509:
three-year contract with small improvements in pay and fringe benefits and binding arbitration over
Section 2(b). McDonald rejected the offer. He proposed a contract similar to his proposal of early July, but reduced the union's wage and benefit demand and limited the contract to two rather than three years. Working off a plan devised by Goldberg, McDonald also proposed a nine-member committee consisting of three members from labor, management, and the public to study and resolve work-rule issues. Management rejected the new proposal.
735:(or "Landrum-Griffin Act"). Without the assistance of the new law, it is unclear that he would have won, but union officials and federal monitors eventually declared Abel the winner by a razor-thin margin of 10,142 votes out of 600,678 cast, and on May 20 McDonald declined to challenge the result. Over 7,000 of the votes came from Canadian locals, and Abel spent a greater amount of time than any of his predecessors protecting the interests of Canadian steelworkers locals. Abel was sworn in as president on June 2, 1965.
456:(at least from 1952 to 1954) made expansion of social programs unlikely even if some later occurred. To compensate, McDonald focused negotiations on benefits such as unemployment compensation, health insurance, pensions, tuition reimbursement, and more. Throughout the 1950s, however, McDonald often felt an intense rivalry with the Auto Workers (UAW). The UAW often won better wage and benefit packages than the Steelworkers, and were able to obtain the
602:, the CIO's 64-year-old director of organizing, as president. McDonald was supported by most of the CIO's independent local unions and Industrial Union Councils (the CIO's local central labor bodies). Reuther promised to create the office of executive vice-president and appoint Haywood to the position, a move with allowed him to eke out a win, with 54 to 48 percent of the vote.
566:. Nixon planned to run for president in 1960, and offered his services in the hopes of negotiating a settlement which might win him labor's backing. The Board of Inquiry, meanwhile, reconvened on November 10 and issued a second report on January 6, 1960. The major issues, the Board said, remained the size of the wage increase and Section 2(b).
712:
benefits, retraining, and rehire rights elsewhere in the company. In addition to retaining the cost-of-living wage increase, workers would get an across-the-board 2.2% wage hike. McDonald, however, was not involved in the negotiations. He left most of the discussions to subordinates on the various company committees/and to his legal staff.
274:(CIO). Although Murray retained the presidency of the Steelworkers, McDonald increasingly oversaw more than just the day-to-day operations of the union. In many cases, he made union policy, often substituted for Murray at public and union events, helped negotiate contracts, and represented the union at CIO events.
651:
pact was produced in the fall of that year. McDonald, however, pressed
Reuther for quicker action and intimated that the USWA would pull out of the CIO if the merger was not effectuated immediately. While hinting that the Steelworkers might withhold dues money from the CIO to recoup loans it had made
597:
McDonald strongly, actively and openly disliked
Reuther. He opposed Reuther's plans to undertake a new wave of organizing and pushed for stronger support of mainstream Democrats rather than left-wing candidates. McDonald believed that the conservative trend in American politics indicated labor should
508:
Eisenhower set in motion the Taft-Hartley machinery on
October 9, and appointed a Board of Inquiry. However, Eisenhower limited the Board to clarifying the issues rather than recommending a settlement. Realizing that the strike could linger despite the provisions of Taft-Hartley, management offered a
504:
On
September 28, 1959, Eisenhower met privately with McDonald and Goldberg, and threatened to invoke the back-to-work provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act. But McDonald was unwilling to budge on Section 2(b) without other concessions from the steelmakers. The steel companies, realizing they only needed
416:
Murray increasingly resented McDonald's influence within the
Steelworkers, however. The relationship between Murray and McDonald became strained. In 1950, Murray won passage of an amendment to the Steelworkers' constitution to curb McDonald's powers. Murray played a key role in the 1952 steel strike,
730:
challenged McDonald for the president. Abel had served as secretary-treasurer since 1952 and been a longtime McDonald supporter, but Abel strongly criticized the Human
Relations Committees and promised a return to militancy to win higher wages and benefits for workers. The election was a bitter one
685:
