770:
1277:). BTAM was primitive and hard to use by later standards, but it allowed communication with almost any type of terminal, which was a big advantage at a time when there was little standardization of communications protocols. The simplicity of its API also allowed the relatively easy interface of external communications processors, which facilitated DOS/360 machines becoming nodes in the multi-tier networks of large organizations. Conversely, QTAM users did not need as much knowledge about individual devices because QTAM operated at the logical level using the OPEN/CLOSE/GET/PUT macros.
780:("Small System Executive") was an attempt by IBM to simplify purchase and installation of VSE by providing a pre-generated system containing the OS and the most popular products. SSX was released in 1982, and later replaced by VSE/SP. SSX was sold by IBM as a bundle of 14 component products (Advanced Functions/VSE, VSE/POWER, ACF/VTAME, VSE/VSAM, CICS/DOS/VS, DOS/VS, Sort/Merge, VSE/ICCF, VSE/OCCF, VSE/IPCS, DOS/COBOL, Back Up/Restore, Space Management, VSE/DITTO), and originally would only agree to offer the individual products separately via
3240:
2678:
968:
3251:
1171:. While running, DOS could not reclaim space as programs were deleted or replaced with newer versions. When the Core Image Library became full, it had to be compressed by a utility program, and this could halt development work until it was complete. Many shops simply froze changes for a day, compressed the CIL "off-line", and IPLed with the new Core Image Library at the beginning of a business day. A
940:, requiring 32 KB of memory was later released. Despite its limitations, DOS/360 became the most widely used operating system for processors with less than 256 KB of memory because: System/360 hardware sold very well; DOS/360 ran well on System/360 processors which medium-sized organizations could afford; and it was better than the "operating systems" these customers had before.
860:
31-bit mode even on 64-bit capable machines. z/VSE 4.1 released in 2007 introduced support for 64-bit real addressing, with up to 8 GB of memory. However, while parts of the supervisor run in 64-bit mode, it only provides 31-bit virtual address spaces to problem state applications. As of 2011 one estimate placed the number of sites using z/VSE at around 4,000.
1127:, initial releases of DOS could run only one program at a time. Later versions of "real" DOS were able to run up to three programs concurrently, in separate memory partitions, supported by the same hardware memory protection features of the more scalable OS/360 operating system. These were identified as BG (
1237:) files, the application program had to specify the physical location on the disk of the data it wanted to access. BDAM programming was not easy and most customers never used it themselves; but it was the fastest way to access data on disks and many software companies used it in their products, especially
943:
DOS/360 was the operating system which filled the time gap between the announcement of the System/360 and the availability of the intended operating system, OS/360. As a result of the delay, a number of customers implemented DOS systems and committed significant investments to run them. IBM expected
859:
IBM released z/VSE 3.1 in 2005. This change in naming reflected the new "System z" branding for IBM's mainframe product line, but did not represent a fundamental change in architecture from VSE/ESA 2.7 which preceded it. In particular, it did not support the new 64-bit z/Architecture, running only in
1690:
programs written for DOS needed to be compiled and linked before they could be used with OS/360. Minor differences between compilers of DOS as opposed to OS sometimes required modifications to programs. The port in the other direction however was more challenging. Since OS/360 had significantly more
1524:
is "SYS" to list all system assignments, "PROG", "F1", or "F2" to list all assignments for the background or specified foreground partition, "ALL", "SYSxxx", "X'cuu'", "UNITS" to list all assigned units, 'UA" to list all unassigned units, or "DOWN" to list all units marked as
832:
which could allow up to 150 concurrent jobs, each in its own address space. Version 1 could run in either ESA or 370 mode, with the ESA mode also supporting XA hardware with limitations. Version 2 (1995) only supported ESA mode with ESA hardware. Version 2 added support for
761:(VSE/AF) is a product that adds new device support and functionality to DOS/VSE. Many installations installed VSE/AF using products such as VSE System Installation Productivity Option/Extended (VSE System IPO/E), which combines DOS/VSE, VSE/AF and various other products.
975:
DOS/360 required a System/360 CPU (model 25 and above) with the standard instruction set (decimal and floating-point instruction sets optional). The minimum memory requirement was 16 KB; storage protection was required only if multiprogramming was used. A
2122:
749:
systems included a feature called ECPS:VSE that provided a single-level storage for both the processor and the I/O channels. DOS/VSE provided support for ECPS:VSE, but could also run on a System/370 without that feature. VSE was the last free version of DOS.
