481:
348:. Kathleen's father was Scottish and on her mother's side was part Irish, Greek and Georgian. Kathleen had been an actor and was a supporter of women's suffrage. At home they organized meetings of the poetry society. David was schooled at home until seven and then went to the Open Air School in Regent's Park before going to The Hall, Hampstead followed by Foster's School, Stubbington and
1115:(née Silva) who was also an ornithologist. Elizabeth Silva was born in Hertfordshire in 1916 and took an early interest in music. She wished to join the Royal Academy of Music in London but the war led to her serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service as an ambulance driver in Europe. After the war she applied for work and due to her interest in birds she sent her resume to
1124:. She also helped in the study of swifts. One day Elizabeth did not return to her office after her observations of the swifts and David, worried that she might have fallen off a ladder, found her engrossed in observation. They became engaged in 1948 and were married on July 9, 1949. The best man was George Varley. They had four children: Peter Lack (born 1952, a biologist),
631:"The person who more than anyone else deserves credit for reviving an interest in the ecological significance of species was David Lack... It is now quite clear that the process of speciation is not completed by the acquisition of isolating mechanisms but requires also the acquisition of adaptations that permit co-existence with potential competitors."
364:
alphabetically arranged life-list. In 1926, Lack won the
Holland-Martin Natural History Prize for an essay on "Three Birds of Kelling Heath". In 1928, with an essay on 'My favourite birds' he was the national winner of the senior prize (a silver medal) in the Public School Essay Competition, organised by the
368:. David did not wish to follow his father's profession in medicine and took an interest in zoology. His father then considered entomology which was then the only professional field in zoology and found work for David at the Frankfurt museum in the summer of 1929. He spent four months pinning insects in the
610:
The second is the later book in which the differences in bill size are interpreted as adaptations to specific food niches, an interpretation that has since been abundantly confirmed. This change of mind, according to Lack's
Preface, came about as a result of his reflections on his own data whilst he
558:
As a mentor for numerous doctoral students, Lack followed a hands-off method, letting students decide their own research topics. He encouraged students to sort out their ideas and find the "simplest explanation, which was probably best." He would make students work on their papers and give only one
562:
He wrote numerous papers in ornithological journals, and had a knack of choosing memorable titles: he once claimed to have single-handedly caused the renaming of a group of birds through the submission of a scientific paper with the title "Territory and
Polygamy in a Bishop". This 1935 publication
602:
in 1936. There are two versions of this work, differing significantly in their conclusions. The first is a book-length monograph, written after his visit to the
Galapagos, but not published until 1945. In it Lack interprets the differences in bill size as species recognition signals, that is, as
363:
Until the age of fifteen, Lack lived in a large house in
Devonshire Place, London. The family spent their summers in New Romney Kent where Lack became familiar with the local birds especially on Romney Marsh. By the age of nine, he had learnt the names of most birds and had written out an
535:. He was one of the pioneers of life-history studies in Britain, especially those based on quantitative approaches, when some traditional ornithologists of the time were focussing their studies on morphology and geographic distribution. Lack's major scientific research included work on
441:, only one of about four English speakers on the German ship. He was only in the Galapagos for part of that year, starting August 1938. With the data that he collected in the Galapagos, especially on the finches he went to the United States. April to August 1939 was spent at the
660:
is one of Lack's most frequently cited works. Here he gave primacy to natural selection in determining the rate of reproduction and he especially countered the idea that it was adjusted with mortality rates so that constant populations are maintained. It was critiqued by
611:
was doing war work. The effect of this change in interpretation is to put the emphasis for speciation onto natural selection for appropriate food handling instead of seeing it primarily as a by-product of an isolating mechanism. In this way his work contributed to the
33:
648:. Lack postulated what is now known as Lack's Principle, which states that "the clutch size of each species of bird has been adapted by natural selection to correspond with the largest number of young for which the parents can, on average, provide enough food".
