741:, which aimed to levy a tax on from affluent consumers of hair powder to raise money for the war. Critics of the act expressed fear regarding the association between wearing hair powder and "a tendency to produce a famine,” and those who did so would “run the further risque of being knocked on the head”. In August 1975, journalists and new reports complained that "the papers had misled the poor and encouraged them to consider powdered heads their enemies," a “calculated to excite riots.” With the new legislation, the powdered look became a marker of class in English society and a much more exclusive one, polarizing those who used the products and those who did not. Those who feared making class boundaries too visible considered the distinctions to be deep and significant and therefore wished to protect them by making them less evident, by allowing a self-fashioning that created an illusion of mobility in a highly
662:"Dandy Jim of Carolina" is a minstrel song that originated in the United States during the 19th century. It tells the story of a character named Dandy Jim, who is depicted as a stylish and flamboyant individual from the state of Carolina. The song often highlights Dandy Jim's extravagant clothing, his charm, and his prowess with the ladies. While the song does not explicitly address race, Dandy Jim's stylish and flamboyant persona aligns with aspects of Black dandyism, a cultural phenomenon characterized by sharp dressing, self-assurance, and individuality within Black communities.
733:(2015) quotes, "Dandyism has always been a cross-cultural phenomenon". Male self-fashioning carries socio-political implications beyond its superficiality and opulent external. Through the analysis of clothing, aesthetics, and societal norms, Amann examines how dandyism emerged as a means of asserting identity, power, and autonomy in the midst of revolutionary change. Male self-fashioning, in particular, was wielded as a resistance expression in denial of itself due to the influence of the French Revolution on British discussions of masculinity. British prime minister
470:
655:
307:
753:
unveils a profound aspect of the legislation: By paying the tax, citizens were essentially purchasing the right to craft a persona, akin to an actor who took on a stage role. Exaggerated self-fashioning was no longer an oppositional strategy and instead became the prevailing norm. To protest the tax and the war against France was to embrace a new aesthetic of invisibility, wherein individuals favored natural attire and simplicity in order to blend into the social fabric rather than stand out.
295:
704:: that, according to Baudelaire, was the dandy's slogan. It is indeed a coherent slogan. The dandy is, by occupation, always in opposition . He can only exist by defiance … The dandy, therefore, is always compelled to astonish. Singularity is his vocation, excess his way to perfection. Perpetually incomplete, always on the fringe of things, he compels others to create him, while denying their values. He plays at life because he is unable to live .
283:
817:
784:." He argues that this simultaneous abiding by and also ignorance of capitalist social pressures speaks to what he calls a “playful attitude towards life’s conventions." Not only does the dandy play with traditional conceptions of gender, but also with the socioeconomic norms of the society they inhabit; he agrees the importance that dandyism places on uniquely personal style directly opposes capitalism’s call for conformity.
40:
258:" in its first verse: "Yankee Doodle went to town, / Upon a little pony; / He stuck a feather in his hat, / And called it Macoroni … ." and chorus: "Yankee Doodle, keep it up, / Yankee Doodle Dandy, / Mind the music and the step, / And with the girls be handy … ." derided the rustic manner and perceived poverty of colonial American. The lyrics, particularly the reference to "stuck a feather in his hat" and "called it
788:
process "creates a market for new social models, with the dandy as a prime example of how individuals navigate and resist the pressures of a capitalist society." Here, another paradoxical relation between dandyism and capitalism emerges: dandyism’s emphasis on individuality and on forming an idiomatic sense of style can be read as a sort of marketing or commodification of the self.
675:
626:(1890), but with the substitution of a disfigured Black protagonist. As the series progress, readers soon notice that there exists no real picture of "Dorian Gray" but only illustrations of other white protagonists. It is through this theme of isolation and Otherness that the Black Dorian Gray becomes Shonibare’s comment on the absence of Black representation in
605:" (2021) critiques the history of Western European dandyism as primarily centered around white individuals and the homogenization whiteness as the figurehead of the movement. It is important to acknowledge Black dandyism as distinct and a highly political effort at challenging stereotypes of race, class, gender, and nationality.
461:
revers, exactly the right colour for the gloves, the correct amount of shine on boots and shoes, and so on. It was an image of a well-dressed man who, while taking infinite pains about his appearance, affected indifference to it. This refined dandyism continued to be regarded as an essential strand of male
Englishness."
924:, in three volumes, was published by Olivia Moreland, Chief of the Female Dandies; most likely one of many pseudonyms used by Thomas Ashe. Olivia Moreland may have existed, as Ashe did write several novels about living persons. Throughout the novel, dandyism is associated with "living in style". Later, as the word
650:
Black dandyism serves as a catalyst for contemporary Black identities to explore self-fashioning and expressions of neo-Victorian Blacks: The Black dandy’s look is highly tailored – the antithesis of baggy wear. Black dandyism rejects this. In fact, the Black dandy is often making a concerted effort
440:
A Dandy is a
Clothes-wearing Man, a Man whose trade, office, and existence consists in the wearing of Clothes. Every faculty of his soul, spirit, purse, and person is heroically consecrated to this one object, the wearing of Clothes wisely and well: so that as others dress to live, he lives to dress.
