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easily reconstructed in conjunction with New
Testament Manuscripts. Strauss pointed out that Christian tradition is fundamentally mythical, and that while he did not claim that there are no historical facts in the sources, there is too little evidence to reconstruct the historical image of Jesus to serve the Christian faith. Raising critical questions about Jesus's historical image made Strauss an important figure in the field of theology.
1699:
1225:, Strauss's response was reminiscent of the German Rationalist movement in Protestant theology. According to Strauss, Jesus' Virgin Birth was added to the biography of Jesus as a legend in order to honor him in the way that Gentiles honored great historical figures. However, Strauss believed that the greater honor for Christ would have been to omit the Virgin Birth anecdote and to recognize Joseph as his legitimate father.
1879:
1203:(1906; 1910) that Strauss's arguments "filled in the death-certificates of a whole series of explanations which, at first sight, have all the air of being alive, but are not really so." He adds that there are two broad periods of academic research in the quest for the historical Jesus, namely, "the period before David Strauss and the period after David Strauss."
994:. The ancient Roman Emperor who tried to reverse the advance of Christianity was presented as "an unworldly dreamer, a man who turned nostalgia for the ancients into a way of life and whose eyes were closed to the pressing needs of the present" – a thinly veiled reference to the contemporary Prussian King's well-known
1206:
According to Peter C. Hodgson and James C. Livingston, David
Strauss was the first one to raise the question about Jesus's historical character and open the way to separate Jesus from the Christian faith. In Strauss's "Life of Jesus", he disagreed with the previous ideas that historical Jesus can be
1213:
has suggested that "the details of
Strauss's argument, his use of Hegelian philosophy, and even his definition of myth, have not had a lasting impact. Yet his basic claims—that many of the gospel narratives are mythical in character, and that 'myth' is not simply to be equated with 'falsehood'—have
258:
In
October 1831, Strauss resigned his office to study under Schleiermacher and Hegel in Berlin. Hegel died just as he arrived, and though Strauss regularly attended Schleiermacher's lectures, it was only those on the life of Jesus that interested him. Strauss tried to find kindred spirits among the
933:
so controversial was
Strauss's characterization of the miraculous elements in the gospels as mythical. After analyzing the Bible in terms of self-coherence and paying attention to numerous contradictions, he concluded that the miracle stories were not actual events. According to Strauss, the early
919:
wrote a review in 1835 called "The
Iscariotism of our days", a review which Strauss characterised as "the offspring of the legitimate marriage between theological ignorance and religious intolerance, blessed by a sleep-walking philosophy." When Strauss was elected to a chair of theology in the
1170:
His theory, that the Christ of the
Gospels, excepting the most meagre outline of personal history, was the unintentional creation of the early Christian Messianic expectation, Strauss applied to the Gospel narratives. Smith felt Strauss's operations were based upon fatal defects, positive and
1178:
once complained that
Strauss's critique of the history in the gospels was not based on a thorough examination of the manuscript traditions of the documents themselves. Smith claims that with a broader and deeper philosophy of religion, juster canons of historical criticism, with a more exact
942:
view that the biblical accounts were entirely accurate. Strauss's third way, in which the miracles are explained as myths developed by early
Christians to support their evolving conception of Jesus, heralded a new epoch in the textual and historical treatment of the rise of Christianity.
974:
of high repute as an opera singer. The marriage soon became unhappy and, after the birth of two children, in 1847 the couple agreed terms of separation. Although it appears
Strauss wished to marry other women in 1851 and 1867, his wife refused to grant him a final divorce.
924:, the appointment provoked such a storm of controversy that the authorities decided to pension him before he began his duties and effigies of Strauss were burnt during Zurich's Shrove Tuesday festival. Strauss donated the pension, 1000 Swiss Francs per year, to the poor.