Although McDonald served as chair of the resolutions committee at the final CIO Convention in early
December 1955, he nearly sabotaged the organization's final moments. Believing that Reuther had intentionally omitted reference to Lewis in his closing remarks, McDonald led the Steelworker delegation
519:
petitioned the federal district court for western
Pennsylvania to an injunction ordering the steelworkers back to work. Goldberg argued that the Taft-Hartley Act was unconstitutional, but the district court ruled for the government on October 21. However, the court agreed to a stay of the injunction
436:
Philip Murray died in
November 1952, and McDonald was named acting president by the USWA executive board. Although observers felt that Murray had intended to push McDonald out of the union, his sudden death left McDonald in a position to take control. In 1953, the USWA executive board named McDonald
703:
and used his influence to help McDonald. On January 13, 1961, the Steelworkers announced an agreement in which the Human Relations Committees would be empowered to negotiate on behalf of the union and the steelmakers. The three public members of the committees would act as mediator and factfinders
492:
President Eisenhower asked both sides to extend the agreement and resume bargaining. McDonald and Goldberg offered to extend the contract by one year and to create a joint committee to study changes to Section 2(b) and to the contract's benefit structure. Steelmakers rejected the offer, and on July
711:
acted as a gobetween for the union and management, helping to ease tensions. The union agreed not to enforce Section 2(b) and permit increased automation, with a percentage of the profits from automation going to wage increases. In return, displaced workers would get employer-provided unemployment
674:
to promote industrial unionism and organizing in the new federation. However, while Reuther advocated a 6-cent tax on CIO unions to fund the department, McDonald pressed for a 1- or 2-cent tax. When Reuther expressed interest in leading the new Industrial Union Department, McDonald proposed a USWA
655:
McDonald's influence weakened Reuther's attempts to win strong guarantees on civil rights, union corruption, and industrial unionism in the unity talks. In September 1954, McDonald demanded that the CIO abandon its demands in the areas and merge. Reuther, unable to stand up to McDonald any longer,
558:
McDonald reluctantly ordered his members back to work, but productivity slowed due to extremely poor relationships between workers and managers. The Taft-Hartley Act required management to make a last offer and for union members to vote on this proposal. Management proposed minimal improvements in
581:
In the long run, however, the strike devastated the American steel industry. More than 85 percent of U.S. steel production had been shut down for almost four months. Hungry for steel, American industries began importing steel from foreign sources. Steel imports had been negligible prior to 1959.
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Union members, however, began to feel that McDonald was not protecting their interests. A brief recession led to layoffs, and McDonald negotiated job security provisions, which saved workers' jobs, but when the economy recovered in 1963 and 1964, industry profits did not lead to wage increases.
500:
McDonald was beginning to feel pressure to end the strike from the AFL-CIO. George Meany was willing to support the strike, but not if it meant negatively impacting national security. The strike was also affecting the auto industry, which was threatening to lay off tens of thousands of Walter
773:
He often appeared vainglorious and deceitful, masking his lack of contact with rank-and-file workers and his shaky grasp of conditions in the mills with boastful orations and alcohol-enhanced bonhomie.... he bullied or cajoled wildcat strikers, sweet-talked government officials and corporate
577:
On January 15, a new 20-month contract was signed. Section 2(b) was preserved. Workers received a 7-cents an hour pay increase, 4.25 cents an hour lower than the Kaiser Steel settlement and far lower than anything McDonald had demanded. For the first time, however, the union won an automatic
539:
led to an independent settlement between the union and Kaiser Steel on October 26. Although the Steelworkers won only a fractionally higher wage increase than the steelmakers had proposed, the settlement included the nine-member committee proposed earlier by Goldberg and McDonald.
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wages and benefits and the elimination of Section 2(b). McDonald turned management of the union over to Goldberg, to concentrate the legal and bargaining work in one set of hands. Goldberg convinced the leadership of the union to reject the proposal, and members followed suit.
