1255:'s campus. The population was first studied in the 1980s, and has been a subject of interest for how much they differ from less urban neighboring populations. One of the most notable differences of the UCSD population is that they do not migrate like other populations of Oregon juncos. Instead, they remain on campus year-round. This differentiates them from other junco populations that migrate to the UCSD campus only in the winter. This lack of migration was likely influenced by the San Diego area's mild, Mediterranean climate. This climate also results in longer breeding seasons than exist at higher latitudes. This allows UCSD juncos to have as many as four broods per year, rather than the one or two of nearby populations. Greater brood size, in turn, may have acted as a selective pressure for parental involvement. Since birds breed more within a season, initial mating is less important, and males who are involved in care are more likely to breed again in that same season. UCSD resident birds also flock in pairs more often than overwintering birds, which may have resulted from the same selective pressures.
1175:) in the south of North America also provides evidence, as the two seem to represent successive steps in developing dark-eyed forms. The red-backed junco is very similar to the yellow-eyed junco in appearance. It also has the most southern range of the dark-eyed junco species. Under postglacial theory, this population would be older than the others, since populations expanded northwards. The gray-headed junco, which is found further north, has the same lighter beak as the rest of the junco complex. Together, they show the number of dark-eyed junco-like traits increasing as they move north. If the postglacial theory applies, northern junco subspecies would have diversified later. This makes their wide range of coloration more notable, since it would have to arise even faster.
1234:. These subspecies formed a latitudinal gradient, where subspecies bleed into each other and decrease or increase in a number in patterns correlating to latitude. Divergence was likely driven by local adaptation along the path north. Overall, it is likely that there is no single mechanism driving the historical diversification of dark-eyed juncos. Different subspecies feel different evolutionary forces with more or less frequency. However, multiple forces compound to drive divergence in all or most of the subspecies. It is likely that in the case of the dark-eyed juncos, these multiple factors have worked to accelerate change.
643:
788:
735:
837:
589:
518:
1332:, and seems to correlate with making higher pitched calls. This is helpful in an urban environment because low-frequency urban noise often drowns out bird calls. With higher pitched vocalizations, calls would be less likely to get lost in that noise. Given the theorized survival advantages, the prevalence of these traits is likely to be driven by natural selection. Research remains to be done on which alleles in the UCSD population serve an adaptive function, and which are likely just consequences of drift. Especially with the discovery that they are more closely related to
31:
1080:
87:
213:
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62:
1068:
427:
1030:). Female Carolina dark-eyed juncos have large ovaries and, therefore, do not experience gonadal growth delays because they are residents in the area. In winter, dark-eyed juncos are familiar in and around towns, and in many places are the most common birds at feeders. The slate-colored dark-eyed junco (
1258:
Despite other junco populations existing nearby, the populations diverge much more than expected. The degree of difference between the UCSD juncos and other local juncos was closer to what would be expected with geographic isolation. Since the nearest populations (located in the mountains) are of the
850:
Sometimes included with the gray-headed dark-eyed junco proper as part of the gray-headed group, this subspecies differs from it in having a more silvery bill with a dark-colored upper mandible and a light-colored lower mandible, a variable amount of rust on the wings, and pale underparts. This makes
1060:
of four eggs are laid during the breeding season. The slightly glossy eggs are grayish or pale bluish-white and heavily spotted (sometimes splotched) with various shades of brown, purple or gray. The spotting is concentrated at the large end of the egg. The eggs are incubated by the female for 12 to
1300:
population far away, genetic drift likely had a large influence on how the population developed. However, a strong association between habitat variables and functional genes was found. This association is a sign of natural selection and adaptive traits, not drift alone. This indicates that genetic
899:
Adult dark-eyed juncos generally have gray heads, necks, and breasts, gray or brown backs and wings, and a white belly, but show a confusing amount of variation in plumage details. The white outer tail feathers flash distinctively in flight and while hopping on the ground. The bill is usually pale
1194:. Instead, most differences were likely due to isolation and small population size. Those would increase the impact of genetic drift, increasing differences between the subspecies. Isolation barriers created by unsuitable desert habitat likely led to this lack of gene flow. Other subspecies, like
1008:
further south, arriving in their winter quarters between mid-September and
November and leaving to breed from mid-March onwards, with almost all of them gone by the end of April or so. Many populations are permanent residents or altitudinal migrants, while in cold years they may choose to stay in
