: 4932:relexification 4919: 4898: 4884: 4862:, the various 4832:Indo-Pakistani 4796: 4724: 4710: 4680: 4671: 4657:. 2012-01-14. 4646: 4620: 4591: 4561: 4532: 4517: 4488: 4443: 4425: 4405: 4379: 4340: 4302: 4286: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4234: 4210: 4175: 4166: 4147: 4134:10.2307/412894 4128:(3): 696–719. 4109: 4078: 4058: 4042: 4029: 4010:(5): 608–635. 3994: 3961: 3946: 3928: 3915: 3902: 3881: 3844: 3804:(3): 110–132. 3784: 3777: 3759: 3746: 3730:ASL University 3724:Vicars, Bill. 3716: 3696: 3678: 3660: 3651: 3627: 3609: 3589: 3558: 3530: 3517: 3472: 3464:Emmorey, Karen 3455: 3424: 3411: 3402: 3381: 3368: 3349:(2): 145–151. 3333: 3295:(3): 322–334. 3272: 3247: 3238: 3225: 3212: 3202: 3189: 3152: 3139: 3132: 3111: 3070: 3063: 3045: 3032: 3009: 2982: 2955: 2918:(3): 699–712. 2898: 2888: 2862: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2714:Fingerspelling 2711: 2706: 2701: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2681:Main article: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2663: 2617:Main article: 2614: 2611: 2594:Main article: 2591: 2588: 2576:Main article: 2573: 2570: 2557:Main article: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2377: 2374: 2352: 2349: 2273:video services 2233: 2230: 2130:Main article: 2127: 2126:Interpretation 2124: 2112:United Kingdom 2100:Main article: 2097: 2094: 2013: 2012: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1976: 1961: 1958: 1942:Main article: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1921: 1918: 1908: 1907: 1893: 1879: 1865: 1855: 1841: 1834: 1822:William Stokoe 1807: 1804: 1784: 1781: 1724: 1721: 1717:relexification 1707:(and possibly 1682: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1665: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1510: 1509: 1478: 1459: 1449: 1438: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1390: 1371:mixed language 1358:) and others. 1289: 1271: 1261: 1227: 1196: 1150:areal features 1047: 1041: 1031: 1021: 1012: 1003: 994: 985: 975: 966: 957: 947: 937: 927: 917: 908: 892: 891:Classification 889: 837:Elissa Newport 817: 814: 730:Main article: 727: 724: 667: 664: 589:Zuzana Čížková 580: 577: 430: 427: 239:Cabeza de Vaca 169:Main article: 166: 163: 66:Sign languages 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12579: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12542:Sign language 12540: 12539: 12537: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12494: 12490: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12473:Sign language 12471: 12470: 12468: 12464: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12417: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12407: 12404: 12401: 12397: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12375: 12371: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12335: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12318:Freudian slip 12316: 12314: 12313:Lie detection 12311: 12309: 12306: 12305: 12303: 12299: 12293: 12292:Mirror neuron 12290: 12288: 12284: 12283:Limbic system 12281: 12280: 12278: 12276: 12272: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12249: 12248:Rett syndrome 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12220: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12209: 12205: 12198: 12194: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12178:Social skills 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12153:People skills 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12138:Communication 12136: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12127: 12120: 12116: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12078: 12076: 12074:Multi-faceted 12072: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12049: 12043: 12040: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12022: 12019: 12018: 12016: 12012: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11985:Display rules 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11964: 11956: 11955:Voice quality 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11922: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11907: 11905: 11903: 11899: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11867: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11830: 11829: 