573:
would support the steel companies if the strike triggered an election-year recession, and Nixon urged management to accept the terms of the Kaiser Steel settlement. Industry executives agreed to a new contract similar to the Kaiser Steel settlement the last week of December.
188:
He got his first job as a paperboy at the age of 13 to help support the family, but his mother refused to let her son work full-time. He became an excellent student, singer and actor. He graduated from high school in 1918, receiving a two-year vocational technology diploma.
609:, a veteran organizer with several CIO unions, to be appointed in Haywood's stead. Reuther acquiesced. McDonald then pushed Riffe, who was in ill health, to promote McDonald's views within the CIO. McDonald also won a CIO staff position for his longtime personal assistant,
481:
Section 2(b) of the steelworkers' contract limited management's ability to change the number of workers assigned to a task or to introduce new work rules or machinery which would result in reduced hours or numbers of employees. Management claimed that this constituted
413:. In March 1946, the CIO established the Southern Organizing Committee, and McDonald was its secretary-treasurer and one of its executive board members. Although McDonald had urged the organizing effort, he later criticized it for being underfunded and understaffed.
582:
Basic industries found Japanese and Korean steel less costly than American steel, even after accounting for importation costs. The sudden shift toward imported steel set in motion a series of events which led to the gradual decline of the American steel industry.
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centralizing the union's picketing, demonstrations, leafletting, bannering, job actions, and public statements more in the national headquartas well as educating local and district leaders on the union's collective bargaining strategy and tactics.
231:. Murray hired him on the spot as his personal secretary, impressed with his typing speed and that McDonald had organized both the Holy Cross High School Alumni Association and Pittsburgh Catholic Alumni Association. The two become close friends.
632:, played a key role in the merger of the AFL and CIO in 1955. Murray had long disdained merger but had engaged in desultory merge talks on and off for much of his presidency. With the death of Murray on November 9 and AFL president
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Eager to avoid a repetition of the 1959 steel strike, McDonald worked with steel industry executives to widen the mandate of the new nine-member commissions (now known as "Human Relations Committees"). Goldberg had been appointed
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384:
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Under the constitutional provisions forced through by Murray in 1950, McDonald should have retired in 1965. However, he won passage of a constitutional amendment permitting him to serve two additional four-year terms.
731:
and took place on February 9. Voting irregularities and challenged ballots delayed a final result until April 30. Abel relied heavily on voting and ballot-challenging procedures established under the relatively new
656:
settled for a paper statements against corruption and racial discrimination. There were no mechanisms to enforce the lofty goals, and many AFL unions continued to segregate blacks and engage in racist practices.
184:
He was educated in Catholic parochial schools. In 1915, his father was severely injured when a piece of hot steel impaled his left leg, causing him to be bedridden for 10 months and leaving him with a bad limp.
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decision, the court upheld the constitutionality of the Taft-Hartley Act. The justices affirmed the district court's injunction ordering the workers back to work for an 80-day cooling-off period.
406:, and his group came under artillery fire several times. The experience deeply moved him, and he urged the CIO to renew its "no-strike" pledge and redouble its efforts to support the war effort.
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district director. Once more, McDonald won the day, and the Industrial Union Department, once envisioned as an organizing juggernaut, now became merely a research, publicity, and lobbying unit.
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620:(AFL) in 1944, and he pointedly reminded the press and the CIO that the Steelworkers were an independent union, which would go its own way in politics, collective bargaining, and policy.
267:(SWOC). He named McDonald the union's secretary-treasurer. McDonald instituted tight financial controls and centralized dues collection and expense payments in the national headquarters.
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Throughout most of 1953 and 1954, McDonald implicitly threatened to leave the CIO. He associated with Lewis, who had led his United Mine Workers out of the CIO in 1942 and back into the
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requested a major wage increase. But industry negotiators refused to grant a wage increase unless McDonald agreed to substantially alter or eliminate Section 2(b) of national contract.