1154:
characterized Strauss's mind as almost exclusively analytical and critical, without depth of religious feeling or philosophical penetration, or historical sympathy; his work being accordingly rarely constructive. Smith found Strauss to strikingly illustrate
1017:
chamber, but his actions were so conservative that his constituents requested him to resign his seat. He forgot his political disappointments in the production of a series of biographical works, which secured him a permanent place in German literature
915:, 'The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined' was a sensation. While not denying that Jesus existed, Strauss did argue that the miracles in the New Testament were mythical additions with little basis in fact.
216:, who instilled in their pupils a deep appreciation for the ancient classics and the principles of textual criticism, which could be applied to texts in the sacred tradition as well as to classical ones.
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negative, and that Strauss held a narrow theory as to the miraculous, a still narrower as to the relation of the divine to the human, and he had no true idea of the nature of historical tradition.
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168:. Strauss conceived of myths as expressions of Truths, as opposed to the modern shorthand of myth for "falsity"- Strauss did not deny Jesus' divine nature. His work was connected to the
1163:
was directed against not only the traditional orthodox view of the Gospel narratives, but likewise the rationalistic treatment of them, whether after the manner of Reimarus or that of
934:
church developed these stories in order to present Jesus as the Messiah of the Jewish prophecies. This perspective was in opposition to the prevailing views of Strauss' time:
1958:
407:
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knowledge of the date and origin of the Gospels, Strauss's rigorous application of the mythical theory with its destructive results would have been impossible.
1114:, and not least amongst Strauss's own friends, who wondered at his one-sided view of Christianity and his professed abandonment of spiritual philosophy for the
243:
successively claimed his allegiance. In 1830, he became an assistant to a country clergyman, and nine months later, he accepted the post of professor in the
954:) in two volumes. The main principle of this new work was that the history of Christian doctrines has basically been the history of their disintegration.
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1214:
become part of mainstream scholarship. What was wildly controversial in Strauss's time has now become one of the standard tools of biblical scholars."
1098:) (1865) is a severe criticism of Schleiermacher's lectures on the life of Jesus, which were then first published. From 1865 to 1872 Strauss lived in
244:
1973:
776:
334:(Two Peaceful Letters), Strauss made important concessions to his critics, some of which he withdrew, however, in the fourth edition (1840) of
212:, to be prepared for the study of theology. Two of the principal masters in the school were Professors Friedrich Heinrich Kern (1790–1842) and
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One of the more controversial interpretations that Strauss introduced to the understanding of the historical Jesus, is his interpretation of
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It has been claimed that Strauss's popularity was due as much to his clear and captivating style as to the logical force of his arguments.
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translated as "On The Old and New Faith" (1872; English translation by M. Blind, 1873), produced almost as great a sensation as his
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314:(Tübingen: E. F. Osiander, 1837), which was finally translated into English by Marilyn Chapin Massey and published under the title
1509:
1427:
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1978:
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17:
1134:) to the Fourth edition of the book (1873). Soon thereafter, Strauss fell ill, and he died in Ludwigsburg on 8 February 1874.
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led the attack of the Hegelians on Strauss, and Bauer continued to attack Strauss in academic journals for years. When young
275:(Christian Dogma). Hegelians generally would not accept his conclusions. In 1832, Strauss returned to Tübingen, lecturing on
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737:
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Streitschriften zur Verteidigung meiner Schrift über das Leben Jesu und zur Charakteristik der gegenwärtigen Theologie
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1968:
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began criticizing Strauss, Bauer gave Nietzsche every support that he could afford. In the third edition (1839) of
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1983:
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with great success. However, in the fall of 1833, he resigned, to devote all his time to the completion of his
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1159:'s principle that loving sympathy is essential for productive criticism. Smith goes on to note that Strauss's
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followers of Hegel but was not successful. While under the influence of Hegel's distinction between
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295:(Tübingen: 1835–1836), and it was translated from the fourth German edition into English by
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986:("A Romantic on the Throne of the Caesars"), in which he drew a satirical parallel between
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Monument for David Strauss in Ludwigsburg; it was erected in 1910 according to plans by
267:, Strauss had already conceived the ideas found in his two principal theological works:
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966:, Strauss took leave of theology for over twenty years. On 30 August 1842, he married
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1071:) (13th ed., 1904). It failed to produce an effect comparable to that of the first
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J. F. Smith, author of the article on Strauss in the ninth (1875-1889) edition of
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1444:"David Friedrich Strauss (Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology)"
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227:. The professors of philosophy there failed to interest him, but the theories of
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1723:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1002–1003.