665:
According to the standards of the day, it was ludicrous and hilarious to see a person of perceived lower social standing donning fashionable attire and "putting on airs." For most of racist 19th century
America a well dressed African American was an odd thing, and naturally someone of that ilk would
406:
Upon coming of age in 1799, Brummell received a paternal inheritance of thirty thousand pounds sterling, which he squandered on a high life of gambling, lavish tailors, and visits to brothels. Eventually declaring bankruptcy in 1816, Brummell fled
England to France, where he lived in destitution and
900:
as a beautifully dressed woman (or overly dressed), but do not include the favorable personality elements of grace and charm. The notion of a quaintrelle sharing the major philosophical components of refinement with dandies is a modern development that returns quaintrelles to their historic roots.
1249:
Dandy 1.a. "One who studies, above everything, to dress elegantly and fashionably; a beau, a fop, an exquisite. A 1780 Scots song says: "I've heard my granny crack O' sixty twa' years back. When there were sic a stock of
Dandies O; Oh they gaed to Kirk and Fair, Wi' their ribbons round their hair,
787:
Thomas Spence Smith highlights the function of style in maintaining social boundaries and individual status, particularly as traditional social structures have decrystallized in modernity. He notes that "style becomes a crucial element in maintaining social boundaries and individual status." This
460:
In the mid-19th century, amidst the restricted palette of muted colors for men's clothing, the
English dandy dedicated meticulous attention to the finer details of sartorial refinement (design, cut, and style), including: "The quality of the fine woollen cloth, the slope of a pocket flap or coat
752:
posed the question, “Is an actor, who in his own private character uniformly appears in a scratch wig, or wears his hair without powder, liable to pay the tax imposed by the new act, for any of the parts which he is necessitated to dress with powder on the stage?” This seemingly trivial inquiry
590:
641:
By reversing concepts of the
Victorian master-servant relationship, by rewriting stereotypings of the Victorian dandy to include Black masculinities, and by positioning his dandy figure as a noble man who is the leader of his social circle, Shonibare uses
637:(1998) reimagines one day in the life of a dandy in Victorian England, through which the author challenges conventional Victorian depictions of race, class, and British identity by depicting the Victorian dandy as Black, surrounded by white servants.
415:, marking the tragic end to his once-glamorous legacy. Nonetheless, despite his ignominious end, Brummell's influence on European fashion endured, with men across the continent seeking to emulate his dandyism. Among them was the poetical persona of
666:
be seen as acting out of place. The representation of Dandy Jim, while potentially rooted in caricature or exaggeration, nonetheless contribute to the broader cultural landscape surrounding Black dandyism and its portrayal in
American folk music.
765:, embodying both a product of and a critique against it. According to Elisa Glick, the dandy's attention to their appearance and their engagement "consumption and display of luxury goods" can be read as an expression of capitalist
139:
portrayed the dandy as an existential reproach to the conformity of contemporary middle-class men, cultivating the idea of beauty and aesthetics akin to a living religion. The dandy lifestyle, in certain respects, "comes close to
920:(1869) comments, "The dandies and dandizettes of 1819–20 must have been a strange race. "Dandizette" was a term applied to the feminine devotees to dress, and their absurdities were fully equal to those of the dandies." In 1819,
1113:
dude, n. U.S.A name given in ridicule to a man affecting an exaggerated fastidiousness in dress, speech, and deportment, and very particular about what is aesthetically 'good form'; hence extended to an exquisite, a dandy, 'a
528:
who closely imitated
Brummell's habits of dress, manner, and style. In that time of political progress, French dandies were celebrated as social revolutionaries who were self-created men possessed of a consciously-designed
456:, what is it that the Dandy asks in return? Solely, we may say, that you would recognise his existence; would admit him to be a living object; or even failing this, a visual object, or thing that will reflect rays of light.
427:(Alfred Guillaume Gabriel Grimod d'Orsay, 1801–1852), himself a prominent figure in upper-class social circles and an acquaintance of Lord Byron, likewise embodied the spirit of dandyism within elite British society.
346:(George IV) – all despite not being an aristocrat. Always bathed and shaved, always powdered and perfumed, always groomed and immaculately dressed in a dark-blue coat of plain style. Sartorially,
387:(1795) in order to fund the Britain's war efforts against France and discouraged the use of foodstuffs as hair powder, the dandy Brummell already had abandoned wearing a powdered wig and wore his hair cut
560:
in their own persons. … The dandy must aspire to be sublime without interruption; he must live and sleep before a mirror." Likewise, French intellectuals investigated the sociology of the dandies (
270:
in its
Scottish connotation and not the derisive British usage populated in colonial North America. Since the 18th century, contemporary British usage has drawn a distinction between a dandy and a
769:. However, interestingly, this meticulous attention to personal appearance can also be seen as an assertion of individuality and thus a revolt against capitalism’s emphasis on mass production and
156:. Contrary to what many thoughtless people seem to believe, dandyism is not even an excessive delight in clothes and material elegance. For the perfect dandy, these things are no more than the
651:
to juxtapose himself against racist stereotyping seen in mass media and popular culture For dandies, dress becomes a strategy for negotiating the complexities of Black male identity .