469:. He examined robin behaviour, song, territory, pairing and breeding using ringing to mark and track individual birds. The manuscript was completed in 1942 and it went through five editions from 1943 to 1970. One of Lack's students at Dartington Hall was
1119:
who passed it on to David Lack with a note "Here's another for your reject file." Lack however interviewed her and appointed her as a secretary. Noting her interest in birds, he also invited her to serve as a field assistant for studies in the
1156:
on the relationship between
Christian faith and evolutionary theory. Lack believed that evolution could not account for morality, truth, beauty, free will, self-awareness and individual responsibility. This book foreshadows, in some ways, the
1103:. A programme of talks focused on and celebrated the scientific contributions of Lack to ornithology, and the broader fields of ecology and evolution, and assessed the development of these fields in the 21st century.
508:, an entomologist who introduced him to the idea of density-dependent regulation of animal populations. Lack's observations on spurious echoes produced by birds would later allow him to establish the field of
309:
which explained the evolution of avian clutch sizes in terms of individual selection as opposed to the competing contemporary idea that they had evolved for the benefit of species (also known as
1128:(born 1953, also a biologist and academic), Paul Lack (born 1957, a freelance teacher), and Catherine Lack (born 1959, a university chaplain). In Oxford, the Lacks initially lived in a flat in
388:. His first scientific paper was on the display of nightjars, published in the Ibis in 1932. He joined on several expeditions with Cambridge researchers including two to the Arctic. Lack wrote
1287:
reissued in 1961 by Harper, New York, with a new preface by Lack; reissued in 1983 by
Cambridge University Press with an introduction and notes by Laurene M. Ratcliffe and Peter T. Boag).
623:
and their colleagues. Lack's work feeds into studies of island biogeography which continue the same range of issues presented by the
Galapagos fauna on a more varied canvas. According to
461:
in which he examined variations within species across islands and considered that many of them were non-adaptive and due to founder effect and genetic drift. Lack's first major work was
313:). His pioneering life-history studies of the living bird helped in changing the nature of ornithology from what was then a collection-oriented field. He was a longtime director of the
344:. Although his father had some interest in birds as a boy it does not appear that he influenced David's interest. His mother Kathleen was the daughter of Lt. Col. McNeil Rind of the
1521:
392:(1934) which was published by the Cambridge Bird Club. In this work, he departed from the contemporary style with a distinct de-emphasis on rare and accidental birds.
457:. While in the US he made a study of the tricoloured blackbird with John T. Emlen. He returned home in September 1939, after the outbreak of war. Lack published
1152:
in 1948, possibly influenced by Dan and Mary Neylan, friends at
Dartington Hall. He sought to find a compromise between science and religion and wrote, in 1957,
2485:
473:. A colleague who helped in filming some of the robins for Lack was the geography teacher Bill Hunter. In 1934 Lack went to Tanganyika on an invitation from
216:
2208:
1209:
1061:
619:
came to be seen as the prime mover in evolution, and not random or mutational events. Lack's work laid the foundations for the much more extensive work of
1175:
remarked of him, "David Lack was the only religious man I knew at that period who did not allow his religion to dictate his view of natural selection."
340:. The name 'Lack' is derived from 'Lock'. His father grew up in a farming family from Norfolk and became a leading ear, nose and throat surgeon at the
2425:
2430:
669:
with whom he clashed for nearly a decade. Lack followed up on the criticisms in his later books including
Population Studies of Birds (1966).
1769:
Steinheimer, F. D. (2004). "Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831–1836".
2460:
2027:
1239:
419:. In 1935 he made his first trip to the United States as a chaperone for a Dartington Hall student returning to California. Here he met
1136:, just south of Oxford. Lack enjoyed music and was also a fan of field hockey and tennis in which he also participated. Lack died from
521:
314:
190:
1536:
365:
360:
and received a BA second class in 1933 after studying botany, zoology and geology for part I of the Tripos and zoology for part II.
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2127:
1320:
1077:
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Lack was committed to pacificism and debated the philosophy even during his Dartington days with the founder of the college,
333:
1716:
Ydenberg, R.C.; Bertram, D.F. (1989). "Lack's clutch size hypothesis and brood enlargement studies on colonial seabirds".
2191:
850:
835:
820:
776:
760:
736:
688:
1892:
1292:
864:
805:
722:
2358:
1148:
Lack's parents belonged to the Church of England, and he was an agnostic as an early adult but became a convert to
1071:
2475:
2440:
2420:
612:
2389:
1596:
1337:
750:
555:
birds and some recent studies have suggested that his findings may not hold for other groups such as seabirds.