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291:, published when he was 27 years old. The full original title of this work is
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Memorial plaque for David Friedrich Strauß at his birthplace in Ludwigsburg
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176:, early Christianity, and ancient religions. Strauss was a pioneer in the
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1594:. Internet Archive. Cambridge : University Press. pp. 181–182, 231.
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This argument is repeated in the anonymous article of the 11th edition.
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Douglas R McGaughey, "On D.F. Strauß and the 1839 Revolution in Zurich"
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Douglas R McGaughey, "On D.F. Strauß and the 1839 Revolution in Zurich"
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Strauss returned to theology in 1862, when he published a biography of
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153:
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David Friedrich Strauß, father of unbelief, an intellectual biography.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1644:. Vol. 22 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
978:
Strauss resumed his literary activity by the 1847 publication in
1919:
Theobald Ziegler : David Friedrich Strauss (1908) (German)
1567:. Internet Archive. Cambridge : University Press. p. 158.
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David Friedrich Strauss in seinem Leben und seinen Schriften
165:
152:; 27 January 1808 – 8 February 1874) was a German liberal
299:(Marian Evans) (1819–1880) and published under the title
209:
1240:—were published in a collected edition in 12 volumes by
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Familiar Stranger: An Introduction to Jesus of Nazareth
204:. At age 12 he was sent to the evangelical seminary at
1096:
Der Christus des Glaubens und der Jesus der Geschichte
946:
In 1840 and the following year, Strauss published his
316:
In Defense of My 'Life of Jesus' Against the Hegelians
1661:
Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology
345:
David Friedrich Strauss - Das Leben Jesu - book cover
318:(Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1983). The famous scholar
1475:, Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 182–192,
1295:"David Friedrich Strauss | German philosopher"
1540:. Internet Archive. Cambridge : University Press.
245:Evangelical Seminaries of Maulbronn and Blaubeuren
1959:Members of the Württembergian Chamber of Deputies
1925:
1897:Raw files of the first American edition of the
1314:
1069:Das Leben Jesu für das deutsche Volk bearbeitet
1891:The life of Jesus critically examined Volume 2
1885:The life of Jesus critically examined Volume 1
701:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
1799:D. F. Strauss, sein Leben und seine Schriften
890:
1122:harshly critiqued this work in his first of
1092:The Christ of Faith and the Jesus of History
1063:. Two years later in 1864, he published the
998:dreams of restoring the supposed glories of
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910:
306:Since the Hegelians in general rejected his
1758:D. F. Strauss und die Theologie seiner Zeit
1676:"David Friedrich Strauss: Miracle and Myth"
1591:David Friedrich Strauss and his theology. -
1564:David Friedrich Strauss and his theology. -
1537:David Friedrich Strauss and his theology. -
1269:David Strauss: the Confessor and the Writer
1102:, and in 1870 he published his lectures on
1318:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
897:
883:
310:, Strauss defended his work in a booklet,
47:
1638:. In Baynes, T. S.; Smith, W. R. (eds.).