262:," suggested that adorning fashionable attire (a fine horse and gold-braided clothing) was what set the dandy apart from colonial society. In other cultural contexts, an Anglo–Scottish
873:, a woman whose life is dedicated to the passionate expression of personal charm and style, to enjoying leisurely pastimes, and the dedicated cultivation of the pleasures of life.
804:
1563:
167:
The linkage of clothing and political protest was a particularly English characteristic in 18th-century Britain; the sociologic connotation was that dandyism embodied a
1274:"In Regency England, Brummel's fashionable simplicity constituted, in fact, a criticism of the exuberant French fashions of the eighteenth century" (Schmid 2002:83)
574:
analysed the personal and social career of Beau Brummell as a man-about-town who arbitrated what was fashionable and what was unfashionable in polite society.
612:(b. 1962) employs the neo-Victorian dandy stereotypes to illustrate the Black man experiences in Western European societies. Shonibare's photographic suite
597:
Black dandies have existed since the beginnings of dandyism and have been formative for its aesthetics in many ways. Maria Weilandt in "The Black Dandy and
2039:
503:(the Gilded Youth) was their political statement of aristocratic style in effort to differentiate and distinguish themselves from the working-class
2108:
274:, with the former characterized by a more restrained and refined wardrobe compared to the flamboyant and ostentatious attire of the latter.
2023:
2058:
1567:
556:, the French poet Baudelaire said that dandies have "no profession other than elegance … no other status, but that of cultivating
888:, a word applied to things skillfully made, later indicating a person of beautiful dress and refined speech. By the 18th century,
571:
96:
periods, especially in London and Paris. Within social settings, the dandy cultivated a persona characterized by extreme posed
1339:
1598:
1469:
436:(Carlyle, 1831), Thomas Carlyle described the dandy's symbolic social function as a man and a persona of refined masculinity:
148:" as an approach to living daily life, while its followers "these beings, have no other status, but that of cultivating the
424:
423:
featuring a lace-collar, a lace-placket, and lace-cuffs in a portrait of himself in Albanian national costume in 1813;
1853:
1540:
1448:
1399:
1310:
1001:
856:
1901:
567:
541:
styles of life, the French dandies conveyed their moral superiority to and political contempt for the conformist
343:
1423:
646:
as a genre to interrogate and counter normative historical narratives and the power hierarchies they produce(d).
1419:
838:
2118:
2098:
2036:
1006:
964:
2048:
2133:
2076:
738:
384:
1896:
1132:, "Le Dandy", noted in Susann Schmid, "Byron and Wilde: The Dandy in the Public Sphere" in Julie Hibbard
690:
Regarding the existence and the political and cultural functions of the dandy in a society, in the essay
1230:
1094:
622:
352:
of Brummell's tailoring was perfectly fitted, clean, and displayed much linen; an elaborately knotted
2153:
2113:
338:(George Bryan Brummell, 1778–1840) was the model British dandy since his days as an undergraduate at
152:
in their own persons, of satisfying their passions, of feeling and thinking … Dandyism is a form of
120:
73:
origin, birth, and background, especially during the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Britain.
1329:, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 6018–6019). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
581:
in French poetry and literature, wherein the "Truth of Art" included the artist to the work of art.
904:
Female dandies did overlap with male dandies for a brief period during the early 19th century when
797:
734:
714:
380:
2067:
1908:
827:
777:
537:
that limited the social progress of greater French society; thus, with their elaborate dress and
97:
17:
199:
of spectators, an audience, and readers who consumed their "successfully marketed lives" in the
2128:
2093:
834:
577:
In the late 19th century, dandified bohemianism was characteristic of the artists who were the
31:
1878:
1669:
1843:
1657:
1526:
1487:"Rikki Byrd. Review of "Dandy Lion: The Black Dandy and Street Style" by Shantrelle P. Lewis"
1041:
1026:
549:
474:
407:
pursued by creditors; in 1840, at the age of sixty-one years, Beau Brummell passed away in a
339:
286:
The British Dandy: Beau Brummell in a double-breasted sportscoat and odd trousers, in 1805. (
251:
129:
89:
85:
1460:
Weilandt, Maria (2022). Espinoza Garrido, Felipe; Tronicke, Marlena; Wacker, Julian (eds.).
1443:. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript, 2014. pp. 111–125. books.google.com/books?id=1XWiBQAAQBAJ
1394:. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript, 2014. pp. 111–125. books.google.com/books?id=1XWiBQAAQBAJ
2143:
2138:
317:
299:
8:
2148:
2123:
908:
had a derisive definition of "fop" or "over-the-top fellow"; the female equivalents were
593:
A New Orleans 'black dandy' character from Mrs. Houstouns Yachting in the New World 1844.