11826: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11808: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11793: 11792:Body language 11790: 11788: 11785: 11784: 11782: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11750: 11745: 11743: 11738: 11736: 11731: 11730: 11727: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11707: 11702: 11699: 11698: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11677: 11676: 11669: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11606:Miscellaneous 11604: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11579: 11577: 11575:Organisations 11573: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11531:Laurent Clerc 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11521:Pär Aron Borg 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11508: 11506: 11502: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11483: 11479: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11460: 11458: 11454: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11432:Signed Polish 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11417:Signed German 11415: 11413: 11412:Signed French 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11369: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11335: 11327: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11287: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11189: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11136:Grammar (ASL) 11134: 11133: 11131: 11127: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11056: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11022: 11018: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10985:International 10983: 10977: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10874: 10873: 10871: 10869:South America 10867: 10861: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10842:Rossel Island 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10832:Mount Avejaha 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10772: 10769: 10768: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10703: 10699: 10693: 10692: 10688: 10686: 10685: 10681: 10679: 10678:Navajo Family 10676: 10673: 10671: 10670: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10647: 10644: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10630: 10627: 10625:United States 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10496: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10486: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10459: 10456: 10453: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10409: 10403: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10094: 10088: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9779: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9754:South African 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9650: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9619: 9616: 9613: 9610: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9577: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9565:Yoruban (YSL) 9563: 9559: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9550:Bura (Burasl) 9548: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9541:West African 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9527:Ugandan (USL) 9525: 9523: 9522:Turkish (TİD) 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9507:Spanish (LSE) 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9475:Rossel Island 9473: 9471: 9470: 9466: 9464: 9463:Qahveh Khaneh 9461: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9406:Mount Avejaha 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9366:Maltese (LSM) 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9289:Atgangmuurniq 9287: 9286: 9284: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9271: 9267: 9265: 9264:Guinea-Bissau 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9179: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9108: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9069: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9052: 9045: 9042: 9039: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9027: 9024: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9006: 9003: 9000: 8997: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8976: 8973: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8952: 8949: 8946: 