442:
1099:
The centenary of Lack's birth, 16 July 2010, was marked by a 'David Lack Centenary Symposium', hosted by the
428:
206:
357:
2445:
2200:
517:
516:. Lack was released from wartime duty in August 1945 so as to take a position to as Director (succeeding
337:
274:
139:
1681:
Johnson, K. (2004). "The Ibis: Transformations in a Twentieth Century British Natural History Journal".
2450:
2227:
1284:
1158:
1083:
982:
Lack, David 1949. The significance of reproductive isolation. In Jepsen G, Mayr E and Simpson GG (eds)
211:
372:
and found it “extremely” boring. He joined the Cambridge Ornithological Club whose members included
2312:
665:
who found it lacking mathematical precision and biased to bird studies. The other major critic was
620:
1312:
989:
Lack, David. 1954. The evolution of reproductive rates. In Huxley J, Hardy AC and Ford EB (eds).
489:
369:
84:
547:
who suggested that clutch size was density-independent. This was one of the earliest debates on
543:
that ensured the greatest number of surviving young. This interpretation was however debated by
2322:
2297:
2184:
2169:
474:
278:
2031:
2332:
2302:
1100:
341:
1253:
2415:
2410:
2374:
2327:
1936:
1200:
1162:
1137:
1125:
926:
889:
710:
640:
In 1943 Lack took an interest in clutch size after reading Moreau's manuscript sent to the
604:
565:
559:
reading to their thesis asking them to choose either a draft or a final version to submit.
504:
use. During this work he met other biologists who had been inducted into the war including
445:
which held a large collection of the finches of Galapagos that had been studied earlier by
318:
185:
126:
1654:
Fox, A.D.; Beasley, Patrick D.L. (2010). "David Lack and the birth of radar ornithology".
1001:
Lack, David (1967). "Interrelationship in breeding adaptations as shown by marine birds".
656:
Lack took a keen interest in the mechanisms involved in regulating populations in nature.
8:
2222:
1067:
1016:
666:
595:
349:
345:
306:
294:
259:
221:
145:
97:
2247:
2157:
1940:
930:
893:
1991:
1952:
1838:
1786:
1733:
1698:
1447:
1430:
1360:
1033:
970:
942:
917:
Lack, David (1942). "Ecological features of the bird faunas of British small islands".
905:
544:
536:
330:
246:
2097:
Cain, A. J. and Provine, W. B. (1991) "Genes and ecology in history". In Berry, R. J.
2267:
2177:
2123:
1888:
1830:
1592:
1316:
1288:
1245:
1166:
1129:
1041:
860:
846:
831:
816:
801:
786:
772:
756:
746:
732:
718:
684:
616:
540:
539:
and density dependent regulation. His work suggested that natural selection favoured
525:
509:
416:
1972:"Natural Selection, the Costs of Reproduction, and a Refinement of Lack's Principle"
1790:
1702:
909:
2342:
2292:
2287:
2262:
2232:
1983:
1944:
1820:
1778:
1725:
1690:
1663:
1442:
1391:
1352:
1218:
1025:
994:
966:
934:
897:
662:
505:
437:
415:
from 1934 until Summer 1938 when he took a year off to study bird behaviour on the
381:
465:, which was based on four years of field work that he conducted while teaching at
2317:
1882:
1116:
1014:
Lack, David (1973). "The numbers of species of hummingbirds in the West Indies".
548:
500:
unit called the Army Operational Research Group on the Orkney Islands working on
466:
420:
408:
310:
2384:
2105:: the 33rd Symposium of the British Ecological Society. Blackwell, Oxford. p. 9.
356:. Lack was taught biology at Gresham's by W.H. Foy and G.H. Lockett. He went to
2257:
1112:
692:
587:
513:
226:
115:
2145:
1782:
1694:
1396:
1379:
2404:
2307:
2282:
2204:
1925:"The Coherence of Cole's Result and Williams' Refinement of Lack's Principle"
1834:
1093:
953:
Lack, David. 1945. The Galapagos finches (Geospizinae): a study in variation.