360:. During the mid–1790s, the handsome Beau Brummell became a personable man-about-town in
132:
in the pursuit of love, which led him to yield to sexual passion and murderous jealousy.
52:
1615:
700:
The dandy creates his own unity by aesthetic means. But it is an aesthetic of negation.
115:
2103:
1812:
1765:
1718:
1635:
1439:
Meinhold, Roman. "The Ideal-Typical Incarnation of Fashion: The Dandy as … ", essay in
1390:
Meinhold, Roman. "The Ideal-Typical Incarnation of Fashion: The Dandy as … ." essay in
1129:
1016:
742:
516:
In the late 18th century, British and French men abided Beau Brummell's dictates about
259:
136:
125:
1218:
211:
personified the dual social roles of the dandy: the dandy-as-writer, and the dandy-as-
27:
Historically, a man who emphasised good looks, refined language, and leisurely hobbies
2017:
1849:
1804:
1757:
1710:
1639:
1594:
1536:
1504:
1465:
1444:
1415:
1395:
1306:
1299:
1031:
494:
1347:
499:
1796:
1749:
1702:
1665:
1631:
1531:
1494:
719:
692:
643:
598:
578:
478:
469:
298:
The French Dandy: Alfred d'Orsay was a social butterfly and friend of Lord Byron. (
157:
391:, in the Roman fashion. Moreover, Brummell also led the sartorial transition from
55:
and personal grooming, refined language and leisurely hobbies. A dandy could be a
2071:
2043:
1499:
1486:
1171:
766:
609:
432:
287:
161:
110:
101:
1738:"Rule-Following in Dandyism: 'Style' as an Overcoming of 'Rule' and 'Structure'"
1138:
The Importance of Reinventing Oscar: Versions of Wilde During the Last 100 Years
654:
372:
celebrated "based on nothing at all" but personal charm and social connections.
306:
1911:. 'Rulefollowing in Dandyism: Style as an Overcoming of Rule and Structure' in
1785:"Aestheticism and Social Structure: Style and Social Network in the Dandy Life"
770:
683:
490:
408:
361:
353:
324:
312:
310:
In The Dandies' Holy of Holies: a man scans an over-sized edition of the novel
105:
2087:
1998:
1982:
1948:
1808:
1761:
1714:
1643:
1508:
679:
627:
505:
335:
263:
255:
200:
188:
56:
1522:
960:
722:
said that dandyism is "an aesthetic form of nihilism" that is centred upon
365:
254:, prior to American Revolution (1765–1791), a British version of the song "
220:
141:
70:
1706:
896:, indicating elegant speech and beauty. Middle English dictionaries note
1021:
617:
542:
530:
525:
376:
294:
204:
172:
168:
153:
66:
1076:: "One who studies ostentatiously to dress fashionably and elegantly; a
952:
246:
has been rumored to be an abbreviated usage of the 17th-century British
1816:
1784:
1769:
1737:
1722:
1690:
1464:. Neo-victorian series. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. pp. 189–209.
981:
841: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
762:
709:
602:
557:
420:
416:
208:
149:
93:
1933:. Edited by G.B. Tennyson. London: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
986:
562:
282:
1051:
996:
970:
538:
534:
521:
449:
445:
176:
1905:. Translated by Douglas Ainslie. New York: PAJ Publications, 1988.
1800:
1753:
816:
171:
form of protest against social equality and the leveling effects of
1327:
Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons
1283:
D'Aurevilly, Barbey. "Du dandisme et de George Brummell" (1845) in
1187:. Christopher Breward, Becky Conekin, and Caroline Cox, Eds., 2002.
510:
453:
400:
392:
145:
81:
39:
2031:
1970:
Origins and Reception of Regency Dandyism: Brummell to Baudelaire
1046:
1011:
781:
517:
216:
192:
175:
principles. Thus, the dandy represented a nostalgic yearning for
128:, a model French dandy whose downfall stemmed from his obsessive
61:
1931:
A Carlyle Reader: Selections from the Writings of Thomas Carlyle
1614:
Ditchfield, G. M.; Hayton, David; Jones, Clyve (October 1994).
1170:
Baudelaire, Charles. "The Painter in Modern Life", essay about
1036:
945:
932:(2003) notes this evolution in the latter 19th century: " … or
928:
evolved to denote refinement, it became applied solely to men.
589:
100:, or "intellectual dandyism" as defined by Victorian novelist
1236:
1100:
803:
195:. The social existence of the dandy, paradoxically, required
2016:
976:
776:
Underscoring this somewhat paradoxical nature, philosopher
723:
412:
357:
348:
196:
2053:
1412:
Who's a Dandy? – Dandyism and Beau Brummell
2064:
1077:
991:
674:
271:
936:, although the term was increasingly reserved for men."