8943: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8924: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8870:Cepeda Peraza 8869: 8866: 8863: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8852:Highland Maya 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8828: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8808: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8783:Japanese Sign 8780: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8762: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8706: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8621:Flemish (VGT) 8619: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8600:Mexican (LSM) 8598: 8597: 8595: 8591: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8579:Italian (LIS) 8577: 8576: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8539: 8536: 8533: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8508:Russian (РЖЯ) 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8498:Latvian (LSL) 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8465: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8435: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8418: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8401: 8394: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8362: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8293: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8222: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8212:Catalan (LSC) 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8160: 8150: 8149:Uruguay (LSU) 8147: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8131: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8109: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8074: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7995:British (BSL) 7993: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7968: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7813:Ngaatjatjarra 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7672: 7666: 7659: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7627:Sign language 7621: 7616: 7614: 7609: 7607: 7602: 7601: 7598: 7592: 7588: 7587:Sign language 7583: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7490: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7399:Fox, Margalit 7397: 7396: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7376: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7343: 7342:0-8058-0078-6 7339: 7335: 7334:0-8058-0046-8 7331: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7319:0-631-20497-0 7316: 7312: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7299:0-520-06083-0 7296: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7256:(3): 207–96. 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7213:0-674-19423-3 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7197:Padden, Carol 7195: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7155:0-394-50878-5 7152: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7140:0-674-19460-8 7137: 7133: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7041:0-674-27041-X 7038: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7010:1-55671-159-X 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6971: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6960:0-8058-3246-7 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6902:(2): 301–44. 6901: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6887: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6859: 6852: 6846: 6839: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6808:10.1038/nn775 6805: 6801: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6777: 6770: 6764: 6757: 6751: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6708: 6702: 6698: 6691: 6683: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6658: 6652: 6648: 6643: 6642: 6633: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6600: 6594: 6589: 6588: 6579: 6573: 6572:9780511665486 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6544: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6482: 6475: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6365: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6315: 6307: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6255: 6249: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6190: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6089: 