714:
These eight subspecies have blackish-gray heads and breasts with brown backs and wings and reddish flanks, tending toward duller and paler plumage in the inland and southern parts of its range. Oregon dark-eyed juncos are also less commonly known as brown-backed dark-eyed juncos. This is the most
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Dark-eyed juncos usually nest in a cup-shaped depression on the ground, well hidden by vegetation or other material, although nests are sometimes found in the lower branches of a shrub or tree. The nests have an outer diameter of about 10 cm (3.9 in) and are lined with fine grasses and
903:
Males tend to have darker, more conspicuous markings than females. The dark-eyed junco is 13 to 17.5 cm (5.1 to 6.9 in) long and has a wingspan of 18 to 25 cm (7.1 to 9.8 in). Body mass can vary from 18 to 30 g (0.63 to 1.06 oz). Among standard measurements, the
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share similar degrees of white in their tail and nonmigratory behavior. This realization undercuts the idea that urbanization drives the lack of migration, but not that it caused many of the other changes. More evidence comes from the UCSD birds occasionally interbreeding with
1143:) at 1,800 years ago, based on mtDNA. One theory for the cause of this expansion is postglacial theory. This theory claims ancestral junco populations expanded further north across North America as glaciers melted. Receding glaciers would open up many novel habitats, with new
41:
1017:
populations will migrate to winter ranges 5,000–7,000 feet (1,500–2,100 m) lower than their summer range. Seasonally sympatric females show difference in migration and reproductive timing that is dependent on hormone and ovary regulation. The migrant female
2184:
1046:
These birds forage on the ground. In winter, they often forage in flocks that may contain several different subspecies. They mainly eat seeds, supplemented by the occasional insect. A flock of dark-eyed juncos has been known to be called a blizzard.
1218:. This indicates that they likely adapted to those specific conditions. Reproductive barriers could then come from those adaptations and differences in preferred habitat, rather than lack of interaction. There was also notable gene flow between
421:
they appear only in Winter: and in Snow they appear most. In Summer none are seen. Whether they retire and breed in the North (which is most probable) or where they go, when they leave these
Countries in Spring, is to me unknown.
1920:
Friis, Guillermo; Fandos, Guillermo; Zellmer, Amanda J.; McCormack, John E.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Milá, Borja (December 2018). "Genome-wide signals of drift and local adaptation during rapid lineage divergence in a songbird".
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and geographic isolation work to reinforce and amplify small changes established by genetic drift and natural selection. The exact mechanisms behind the speedy diversification of juncos remain a subject for more research.
928:) until they acquire adult plumage at two to three months, but dark-eyed junco fledglings' heads are generally quite uniform in color already, and initially their bills still have conspicuous yellowish edges to the
1003:
or mixed forest areas throughout North
America. In otherwise optimal conditions it also utilizes other habitats, but at the southern margin of its range it can only persist in its favorite habitat. Northern birds
609:
This subspecies has a medium-gray head, breast, and upperparts with white wing bars. Females are washed brownish. It has more white in the tail than the other 14 subspecies. It is a common endemic breeder in the
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juncos being much more common in the area. If the UCSD population were interbreeding with both, it would most likely have been observed already. Since the founding population was quite small, and the nearest
40:
764:. The back and wings are brown. It has a pinkish-cinnamon color that is richer and covers more of the flanks and breast than in the eight Oregon/brown-backed dark-eyed juncos. It breeds in the northern
760:
Sometimes considered a ninth subspecies in the Oregon/brown-backed group, this subspecies has a lighter gray head and breast than the eight Oregon/brown-backed dark-eyed juncos, with contrasting dark
1301:
drift is likely not the only evolutionary force at play. Selection is likely magnifying changes initially driven by drift, allowing the UCSD population to diverge from its neighbors very quickly.
1167:, since the likelihood of interbreeding occurring often enough for the trait to be so common is much less likely than it being inherited from a single ancestral event. The range of red-backed (
1079:
1318:
allele conferred better tolerance of heavy metals. As heavy metal poisoning is a documented issue for urban birds, this gene likely increases fitness in urban environments. Variation in
564:
These two or three subspecies have dark slate-gray heads, breasts and upperparts. Females are brownish-gray, sometimes with reddish-brown flanks. They breed in the North
American
731:. An unresolved debate exists as to whether this large and distinct subspecies group is actually a separate species with eight (or nine, see below) subspecies of its own.
42:
1026:
to allow time for their seasonal migration. They then migrate down to the northeastern United States, where the resident subspecies is the
Carolina dark-eyed junco (
859:), except for the dark eyes. It is found in the southern mountains of Arizona and New Mexico. It does not overlap with the yellow-eyed junco in its breeding range.