1005:In 1848 he was nominated a member of the
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1181:
1141:
1048:
984:Der Romantiker auf dem Thron der Cäsaren
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340:
187:
27:German theologian and writer (1808–1874)
1906:Marcus Borg, "D.F.S., miracle and myth"
1665:Section 5, "Relation to Other Thinkers"
1383:by Michael J. McClymond (Mar 22, 2004)
164:", whose divine nature he explored via
14:
1974:People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
1926:
1735:Oxford University Press, Oxford 2020,
1627:
1625:
1623:
1587:
1560:
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1341:The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined
1264:is a critique directed against Strauss
301:The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined
156:theologian and writer, who influenced
1657:"David Friedrich Strauss (1808-1874)"
1631:
1374:
1330:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
1310:
1308:
147:
109:The Life of Jesus Critically Examined
1469:"David Friedrich Strauß and Spinoza"
1041:, 3 vols., 1858–1860, 6th ed. 1895)
1013:(1815–1885). He was elected for the
172:, which revolutionized study of the
1911:Theodore Parker's review (1840) of
1620:
1271:" — Nietzsche's critique of Strauss
1079:(1865), directed specially against
1065:Life of Jesus for the German People
912:Das Leben Jesu, kritisch bearbeitet
192:Strauss's birthplace in Ludwigsburg
24:
1814:
1361:The Making of the New Spirituality
1305:
293:Das Leben Jesu kritisch bearbeitet
229:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
160:Europe with his portrayal of the "
25:
1995:
1838:
1200:The Quest of the Historical Jesus
349:
178:historical investigation of Jesus
1877:
1847:"Strauss, David Friedrich"
1697:
1635:"Strauss, David Friedrich"
1467:Beiser, Frederick (2024-06-20),
1343:by David Friedrich Strauss 2010
1321:"Strauss, David Friedrich"
1258:Adam Karl August von Eschenmayer
428:Unification Church in Japan
283:, the history of philosophy and
149:[ˈdaːvɪtˈfʁiːdʁɪçʃtʁaʊs]
119:
1861:Works by or about David Strauss
1827:, Donostia : Elkar, 2014.
1668:
1649:
1608:
1581:
1554:
1527:
1502:
1262:Der Ischariotismus unserer Täge
1190:, the bust is by Ludwig Habich.
992:Frederick William IV of Prussia
1979:Quest for the historical Jesus
1481:10.1093/9780191953903.003.0010
1460:
1436:
1413:
1394:
1354:
1334:
1327:New International Encyclopedia
1287:
1044:
359:This article is of a series on
13:
1:
1690:
241:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
219:In 1825, Strauss entered the
183:
30:For the poet and critic, see
1236:All of Strauss's works—save
1108:Der alte und der neue Glaube
962:With the publication of his
7:
1876:(public domain audiobooks)
1785:Literarische Charakterköpfe
1251:
1137:
917:Carl August von Eschenmayer
324:Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche
10:
2000:
1085:Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg
970:(1813–1870), a cultivated
29:
1725:This work in turn cites:
1363:by James A. Herrick 2003
1238:Christliche Glaubenslehre
1077:Die Halben und die Ganzen
964:Christliche Glaubenslehre
952:Christliche Glaubenslehre
408:Latter Day Saint movement
303:(3 vols., London, 1846).
273:Christliche Glaubenslehre
127:
118:
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77:8 February 1874 (aged 66)
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1944:German biblical scholars
1825:Historia, arraza, nazioa
1715:Strauss, David Friedrich
1617:, "Iron Kingdom", P. 446
1280:
1231:
1176:Ferdinand Christian Baur
1152:Encyclopædia Britannica,
237:Friedrich Schleiermacher
214:Ferdinand Christian Baur
1969:People from Ludwigsburg
1720:Encyclopædia Britannica
1641:Encyclopædia Britannica
1588:Harris, Horton (1973).
1561:Harris, Horton (1973).
1534:Harris, Horton (1973).
1421:David Friedrich Strauss
1299:Encyclopedia Britannica
842:Criticism of monotheism
738:Anti-Christian violence
433:Westboro Baptist Church
332:Zwei friedliche Blätter
247:, where he would teach
141:David Friedrich Strauss
18:David Friedrich Strauss
1964:New Testament scholars
1870:Works by David Strauss
1853:Encyclopedia Americana
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1009:, but was defeated by
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489:New religious movement
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221:University of Tübingen
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1984:Religious naturalists
1823:: "Renan-Strauss" in
1632:Smith, J. F. (1887).