6085: 6083:9789027211989 6079: 6075: 6074: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6020: 6014: 6003: 5996: 5995: 5987: 5980: 5969: 5965: 5963:9780195139778 5959: 5955: 5954: 5947: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5894: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5775: 5774: 5766: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5746: 5732:on 2009-04-17 5731: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5649: 5643: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5507: 5498: 5491: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5472: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5397:(2): 93–107. 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5363: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5295: 5281:on 2019-07-07 5280: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5223:on 2020-09-06 5222: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5190:9781282574960 5186: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5114: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5052: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4988: 4986:9780511486777 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4950: 4940: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4714: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4675: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4641:, p. 499, at 4640: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4529:. De Gruyter. 4528: 4521: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4476: 4472: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4423: 4422:9780070792296 4419: 4415: 4409: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4354:Aronoff, Mark 4351: 4350:Padden, Carol 4344: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4321:(4): 865–96. 4320: 4316: 4309: 4307: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4282: 4278: 4275:(2): 119–47. 4274: 4270: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4114: 4105: 4101: 4098:(1): 73–102. 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4076: 4075:9780122678509 4072: 4068: 4062: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3947:9781501511806 3943: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3780: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3750: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3655: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3593: 3586: 3585:0-674-80795-2 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3527: 3521: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3445:on 2018-11-02 3444: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3421: 3415: 3406: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3378: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3276: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3242: 3235: 3229: 3222: 3216: 3206: 3199: 3193: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3156: 3149: 3143: 3135: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3066: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3042: 3036: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3000:on 2021-04-13 2999: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2892: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2704:Body language 2702: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2651:Chimpanzees: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2610: 2606: 2604: 2597: 2587: 2584: 2579: 2569: 2567: 2560: 2550: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2365:Arnaud Balard 2357: 2348: 2346: 2345:second screen 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2238: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2059:North America 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1974:United States 1971: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1930: 1927: 1917: 1914: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1824:for his 1965 1823: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1806:Written forms 1803: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1780: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1760:while ASL is 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1743:agglutinating 1740: 1739:morphological 1736: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444:gave rise to 1443: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1080:in Cameroon. 