1154:
DOS/VS allowed up to seven concurrent programs, although five or six was a more common number due to the smaller scale of the hardware usually hosting DOS systems. Both DOS and DOS/VS allow the number of partitions to be set at
944:
that DOS/360 users would soon upgrade to OS/360, but as a result of those investments, they were reluctant to commit to such conversion. IBM then needed to continue to offer DOS/360 as an additional operating system. The
722:
DOS/VS increased the number of partitions (separate simultaneous programs) from three (named
Background, Foreground 1 and Foreground 2) to five (BG and F1 through F4) and allowed a system wide total of fifteen subtasks.
1674:, but that imposed additional complexity and a size penalty, albeit a small one. Large DOS shops with multiple machines and multiple partition layouts often wrote their own relocating loader to circumvent this issue.
1080:
Physical transients were loaded into the 556 byte A-Transient area to handle hardware errors (ERPs), record error-specific data (OBR/MDR) on IJSYSRC, and issue error messages. All A-Transient module names began with
1500:
may be "SYS" to reset all system logical unit assignments, "PROG" to reset all programmer assignments, "ALL" to reset all assignments, or "SYSxxx" to reset the assignment for the logical unit "SYSxxx", for example
927:
When OS/360 was finally released, a year late, it required at least 64 KB of memory. DOS was designed to use little memory, and could run on 16 KB machines, a configuration available on the low-end
1040:
option, often as little as 100 bytes. A minimum system would leave just over 10 KB of storage available for a single batch partition which was enough to run utilities and all compilers except
1670:
a separate executable version of each program for each partition, or address space, in which the program was likely to be run. Alternatively assembler-language programs could be written as
2041:
Together with the DOS/VSE SCP (system control programming), VSE/Advanced
Functions provides operating system support for IBM processing units listed in the "Machine Requirements" section.
570:
841:, which permits different partitions to execute simultaneously on different processors. A partition can only run on one processor at a time, which mostly limits the multiprocessing to
1115:. Before this addition, machine checks caused termination of the program running and channel checks caused termination of the program accessing the device, at the time of the error.
1088:
Logical transients were loaded into the 1200 byte B-Transient area to provide common program services like OPEN and CLOSE for LIOCS. All B-Transient module names began with
1691:
features supported in its API, any use of those features would have to be removed from programs being ported to DOS. This was less of a problem for programmers working in
876:, also compatible with low-end machines; but hardware was already available and the OS/360 project fell further and further behind schedule, as described at length by
2144:
637:(BOS) was an early version of DOS and TOS which could provide usable functionality on a system with as little as 8 KB of main storage and one 2311 disk drive.
1973:
563:
784:, although IBM later agreed to add those products individually to its price list under pressure from ISVs who claimed that the bundling violated antitrust laws.
2287:
2023:
1862:
556:
2242:
2165:
1626:
was designed for parsing speed and simplicity; the resulting positional syntax was significantly more cryptic than OS/360 keyword-driven job control.
1111:
and executing in the
Recovery Transient area. This was done as part of the reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) enhancements for the
937:
2712:
386:
272:
845:. Up to ten processors are theoretically supported ("tolerated"), but up to four are effectively utilized. Those limits remain in the last z/VSE.
2341:
614:
on the last day of 1964, and it was first delivered in June 1966. In its time, DOS/360 was the most widely used operating system in the world.
3115:
391:
820:
VSE/ESA was a 31-bit DOS/VSE version, which was released in 1990 with support for up to 384 MB of real storage. It provided up to twelve
1261:
Sequential and ISAM files could store either fixed-length or variable-length records, and all types could occupy more than one disk volume.
2004:
769:
414:
408:
402:
301:
40:
3255:
1703:
programs, on the other hand, tended to utilize those very features more often and usually needed greater modification to run on DOS.
1902:
1879:
3281:
1032:
Because DOS/360 was designed to run on low-end models of System/360 memory usage was a concern. It was possible to generate a DOS
703:
was released in 1972. The first DOS/VS release was numbered "Release 28" to signify an incremental upgrade from DOS/360. It added
295:
1425:
statement marks the end of a job, and may indicate the end of data to be flushed if the job terminates abnormally. The format is
66:
666:
TOS, as per the "Tape" in the name, required a tape drive. It shared most of the code base and some manuals with IBM's DOS/360.