780:
describes the dandy as "an anarchist who does not claim
114:(1831), dismissed the dandy as "a clothes-wearing man";
30:
This article is about the persons. For other uses, see
796:"Quaintrelle" redirects here. For the restaurant, see
1613:
1591:
Dandyism in the age of Revolution: the art of the cut
1183:
Ribeiro, Aileen. "On Englishness in Dress", essay in
930:
Popular Culture and Performance in the Victorian City
731:
Dandyism in the Age of Revolution: The Art of the Cut
1963:
An Elegant Madness: High Society in Regency England
1593:. Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press.
1250:
And their stumpie drugget coats, quite the Dandy O.
1845:Popular Culture: Global Intercultural Perspectives
1618:British Parliamentary Lists, 1660–1800: A Register
1298:
566:) who strolled Parisian boulevards; in the essay "
219:, confining each man to the realm of entertaining
88:(1794–1795). Modern dandyism, however, emerged in
2085:
1564:"Simulacra and Simulations – XVIII: On Nihilism"
1535:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 51.
1340:"Portrait of Lord Byron in Albanian Dress, 1813"
548:Regarding the social function of the dandy in a
135:In the metaphysical phase of dandyism, the poet
43:Parisian costumes: The dandies of Paris in 1831.
1951:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972.
1235:. Oxford University Press. 1989. Archived from
1099:. Oxford University Press. 1989. Archived from
533:, men whose way of being broke with inflexible
51:is a man who places particular importance upon
1735:
950:
1940:. London: The Navarre Society Limited, 1927.
430:In chapter "The Dandiacal Body" of the novel
419:(George Gordon Byron, 1788–1824), who wore a
379:(1795–1837), by the time that Prime Minister
2037:"Bohemianism and Counter-Culture": The Dandy
1848:. Macmillan International Higher Education.
761:Dandyism is intricately linked with modern
2065:Dandysme.eu "London Parks: IV. Hyde Park"
1368:Carlyle, Thomas. "The Dandiacal Body", in
756:
1837:
1835:
1498:
1207:The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
857:Learn how and when to remove this message
509:, from the poor men who owned no stylish
313:Pelham: Or, The Adventures of a Gentleman
80:(the Little Master) and the musk-wearing
1459:
1301:Beau Brummell: The Ultimate Man of Style
802:
748:In the early discussion of the tax, the
673:
653:
588:
468:
305:
293:
281:
38:
2005:. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1861.
1972:. PhD diss., Loyola U of Chicago, 1998.
1945:Pelham or the Adventures of a Gentleman
1670:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24320
1253:See: Notes and Queries 8th Ser. IV. 81.
399:, which eventually evolved into modern
356:completed the aesthetics of Brummell's
327:, is from an 1898 edition of the novel
14:
2086:
1841:
1832:
1404:
620:'s literary creation of the same name,
552:, like the British writer Carlyle, in
497:(1789–1799); thus the dandyism of the
250:used to described a conceited man. In
242:Since the late 18th century, the word
187: – referring to men of
76:Early manifestations of dandyism were
2109:History of clothing (Western fashion)
1943:Lytton, Edward Bulwer, Lord Lytton.
1782:
1688:
1588:
1521:
1296:
708:Further addressing that vein of male
658:Dandy Jim, from Caroline (1844) cover
473:The French Dandy: The symbolist poet
2027:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911.
1958:. London: Secker and Warburg, 1960.
1880:All the Year Round: A Weekly Journal
1532:The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt
1484:
1069:
1067:
973:that parody modern (1960s) dandyism.
869:The counterpart to the dandy is the
839:adding citations to reliable sources
810:
375:During the national politics of the
1152:(1817–1839) Geneva and Paris, 1957.
342:, and later as an associate of the
277:
215:; each role a source of gossip and
160:of the aristocratic superiority of
124:(1835) chronicled the idle life of
24:
1902:Of Dandyism and of George Brummell
1890:
1636:10.1111/j.1750-0206.1994.tb00312.x
1441:Fashion Myths: A Cultural Critique
1392:Fashion Myths: A Cultural Critique
1209:(1993) Lesley Brown, Ed. p. 1,434.
807:An 1819 caricature of a Dandizette
669:
464:
25:
2165:
2009:
1977:Le Dandysme en France (1817–1839)
1915:90, April 1995, pp. 285–295.
1736:Botz-Bornstein, Thorsten (1995).
1664:, Oxford University Press, 2001,
1064:
1002:Hipster (contemporary subculture)
737:proposed an unusual measure: the
584:
235:dates back to the late 1700s, in
1185:The Englishness of English Dress
815:
696:(1951), Albert Camus said that:
444:And now, for all this perennial
231:The earliest record of the word
69:style of life regardless of his
1956:The Dandy: Brummell to Beerbohm
1871:
1862:
1823:
1776:
1729:
1682:
1650:
1607:
1582:
1556:
1515:
1478:
1453:
1433:
1414:, Gibson Square, London, 2002.