1079: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1051: No data 1038: 1028: 1019: 1010: 1001: 992: 982: 973: 964: 954: 944: 934: 925:(ASL) cluster 924: 915: 907: 903: 898: 888: 885: 880: 878: 874: 868: 866: 862: 857: 852: 850: 846: 840: 838: 833: 828: 826: 825:arbitrariness 822: 813: 810: 805: 801: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 761: 759: 756:content, and 755: 751: 747: 744:distinction, 743: 739: 733: 723: 721: 715: 713: 708: 706: 698: 681: 663: 661: 656: 654: 650: 646: 638: 634: 617: 613: 610: 606: 598: 594: 590: 585: 576: 574: 573: 567: 565: 561: 558: 557:topic-comment 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 534:arbitrariness 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 466: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 390: 386: 382: 379:to found the 378: 374: 373:Laurent Clerc 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 345: 341: 338: 334: 332: 331:of the Finger 329: 324: 323:Digiti Lingua 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 288: 283: 281: 276: 268: 263: 259: 256: 251: 246: 244: 240: 217: 215: 210: 205: 202: 198: 197: 192: 183: 177: 172: 162: 160: 155: 153: 149: 145: 144: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 119:deaf cultures 116: 111: 109: 105: 101: 97: 96:body language 92: 90: 85: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 60: 44: 39: 33: 19: 12562:Deaf culture 12472: 12308:Cold reading 12301:Applications 12275:Neuroanatomy 11920:Paralanguage 11710: 11704: 11695: 11693: 11673: 11490:Films (list) 11407:Signed Dutch 11352:Contact sign 10797:Hawaii (USA) 10690: 10683: 10668: 10493: 10484: 10376:Swiss-German 10012:Saudi Arabia 9750:South Africa 9484: 9467: 9341:Somali (SSL) 9268: 9176: 9111:Providencia– 9090:Nesilextcl'n 9063:Oneida (OSL) 9025:Tickanwa•tic 9013:Schitsu'umsh 8995:Nųmą́khų́·ki 8909:Paget Gorman 8830: 8825: 8818: 8810: 8774:Punjab-Sindh 8722:Polish (PJM) 8717:German (DGS) 8593:Mexican Sign 8572:Italian Sign 8476:Russian Sign 8439:French (LSF) 8412:Oneida (OSL) 8326:Quebec (LSQ) 8311:Oneida (OSL) 8228: 8224:French (LSF) 8077:Chinese Sign 8035:Swedish Sign 7759: 7730: 7713: 7706: 7684: 7626: 7575: 7559: 7548: 7499: 7498: 7482: 7471: 7460: 7449: 7438: 7423: 7402: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7351: 7325: 7310: 7288: 7253: 7249: 7236: 7226: 7219: 7204: 7190: 7175: 7161: 7146: 7131: 7113: 7109: 7094: 7087: 7077: 7066: 7062: 7051: 7032: 6993: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6951: 6937: 6933:pp. 39+ 6899: 6895: 6884:Bibliography 6874: 6858: 6850: 6845: 6837: 6832: 6802:(1): 76–80. 6799: 6795: 6789: 6781: 6776: 6768: 6763: 6755: 6750: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6696: 6690: 6671: 6665: 6640: 6632: 6621:. 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Retrieved 2865: 2813: 2729:Hearing loss 2686: 2657:Nim Chimpsky 2644: 2622: 2607: 2599: 2585: 2581: 2562: 2547: 2379: 2362: 2334: 2319: 2312: 2304: 2262: 2243: 2199: 2163: 2151: 2109: 2105: 2086: 2083: 2055:Great Plains 2048: 2017: 2014: 1963: 1951: 1947: 1944:Deaf culture 1923: 1909: 1825: 1812: 1809: 1796: 1792: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1751: 1747:inflectional 1735:Edward Sapir 1732: 1713:creolization 1685: 1667: 1629: 1566:Prototype-R 1549:Prototype-A 1511: 1467:Saudi Arabia 1138:contact sign 1131: 1111:speech-taboo 1108: 1094: 1088:the extinct 1082: 1069:creolization 1058: 1055: 905: 881: 876: 869: 853: 841: 829: 819: 806: 802: 798: 789: 785: 777: 773: 765: 762: 735: 716: 709: 702: 696: 679: 660:South Africa 657: 642: 614: 602: 571: 568: 546: 538:productivity 521: 513: 497: 485: 467: 458:onomatopoeic 451: 432: 418: 414: 410: 393: 365: 349:Polygar Wars 346: 342: 335: 330: 327: 299: 290: 284: 272: 266: 247: 241:in 1527 and 235: 206: 194: 188: 156: 151: 141: 139: 112: 98:, a type of 93: 86: 69: 65: 64: 58: 12287:Limbic lobe 12052:Unconscious 12035:Missed call 12005:Social norm 11980:Conventions 11870:Eye contact 11632:Open Outcry 11556:Abbé Sicard 11541:Roger Fouts 11372:Signed Oral 11311:SignWriting 11159:Orientation 11129:Linguistics 11110:Pitha Pitha 10805:New Zealand 10741:Manjiljarra 10612:El Salvador 10372:Switzerland 10282:Netherlands 10122:Azerbaijani 10064:Old Bangkok 10004:Philippines 9692:Ivory Coast 9486:Sandy River 9224:Cuban (LSC) 9113:Cayman Sign 8962:Hinono'eino 8953:Coahuilteco 8938:Anishinaabe 8899:Old Bangkok 8820:Old Kentish 8749:Beluchistan 8709:German Sign 8690:Ho Chi Minh 8614:Old Belgian 8558:Dutch (NGT) 8297:Costa Rican 8190:Irish (ISL) 8134:Paraguayan- 7925:Palestinian 7808:Manjiljarra 7803:Kartutjarra 7738:Rdaka rdaka 7732:Pitha Pitha 7570:‹ The 7069:(1): 24–31. 