1036:, the resident portion of the operating system, as small as 5902 bytes. Detailed charts listed memory requirements for each
773:
An IBM staffer installing a third-party application running on SSX/VSE, at the IBM Böblingen facility where SSX work was done
1068:'s discussion on design and the use of main memory. To further reduce memory usage, the supervisor employed overlays called
2705:
2314:
2196:
3286:
2752:
2334:
1981:
2526:
1508:
statement instructs the system to print a listing of all specified I/O assignments currently in effect. The format is
1028:
The following description applies to DOS/360 except as otherwise noted. Later versions offer additional functionality.
1850:
Don't forget TOS, the bastard cousin of DOS. Either could be generated from the same set of distribution libraries...
2747:
2270:
1774:
1683:
1646:
I/O. By the late 1960s both IBM and aftermarket vendors began filling this void. IBM's spooler was an option called
1156:
528:
508:
1552:
is a number that can specify the number of times the operation is to be performed, such as forward space two files.
1837:
3276:
3244:
2865:
2698:
2481:
1603:
451:
1731:
DOS/360 and TOS/360 had the same code base; the difference was whether it used disk libraries or tape libraries.
1473:
is either "X'cuu'" to indicate a physical device (channel and unit), "IGN" for ignore, or "UA" for unassigned.
1230:) files a specified section of each record was defined as a key which could be used to look up specific records.
800:
processors. VSE/SP replaced SSX/VSE and bundled VSE with the most popular VSE program products such as VSE/AF,
2681:
2327:
84:
2210:
1107:
DOS/VS added
Machine Check and Channel Check Handlers, which were another set of transients all starting with
1712:
888:
1477:
specifies either tape mode settings such as density, parity, etc., or "ALT" to indicate an alternate device.
3075:
3160:
3110:
2476:
2422:
445:
144:
1810:
30:
This article is about the family of operating systems for IBM System/360 computers. For other uses, see
3190:
1238:
1234:
1147:
operation run in either FG partition. Otherwise foreground programs had to be manually started by the
1001:
812:. VSE/SP supported only 24-bit addresses, despite customer requests to provide an XA (31 bit) version.
2780:
1897:
1559:
statement provides disk or tape volume label information for standard label checking. The format is
1104:
prefixes ensured rapid loading of transients because their names were stored first in the directory.
1011:
configuration might consist of a S/360 model 30 with 32KB memory and the decimal instruction set, an
993:
989:
2590:
2531:
2486:
2380:
677:
became more affordable at the time of System/360, whereas they had been an expensive luxury on the
541:
129:
1179:
for assembler macros and include text were also supported. Installations could define additional
3105:
3080:
1254:
1223:
Sequential data sets were only read or written, one record block at a time from beginning to end.
1019:
printer, two or three IBM 2311 disks, two IBM 2415 magnetic tape drives, and the 1052-7 console.
945:
781:
660:
3291:
2890:
2521:
2432:
2417:
2370:
1065:
956:
881:
727:
247:
225:
219:
123:
72:
17:
2721:
2613:
2439:
2053:
1916:
933:
873:
842:
420:
396:
380:
239:
2166:"VSE/ESA Version 2 Release 1 and VSE/ESA Languages -- PL/I, COBOL, LE Software Announcement"
2099:
2076:
872:(or S/360) computers, IBM had originally committed to delivering a single operating system,
2757:
2375:
1647:
1623:
809:
535:
515:
31:
1484:
statement resets specified I/O unit assignments to their permanent values. The format is
8:
3050:
1692:
1687:
981:
3030:
3025:
2870:
2762:
2394:
2390:
1667:
1663:
1382:
statement "can be used to allow for operator action between job steps." The format is
953:
1457:
statement "is used to assign a logical I/O unit to a physical device." The format is
3170:
2471:
2402:
2266:
1770:
1700:
1329:
statement indicates "the beginning of control information for a job." The format is
1196:
1148:
1140:
1053:
349:
78:
1650:, and Software Design, Inc., an independent software company, sold a spooler called
1548:
is a function such as "FSF" to forward space one file or "REW" to rewind the tape.