1384:
1375:
1362:
1332:
1319:
1290:
1277:
1268:
1256:
1223:
1212:
826:needs additional citations for
702:To live and die before a mirror
572:Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly
568:On Dandyism and George Brummell
489:was ideologically bound to the
1199:
1190:
1177:
1164:
1155:
1143:
1119:
1087:
791:
13:
1:
1986:The Dandy: Peacock or Enigma?
1783:Smith, Thomas Spence (1974).
1058:
1007:Incroyables and Merveilleuses
965:Dedicated Follower of Fashion
884:(female) emerged, based upon
203:. Figures such as playwright
84:ruffians of the middle-class
2077:Belgravia: A London Magazine
1789:American Sociological Review
1691:"The Dialectics of Dandyism"
1500:10.3202/caa.reviews.2018.100
1485:Byrd, Rikki (2 April 2018).
726:as the centre of the world.
226:
7:
1883:. Chapman & Hall. 1869.
1868:Dictionary of Early English
1527:"II Metaphysical Rebellion"
951:
939:
370:famous for being famous and
266:dated around 1780 utilized
92:of Europe during the 1790s
10:
2170:
1965:. New York: Viking, 1998.
1913:The Modern Language Review
1742:The Modern Language Review
795:
635:Diary of a Victorian Dandy
623:The Picture Of Dorian Gray
331:(1831), by Thomas Carlyle.
29:
2003:Wits and Beaux of Society
1938:The Life of Beau Brummell
1936:Jesse, Captain William.
1897:Barbey d'Aurevilly, Jules
1589:Amann, Elizabeth (2015).
1566:. Egs.edu. Archived from
1232:Oxford English Dictionary
1096:Oxford English Dictionary
185:the autonomous aristocrat
179:values and the ideals of
2070:1 September 2009 at the
1979:(Geneva and Paris) 1957.
1909:Botz-Bornstein, Thorsten
1305:. New York: Free Press.
798:Quaintrelle (restaurant)
715:Simulacra and Simulation
608:British-Nigerian artist
524:, especially the French
381:William Pitt the Younger
2024:Encyclopædia Britannica
1263:Encyclopædia Britannica
778:Thorsten Botz-Bornstein
757:Dandyism and Capitalism
739:Hair Powder Act of 1795
385:Duty on Hair Powder Act
1829:Old English Dictionary
916:. Charles Dickens, in
808:
706:
687:
659:
648:
594:
482:
458:
332:
303:
291:
121:La fille aux yeux d'or
44:
32:Dandy (disambiguation)
2049:Il Dandy (in Italian)
1993:The Aristocrat as Art
1707:10.1353/cul.2001.0035
1689:Glick, Elisa (2001).
1624:Parliamentary History
1150:Le Dandysme en France
1054:(a style of clothing)
1027:Narcissus (mythology)
876:In the 12th century,
806:
698:
677:
657:
639:
592:
485:In monarchic France,
475:Robert de Montesquiou
472:
438:
340:Oriel College, Oxford
323:The illustration, by
309:
297:
285:
252:British North America
181:the perfect gentleman
86:Thermidorean reaction
42:
2119:Middle class culture
2099:19th-century fashion
2042:22 July 2016 at the
1842:Brooks, Ann (2014).
1462:Black neo-Victoriana
835:improve this article
633:Shonibare's artwork
318:Edward Bulwer-Lytton
300:James Baillie Fraser
90:stratified societies
2134:Upper class culture
1662:Oxford Music Online
1344:The British Library
1297:Kelly, Ian (2006).
918:All the Year Around
383:had introduced the
65:, who emulated the
59:both in person and
53:physical appearance
2063:Walter Thornbury,
1975:Prevost, John C.,
1968:Nicolay, Claire.
1961:Murray, Venetia.
1925:Carlyle, Thomas.
1430:, 12 October 2006.
1130:Charles Baudelaire
1080:, an exquisite." (
1017:Macaroni (fashion)
922:Charms of Dandyism
809:
743:stratified society
729:Elizabeth Amann's
688:
660:
601:: Re-fashioning a
595:
579:Symbolist movement
558:the idea of beauty
550:stratified society
483:
333:
304:
292:
137:Charles Baudelaire
45:
2032:La Loge d'Apollon
1920:Le Mythe du Dandy
1918:Carassus, Émile.
1695:Cultural Critique
1658:"St James's Hall"
1600:978-0-226-18725-9
1471:978-90-04-46914-3
1287:(1925) pp. 87–92.
1285:Oeuvres complètes
1032:Personal branding
867:
866:
859:
628:Victorian Britain
616:(2001) refers to
495:French Revolution
16:(Redirected from
2161:
2154:1790s neologisms
2114:Human appearance
2028:
2020:
1991:Stanton, Domna.
1885:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1839:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1570:on 19 April 2013
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1457:
1451:
1437:
1431:
1410:Walden, George.
1408:
1402:
1388:
1382:
1381:Ribeira 2002:21.
1379:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1350:on 28 March 2017
1346:. Archived from
1336:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1265:, 1911, p. 0000.