424:
404:
385:
377:
353:
241:
1249:
2379:
1223:
1204:
1121:
1089:
1045:
497:
493:
470:
446:
329:
Lack was born in London, the oldest of four children of Harry Lambert Lack
231:
151:
38:
2272:
2252:
2242:
2237:
1667:
790:
709:. Oxford. (A new edition of this book, revised and expanded by Lack's son
2337:
1172:
1149:
373:
282:
172:
1884:
The growth of biological thought: diversity, evolution, and inheritance.
574:
as the journal editor felt that the title might cause misunderstanding.
1995:
1971:
1956:
1924:
1913:
Lack D (1954) The regulation of animal numbers. Clarendon Press, Oxford
1842:
1737:
1364:
1133:
1037:
624:
599:
552:
531:
Lack's work in ornithology was almost entirely based on studies of the
454:
450:
432:
236:
901:
591:
1948:
1825:
1808:
1729:
1356:
1029:
946:
830:. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. and Blackwell, Oxford.
1987:
286:
769:
Evolutionary Theory and Christian Belief: The Unresolved Conflict.
563:
was subsequently titled "Territory and polygamy in a bishop bird,
938:
2199:
2030:. The Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology. Archived from
755:
2018 Updated edition, illustrated by Colin Wilkinson. Unicorn.
480:
435:
at the American Museum of Natural History. He returned via the
297:
was a landmark work as were his other popular science books on
2166:(portion relevant to Darwin's finches, 6:43 to 10:44 of 12:17)
1653:
501:
412:
32:
1715:
1241:
Some factors influencing brood-size and populations in tits
1809:"The Galapagos Finches (Geospizinae) A Study in Variation"
395:
Lack received an Sc.D. from Cambridge University in 1948.
459:
The Galapagos Finches (Geospizinae), A Study in Variation
2146:"talk: Wildlife - talk: Books - Introducing David Lack"
957:
Lack, David (1947). "The Significance of Clutch-size".
880:
Lack, D. (1940). "Evolution of the Galapagos Finches".
857:
Island Biology Illustrated by the Land Birds of Jamaica
484:
The Common Swift, one of many subjects studied by Lack.
1309:
The Life of David Lack: Father of Evolutionary Ecology
1210:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1522:"Obituary. David Lambert Lack ScD, FRS (1910-1973)"
528:, a position that he held until his death in 1973.
644:. Lack was then an assistant to the editor of the
598:" in 1947, though the term had been introduced by
1335:
2402:
2158:"Historical myths | Dr. John van Wyhe | TEDxNUS"
2117:
1922:
1306:
1275:
1273:
1271:
403:After Cambridge, Lack, on the recommendation of
1802:
1800:
2185:
2143:
1483:, 17 December 1928; p. 12; Issue 45078; col C
1268:
872:
277:(16 July 1910 – 12 March 1973) was a British
2486:Presidents of the British Ecological Society
1519:
859:. University of California Press, Berkeley.
813:Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds
1797:
1768:
1428:
715:Redbreast: the Robin in life and literature
594:group of species and popularised the term "
324:
2192:
2178:
1923:Pasztor, E; Loeschcke, V (November 1989).
1302:
1300:
522:Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology
407:took up a position as a science mentor at
315:Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology
191:Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology
31:
1857:Ecology and evolution of Darwin's finches
1824:
1446:
1395:
1222:
1154:Evolutionary theory and Christian belief,
1062:Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1951
366:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
1969:
1384:The Journal of Laryngology & Otology
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
729:The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers
658:The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers
651:
479:
1875:
1680:
1297:
1237:
1161:conception of the relationship between
2431:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
2403:
1589:Sewall Wright and evolutionary biology
1244:(DPhil thesis). University of Oxford.
1231:
1199:
398:
2173:
1970:Williams, George C. (December 1966).
1431:"My life as an amateur ornithologist"
1184:
1078:International Ornithological Congress
1054:
984:Genetics, palaeontology and evolution
2028:"The David Lack Centenary Symposium"
1806:
1377:
1143:
1013:
1000:
956:
916:
879:
586:a landmark study whose title linked
336:, who later became President of the
305:. He developed what is now known as
2426:People educated at Gresham's School
1868:MacArthur R. and Wilson E.O. 1967.
1479:"Public School Essay Competition",
1380:"Harry Lambert Lack, M.D., F.R.C.S"
1238:Perrins, Christopher Miles (1963).