1438:
statement specifies values of system options that apply to this job. The format is
2644:
2639:
2541:
2350:
1845:
1841:
1144:
652:
595:
135:
952:(also known as GCOS) was copied from DOS/360, which was not the case, however the
2920:
1935:
1671:
1651:
1586:
statements for disk label and extent information. At least as early as 1968 the
1360:. "All control statements necessary for execution must be processed" before the
1192:
932:. Unlike OS/360, DOS/360 was initially a single-job system which did not support
834:
692:
was the primary operating system for most small to midsize S/360 installations.
494:
488:
2875:
2690:
2506:
2123:"IBM VSE/SYSTEM PACKAGE (VSE/SP), VERSION 3 RELEASE 1.1 ENHANCED AND AVAILABLE"
704:
599:
521:
2585:
2179:
3270:
3165:
3020:
2915:
2600:
2511:
2362:
1216:
741:
was introduced in 1979 as an "extended" version of DOS/VS to support the new
716:
607:
2309:
1049:
3040:
2995:
2665:
2634:
2449:
2319:
2289:
System/360 Disk
Operating System User's Guide: Control Statement Techniques
1643:
1639:
1401:
statement may be used to display a message to the operator. The format is
997:
896:
283:
669:
TOS went through 14 releases, and was discontinued when disks such as the
3185:
2850:
2545:
2491:
1052:. To keep memory usage as small as possible, DOS was coded entirely in
892:
877:
1863:"IBM System/360 Disk and Tape Operating Systems Concepts and Facilities"
648:(Tape Operating System/360, not a DOS as such and not so called) was an
2935:
2925:
2822:
2812:
2792:
2608:
2558:
2244:
IBM System/360 Disk
Operating System: System Generation and Maintenance
1648:
Priority Output
Writers, Execution processors and input Readers (POWER)
1139:). Multiprogramming was an optional feature of DOS/360, selectable at
1112:
967:
920:
913:
906:
869:
712:
708:
656:
603:
482:
265:
54:
801:
3180:
3135:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2990:
1766:
475:
356:
27:
IBM mainframe operating system designed for use with smaller machines
1412:
statement marks the end of data in the input stream. The format is
959:(XOS) was intentionally similar to DOS to simplify program porting.
3210:
3175:
2975:
2960:
2955:
2900:
2895:
2785:
2629:
2553:
2516:
1635:
1345:
must be one to eight alphanumeric characters to identify the job.
1200:
1016:
1012:
985:
977:
929:
797:
746:
742:
678:
674:
670:
501:
156:
150:
1183:
relocatable and source statement libraries on other disk volumes.
3225:
3195:
3150:
3125:
3060:
3055:
3045:
2950:
2940:
2930:
2910:
2880:
2855:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2742:
2575:
2501:
2412:
2407:
1532:
statement issues command to a magnetic tape unit. The format is
1204:
902:
628:
319:
213:
196:
111:
3205:
3200:
3100:
3090:
3085:
3065:
3015:
2980:
2905:
2860:
2802:
2775:
2739:
2459:
2444:
1923:. Vol. 11, no. 36. September 5, 1977. pp. 39–40.
1242:
1124:
1037:
796:("System Product") in conjunction with the announcement of the
374:
368:
359:
325:
313:
307:
259:
253:
207:
190:
884:. IBM was forced to quickly develop four additional systems:
3220:
3155:
3145:
3130:
3095:
2985:
2945:
2807:
2797:
2570:
2563:
2496:
2145:"IBM VSE/ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE VERSION 1 RELEASE 1"
2006:
IBM 4300 Processors
Principles of Operation for ECPS:VSE Mode
1740:
DOS/360 on a S/370 used a 3210 or a 3215 rather than a 1052-7
1696:
1469:. SYSxxx indicates a logical unit such as SYS001 or SYSIPT.
1250:
1208:
1041:
949:
854:
457:
365:
60:
2211:"IBM DOS, DOS/VS, DOS/VSE, VSE/SP, VSE/ESA, z/VSE Customers"
1431:. Any data on the statement following the blank is ignored.
1418:. Any data on the statement following the blank is ignored.
1394:. The comment is used to provide a message to the operator.
