134:
25:
782:
513:
399:. This theory includes both virtue and external goods as the highest good. At the end of the book, Cicero criticized logical inconsistencies of this teaching, but more briefly and only addressing details, not broader principles. Cicero then declares that he follows this school of thought, albeit not without reservations, while respecting the valuable aspects of the teachings presented in the previous books.
269:). The treatise is structured so that each philosophical system is described in its own book, and then disputed in the following book (with exception of Antiochus' view which is both explained and disputed in book five). The book was developed in the summer of the year 45 BC, and was written over the course of about one and a half months. Together with the
335:(absence of pain) is regarded as the highest good. In the second book, Cicero criticizes this view, attacking the Epicurean definition of pleasure and arguing that it is inconsistent to hold pleasure as the absence of pain as the final good, since these are not one single good, but rather two distinct goods.
516:
371:, arguing a supposed natural state (the "cradle argument"), as well as issues regarding the exclusion of other goods entailed by Stoic doctrine.
92:
64:
627:
71:
322:
325:, while another young Roman named Gaius Triarius listens on. In the first book, the interlocutors present the Epicurean theory of
1004:
78:
60:
999:
470:
111:
550:
494:
49:
383:
In the last book Cicero presents in the form of a dialogue between himself and several friends the theory of
959:
85:
133:
245:. It consists of three dialogues, over five books, in which Cicero discusses the philosophical views of
575:
45:
634:
701:
952:
729:
570:
874:
271:
359:, presents Stoic doctrine. Here Cicero introduces the technical terms used by the Stoics into
814:
807:
242:
938:
781:
619:
543:
388:
289:
258:
8:
945:
736:
687:
673:
238:
505:
867:
766:
680:
580:
277:
214:
757:
466:
230:
909:
708:
418:
356:
262:
34:
486:
821:
648:
641:
536:
392:
266:
159:
715:
408:
360:
203:
993:
750:
606:
425:. The placeholder text is taken from parts of the first book's discourse on
977:
902:
860:
835:
500:
447:
426:
338:
318:
300:
246:
234:
895:
842:
743:
413:
39:
528:
916:
888:
828:
655:
613:
384:
179:
429:. Words of the original text have been altered, added, and removed in
881:
396:
254:
24:
523:
352:
326:
313:
The first two books are a dialogue set at Cicero's country home in
250:
183:
722:
559:
364:
355:
ethics are discussed. In the third book Cicero's interlocutor,
331:
169:
149:
434:
368:
367:(moral good). In the fourth book, Cicero casts doubt on this
314:
285:
is one of the most extensive philosophical works of Cicero.
506:
Side by Side Latin and
English, transl. by Harris Rackham
52:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
991:
32:An editor has performed a search and found that
463:Cicero's "De finibus": philosophical approaches
261:(whose hybrid system mingled Stoicism with an "
461:Annas, Julia Elisabeth; Betegh, Gábor (2016).
544:
374:
363:. The highest and only good of the Stoics is
460:
329:, which holds that pleasure in the form of
551:
537:
132:
558:
499:, English translation by Harris Rackham,
465:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
112:Learn how and when to remove this message
520:, english translation by Harris Rackham
992:
229:("On the ends of good and evil") is a
16:Philosophical work on ethics by Cicero
532:
50:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
275:written shortly afterwards and the
13:
780:
454:
14:
1016:
480:
511:
23:
61:"De finibus bonorum et malorum"
433:, rendering it nonsensical as
127:De finibus bonorum et malorum
1:
1005:Philosophical works by Cicero
695:De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum
488:De finibus bonorum et malorum
288:Cicero dedicated the book to
283:De finibus bonorum et malorum
265:" tradition of Platonism and
226:De finibus bonorum et malorum
139:De finibus bonorum et malorum
960:Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem
518:On the Ends of Good and Evil
317:between himself and a young
7:
522:public domain audiobook at
440:
295:
38:to establish the subject's
10:
1021:
628:De Partitionibus Oratoriae
1000:1st-century BC literature
969:
930:
852:
799:
792:
778:
665:
635:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
596:
589:
566:
402:
209:
199:
189:
175:
165:
155:
145:
131:
702:Tusculanae Disputationes
339:Third and fourth books (
301:First and second books (
237:orator, politician, and
35:sufficient sources exist
953:Epistulae ad Familiares
730:Cato Maior de Senectute
875:Divinatio in Caecilium
786:
351:In the next two books
272:Tusculanae Quaestiones
808:De Imperio Cn. Pompei
785:Marcus Tullius Cicero
784:
560:Marcus Tullius Cicero
243:Marcus Tullius Cicero
939:Epistulae ad Atticum
389:Antiochus of Ascalon
290:Marcus Junius Brutus
259:Antiochus of Ascalon
46:improve this article
946:Epistulae ad Brutum
737:Laelius de Amicitia
357:Marcus Porcius Cato
128:
868:Pro Roscio Amerino
787:
767:Paradoxa Stoicorum
417:, a commonly used
126:
987:
986:
926:
925:
815:In Catilinam I–IV
776:
775:
758:Somnium Scipionis
395:as a subgroup of
231:Socratic dialogue
222:
221:
200:Publication place
122:
121:
114:
96:
1012:
910:Pro Archia Poeta