2717:
2737:
1155:. Thus, even short periods of isolation can cause populations to diverge. Postglacial theory is supported by yellow-eyed and dark-eyed juncos sharing a dominant
2082:
Friis, Guillermo; Atwell, Jonathan W.; Fudickar, Adam M.; Greives, Timothy J.; Yeh, Pamela J.; Price, Trevor D.; Ketterson, Ellen D.; Milá, Borja (May 2022).
2712:
2604:
2747:
875:) was formerly considered to be a subspecies of this species (either included in the gray-headed group or placed in a seventh group of its own, the
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diversity, as seen in the large number of color patterns, over what seems to be a very short amount of time. Current estimates of dark-eyed junco (
505:
ones, all depending on the authority. These groups were formerly considered separate species, but they interbreed extensively in areas of contact.
1336:, much pre-existing research may be less relevant. However, they are still a very promising model system for how birds adapt to urban ecosystems.
413:
The Bill of this Bird is white: The Breast and Belly white. All the rest of the Body black; but in some places dusky, inclining to Lead-color. In
2482:
2547:
2742:
2722:
2702:
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where both subspecies exist and interbreed. Instead of geographic isolation, differences between these subspecies are probably driven by
1190:, had low genetic–environmental association. This meant that most of the differences between them did not grant a measurable benefit to
1214:
populations correlating with isothermality, or how much temperatures shift from day to night and season to season, and negatively with
776:
and western
Wyoming and winters in central Idaho and nearby Montana and from southwestern South Dakota, southern Wyoming, and northern
1582:
1405:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
2433:
2165:—An expert discussion of atypical individuals, the fine points of subspecific identification, and the proper understanding of the
2152:
2495:
1651:
Dunn, Jon L. (2002). "The identification of Pink-sided Juncos, with cautionary notes about plumage variation and hybridization".
920:
is 1.9 to 2.3 cm (0.75 to 0.91 in). Juveniles often have pale streaks on their underparts and may even be mistaken for
2170:
1772:
2586:
1729:
1590:
879:), but is now treated as a separate species in its own right – perhaps a rather young one, but certainly this population has
2500:
2752:
2599:
1576:
813:
This subspecies is essentially rather light gray on top with a rusty back. It breeds in the southern Rocky
Mountains from
1252:
1818:"Migratory strategy explains differences in timing of female reproductive development in seasonally sympatric songbirds"
2456:
2381:
1816:
Kimmitt, Abigail A.; Hardman, Jack W.; Stricker, Craig A.; Ketterson, Ellen D. (September 2019). Sockman, Keith (ed.).
401:' with white belly") and a statement that it came from America. Linnaeus based his description on the "Snow-Bird" that
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1709:
1632:
443:
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population. However, genome analysis reveals that the population was likely established from the coastal subspecies
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2412:
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1789:
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in the UCSD population can be found on the gene level. Two of the most differentiated genes between the ancestral
2732:
2425:
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682:
383:
202:
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very likely to be relevant. This conclusion is further supported by phenotypic similarities: the UCSD birds and
2034:"Genetic and morphological evolution following a founder event in the dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis thurberi"
1974:"Recent postglacial range expansion drives the rapid diversification of a songbird lineage in the genus Junco"
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in their mitochondrial DNA, which indicates a recent burst in population. Yellow-eyed juncos are relatively
2243:
2565:
2461:
2306:
2272:
975:
s. It is known among bird song practitioners as an excellent bird to study for learning "bird language."
956:
1312:
population and the UCSD birds were linked to beneficial traits for urban environments. Specifically, an
2311:
2084:"Rapid evolutionary divergence of a songbird population following recent colonization of an urban area"
2033:
1684:
1507:
1377:
1067:
2285:
2032:
Rasner, C. A.; Yeh, P.; Eggert, L. S.; Hunt, K. E.; Woodruff, D. S.; Price, T. D. (6 February 2004).
1623:
1548:
1090:
1972:
Milá, Borja; McCormack, John E; Castañeda, Gabriela; Wayne, Robert K; Smith, Thomas B (2007-11-07).
1742:
2707:
2560:
2234:
2526:
1865:
86:
1702:
A Guide to the
Identification and Natural History of the Sparrows of the United States and Canada
1688:
1553:
580:, wintering throughout most of the United States. They are relatively common across their range.
435:
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2630:
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2196:
1160:
672:
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Dark-eyed junco populations are also of interest to scientists for how they are responding to
787:
2638:
2625:
1561:
1144:
884:
836:
734:
577:
573:
181:
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1408:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 183.