1260:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1227:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1205:"jack-a-dandy",
1203:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1126:Cult de soi-mĂŞme
1123:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1091:
1085:
1071:
956:
862:
855:
851:
848:
842:
819:
811:
720:Jean Baudrillard
678:The Dandy King:
644:neo-Victorianism
599:Neo-Victorianism
493:politics of the
479:Giovanni Boldini
358:suite of clothes
278:British dandyism
189:self-made person
116:Honoré de Balzac
21:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2084:
2083:
2072:Wayback Machine
2044:Wayback Machine
2015:
2012:
1954:Moers, Ellen.
1927:Sartor Resartus
1893:
1891:Further reading
1888:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1801:10.2307/2094317
1781:
1777:
1754:10.2307/3734540
1734:
1730:
1701:(48): 129–163.
1687:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1520:
1516:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1458:
1454:
1438:
1434:
1424:Uncommon People
1409:
1405:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1370:Sartor Resartus
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1325:Wilson, Scott.
1324:
1320:
1313:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1242:
1240:
1239:on 25 June 2006
1229:
1228:
1224:
1219:"Yankee Doodle"
1217:
1213:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1172:Constantin Guys
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1124:
1120:
1106:
1104:
1103:on 25 June 2006
1093:
1092:
1088:
1072:
1065:
1061:
942:
863:
852:
846:
843:
832:
820:
801:
794:
767:commodification
759:
693:L'Homme révolté
672:
670:Dandy sociology
610:Yinka Shonibare
587:
554:Sartor Resartus
467:
465:French dandyism
443:
442:
433:Sartor Resartus
329:Sartor Resartus
322:
321:
288:Richard Dighton
280:
229:
126:Henri de Marsay
111:Sartor Resartus
108:, in his novel
102:George Meredith
78:Le petit-maître
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2082:
2081:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2034:
2029:
2011:
2010:External links
2008:
2007:
2006:
1999:Wharton, Grace
1996:
1989:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1941:
1934:
1923:
1916:
1906:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1870:
1861:
1854:
1831:
1822:
1795:(5): 725–743.
1775:
1748:(2): 285–295.
1728:
1681:
1649:
1606:
1599:
1581:
1555:
1541:
1514:
1477:
1470:
1452:
1432:
1422:. Reviewed in
1403:
1383:
1374:
1361:
1331:
1318:
1311:
1289:
1276:
1267:
1255:
1222:
1211:
1198:
1189:
1176:
1163:
1154:
1142:
1118:
1086:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
957:
948:
941:
938:
865:
864:
823:
821:
814:
793:
790:
771:utilitarianism
758:
755:
712:, in the book
684:King of Naples
671:
668:
586:
585:Black Dandyism
583:
513:made of silk.
500:jeunesse dorée
466:
463:
409:lunatic asylum
362:Regency London
325:E. J. Sullivan
279:
276:
228:
225:
150:idea of beauty
106:Thomas Carlyle
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2166:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Terms for men
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:1790s fashion
2092:
2091:
2089:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2018:"Dandy"
2014:
2013:
2004:
2001:and Philip.
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1988:(London) 2012
1987:
1984:
1983:Nigel Rodgers
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:Jerome McGann
1947:. Edited by
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1857:
1855:9781137426727
1851:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1836:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1610:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1544:
1542:9780307827838
1538:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1523:Camus, Albert
1518:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1449:9783839424377
1446:
1442:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1400:9783839424377
1397:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1314:
1312:9780743270892
1308:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1161:Prevost 1957.
1158:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
972:
968:
966:
962:
958:
955:
954:
949:
947:
944:
943:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
861:
858:
850:
840:
836:
830:
829:
824:This section
822:
818:
813:
812:
805:
799:
789:
785:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
754:
751:
750:London Packet
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
716:
711:
705:
703:
697:
695:
694:
685:
682:, the French
681:
680:Joachim Murat
676:
667:
663:
656:
652:
647:
645:
638:
636:
631:
629:
625:
624:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
591:
582:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
564:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
511:knee-breeches
508:
507:
506:sans-culottes
502:
501:
496:
492:
488:
480:
476:
471:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
437:
435:
434:
428:
426:
425:Count d'Orsay
422:
418:
414:
410:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:
345:
344:Prince Regent
341:
337:
336:Beau Brummell
330:
326:
319:
315:
314:
308:
301:
296:
289:
284:
275:
273:
269:
265:
264:border ballad
261:
257:
256:Yankee Doodle
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:
237:Scottish Song
234:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:public sphere
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
63:
58:
57:self-made man
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2075:
2054:Dandyism.net
2022:
2002:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1900:
1879:
1873:
1864:
1844:
1825:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1673:, retrieved
1661:
1652:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1590:
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:the original
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1530:
1517:
1490:
1480:
1461:
1455:
1440:
1435:
1428:The Guardian
1427:
1411:
1406:
1391:
1386:
1377:
1372:(1833–1834).
1369:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:the original
1343:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1241:. Retrieved
1237:the original
1231:
1225:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1196:Schmid 2002.