1351:pages 39–43 and 87–91
1185:
1145:
1128:Afterword as Foreword
1053:David Strauss in 1874
1052:
958:Interlude (1841–1860)
948:On Christian Doctrine
418:Seventh-day Adventist
366:Criticism of religion
344:
191:
1760:(2 vols., 1876–1878)
1132:Nachwort als Vorwort
1118:of modern science.
1007:Frankfurt Parliament
922:University of Zürich
837:Criticism of atheism
541:Charles Taze Russell
423:Unification movement
271:(Life of Jesus) and
100:Christian theologian
1954:German male writers
1808:(2 vols, 1908–1909)
1729:Frederick C. Beiser
1126:. Strauss added an
1124:Untimely Mediations
1032:Nikodemus Frischlin
988:Julian the Apostate
608:Mormon sacred texts
528:By religious figure
403:Jehovah's Witnesses
1949:German Protestants
1473:Spinoza in Germany
1430:2014-02-01 at the
1407:2014-02-01 at the
1248:appeared in 1895.
1246:Ausgewählte Briefe
1192:
1148:
1106:. His last work,
1055:
1011:Christoph Hoffmann
1002:Medieval society.
725:Sectarian violence
634:Religious violence
566:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
462:Twelver Shia Islam
347:
194:
32:David Levi Strauss
1833:978-84-9027-297-8
1741:978-0-19-885985-7
1615:Christopher Clark
1601:978-0-521-20139-1
1574:978-0-521-20139-1
1547:978-0-521-20139-1
1510:"Agnese Schebest"
1490:978-0-19-286288-4
1223:Demythologization
1195:Albert Schweitzer
1174:Smith notes that
1038:Ulrich von Hutten
1027:Christian Märklin
1025:, 2 vols., 1849;
907:
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445:Swaminarayan sect
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16:(Redirected from
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1865:Internet Archive
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1787:(1896), vol. iv
1775:Altes und Neues
1773:F. T. Vischer,
1768:Kritische Gänge
1754:Adolph Hausrath
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1489:
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1423:p.94, through
1412:
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1060:H. S. Reimarus
1046:
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959:
956:
930:Das Leben Jesu
905:
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809:Related topics
808:
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771:Bibliographies
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613:Book of Mormon
605:
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568:
563:
558:
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514:Zoroastrianism
511:
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351:Das Leben Jesu
348:
336:Das Leben Jesu
328:Das Leben Jesu
289:Das Leben Jesu
269:Das Leben Jesu
251:, history and
225:Tübinger Stift
185:
182:
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128:
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89:
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26:
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1899:Life of Jesus
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1807:
1806:D. F. Strauss
1803:
1800:
1797:K. Harraeus,
1796:
1793:
1792:D. F. Strauss
1789:
1786:
1782:
1781:R. Gottschall
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:F. T. Vischer
1762:
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1734:
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1716:
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1707:
1706:public domain
1695:
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1530:
1516:on 2018-10-27
1515:
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1448:people.bu.edu
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1369:0-8308-2398-0
1366:
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1357:
1350:
1349:1-61640-309-8
1346:
1342:
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1329:
1328:
1322:
1317:
1316:Gilman, D. C.
1311:
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1300:
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1242:Eduard Zeller
1239:
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1161:Life of Jesus
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1112:Life of Jesus
1109:
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1097:
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1088:
1087:(1802–1869).