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more rapidly than the 14 or 15 subspecies of the dark-eyed junco on the mainland due to its
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2448:
2355:
2298:
2254:
2095:
2045:
1930:
1891:
1829:
1010:
905:
716:
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1722:
Sparrows and
Buntings: A Guide to the Sparrows and Buntings of North America and the World
1431:(in English and French). Vol. 1. London: W. Innys and R. Manby. p. 36, Plate 36.
642:
8:
2140:
1476:
1354:
1325:
509:
trying to identify subspecies are advised to consult detailed identification references.
456:
375:
51:
2146:
2099:
2083:
2049:
1934:
1833:
517:
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2006:
1973:
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1202:, were much less geographically isolated. Their ranges often overlap, forming zones of
243:
81:
30:
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2119:
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2061:
2057:
2011:
1993:
1954:
1946:
1847:
1769:
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1705:
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1448:(4th ed.). Lancaster, Pennsylvania: American Ornithologist's Union. p. 345.
1191:
1148:
964:
917:
852:
781:
339:
148:
1480:
1465:. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 63.
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1426:
1163:. Thus, a trait is more likely to be found in both species because of ancestry than
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2103:
2053:
2001:
1985:
1938:
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1403:
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1797:
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1542:
1251:. Much of this is modeled through a population of dark-eyed juncos living on the
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765:
720:
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498:
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761:
2727:
2420:
2407:
1515:
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1203:
1005:
921:
888:
439:
646:
Oregon/brown-backed group dark-eyed junco (may be any one of eight subspecies)
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2508:
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2219:
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2115:
1997:
1950:
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1281:
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379:
198:
71:
66:
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2123:
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2015:
1989:
1958:
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212:
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mailing list (January 2004), supplemented with photographs and paintings.
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13 days. The young leave the nest between 11 and 14 days after hatching.
611:
363:
355:
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978:
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2438:
1207:
1128:
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1942:
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are recognised. These subspecies are grouped in two or three large or
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2368:
1215:
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1132:
1034:) is a rare vagrant to Western Europe and may successfully winter in
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343:
138:
98:
2190:
1127:
Dark-eyed juncos have been widely investigated as a model for rapid
2373:
2347:
2213:
2176:
814:
623:
118:
951:) song is more complex, similar to that of the yellow-eyed junco (
426:
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1000:
818:
769:
627:
619:
331:
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can impact populations very strongly, since there are many open
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1815:
1428:
The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands
1103:
728:
569:
407:
The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands
347:
108:
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Oregon junco group diversification is likely a result of both
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1320:
1314:
1111:
1023:
773:
565:
468:
451:
447:
398:
335:
158:
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by Clive Byers & Urban Olsson. Houghton Mifflin (1995).
1971:
1919:
1305:
1139:) evolution place diversification from yellow-eyed juncos (
1107:
929:
913:
909:
777:
128:
2081:
1271:
20–30 generations ago, which are conditions that make the
393:. The description consisted merely of the laconic remark "
1329:
1122:
1790:"A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio"
1182:
and selection. Geographically isolated subspecies, like
1009:
their winter range and breed there. For example, in the
1978:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1352:
1263:, it was assumed the UCSD birds came from an ancestral
1581:. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. pp.
1442:
Committee on Classification and Nomenclature (1931).
947:), except that the red-backed dark-eyed junco's (see
936:
that guide the parents when they feed the nestlings.
916:
is 0.9 to 1.3 cm (0.35 to 0.51 in) and the
715:
common subspecies group in the West, breeding in the
455:
that was introduced in 1831 by the German naturalist
1506:
2031:
346:North America and in summer it ranges far into the
1541:
1378:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721097A138466281.en
821:and New Mexico, and winters into northern Mexico.
446:in 1931. The dark-eyed junco is now placed in the
2684:
912:is 6.1 to 7.3 cm (2.4 to 2.9 in), the
908:is 6.6 to 9.3 cm (2.6 to 3.7 in), the
2718:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
1787:
1540:
637:
2738:Native birds of the Northeastern United States
2159:—USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
2141:Dark-eyed junco ID, including sound and video
719:from southeastern Alaska to extreme northern
430:On a tree branch in the middle of the winter.