1003:Proc. XIVth Int. Orn. Congr. Oxford
800:. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
731:. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
691:(4th edition, 1965, illustrated by
635:
577:
13:
2461:Fellows of Trinity College, Oxford
1448:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1973.tb01982.x
1329:
971:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1947.tb04155.x
843:Evolution Illustrated by Waterfowl
672:
14:
2497:
2137:
1870:The theory of island biogeography
1683:Journal of the History of Biology
2359:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
1106:
713:, was published under the title
295:finches of the Galapagos Islands
2471:Modern synthesis (20th century)
2466:20th-century British zoologists
2436:British evolutionary biologists
2144:Archer, Allan (26 April 2020).
2091:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1963:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1862:
1849:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1709:
1674:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1473:
1464:
1455:
838:(illustrated by Robert Gillmor)
823:(illustrated by Robert Gillmor)
808:(illustrated by Robert Gillmor)
793:(illustrated by Robert Gillmor)
551:. Lack's studies were based on
2390:Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff
1422:
1413:
1404:
1371:
1205:"David Lambert Lack 1910-1973"
1140:despite radiation treatments.
443:California Academy of Sciences
16:British evolutionary biologist
1:
1178:
1072:British Ornithologists' Union
828:Ecological Isolation in Birds
613:modern evolutionary synthesis
2481:Edward Grey Institute people
2456:Fellows of the Royal Society
2318:John Ashworth Ratcliffe
2164:. TEDx Talks. 5 August 2015.
2111:
1535:(1): 299–302. Archived from
358:Magdalene College, Cambridge
7:
2298:Leonard Bessemer Pfeil
2122:. Oxford University Press.
1656:Archives of Natural History
845:. Harper & Row, London.
798:Population Studies of Birds
582:Lack's most famous work is
496:Lack however served with a
390:The Birds of Cambridgeshire
338:British Medical Association
256:Other notable students
10:
2502:
1887:Harvard University Press.
1587:Provine, William B (1986)
1336:Blake, Charles H. (1974).
1285:Cambridge University Press
1159:non-overlapping magisteria
1084:British Ecological Society
873:Published journal articles
429:Cooper Ornithological Club
281:who made contributions to
2367:
2351:
2215:
2118:Anderson, Ted R. (2013).
1783:10.1007/s10336-004-0043-8
1695:10.1007/s10739-004-1499-3
1397:10.1017/S0022215100011038
1307:Anderson, Ted R. (2013).
919:Journal of Animal Ecology
265:
255:
199:
178:
168:
161:
132:
121:
111:
90:
80:
68:
45:
30:
23:
2238:Arthur Herbert Cook
2088:Anderson (2013):123-124.
2070:Anderson (2013):214-215.
2061:Anderson (2013):119-107.
2052:Anderson (2013):105-107.
1750:Anderson (2013):159-160.
621:Peter and Rosemary Grant
570:(Linn.)" in the journal
325:Education and early life
2243:Sydney John Folley
1976:The American Naturalist
1313:Oxford University Press
717:by SMH Books in 2008.)
490:Leonard Knight Elmhirst
427:and gave a talk at the
85:University of Cambridge
37:Lack in 1966, photo by
2476:Theistic evolutionists
2441:English ornithologists
2421:Scientists from London
2323:Thomas Alan Stephenson
2313:William John Pugh
2120:The Life of David Lack
2008:Anderson (2013):78-81.
1855:Grant, Peter R. 1999.
1771:Journal of Ornithology
1644:Anderson (2013):48-49.
1626:Anderson (2013):34-35.
1617:Anderson (2013):25-27.
1608:Anderson (2013):59-60.
1578:Anderson (2013):58-59.
1569:Anderson (2013):43-45.
1560:Anderson (2013):27-28.
1501:Anderson (2013):17-18.
1224:10.1098/rsbm.1974.0012
1082:1964–1965: President,
1076:1962–1966: President,
991:Evolution as a process
485:
467:Dartington Hall School
431:. In New York, he met
279:evolutionary biologist
2333:Petrus Johann du Toit
2303:James Arthur Prescott
2293:Albert Neuberger
1668:10.3366/anh.2010.0013
1520:Thorpe, W.H. (1973).
1165:later popularised by
1101:Edward Grey Institute
681:The Life of the Robin
652:Population regulation
483:
463:The Life of the Robin
2375:Herbert McLean Evans
2328:William Homan Thorpe
2079:Anderson (2013):127.