6355:2433/213162 6229:Adam Kendon 5852:14 November 5650:11:253–272. 5275:sid.usal.es 3981:(1): 1–30. 3670:A. (1989). 3256:"Session 9" 2734:Gang signal 2633:chimpanzees 2613:Primate use 2369:vexillology 1886:Sam Supalla 1858:SignWriting 1799:wh-question 1783:Acquisition 1643:LSF-derived 1622:JSL-derived 1603:DGS-derived 1584:BSL-derived 832:Roger Brown 809:turn taking 760:functions. 748:structure, 746:grammatical 712:Classifiers 639:regulations 530:semanticity 490:orientation 435:linguistics 429:Linguistics 399:Deaflympics 361:Oomaithurai 347:During the 326:(Latin for 275:John Bulwer 12536:Categories 12420:Aggressive 12390:Paul Ekman 12373:Key people 12337:Technology 12323:Poker tell 12168:Social cue 11975:Chronemics 11925:Intonation 11769:Modalities 11657:Protactile 11296:ASL-phabet 11280:Portuguese 11182:Sign names 11167:Expression 11095:Old French 11080:Kalkutungu 11049:Name signs 11039:Literature 10976:Venezuelan 10950:Inmaculada 10942:Paraguayan 10934:Ecuadorian 10788:Yir Yoront 10639:Protactile 10616:Salvadoran 10608:Panamanian 10595:Nicaraguan 10572:Albarradas 10543:Guatemalan 10500:Costa Rica 10495:Old Cayman 10448:Protactile 10326:Portuguese 10294:Macedonian 10270:Lithuanian 10118:Azerbaijan 10087:Vietnamese 10044:Tajikistan 10032:Sri Lankan 9931:Kazakhstan 9901:Kafr Qasem 9852:Indonesian 9554:Mofu-Gudur 9492:Salvadoran 9469:Rennellese 9456:Inmaculada 9411:Mozambican 9361:Macedonian 9331:Kata Kolok 9321:Kafr Qasim 9280:Creole HSL 9031:Tsuu T'ina 8992:Niitsítapi 8986:Ni Mii Puu 8977:Maagiadawa 8941:Apsáalooke 8867:Trascorral 8551:Dutch Sign 8354:Yogyakarta 8314:Panamanian 8272:Protactile 8230:Old French 8207:Lithuanian 8163:Francosign 7780:Yir Yoront 7767:Warramunga 7715:Kalkutungu 7671:Aboriginal 7669:Australian 7203:. (1988). 7084:Kegl, Judy 7074:Kegl, Judy 7059:Kegl, Judy 6623:2008-02-21 6279:2016-07-05 6214:2024-06-30 6167:. (2007). 6124:2021-08-23 6040:(5): 1–15. 5974:2016-02-28 5937:2016-02-28 5786:1801.10111 5736:2008-01-30 5671:2008-01-30 5578:2018-12-20 5371:2011-12-14 5313:4 February 5285:2019-07-07 5256:2019-07-07 5227:2019-07-07 4880:Nicaraguan 4876:Venezuelan 4856:Rennellese 4824:Salvadoran 4806:These are 4734:These are 4720:Ethnologue 4704:2008-09-19 4665:2021-08-23 4614:2024-05-13 4585:2024-05-13 4555:2024-05-13 4511:2024-05-13 4481:2008-09-19 4463:2011-06-01 4399:2016-11-05 4235:0898593670 3956:1012688117 3874:4 November 3838:2022-09-26 3740:2021-08-13 3621:2021-04-15 3575:. (1979). 3511:2021-04-15 3449:2019-03-26 3327:2021-04-15 3266:2010-09-28 3182:2021-10-17 3028:Ethnologue 3004:2021-01-13 2977:2021-05-15 2844:References 2665:Gorillas: 2641:orangutans 2631:, such as 2382:endangered 2269:videophone 2265:video link 2254:videophone 2232:Technology 2218:television 2057:region of 1988:Kata Kolok 1933:In society 1926:perception 1882:ASL-phabet 1876:ideographs 1872:logographs 1787:See also: 1727:See also: 1514:Ethnologue 1498:Kata Kolok 1471:sprachbund 1078:Mofu-Gudur 895:See also: 884:metaphoric 750:adjectival 720:morphology 647:(BSL) and 553:inflection 506:expression 366:Frenchman 289:published 267:Chirologia 252:published 152:Ethnologue 143:Ethnologue 12425:Assertive 12233:Fragile X 12218:Aprosodia 12211:Disorders 12158:Semiotics 12086:Deception 11892:Proxemics 11882:Olfaction 11865:Oculesics 11850:Imitation 11713:indicate 11374:Languages 11275:Ukrainian 11235:Hungarian 11220:Esperanto 11151:Handshape 11120:Warluwara 11060:languages 11044:Profanity 11007:Signalong 10972:Venezuela 10968:Uruguayan 10921:Colombian 10875:Argentina 10746:Warlmanpa 10707:Australia 10645:Blackfeet 10634:Black ASL 10591:Nicaragua 10539:Guatemala 10531:Greenland 10454:Blackfoot 10443:Black ASL 10411:North and 10402:Ukrainian 10360:Valencian 10342:Slovenian 10310:Norwegian 10266:Lithuania 10230:Icelandic 10222:Hungarian 10069:Chiangmai 10040:Taiwanese 10028:Sri Lanka 10024:Singapore 10020:Singapore 9977:Mongolian 9951:Malaysian 9848:Indonesia 9817:Hong Kong 9805:Cambodian 9762:Tanzanian 9638:By region 9194:Bhutanese 8989:Niimíipuu 8971:Karankawa 8894:Hai Phong 8889:Chiangmai 8680:Hai Phong 8672:Viet-Thai 8534:Slovenian 8503:Mongolian 8469:Hungarian 8405:Hand Talk 8372:Ethiopian 8300:Dominican 8294:Cambodian 8089:Shanghai 7919:Jordanian 7912:Levantine 7891:Levantine 7776:Yan-nhaŋu 7761:Warluwara 7755:Warlmanpa 7721:Miriwoong 7250:Cognition 6981:: 309–31. 