1650:
1578:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1421:
548:; possibly a slate-colored dark-eyed junco (
994:
2713:Birds of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
1764:
1762:
1760:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1627:. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, pp. 500–502,
1481:"Einige Mittheilungen ĂĽber Thiere Mexicos"
999:The dark-eyed junco's breeding habitat is
479:means "winter junco", from the Latin word
405:had described and illustrated in his 1731
211:
60:
38:
29:
2748:Native birds of the Western United States
2005:
1841:
1781:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1417:
1415:
1376:
1398:
1085:A fledgling pink-sided dark-eyed junco (
983:
977:
835:
786:
733:
641:
587:
516:
425:
1892:"Dark-eyed Junco | Audubon Field Guide"
1757:
1704:. Christopher Helm Publishers, London,
1665:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1574:
1458:
1041:
955:). The call also resembles that of the
342:. The species is common across much of
2685:
1872:. the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2019
1599:
1475:
1412:
1123:Postglacial theory and diversification
971:sounds and very high-pitched tinkling
512:
2195:
2194:
2179:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
2077:
2075:
2027:
2025:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1522:. International Ornithologists' Union
1502:
1500:
1498:
1089:) at about one month after hatching,
948:
583:
2426:c761a75c-b58a-4f32-9968-b6a9ca00d258
1768:Ohio Ornithological Society (2004):
1637:
1562:participating institution membership
1459:Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970).
1131:. This is due to exceptionally high
799:
630:, and winters south to northeastern
2743:Native birds of the Rocky Mountains
2723:Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area
2703:Birds of Appalachia (United States)
2693:IUCN Red List least concern species
1516:"New World Sparrows, Bush Tanagers"
1364:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1253:University of California, San Diego
939:The song is a trill similar to the
824:
746:
366:are still not completely resolved.
13:
2072:
2022:
1908:
1568:
1534:
1495:
1445:Check-list of North American Birds
862:
501:groups and three or four small or
220:Approximate range in North America
14:
2764:
2134:
1022:experience delayed growth in the
2177:Explore Species: Dark-eyed Junco
2058:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2004.02104.x
1520:IOC World Bird List Version 12.1
1462:Check-List of Birds of the World
1353:BirdLife International. (2021).
1102:Dark-eyed juncos mostly feed on
1078:
1073:A dark-eyed junco nest with eggs
1066:
85:
2143:, at Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1965:
1884:
1858:
1809:
1735:
1715:
1694:
1242:
1038:, usually in domestic gardens.
530:slate-colored dark-eyed junco (
521:Slate-colored dark-eyed junco (
310:
2462:dark-eyed-junco-junco-hyemalis
1866:"Dark-eyed junco life history"
1770:Annotated Ohio state checklist
1743:"Black-throated Blue Warbler (
1469:
1452:
1435:
1392:
1346:
894:
601:white-winged dark-eyed junco (
592:White-winged dark-eyed junco (
444:American Ornithologists' Union
1:
2185:Dark-eyed junco photo gallery
1753:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1339:
984:slate-colored dark-eyed junco
805:gray-headed dark-eyed junco (
791:Gray-headed dark-eyed junco (
488:
2187:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1751:Birds in Forested Landscapes
1691:. Retrieved 20 January 2007.
1324:is linked to high-frequency
1117:
1028:J. h. carolinensis
840:Red-backed dark-eyed junco (
830:red-backed dark-eyed junco (
752:pink-sided dark-eyed junco (
738:Pink-sided dark-eyed junco (
706:Townsend's dark-eyed junco (
692:Shufeldt's dark-eyed junco (
638:Oregon or brown-backed group
552:) x Oregon dark-eyed junco (
338:, a group of small, grayish
7:
2753:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1050:
963:) which is a member of the
957:black-throated blue warbler
699:Thurber's dark-eyed junco (
369:
10:
2771:
1685:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1575:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1171:) and grey-headed juncos (
1147:. Under those conditions,
537:Carolina dark-eyed junco (
378:by the Swedish naturalist
2203:
1624:The Sibley Guide to Birds
1549:Oxford English Dictionary
1371:: e.T22721097A138466281.
1091:Yellowstone National Park
651:Montana dark-eyed junco (
544:Cassiar dark-eyed junco (
249:
242:
219:
210:
187:
180:
82:Scientific classification
80:
58:
49:
37:
28:
23:
2163:Juncos: What do we know?
1788:Henninger, W.F. (1906).
1032:J. h. hyemalis
995:Distribution and habitat
988:J. h. hyemalis
932:, remains of the fleshy
842:J. h. dorsalis
793:J. h. caniceps
665:Oregon dark-eyed junco (
658:Nevada dark-eyed junco (
554:J. h. oreganus
550:J. h. hyemalis
523:J. h. hyemalis
463:is the Spanish word for
374:The dark-eyed junco was
354:, much like the related
2698:Birds described in 1758
1843:10.1111/1365-2435.13386
1554:Oxford University Press
1514:, eds. (January 2022).