2017:Anderson (2013):229.
1881:Mayr, Ernst (1985).
1807:Lack, David (1945).
1461:Anderson (2013):6-7.
1429:Lack, David (1973).
1410:Anderson (2013):6-9.
1163:religion and science
1138:Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
783:Enjoying Ornithology
683:. Witherby, London.
605:isolating mechanisms
319:University of Oxford
186:University of Oxford
2223:Carlyle Smith Beals
1941:1989Oikos..56..416P
1904:Anderson (2013):62.
1759:Anderson (2013):39.
1718:Colonial Waterbirds
1635:Anderson (2013):47.
1492:Anderson (2013):14.
1470:Anderson (2013):12.
1419:Anderson (2013):15.
1256:on 17 November 2020
1111:David Lack married
1068:Godman-Salvin Medal
931:1942JAnEc..11....9L
894:1940Natur.146..324L
855:Lack, David. 1976.
841:Lack, David. 1974.
826:Lack, David. 1971.
815:. Methuen, London.
811:Lack, David. 1968.
796:Lack, David. 1966.
785:. Methuen, London.
781:Lack, David. 1965.
767:Lack, David. 1957.
741:Lack, David. 1956.
727:Lack, David. 1954.
705:Lack, David. 1950.
698:Lack, David. 1947.
679:Lack, David. 1943.
566:Euplectes hordeacea
399:Career and research
260:Robert H. MacArthur
222:William J.L. Sladen
217:John Alexander Gibb
146:Godman-Salvin Medal
2446:English ecologists
1510:Anderson (2013):3.
1279:Lack, David 1947.
1088:1972: Awarded the
1055:Awards and honours
743:Swifts in a Tower.
667:V.C. Wynne-Edwards
545:V.C. Wynne-Edwards
537:population biology
486:
370:Senckenberg Museum
272:David Lambert Lack
247:Bernard Stonehouse
50:David Lambert Lack
2451:English Anglicans
2398:
2397:
2268:Joseph Hutchinson
2253:Geoffrey Gee
2152:. talk: Wildlife.
2129:978-0-19-992264-2
2034:on 30 August 2010
1872:. Princeton 1967.
1322:978-0-19-992264-2
1167:Stephen Jay Gould
1144:Religious beliefs
1130:Park Town, Oxford
995:Allen & Unwin
888:(3697): 324–327.
771:Methuen, London.
745:Methuen, London.
617:natural selection
590:'s name with the
584:Darwin's Finches,
526:Oxford University
510:radar ornithology
417:Galapagos Islands
303:Swifts in a Tower
299:Life of the Robin
289:. His 1947 book,
269:
268:
200:Doctoral students
163:Scientific career
2493:
2343:Alfred Ubbelohde
2288:Kurt Mendelssohn
2273:Raymond Ing
2263:Gerhard Herzberg
2248:Herbert Fröhlich
2233:David Catcheside
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2103:Genes in ecology
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1982:(916): 687–690.
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1327:
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1295:
1281:Darwin's Finches
1277:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1252:. Archived from
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1197:
1049:
1010:
974:
950:
913:
902:10.1038/146324a0
700:Darwin's Finches
636:Lack's Principle
596:Darwin's finches
578:Darwin's finches
382:Dominic Serventy
350:Gresham's School
307:Lack's Principle
291:Darwin's Finches
103:Darwin's Finches
98:Lack's principle
75:
59:
57:
35:
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2016:
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1968:
1964:
1949:10.2307/3565627
1921:
1917:
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1908:
1903:
1899:
1880:
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1867:
1863:
1859:. Princeton NJ.
1854:
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1185:
1181:
1146:
1132:, and later on
1109:
1066:1958: receives
1057:
1052:
1030:10.2307/2406972
875:
870:
867:(posthumously).
707:Robin Redbreast
675:
673:Published books
654:
638:
580:
549:group selection
421:Joseph Grinnell
409:Dartington Hall
401:
342:London Hospital
327:
311:group selection
285:, ecology, and
251:
207:Monica M. Betts
195:
157:
107:
81:Alma mater
73:
64:
63:London, England
61:
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1935:(3): 416–420.
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1819:(4): 644–645.