3215:
3140:
3120:
3070:
3035:
2885:
2580:
2464:
1274:
1270:
1246:
1227:
1212:
1045:
919:
TOS/360 for machines with at least 16 KB memory and a
912:
DOS/360 for machines with at least 16 KB memory and a
805:
471:
426:
331:
278:
2843:
2649:
2454:
2354:
984:, and at least one disk drive was required — initially a
649:
611:
289:
1812:
IBM System/36D Basic
Operating System Programmer's Guide
1269:
936:. A version with multitasking, supporting up to three
1215:, and it supported a range of file organizations with
1895:
868:
When developing a new hardware generation of unified
1677:
1159:(Initial Program Load), the IBM term for Boot load.
659:, used in the early days around 1965 to support the
594:, is the discontinued first member of a sequence of
2100:"IBM yields to Adapso heat, unbundles SSX programs"
1761:Pugh, E.W.; Johnson, L.R.; Palmer, John H. (1991).
1356:statement identifies a program to be executed as a
980:printer-keyboard, either a selector or multiplexor
719:of up to 16 megabytes for all partitions combined.
2265:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. p. 101.
905:for machines with at least 8 KB memory and a
2279:
1786:) treatment of IBM's offerings during this period
1760:
90:7040/7044 Operating System (16/32K) (7040-PR-150)
3268:
2720:
824:and allowed VSE/POWER and ACF/VTAM to be run in
2285:
2240:
2142:
2120:
1966:
1956:
1808:
1315:In the description that follows the character "
1273:) and Queued Telecommunications Access Method (
2180:"VSE/ESA Turbo Dispatcher Guide and Reference"
2136:
2054:"IBM adds SSX/VSE aid; offers DS/VSE frontend"
2706:
2335:
1974:"The VSE Operating System State of the Union"
1578:statement for tape label information and the
564:
2349:
2260:
2077:"IBM brings out simplified operating system"
1933:
1285:All DOS job control statements began with "
3250:
2713:
2699:
2342:
2328:
2097:
1835:
1612:
1606:and had fairly high information densities.
571:
557:
41:History of IBM mainframe operating systems
2236:
2234:
2232:
1950:
1927:
1064:The concept of transient area is part of
1638:sub-system to improve the efficiency of
1072:that were read into one of two reserved
966:
962:
891:for machines with at least 8 KB of
768:
726:DOS/VS was succeeded by DOS/VSE through
1617:
14:
3269:
2229:
2025:VSE/Advanced Functions Program Summary
1917:"IBM Feared Competition to 360/30 CPU"
1896:Anne and Lynn Wheeler (May 28, 2009).
1829:
2694:
2323:
1289:" in card columns one and two except
1264:
1167:Executable programs were stored in a
828:. It introduced a new feature called
2315:DOS/VS section at VintageBigBlue.org
2143:IBM Corporation (5 September 1990).
2074:
1162:
1022:
2002:
1175:for linkable object programs and a
1118:
24:
2098:Blumenthal, Marcia (15 Mar 1982).
1980:. November 1, 2008. Archived from
1657:
1602:. These statements used numerous
1364:statement is read. The format is
711:series hardware. It used a fixed
25:
3303:
2303:
1959:Introduction to DOS/VS Release 29
1684:application programming interface
1678:Application programming interface
1143:. A later SYSGEN option allowed
3249:
3239:
3238:
2677:
2676:
2217:(Mailing list). November 2, 2011
2121:IBM Corporation (30 June 1987).
1338:<jobname> <comments>
3282:IBM mainframe operating systems
2254:
2203:
2189:
2172:
2158:
2114:
2091:
2068:
2046:
2016:
1996:
1799:331 – most widely used OS
1763:IBM's 360 and early 370 systems
1734:
1725:
1686:was incompatible with OS/360.
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:statement had been replaced by
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1556:
1529:
1505:
1481:
1454:
1435:
1402:
1398:
1379:
1361:
1353:
1326:
617:
1909:
1889:
1880:"DOS and TOS Utility Programs"
1872:
1855:
1802:
1789:
1754:
1280:
13:
1:
2012:. First edition. SA22-7070-0.
1936:"IBM Geschichte im Jahr 1970"
1868:. October 1970. GC2ij-5030-8.
1836:Joe Morris (April 25, 2005).
1747:
1713:Timeline of operating systems
1059:
106:Miscellaneous S/360 line OSes
49:Early mainframe computer OSes
2310:DOS manuals at Bitsavers.org
2197:"The z/VSE Turbo Dispatcher"
1809:IBM Corporation (Sep 1967).