6742:146288708 6438:CiteSeerX 6379:Cognition 6266:ISO 639-3 6254:ISO 639-3 6241:iconicity 6146:(1): 61. 5842:Cinepedia 5432:Cognition 5199:643124997 5142:145429638 5036:145616039 4840:Brazilian 4820:Ecuadoran 4389:779907637 4335:117619041 3828:244246983 3820:2522-7130 3705:"Chereme" 3317:144243540 3210:speaking. 2932:1065-9471 2822:Sign name 2818:(journal) 2603:home sign 2596:Home sign 2590:Home sign 2566:morphemes 2222:subtitles 2206:broadcast 2092:, 2007). 2090:NZ Herald 2067:languages 2044:Warlmanpa 2028:Warumungu 1954:Black ASL 1890:homograph 1664:-derived 1542:Auxiliary 1539:language 1537:Auxiliary 1529:language 1411:Bulgarian 1061:home sign 861:construal 821:Iconicity 816:Iconicity 782:Mouthings 758:discourse 754:adverbial 482:handshape 462:iconicity 443:recursion 285:In 1680, 248:In 1620, 245:in 1541. 108:baby sign 104:home sign 74:languages 12557:Deafness 12255:Dyssemia 12101:Intimacy 12021:Emoticon 11930:Loudness 11860:Laughter 11796:Kinesics 11787:Blushing 11780:Physical 11362:Mouthing 11338:Language 11321:ASLwrite 11245:Japanese 11200:American 11172:Mouthing 11163:Movement 11155:Location 11100:Old Kent 11066:Chilmark 11002:Monastic 10955:Peruvian 10938:Paraguay 10926:Provisle 10917:Colombia 10887:Bolivian 10847:Sinasina 10691:Henniker 10651:Cheyenne 10603:Chiriqui 10564:Honduran 10560:Honduras 10430:Belizean 10338:Slovenia 10322:Portugal 10188:Ghardaia 10172:Estonian 10151:Croatian 10114:Austrian 10106:Armenian 10060:Thailand 10008:Filipino 10000:Nepalese 9985:Ghandruk 9973:Mongolia 9969:Maldives 9965:Maldives 9961:Selangor 9947:Malaysia 9919:Miyakubo 9909:Japanese 9891:Ghardaia 9801:Cambodia 9758:Tanzania 9671:Cameroon 9667:Ghardaia 9662:Algerian 9497:Sinasina 9270:Henniker 9249:Ghandruk 9189:Belizean 9172:Armenian 9135:Isolates 9082:Kalispel 9079:A'aninin 9037:Wazhazhe 9034:Umatilla 9016:Shiwinna 9007:Piipaash 8956:Dane-zaa 8950:Cheyenne 8855:Yucatec 8826:Chilmark 8760:Calcutta 8644:Malagasy 8488:Georgian 8392:Nigerian 8389:Moroccan 8378:Ghanaian 8303:Jamaican 8289:Mandalay 8278:Bolivian 8248:American 7940:Possible 7922:Lebanese 7860:Egyptian 7726:Mudburra 7692:Djingili 7654:families 7652:Language 7572:template 7530:Archived 7456:ASLized! 7287:(1989). 7278:39292094 7199:; & 7166:Archived 7116:: 1–20. 7104:(1940). 7063:Signpost 7014:Archived 6946:; & 6926:22223926 6896:Language 6877:Benjamin 6867:Archived 6816:11753419 6728:: 5–32. 6617:Archived 6407:39292094 6364:28751730 6334:Primates 6270:Archived 6178:Archived 6118:Archived 6094:16 April 6088:Archived 6013:citation 6002:archived 5968:Archived 5931:Archived 5902:Archived 5883:17 April 5877:Archived 5873:Deaf Art 5846:Archived 5816:Archived 5791:Archived 5754:Archived 5698:Archived 5665:Archived 5631:Archived 5597:Archived 5572:Archived 5560:18663641 5462:18834975 5362:Archived 5333:Archived 5331:, 2015. 5307:Archived 5250:Archived 5165:. 1965. 5077:Archived 4868:Peruvian 4746:, Hindu 4698:Archived 4659:Archived 4608:Archived 4579:Archived 4549:Archived 4505:Archived 4475:Archived 4468:and sfs 4457:Archived 4393:Archived 4356:(2010). 4315:Language 4163:(1): 11. 4122:Language 4024:13572435 3895:Archived 3865:Archived 3832:Archived 3734:Archived 3708:Archived 3639:Archived 3615:Archived 3571:; & 3545:Archived 3505:Archived 3399:27245872 3363:14424535 3321:Archived 3309:26204860 3260:Archived 3176:Archived 3122:(2012). 3104:Archived 3093:Archived 3081:Archived 3020:Archived 2971:archived 2950:33118302 2881:10 March 2875:Archived 2739:Gestures 2692:See also 2645:language 2637:gorillas 2625:primates 2425:(FinSSL) 2250:AT&T 2075:Cheyenne 2040:Arrernte 2036:Kaytetye 2024:Warlpiri 1862:mouthing 1830:phonemic 1723:Typology 1484:include 1482:isolates 1407:Romanian 1252:and the 845:Japanese 653:Japanese 637:COVID-19 518:phonemes 510:cheremes 502:movement 494:location 486:handform 478:features 470:semantic 460:. 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