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Jurisdictional dispute resolution mechanisms, too, were put off, to be established later by the new organization's executive council. Aggressive AFL industrial unions, such as the
383:. The visit was a show of solidarity of international mutual co-operation with the goal of raising living standards across the Americas. The result of the trip was the creation of
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Reuther followed through on his convention promise, and Haywood became the CIO's new executive vice-president but died suddenly in February 1953. McDonald quickly demanded for
640:, organizing and civil rights. Both labor federations were organizing significant numbers of workers (including blacks), and many of the workers went into industrial unions.
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cost-of-living wage adjustment as well as greatly improved pension and health benefits. McDonald trumpeted the settlement as great victory (given what might have happened).
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out of the auditorium during the closing ceremonies. Only a small number of remaining delegates gathered around the podium at the end to sing "Solidarity Forever."
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as the AFL-CIO's new organizing director, but Livingston was merely a functionary and not an aggressive organizer, which was why McDonald approved of Livingston.
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killed 175 people in the apartment building next to his hotel. In July and August, he toured Normandy as American troops broke out from their beachheads during
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He enjoyed classical music, purchased high-end electronic stereo equipment, patronized jazz clubs, and was a member of Pittsburgh's expensive and fashionable
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In December, Nixon met privately with the steelmakers and cautioned them that Congress would soon begin hearings on the steel strike. Neither Republicans nor
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McDonald obtained a clerical job at the Jones & Laughlin mill, and later became a machinist's helper. In 1922, he became a typist-switchboard operator at
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just two weeks later, the personality differences keeping the two labor federations apart seemed to disappear. Gone too were the paralyzing arguments over
463:
McDonald led the Steelworkers out on strike in 1956, winning substantial wage increases, unemployment benefits, and layoff rights, and improved pensions.
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181:, an early ironworkers' union, and both uncles on his mother's side were unionists. The night that he was born, his father was walking a picket line.
278:
174:
954:
Rose, James D. "The Struggle over Management Rights at US Steel, 1946–1960: A Reassessment of Section 2-B of the Collective Bargaining Contract."
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McDonald characterized management's proposals as an attempt to break the union. Negotiations broke off, and the contract expired on July 1, 1959.
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until the matter was fully settled. The union appealed to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals in Philadelphia, and lost again on October 27. The
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Although union members voted to invite him to their convention in 1966, Abel did not ask for him to come. When the USWA held its convention in
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McDonald was almost universally considered vain and self-important. Many union leaders felt he drank too much and was far too flamboyant.
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165:, to David and Mary (Kelly) McDonald, Welsh immigrants. David McDonald, Sr. was a long-time union activist who had been run out of
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Whitaker, Arthur R. (1944). Inter-American Affairs 1943 Annual Survey, No. 3. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 72–73
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The Board of Inquiry issued its final report on October 19 and declared that there was no chance of a negotiated settlement.
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15 500,000 steelworkers struck. The strike shuttered nearly every steel mill in the country. By the end of August, the
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Prior to the strike, the major steel companies were reporting high profits. McDonald and Steelworkers general counsel
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In 1959, McDonald led the union out on strike again. But the 1959 steel strike was both a victory and a disaster.
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On November 7, 1959, on the 116th day of the strike, the Supreme Court upheld the appellate court's findings. In
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In 1946, McDonald was one of several union leaders within the CIO who pushed for a major organizing drive in the
169:, because of his union activity. After failing as a saloonkeeper, McDonald, Sr. got a job as a guide setter at a
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In May 1962, at 60, McDonald received a bachelor's degree in industrial relations from St. Martin's College.
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It was a dangerous tactic, one which could have broken the union if not for the support of Vice President
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215:, in 1939. The couple divorced in 1946. McDonald then married his secretary, Rosemary McHugh, in 1950.
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retrench rather than expand aggressively. At the CIO convention in December 1952, McDonald nominated
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Stebenne, David L. "Arthur J. Goldberg: New Deal Liberal." New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
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to wait until Eisenhower forced union members back to work, refused to make any such concessions.
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executives, and appeared endlessly at rallies, bond drives, broadcasts, and press conferences....
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voiced concern that there would not be enough steel to meet national defense needs in a crisis.