1782:– extensive (819
1765:. Cambridge, MA and London:
1574:DOS originally provided the
1186:
292:(OS/VS2R2 and later) (1974)
184:
117:
7:
2781:Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1
2075:Paul, Louis (23 Nov 1981).
1885:. August 1973. GC24-3465-8.
1706:
1629:
1319:" represents a single blank
1239:database management systems
1015:card reader/card punch, an
1000:were usually included, but
10:
3308:
3287:Assembly language software
3191:Technical Support SuperDOS
1662:DOS/360 had no relocating
863:
852:
815:
764:
733:
684:
640:
626:
622:
93:1410/7010 Operating System
29:
3234:
2968:
2841:
2738:
2729:
2674:
2658:
2622:
2599:
2540:
2389:
2361:
2168:. IBM. 13 September 1994.
1560:
1533:
1509:
1485:
1458:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1383:
1365:
1330:
988:holding 7.25 MB. A
787:
753:
695:
584:Disk Operating System/360
2591:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
2532:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
2381:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
2286:IBM Corporation (1967).
2241:IBM Corporation (1969).
1957:IBM Corporation (1973).
1718:
1666:, so programmers had to
1177:source statement library
948:incorrectly states that
848:
1613:Differences from OS/360
1219:to help in using them:
663:and similar platforms.
3277:Disk operating systems
2891:Datapac System Manager
2722:Disk operating systems
2428:DOS/360 and successors
2263:The Mythical Man-Month
1838:"DOS/360: Forty years"
1634:Early DOS included no
1004:could be substituted.
972:
957:Xerox Operating System
882:The Mythical Man-Month
826:private address spaces
774:
759:VSE/Advanced Functions
715:which mapped a single
707:in support of the new
635:Basic Operating System
610:. It was announced by
177:DOS/360 and successors
55:GM OS & GM-NAA I/O
2440:OS/360 and successors
2261:F. P. Brooks (1975).
2064:(40): 46. 1 Oct 1984.
1846:alt.folklore.computer
1604:positional parameters
1568:SYSxxx,<volume>
1541:<opcode>,SYSxxx
1466:SYSxxx,<device>
1191:DOS/360 had a set of
970:
963:Hardware requirements
792:In 1986 IBM released
772:
240:OS/360 and successors
2003:IBM (January 1979).
1693:high level languages
1618:Job control language
1002:magnetic tape drives
946:Hacker's Jargon File
536:UNIX System Services
516:UNIX System Services
32:DOS (disambiguation)
3051:DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11
2730:MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS,
1688:High level language
1475:<tape option>
1173:relocatable library
971:IBM 2311 disk drive
661:System/360 Model 30
3031:Concurrent DOS V60
3026:Concurrent DOS 68K
2871:Concurrent CP/M-86
2732:compatible systems
2031:. IBM. GC33-6157-0
1265:Telecommunications
1233:In direct access (
1169:Core Image Library
1066:Mythical Man-Month
973:
954:Xerox Data Systems
837:, through the new
830:dynamic partitions
775:
3264:
3263:
2771:
2770:
2688:
2687:
2351:Operating systems
1934:IBM Corporation.
1403:* <comment>
1163:Program libraries
1149:computer operator
1141:system generation
1137:foreground 2
1133:foreground 1
1054:assembly language
1023:Technical details
938:memory partitions
822:static partitions
596:operating systems
581:
580:
16:(Redirected from
3299:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3241:
2736:
2735:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2680:
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2238:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2072:
2066:
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2050:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1984:on March 4, 2018
1970:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1947:
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1943:
1931:
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1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1348:
1347:<comments>
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1193:utility programs
1119:Multiprogramming
1110:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1084:
839:Turbo Dispatcher
745:processors. The
653:operating system
573:
566:
559:
310:Version 1 (1980)
37:
36:
21:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3230:
2969:Other platforms
2964:
2921:NetWare PalmDOS
2837:
2767:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2689:
2684:
2670:
2654:
2618:
2595:
2536:
2385:
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2306:
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2159:
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2096:
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2069:
2052:
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2022:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1915:
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1910:
1905:(Mailing list).