797:
796:
709:De Natura Deorum
594:
593:
576:Political career
553:
546:
539:
530:
529:
515:
514:
476:
419:placeholder text
323:Lucius Torquatus
239:Academic Skeptic
210:Preceded by
191:Publication date
136:
129:
125:
117:
110:
106:
103:
97:
95:
54:
27:
19:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1009:
990:
989:
988:
983:
965:
922:
848:
822:In Toga Candida
788:
772:
661:
598:
585:
562:
557:
512:
483:
473:
457:
455:Further reading
443:
405:
393:Aristotelianism
391:, which treats
381:
349:
311:
298:
267:Aristotelianism
192:
160:Classical Latin
141:
118:
107:
101:
98:
55:
53:
43:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1018:
1008:
1007:
1002:
985:
984:
982:
981:
973:
971:
967:
966:
964:
963:
956:
949:
942:
934:
932:
928:
927:
924:
923:
921:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
856:
854:
850:
849:
847:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
803:
801:
794:
790:
789:
779:
777:
774:
773:
771:
770:
763:
762:
761:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
716:De Divinatione
712:
705:
698:
691:
684:
677:
669:
667:
663:
662:
660:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
623:
622:
610:
602:
600:
591:
587:
586:
584:
583:
578:
573:
567:
564:
563:
556:
555:
548:
541:
533:
527:
526:
509:
508:, Google Books
503:
492:
482:
481:External links
479:
478:
477:
471:
456:
453:
452:
451:
442:
439:
421:, is based on
409:graphic design
404:
401:
380:
373:
348:
337:
310:
307:Liber Secundus
299:
297:
294:
220:
219:
211:
207:
206:
204:Roman Republic
201:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
120:
119:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1017:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
980:
979:
975:
974:
972:
968:
962:
961:
957:
955:
954:
950:
948:
947:
943:
941:
940:
936:
935:
933:
929:
919:
918:
914:
912:
911:
907:
905:
904:
900:
898:
897:
893:
891:
890:
886:
884:
883:
879:
877:
876:
872:
870:
869:
865:
863:
862:
858:
857:
855:
851:
845:
844:
840:
838:
837:
833:
831:
830:
826:
824:
823:
819:
817:
816:
812:
810:
809:
805:
804:
802:
798:
795:
791:
783:
769:
768:
764:
760:
759:
755:
754:
753:
752:
751:De Re Publica
748:
746:
745:
741:
739:
738:
734:
732:
731:
727:
725:
724:
720:
718:
717:
713:
711:
710:
706:
704:
703:
699:
697:
696:
692:
690:
689:
685:
683:
682:
678:
676:
675:
671:
670:
668:
666:Philosophical
664:
658:
657:
653:
651:
650:
646:
644:
643:
639:
637:
636:
632:
630:
629:
625:
621:
618:
617:
616:
615:
611:
609:
608:
607:De Inventione
604:
603:
601:
595:
592:
588:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
571:Personal life
569:
568:
565:
561:
554:
549:
547:
542:
540:
535:
534:
531:
525:
521:
519:
510:
507:
504:
502:
498:
497:
493:
491:
489:
485:
484:
474:
472:9781107074835
468:
464:
459:
458:
450:
449:
445:
444:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:
410:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
378:
377:Liber Quintus
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
346:
345:Liber Quartus
342:
341:Liber Tertius
336:
334:
333:
328:
324:
320:
316:
308:
304:
293:
291:
286:
284:
280:
279:
274:
273:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
218:
216:
212:
208:
205:
202:
198:
194:
188:
185:
181:
178:
174:
171:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
140:
135:
130:
124:
116:
113:
105:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63: –
62:
58:
57:Find sources:
51:
47:
41:
37:
36:
30:
26:
21:
20:
978:Summum bonum
976:
958:
951:
944:
937:
915:
908:
903:Pro Cluentio
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
861:Pro Quinctio
859:
841:
836:Pro Marcello
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
765:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
694:
693:
686:
679:
672:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
612:
605:
599:and politics
517:
501:LacusCurtius
495:
490:, Latin text
487:
462:
448:Summum bonum
446:
430:
427:Epicureanism
422:
412:
406:
382:
376:
375:Fifth book (
350:
344:
340:
330:
312:
306:
303:Liber Primus
302:
287:
282:
276:
270:
247:Epicureanism
241:philosopher
225:
224:
223:
213:
138:
123:
108:
99:
89:
82:
75:
68:
56:
44:Please help
33:
896:Pro Caecina
843:Philippicae
744:De Officiis
431:Lorem ipsum
414:Lorem ipsum
263:Old Academy
102:August 2023
994:Categories
917:Pro Caelio
889:Pro Tullio
829:Pro Milone
688:Consolatio
674:Hortensius
656:De Legibus
614:De Oratore
496:De Finibus
423:De finibus
387:taught by
385:eudaimonia
253:, and the
180:Philosophy
72:newspapers
40:notability
882:In Verrem
800:Political
681:Academica
590:Treatises
397:Platonism
319:Epicurean
278:Academica
255:Platonism
215:Academica
853:Judicial
793:Orations
620:Book III
597:Rhetoric
581:Writings
524:LibriVox
441:See also
327:hedonism
296:Contents
251:Stoicism
184:dialogue
156:Language
970:Related
931:Letters
723:De Fato
233:by the
166:Subject
86:scholar
649:Orator
642:Brutus
469:
403:Legacy
365:virtue
332:aponia
321:named
217:
195:45 BCE
170:Ethics
150:Cicero
146:Author
88:
81:
74:
67:
59:
435:Latin
369:dogma
361:Latin
353:Stoic
315:Cumae
235:Roman
176:Genre
93:JSTOR
79:books
467:ISBN
343:and
305:and
65:news
407:In
257:of
48:by
996::
437:.
411:,
292:.
281:,
249:,
182:,
552:e
545:t
538:v
475:.
379:)
347:)
309:)
115:)
109:(
104:)
100:(
90:·
83:·
76:·
69:·
42:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.