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McDonald married Emily Price in August 1937, who had been a secretary to Mine Workers president
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285:. Murray was named the new union's first president and McDonald its first secretary-treasurer.
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to the federation, McDonald publicly and brazenly pulled USWA organizers from CIO projects.
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A new three-year national steel contract was signed on March 31, 1962. Goldberg associate
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to become familiar with the labor movements in other American countries at the behest of
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Daniels, Lee A. "David J. McDonald, Retired Head of Steelworkers Union, Dies at 76."
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and CIO president Walter Reuther began unity talks in earnest in January 1953. A
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The Decline of American Steel: How Management, Labor, and Government Went Wrong.
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Forging a Union of Steel: Philip Murray, SWOC, and the United Steelworkers.
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to discuss becoming an assistant movie director but turned down the offer.
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McDonald retired to California. In 1969, he published his autobiography,
460:. McDonald's negotiating stands often reflected the interunion jealousy.
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McDonald had a rocky relationship with the CIO under its new president,
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within the CIO. McDonald was appointed to the executive council of the
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613:, who also pressured Riffe and reported on CIO affairs to McDonald.
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Shils, Edward B. "Arthur Goldberg: Proof of the American Dream."
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343:. The delegation sent included Edward J. Brown, president of the
296:, controlling its policies, endorsements and donations alongside
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and reduced the competitiveness of the American steel industry.
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Right to Challenge: People and Power in the Steelworkers Union.
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Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
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Vice presidents of the Congress of Industrial Organizations
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Clark, Paul F.; Gottlieb, Peter; and Kennedy, Donald, eds.
663:, were already pressing hard on CIO affiliates such as the
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in 1947 significantly weakened union organizing prospects.
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364:
340:
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Pomfret, John D. "Abel Declared Victor in Steel Vote."
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Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni
802:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 72–73.
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Meanwhile, a budding friendship between Goldberg and
145:(November 22, 1902 – August 8, 1979) was an American
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Seeger, Murray. "M'Donald Yields Union Presidency."
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and could make public recommendations of their own.
177:. Mary McDonald's father had been an officer in the
320:. He also served as the PAC's secretary-treasurer.
385:American Labor Conference on International Affairs
937:Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2000.
347:from the AFL, McDonald representing the CIO; and
279:Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers
175:Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers
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800:Inter-American Affairs 1943 Annual Survey, No.3
746:, in 1976, McDonald was not invited to attend.
353:Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen
345:International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
263:In June 1936, Murray was named director of the
689:
678:McDonald acquiesced in Reuther's selection of
394:in 1944 to report on the war effort. While in
288:The same year, Murray established a permanent
914:Man of Steel: The Story of David J. McDonald.
733:Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act
270:In 1940, Murray was elected president of the
440:As president, McDonald emphasized enhancing
670:Reuther won constitutional inclusion of an
501:Reuther's members due to a steel shortage.
19:For other people named David McDonald, see
879:Biographical Dictionary of American Labor.
844:Steelworkers in America: The Nonunion Era.
628:McDonald, along with USWA general counsel
1132:American trade unionists of Welsh descent
928:Union Man: The Life of a Labor Statesman.
740:Union Man: The Life of a Labor Statesman.
916:New York: North American Book Co., 1954.
797:
528:and set argument for November 3, 1959.
302:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
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935:Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered.
930:New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1969.
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258:
218:
1142:United Mine Workers of America people
881:Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984.
586:Post-Murray relationship with the CIO
420:Murray was a strong supporter of the
1152:People from Palm Springs, California
912:Kelly, George and Beachler, Edward.
828:"Abel Is Sworn In By Steelworkers."
272:Congress of Industrial Organizations
223:In 1923, a friend introduced him to
44:President of the United Steelworkers
846:New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1969.
549:, 361 U.S. 39 (1959), in an 8-to-1
517:United States Department of Justice
495:United States Department of Defense
13:
902:New York: Harper & Row, 1972.