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1113:Elizabeth Lack
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1060:1951: elected
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851:978-0061361692
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836:978-0674224421
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777:978-0415474900
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761:978-1911604365
739:
737:978-1299428287
725:
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693:Robert Gillmor
689:978-1843681304
676:
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663:J.B.S. Haldane
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514:bird migration
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425:Robert McCabe
422:
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405:Julian Huxley
396:
393:
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386:Tom Harrisson
383:
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83:
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72:12 March 1973
71:
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34:
29:
22:
19:
2385:Carl Størmer
2380:Karl Lashley
2277:
2161:
2149:
2119:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2084:
2075:
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2057:
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:the original
2022:
2013:
2004:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1895:, pp. 274–5.
1883:
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1812:
1774:
1770:
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1649:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1588:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1537:the original
1532:
1528:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1466:
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1438:
1434:
1424:
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1383:
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1348:
1344:
1331:
1308:
1280:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:the original
1240:
1233:
1214:
1208:
1171:
1153:
1147:
1122:Wytham Woods
1110:
1098:
1090:Darwin Medal
1021:
1015:
1006:
1002:
990:
986:. Princeton.
983:
976:
962:
958:
939:10.2307/1298
922:
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541:clutch sizes
532:
530:
498:British Army
494:World War II
487:
471:Eva Ibbotson
462:
458:
447:Harry Swarth
436:
402:
394:
389:
362:
328:
302:
298:
290:
271:
270:
232:Robert Hinde
179:Institutions
162:
152:Darwin Medal
102:
74:(1973-03-12)
60:16 July 1910
39:Eric Hosking
18:
2416:1973 deaths
2411:1910 births
2338:Alan Turing
1591:. Chicago.
1441:: 421–431.
1217:: 271–293.
1173:Arthur Cain
1150:Anglicanism
1126:Andrew Lack
925:(1): 9–36.
615:, in which
533:living bird
475:R.E. Moreau
453:'s home in
374:Peter Scott
346:Indian army
283:ornithology
173:Ornithology
127:Andrew Lack
2405:Categories
2352:Statute 12
2278:David Lack
1597:0226684733
1546:10 October
1351:(1): 239.
1338:"Obituary"
1179:References
1134:Boars Hill
997:, London.
751:0412121700
625:Ernst Mayr
600:Percy Lowe
553:nidicolous
455:New Jersey
451:Ernst Mayr
433:Ernst Mayr
413:Devonshire
237:Ian Newton
56:1910-07-16
25:David Lack
2228:John Boyd
2112:Biography
1835:0004-8038
1481:The Times
1017:Evolution
791:691693809
592:Galapagos
568:hordeacea
520:) of the
512:to study
492:. During
438:SS Bremen
293:, on the
2207:elected
1791:24957761
1703:83849594
1250:44835614
1203:(1974).
1046:28564781
979:, 25–45.
910:43465549
411:School,
287:ethology
122:Children
2368:Foreign
2216:Fellows
2209:in 1951
2203:of the
2201:Fellows
2162:YouTube
2150:YouTube
2101:(eds.)
1996:2459305
1957:3565627
1937:Bibcode
1843:4079846
1813:The Auk
1738:1521328
1365:4084715
1345:The Auk
1260:15 July
1092:of the
1070:of the
1038:2406972
1009:: 3–42.
927:Bibcode
890:Bibcode
449:and at
317:at the
2126:
2099:et al.
1994:
1955:
1891:
1841:
1833:
1789:
1736:
1701:
1599:p. 406
1595:
1363:
1319:
1291:
1248:
1044:
1036:
945:
908:
882:Nature
863:
849:
834:
819:
804:
789:
775:
759:
749:
735:
721:
711:Andrew
687:
588:Darwin
384:, and
169:Fields
154:(1972)
148:(1958)
142:(1951)
133:Awards
112:Spouse
2038:5 May
1992:JSTOR
1953:JSTOR
1929:Oikos
1839:JSTOR
1787:S2CID
1734:JSTOR
1699:S2CID
1540:(PDF)
1525:(PDF)
1361:JSTOR
1341:(PDF)
1034:JSTOR
943:JSTOR
906:S2CID
502:radar
2124:ISBN
2040:2010
1889:ISBN
1831:ISSN
1593:ISBN
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