1086:
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972:mezzo-soprano
969:
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857:Superstitions
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414:
413:Protestantism
411:
409:
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308:Life of Jesus
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174:New Testament
171:
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142:
132:
126:
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117:
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101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
76:
72:
68:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:David Strauss
38:
33:
19:
1912:
1898:
1851:
1824:
1805:
1804:T. Ziegler,
1798:
1791:
1784:
1774:
1767:
1757:
1747:
1732:
1718:
1679:
1670:
1660:
1651:
1639:
1610:
1590:
1583:
1563:
1556:
1536:
1529:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:the original
1504:
1494:, retrieved
1472:
1462:
1451:. Retrieved
1447:
1438:
1420:
1419:Sandberger,
1415:
1396:
1380:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1340:
1336:
1325:
1298:
1289:
1261:
1245:
1244:. Strauss's
1237:
1235:
1227:
1222:
1219:Virgin Birth
1216:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1131:
1127:
1111:
1107:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1004:
983:
977:
963:
961:
951:
947:
945:
926:
908:
777:Christianity
647:Christianity
393:Christianity
383:Baháˈí Faith
350:
335:
331:
327:
315:
311:
307:
305:
300:
297:George Eliot
292:
288:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
218:
195:
140:
139:
1939:1874 deaths
1934:1808 births
1371:pages 58–65
1260:— his work
1211:Marcus Borg
1188:Paul Bonatz
1116:materialism
1045:Later works
1015:Württemberg
936:rationalism
797:Scientology
729:By country
696:Persecution
546:Ellen White
499:Scientology
494:Neopaganism
375:By religion
320:Bruno Bauer
261:Vorstellung
233:Jakob Böhme
198:Ludwigsburg
92:Philosopher
81:Ludwigsburg
67:Ludwigsburg
1928:Categories
1691:References
1520:2017-05-26
1496:2024-06-08
1453:2024-06-08
1389:0802826806
1221:. In the
927:What made
909:Strauss's
718:In Judaism
484:Monotheism
206:Blaubeuren
184:Early life
154:Protestant
88:Occupation
1197:wrote in
1120:Nietzsche
1100:Darmstadt
1021:Schubarts
847:Sexuality
792:Mormonism
743:In Odisha
674:Christian
669:Terrorism
652:Mormonism
509:Yazdânism
467:Wahhabism
330:, and in
202:Stuttgart
158:Christian
143:(German:
114:Signature
1874:LibriVox
1790:S. Eck,
1746:Zeller,
1428:Archived
1405:Archived
1252:See also
1138:Critique
1104:Voltaire
1035:, 1855;
1029:, 1851;
996:romantic
980:Mannheim
825:In Islam
820:Apostasy
755:Pakistan
713:In Islam
642:Buddhism
561:Muhammad
457:Islamism
440:Hinduism
398:Catholic
388:Buddhism
1893:(1860)
1863:at the
1856:. 1920.
1708::
1391:page 82
852:Slavery
787:Judaism
750:Nigeria
684:Islamic
659:Judaism
585:By text
504:Sikhism
479:Judaism
474:Jainism
265:Begriff
208:, near
200:, near
1901:, 1860
1887:(1860)
1831:
1801:(1901)
1794:(1899)
1750:(1874)
1739:
1702:
1598:
1571:
1544:
1487:
1387:
1367:
1347:
1157:Goethe
1000:feudal
867:Jewish
862:Muslim
689:Jewish
620:Talmud
603:Hadith
285:ethics
253:Hebrew
145:Strauß
96:writer
1281:Notes
1232:Works
1023:Leben
815:Abuse
782:Islam
733:India
679:Hindu
664:Islam
598:Quran
593:Bible
556:Moses
551:Jesus
536:Aisha
452:Islam
281:Plato
277:logic
249:Latin
223:—the
129:[
106:Works
1829:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1400:See
1385:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1090:His
1073:Life
990:and
571:Saul
263:and
239:and
166:myth
74:Died
60:Born
1872:at
1717:".
1477:doi
982:of
708:War
210:Ulm
1930::
1850:.
1783:,
1766:,
1756:,
1731::
1678:.
1659:.
1622:^
1483:,
1471:,
1446:.
1324:.
1307:^
1297:.
1167:.
338:.
279:,
255:.
235:,
231:,
180:.
98:,
94:,
1743:.
1682:.
1663:.
1604:.
1577:.
1550:.
1523:.
1479::
1456:.
1301:.
1267:"
1130:(
1094:(
1067:(
1018:(
950:(
898:e
891:t
884:v
133:]
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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