1487:(in German and Latin).
1304:More proof of adaptive
1210:. This is supported by
1161:reproductively isolated
1097:
1013:of eastern California,
1011:Sierra Nevada Mountains
780:to northern Sonora and
740:J. h. mearnsi
2733:Native birds of Alaska
1990:10.1098/rspb.2007.0852
1775:July 18, 2004, at the
1745:Dendroica caerulescens
1291:. This is in spite of
991:
967:family. Calls include
961:Setophaga caerulescens
845:
796:
743:
647:
597:
594:J. h. aikeni
526:
431:
424:
280:(Woodhouse, 1853)
231: Year-round range
2639:Paleobiology Database
2626:Paleobiology Database
2169:population, from the
1687:(2002): Bird Guide –
1287:individuals, but not
981:
885:small population size
839:
790:
737:
723:and wintering to the
645:
591:
578:Appalachian Mountains
520:
429:
411:
395:F nigra, ventre albo.
382:in his landmark 1758
237: Wintering range
2421:Fauna Europaea (new)
1700:Rising, J.D. (2010)
1477:Wagler, Johann Georg
1042:Behavior and ecology
717:Pacific Coast Ranges
304:Townsend, 1837)
225: Breeding range
2100:2022MolEc..31.2625F
2050:2004MolEc..13..671R
1984:(1626): 2653–2660.
1935:2018MolEc..27.5137F
1834:2019FuEco..33.1651K
1619:Sibley, David Allen
1552:(Online ed.).
1145:selective pressures
1056:hair. Normally two
926:Pooecetes gramineus
867:The extremely rare
513:Slate-colored group
457:Johann Georg Wagler
264:Linnaeus, 1766
256:Linnaeus, 1758
52:Conservation status
2155:2011-04-17 at the
1822:Functional Ecology
1510:; Donsker, David;
992:
945:Spizella passerina
851:it similar to the
846:
797:
744:
648:
598:
584:White-winged group
539:J. h. carolinensis
527:
438:was restricted to
432:
391:Fringilla hyemalis
376:formally described
340:New World sparrows
296:Ridgway, 1876
272:Ridgway, 1873
253:Fringilla hyemalis
2680:
2679:
2613:Open Tree of Life
2197:Taxon identifiers
2108:10.1111/mec.16422
2088:Molecular Ecology
2038:Molecular Ecology
1943:10.1111/mec.14946
1929:(24): 5137–5153.
1923:Molecular Ecology
1730:978-0-395-73873-3
1592:978-1-4081-2501-4
1560:(Subscription or
1512:Rasmussen, Pamela
1149:natural selection
965:New World warbler
853:yellow-eyed junco
800:Gray-headed group
685:dark-eyed junco (
675:dark-eyed junco (
576:and south to the
546:J. h. cismontanus
485:"of the winter".
459:. The genus name
360:Passerella iliaca
318:
317:
75:
43:
2760:
2673:
2672:
2660:
2659:
2647:
2646:
2634:
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2608:
2607:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2581:
2569:
2568:
2556:
2555:
2543:
2542:
2540:NHMSYS0000530416
2530:
2529:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2503:
2491:
2490:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2464:
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2451:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2428:
2416:
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2402:
2390:
2389:
2377:
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2351:
2350:
2338:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2302:
2301:
2289:
2288:
2286:F8AFCAC715964EEB
2276:
2275:
2263:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2192:
2191:
2147:Dark-eyed junco—
2128:
2127:
2094:(9): 2625–2643.
2079:
2070:
2069:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2009:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1828:(9): 1651–1662.
1813:
1807:
1806:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1766:
1755:
1754:
1739:
1733:
1719:
1713:
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1504:
1493:
1492:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1350:
1236:Sexual selection
1082:
1070:
1020:J. hyemails
1015:J. hyemalis
953:Junco phaeonotus
941:chipping sparrow
857:Junco phaeonotus
825:Red-backed group
747:Pink-sided group
493:Either 14 or 15
384:10th edition of
352:variable species
305:
297:
289:
288:Henry, 1858
281:
273:
265:
261:Emeriza hyemalis
257:
236:
230:
224:
215:
193:
173:J. hyemalis
90:
89:
69:
64:
63:
45:
44:
33:
24:Dark-eyed junco
21:
20:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2708:Birds of Canada
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2663:
2655:
2650:
2642:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2605:dark-eyed-junco
2603:
2598:
2590:
2585:
2577:
2574:Observation.org
2572:
2564:
2559:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2449:dark-eyed-junco
2447:
2445:
2437:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2398:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2372:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2199:
2157:Wayback Machine
2137:
2132:
2131:
2080:
2073:
2030:
2023:
1970:
1966:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1896:www.audubon.org
1890:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1870:All About Birds
1864:
1863:
1859:
1814:
1810:
1798:Wilson Bulletin
1792:
1786:
1782:
1777:Wayback Machine
1767:
1758:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1720:
1716:
1699:
1695:
1689:Dark-eyed junco
1683:
1666:
1649:
1638:
1617:
1600:
1593:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1505:
1496:
1491:. Col 510–535 .