310:Transport Workers Union of America
265:Steel Workers Organizing Committee
14:
1183:
1147:Presidents of United Steelworkers
1017:
227:, president of District 5 of the
16:American labor leader (1902–1979)
236:Carnegie Institute of Technology
171:Jones and Laughlin Steel Company
1137:Burials at Desert Memorial Park
448:as president and the advent of
21:David McDonald (disambiguation)
1162:Vice presidents of the AFL–CIO
1048:United Steelworkers of America
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791:
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283:United Steelworkers of America
277:In 1942, SWOC merged with the
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151:United Steelworkers of America
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860:Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1987.
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546:Steelworkers v. United States
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359:. The trip included stops in
161:McDonald was born in 1902 in
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1024:United Steelworkers Web site
895:New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956.
798:Whitaker, Arthur R. (1944).
618:American Federation of Labor
422:National Labor Relations Act
173:rolling mill and joined the
149:leader and president of the
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690:Final union years and death
672:Industrial Union Department
522:United States Supreme Court
339:, secretary-general of the
194:Wheeling Steel Products Co.
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759:Cathedral City, California
290:political action committee
240:Carnegie Mellon University
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234:McDonald enrolled at the
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1104:George McGregor Harrison
956:Business History Review.
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751:Palm Springs, California
390:Murray sent McDonald to
351:, vice-president of the
163:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
123:Palm Springs, California
107:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1157:People from Pittsburgh
893:AFL-CIO, Labor United.
665:United Brewery Workers
454:United States Congress
337:Bernardo Ibáñez Águila
213:David J. McDonald, Jr.
1083:Trades Union Congress
970:Monthly Labor Review.
835:"Aspirin for Steel."
357:Railroad brotherhoods
329:Railroad Brotherhoods
167:Springfield, Illinois
1032:Trade union offices
891:Goldberg, Arthur J.
755:Desert Memorial Park
753:, and was buried at
446:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1004:The CIO, 1935–1955.
963:The New York Times.
958:72:3 (Autumn 1998).
949:The New York Times.
926:McDonald, David J.
877:Fink, Gary M., ed.
872:The New York Times.
830:The New York Times.
814:The CIO, 1935–1955,
638:industrial unionism
624:AFL-CIO merger role
515:On October 20, the
327:, the CIO, and the
318:United Auto Workers
259:Secretary-Treasurer
229:United Mine Workers
219:United Mine Workers
202:Duquesne University
153:from 1952 to 1965.
143:David John McDonald
79:Iorwith Wilbur Abel
1072:William C. Doherty
1002:Zieger, Robert H.
839:November 16, 1959.
726:In 1965, however,
697:Secretary of Labor
680:John W. Livingston
630:Arthur J. Goldberg
476:Arthur J. Goldberg
452:majorities in the
444:. The election of
211:. They had a son,
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1109:
1097:Succeeded by
1055:Succeeded by
1046:President of the
985:Tiffany, Paul A.
749:McDonald died in
744:Las Vegas, Nevada
424:and believed the
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104:November 22, 1902
32:David J. McDonald
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1081:delegate to the
1068:Joseph A. Beirne
1065:Preceded by
1037:Preceded by
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989:New York: 1988.
919:"Man of Steel."
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600:Allan S. Haywood
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898:Herling, John.
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776:
775:
766:
763:
691:
688:
643:AFL president
625:
622:
592:Walter Reuther
587:
584:
484:featherbedding
468:
465:
442:fringe benefit
433:
430:
298:Jacob Potofsky
260:
257:
255:
252:
238:, now part of
220:
217:
179:Sons of Vulcan
158:
155:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
120:(aged 76)
116:August 8, 1979
114:
110:
109:
95:
91:
90:
86:
85:
82:
81:
76:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
47:
46:
39:
38:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1184:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1093:
1092:Lee W. Minton
1085:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:Philip Murray
1035:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1012:0-8078-2182-9
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
995:0-19-504382-0
992:
988:
984:
982:
981:0-19-507105-0
978:
974:
972:January 1997.
971:
967:
965:May 20, 1965.