1192:
1184:
1179:
1166:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1105:. Retrieved
1101:the original
1095:
1089:
1081:
1073:
959:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
903:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
875:
870:
868:
853:
844:
833:Please help
828:verification
825:
786:
775:
760:
749:
747:
735:William Pitt
730:
728:
713:
707:
701:
699:
691:
689:
664:
661:
649:
640:
634:
632:
621:
613:
607:
596:
576:
561:
553:
547:
515:
504:
498:
486:
484:
459:
439:
431:
429:
421:poet's shirt
405:
396:
395:to tailored
388:
374:
369:
366:high society
347:
334:
328:
316:(1828), by
311:
267:
248:jack-a-dandy
247:
243:
239:
236:
232:
230:
221:high society
212:
184:
180:
166:
142:spirituality
134:
119:
109:
77:
75:
71:middle-class
67:aristocratic
60:
48:
46:
36:
2144:Male beauty
2139:Art Nouveau
2059:"The Dandy"
1574:16 February
1491:Caa.reviews
1022:Metrosexual
898:quaintrelle
882:cointrelles
880:(male) and
878:cointerrels
871:quaintrelle
792:Quaintrelle
618:Oscar Wilde
614:Dorian Gray
543:bourgeoisie
531:personality
491:egalitarian
452:, and even
389:Ă la Brutus
377:Regency era
205:Oscar Wilde
183:as well as
173:egalitarian
169:reactionary
154:Romanticism
130:Romanticism
2149:Lifestyles
2124:Narcissism
2088:Categories
1630:(3): 388.
1548:11 October
1420:1903933188
1354:16 January
1059:References
982:Effeminacy
934:dandizette
914:dandizette
763:capitalism
710:narcissism
603:Stereotype
570:" (1845)
417:Lord Byron
397:pantaloons
368:, who was
209:Lord Byron
104:; whereas
94:revolution
2104:Androgyny
1809:0003-1224
1762:0026-7937
1715:0882-4371
1644:0264-2824
1509:1543-950X
1052:Zoot suit
997:Gentleman
971:the Kinks
969:songs by
718:(1981),
535:tradition
526:bohemians
522:etiquette
446:Martyrdom
227:Etymology
207:and poet
2068:Archived
2040:Archived
1525:(2012).
953:BishĹŤnen
940:See also
910:dandyess
847:May 2008
724:the Self
563:flâneurs
539:decadent
487:dandyism
454:Prophecy
401:trousers
393:breeches
349:the look
260:Macoroni
197:the gaze
146:stoicism
98:cynicism
82:Muscadin
1817:2094317
1770:3734540
1723:1354399
1243:2 March
1136:, eds.
1114:swell'.
1107:2 March
1047:Swenkas
1012:La Sape
987:Flâneur
892:became
782:anarchy
518:fashion
217:scandal
213:persona
193:persona
144:and to
62:persona
18:Dandies
1929:. In
1852:
1815:
1807:
1768:
1760:
1721:
1713:
1675:13 May
1642:
1597:
1539:
1507:
1468:
1447:
1418:
1398:
1309:
1134:et al.
1042:Risqué
1037:Preppy
946:Adonis
894:quaint
448:, and
441:. . .
354:cravat
177:feudal
158:symbol
1995:1980.
1922:1971.
1813:JSTOR
1766:JSTOR
1719:JSTOR
1074:dandy
961:Dandy
926:dandy
906:dandy
890:coint
886:coint
450:Poesy
268:dandy
244:dandy
233:dandy
49:dandy
2080:1868
1850:ISBN
1805:ISSN
1758:ISSN
1711:ISSN
1677:2024
1640:ISSN
1595:ISBN
1576:2013
1550:2014
1537:ISBN
1505:ISSN
1466:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1356:2017
1307:ISBN
1245:2008
1140:2002
1109:2008
977:Dude
963:and
520:and
413:Caen
191:and
162:mind
2074:,
1899:.
1797:doi
1750:doi
1703:doi
1666:doi
1632:doi
1495:doi
1082:OED
1078:fop
992:Fop
912:or
837:by
411:in
364:'s
272:fop
164:."
118:'s
2090::
2021:.
1834:^
1811:.
1803:.
1793:39
1791:.
1787:.
1764:.
1756:.
1746:90
1744:.
1740:.
1717:.
1709:.
1699:48
1697:.
1693:.
1660:,
1638:.
1628:13
1626:.
1622:.
1529:.
1503:.
1493:.
1489:.
1426:,
1342:.
1247:.
1128:,
1111:.
1084:).
1066:^
773:.
745:.
630:.
545:.
481:).
403:.
290:).
223:.
47:A
1858:.
1819:.
1799::
1772:.
1752::
1725:.
1705::
1668::
1646:.
1634::
1620:"
1616:"
1603:.
1578:.
1552:.
1511:.
1497::
1474:.
1358:.
1315:.
1174:.
967:,
860:)
854:(
849:)
845:(
831:.
800:.
686:.
477:(
320:.
302:)
240:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