1474:
1470:
1457:
1453:
1440:
1436:
1420:
1413:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1245:
1224:J. h. shufeldti
1184:J. h. townsendi
1125:
1120:
1100:
1093:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1053:
1044:
997:
922:vesper sparrows
897:
877:Guadalupe group
873:Junco insularis
869:Guadalupe junco
865:
863:Related species
827:
802:
766:Rocky Mountains
749:
721:Baja California
708:J. h. townsendi
694:J. h. shufeldti
660:J. h. mutabilis
640:
586:
515:
491:
477:scientific name
386:Systema Naturae
372:
322:dark-eyed junco
303:
295:
293:Junco insularis
287:
279:
271:
263:
255:
238:
234:
232:
228:
226:
222:
206:
195:
189:
176:
84:
76:
65:
61:
54:
39:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2768:
2767:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:Junco-hyemalis
2661:
2648:
2635:
2622:
2609:
2596:
2583:
2570:
2557:
2544:
2531:
2518:
2505:
2492:
2479:
2466:
2453:
2443:
2430:
2417:
2408:Fauna Europaea
2404:
2391:
2378:
2365:
2352:
2339:
2326:
2316:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2273:junco-hyemalis
2264:
2260:Junco_hyemalis
2251:
2240:
2235:Junco hyemalis
2225:
2209:
2207:
2205:Junco hyemalis
2201:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2160:
2149:Junco hyemalis
2144:
2136:
2135:External links
2133:
2130:
2129:
2071:
2044:(3): 671–681.
2021:
1964:
1907:
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1780:
1756:
1734:
1714:
1693:
1664:
1636:
1598:
1591:
1567:
1533:
1494:
1468:
1451:
1434:
1411:
1400:Linnaeus, Carl
1391:
1357:Junco hyemalis
1344:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1293:J. h. thurberi
1289:J. h. thurberi
1273:founder effect
1265:J. h. thurberi
1261:J. h. thurberi
1244:
1241:
1232:J. h. oreganus
1228:J. h. montanus
1220:J. h. thurberi
1204:intergradation
1200:J. h. thurberi
1188:J. h. pontilis
1173:J. h. caniceps
1169:J. h. dorsalis
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1065:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1040:
996:
993:
896:
893:
889:founder effect
864:
861:
848:
847:
832:J. h. dorsalis
826:
823:
811:
810:
807:J. h. caniceps
801:
798:
768:from southern
758:
757:
748:
745:
712:
711:
704:
701:J. h. thurberi
697:
690:
687:J. h. pontilis
680:
670:
667:J. h. oreganus
663:
656:
653:J. h. montanus
639:
636:
607:
606:
585:
582:
566:boreal forests
562:
561:
542:
535:
532:J. h. hyemalis
514:
511:
490:
487:
475:. Its modern
440:South Carolina
371:
368:
327:Junco hyemalis
316:
315:
307:
306:
301:Junco oreganus
298:
290:
285:Junco dorsalis
282:
277:Junco caniceps
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266:
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191:Junco hyemalis
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1710:1-4081-3460-8
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1661:(5): 432–443.
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1633:0-679-45122-6
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1485:Isis von Oken
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1438:
1430:
1429:
1425:(1729–1732).
1424:
1423:Catesby, Mark
1418:
1416:
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1395:
1379:
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1334:J. h. pinosis
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1311:
1310:J. h. pinosis
1307:
1302:
1299:
1298:J. h. pinosis
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:J. h. pinosis
1283:
1282:overwintering
1278:
1277:J. h. pinosis
1274:
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1269:J. h. pinosis
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1256:
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1212:J. h. pinosis
1209:
1205:
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1197:
1196:J. h. pinosis
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:genetic drift
1176:
1174:
1170:
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1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:J. phaeonotus
1138:
1134:
1130:
1115:
1113:
1110:, along with
1109:
1105:
1092:
1088:
1087:J. h. mearnsi
1081:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1036:Great Britain
1033:
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754:J. h. mearnsi
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732:
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727:and northern
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718:
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683:Laguna Hanson
681:
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677:J. h. pinosus
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428:
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380:Carl Linnaeus
377:
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182:Binomial name
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149:Passerellidae
147:
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139:Passeriformes
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68:
67:Least Concern
57:
53:
48:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2204:
2171:ID-Frontiers
2166:
2148:
2091:
2087:
2041:
2037:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1926:
1922:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
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1382:. Retrieved
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603:J. h. aikeni
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269:Junco aikeni
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18:
2561:Neotropical
2522:NatureServe
2470:iNaturalist
2229:Wikispecies
2167:cismontanus
1805:(2): 47–60.