964:
960:
957:
953:
950:
946:
944:
943:1-56639-739-1
940:
936:
932:
929:
925:
923:July 9, 1956.
922:
918:
915:
911:
909:
908:0-06-011834-2
905:
901:
897:
894:
890:
888:
887:0-313-22865-5
884:
880:
876:
873:
869:
867:
866:0-87546-134-4
863:
859:
855:
853:
852:0-252-06713-4
849:
845:
841:
838:
834:
832:June 2, 1965.
831:
827:
826:
816:1995, p. 188.
815:
809:
801:
794:
790:
783:
781:
780:Duquesne Club
772:
771:
770:
762:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
736:
734:
729:
724:
720:
716:
713:
710:
709:Marvin Miller
705:
702:
699:by President
698:
687:
683:
681:
676:
673:
668:
666:
662:
657:
653:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
634:William Green
631:
621:
619:
614:
612:
611:Oral Garrison
608:
607:John V. Riffe
603:
601:
595:
593:
583:
579:
575:
572:
567:
565:
564:Richard Nixon
560:
556:
554:
553:
548:
547:
541:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
518:
513:
510:
506:
502:
498:
496:
490:
487:
485:
479:
477:
472:
464:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
429:
427:
423:
418:
414:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:Latin America
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
275:
273:
268:
266:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
225:Philip Murray
216:
214:
210:
209:John L. Lewis
205:
203:
199:
195:
190:
186:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
154:
152:
148:
144:
135:
131:
127:
124:
115:
111:
108:
96:
92:
87:
83:
80:
77:
71:
68:
67:Philip Murray
65:
59:
53:
48:
45:
40:
36:
29:
26:
22:
1090:
1087:1960
1077:
1045:
1003:
986:
969:
962:
955:
951:May 1, 1965.
948:
934:
927:
920:
913:
899:
892:
878:
871:
857:
843:
836:
829:
813:
808:
799:
793:
777:
768:
748:
739:
737:
725:
721:
717:
714:
706:
693:
684:
677:
669:
658:
654:
645:George Meany
642:
627:
615:
604:
596:
589:
580:
576:
568:
561:
557:
550:
544:
542:
537:Edgar Kaiser
533:Kaiser Steel
530:
514:
511:
507:
503:
499:
491:
488:
480:
473:
470:
462:
439:
435:
419:
415:
408:
389:
322:
287:
281:to form the
276:
269:
262:
233:
222:
206:
196:and studied
191:
187:
183:
160:
142:
141:
132:Labor leader
118:(1979-08-08)
74:Succeeded by
51:
25:
1127:1979 deaths
1122:1902 births
1100:Karl Feller
765:Personality
467:1959 strike
458:closed shop
437:president.
254:SWOC career
62:Preceded by
1116:Categories
1058:I. W. Abel
1052:1952–1965
823:References
552:per curiam
526:certiorari
450:Republican
432:Presidency
411:Deep South
400:V-2 rocket
314:Emil Mazey
306:Emil Rieve
198:accounting
157:Early life
129:Occupation
100:1902-11-22
728:I.W. Abel
661:Teamsters
571:Democrats
355:from the
244:Hollywood
56:1952–1965
52:In office
812:Zieger,
524:granted
369:Colombia
331:went to
42:2nd
1079:AFL-CIO
649:no-raid
392:England
316:of the
308:of the
300:of the
294:CIO-PAC
1089:With:
1010:
993:
979:
941:
906:
885:
864:
850:
396:London
381:Mexico
379:, and
373:Panama
921:Time.
837:Time.
786:Notes
757:, in
535:heir
361:Chile
147:labor
1008:ISBN
991:ISBN
977:ISBN
939:ISBN
904:ISBN
883:ISBN
862:ISBN
848:ISBN
398:, a
377:Cuba
365:Peru
341:CATL
323:The
312:and
113:Died
94:Born
325:AFL
246:by
200:at
1118::
782:.
761:.
594:.
387:.
375:,
371:,
367:,
363:,
304:,
204:.
102:)
98:(
23:.
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