1508:Gill, Frank
1259:subspecies
1137:J. hyemalis
895:Description
817:to central
772:to eastern
673:Point Pinos
612:Black Hills
467:, from the
397:("A black '
364:systematics
362:), and its
356:fox sparrow
2687:Categories
2665:Xeno-canto
1901:2024-04-20
1876:21 October
1564:required.)
1526:4 February
1340:References
1208:adaptation
1133:phenotypic
1129:speciation
1001:coniferous
906:wing chord
632:New Mexico
495:subspecies
489:Subspecies
350:. It is a
2116:0962-1083
1998:0962-8452
1951:1365-294X
1852:0269-8463
1216:elevation
1165:gene flow
1157:haplotype
1118:Evolution
900:pinkish.
782:Chihuahua
503:monotypic
499:polytypic
344:temperate
309:(but see
167:Species:
105:Kingdom:
99:Eukaryota
2527:2.101635
2514:22721097
2488:10855859
2361:45511195
2299:22721097
2294:BirdLife
2214:Wikidata
2153:Archived
2124:35253305
2066:14871370
2016:17725978
1959:30451354
1773:Archived
1621:(2000):
1479:(1831).
1402:(1758).
1058:clutches
1051:Breeding
887:and the
815:Colorado
624:Nebraska
482:hyemalis
419:Carolina
415:Virginia
370:Taxonomy
244:Synonyms
199:Linnaeus
145:Family:
119:Chordata
115:Phylum:
109:Animalia
95:Domain:
72:IUCN 3.1
2592:1484466
2439:2492010
2281:Avibase
2220:Q525818
2096:Bibcode
2046:Bibcode
2007:2279216
1931:Bibcode
1830:Bibcode
1654:Birding
1585:, 212.
1543:"Junco"
1192:fitness
1112:berries
1104:insects
1006:migrate
934:wattles
881:evolved
819:Arizona
770:Alberta
628:Montana
620:Wyoming
507:Birders
442:by the
332:species
330:) is a
155:Genus:
135:Order:
125:Class:
70: (
2644:289535
2631:368095
2618:989502
2566:daejun
2501:179410
2446:GNAB:
2395:EURING
2387:101327
2374:JUNCHY
2348:daejun
2322:daejun
2268:ARKive
2248:daeyju
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1996:
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1949:
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1384:3 July
1153:niches
918:tarsus
729:Sonora
626:, and
570:Alaska
558:hybrid
473:juncus
348:Arctic
235:
229:
223:
2728:Junco
2553:40217
2483:IRMNG
2475:10094
2413:97516
2400:18420
2382:EUNIS
2343:eBird
2335:6NFHF
2319:BOW:
1793:(PDF)
1558:
1321:KCNQ4
1315:ABCB6
1306:genes
1108:seeds
1024:gonad
982:Male
949:above
774:Idaho
762:lores
568:from
471:word
469:Latin
461:Junco
452:Junco
448:genus
399:finch
336:junco
160:Junco
2657:8783
2600:ODNR
2587:OBIS
2579:1584
2548:NCBI
2509:IUCN
2496:ITIS
2434:GBIF
2369:EPPO
2312:9794
2307:BOLD
2120:PMID
2112:ISSN
2062:PMID
2012:PMID
1994:ISSN
1955:PMID
1947:ISSN
1878:2021
1848:ISSN
1726:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1528:2022
1489:1831
1386:2024
1369:2021
1330:bats
1230:and
1198:and
1186:and
1106:and
1098:Diet
973:chip
969:tick
943:'s (
930:gape
914:bill
910:tail
778:Utah
465:rush
434:The
417:and
320:The
311:text
203:1758
129:Aves
2652:TSA
2535:NBN
2457:IBC
2356:EoL
2330:CoL
2255:ADW
2244:ABA
2104:doi
2054:doi
2002:PMC
1986:doi
1982:274
1939:doi
1838:doi
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1373:doi
1328:in
614:of
572:to
389:as
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