1894:
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1873:
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1745:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1709:
1680:
1672:self-relocating
1660:
1658:Program loading
1632:
1620:
1615:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1447:<option1>
1446:
1443:
1440:
1427:
1414:
1391:<comment>
1390:
1387:
1384:
1373:<program>
1372:
1369:
1366:
1346:
1343:<jobname>
1342:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1316:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1283:
1267:
1211:and eventually
1189:
1165:
1121:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1074:transient areas
1062:
1025:
965:
866:
857:
851:
835:multiprocessing
818:
790:
767:
756:
736:
698:
687:
643:
631:
625:
620:
577:
548:
547:
478:
464:
463:
441:
433:
432:
352:
342:
341:
243:
232:
231:
180:
169:
168:
107:
99:
98:
94:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3247:
3235:
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3208:
3203:
3198:
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3183:
3178:
3173:
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3153:
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3138:
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3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:Concurrent DOS
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
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2800:
2795:
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2769:
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2766:
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2760:
2755:
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2745:
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2727:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2675:
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2669:
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2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
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2652:
2647:
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2637:
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2605:
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2359:
2358:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2304:External links
2302:
2299:
2298:
2278:
2271:
2253:
2228:
2202:
2188:
2171:
2157:
2135:
2113:
2090:
2067:
2045:
2015:
1995:
1965:
1949:
1926:
1908:
1898:"Re: IBM 1401"
1888:
1871:
1854:
1828:
1801:
1788:
1775:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1742:
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1659:
1656:
1631:
1628:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1572:
1553:
1546:<opcode>
1526:
1522:<option>
1517:<option>
1502:
1498:<option>
1493:<option>
1478:
1471:<device>
1451:
1432:
1419:
1406:
1395:
1376:
1350:
1282:
1279:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1231:
1224:
1217:access methods
1188:
1185:
1164:
1161:
1120:
1117:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1061:
1058:
1024:
1021:
964:
961:
930:S/360 model 30
925:
924:
917:
910:
900:
865:
862:
853:Main article:
850:
847:
817:
814:
789:
786:
766:
763:
755:
752:
735:
732:
705:virtual memory
697:
694:
686:
683:
642:
639:
627:Main article:
624:
621:
619:
616:
600:IBM System/360
579:
578:
576:
575:
568:
561:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
539:
532:
529:OpenExtensions
525:
519:
512:
505:
498:
492:
486:
479:
470:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:
455:
449:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
424:
418:
412:
406:
400:
394:
389:
387:VM/BSE (BSEPP)
384:
378:
372:
363:
353:
348:
347:
344:
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340:
339:
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336:
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58:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3304:
3293:
3292:1965 software
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
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3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Sinclair QDOS
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
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3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
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3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Commodore DOS
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Multiuser DOS
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
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2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
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2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
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2773:
2764:
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2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
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2740:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2683:
2673:
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2664:
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2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2601:Point of sale
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
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2500:
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2396:
2392:
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2366:
2364:
2363:Supercomputer
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2272:0-201-00650-2
2268:
2264:
2257:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2181:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2146:
2139:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2104:Computerworld
2101:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2081:Computerworld
2078:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2058:Computerworld
2055:
2049:
2042:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1988:September 18,
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1960:
1953:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1921:Computerworld
1918:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1881:
1875:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1776:0-262-16123-0
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1753:
1737:
1728:
1724:
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1637:
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1625:
1610:
1605:
1598:statement by
1573:
1554:
1527:
1503:
1479:
1452:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1396:
1377:
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1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1105:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:as required.
1075:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1020:
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935:
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879:
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871:
861:
856:
846:
844:
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831:
827:
823:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
785:
783:
779:
771:
762:
760:
751:
748:
744:
740:
731:
729:
724:
720:
718:
717:address space
714:
710:
706:
702:
693:
691:
682:
680:
676:
672:
667:
664:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
638:
636:
630:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
574:
569:
567:
562:
560:
555:
554:
552:
551:
543:
540:
537:
533:
530:
526:
523:
520:
517:
513:
510:
506:
503:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
480:
477:
473:
468:
467:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
443:
437:
436:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
354:
351:
346:
345:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
293:
291:
288:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
274:
271:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
255:
252:
249:
246:
245:
241:
236:
235:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
202:VSE/AF (1979)
201:
200:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
178:
173:
172:
158:
155:
154:
152:
149:
148:
146:
143:
142:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
103:
102:
95:(1410-PR-155)
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3041:Cromemco DOS
2996:Apple ProDOS
2666:Fedora Linux
2635:Workplace OS
2492:System/88 OS
2427:
2288:
2281:
2262:
2256:
2243:
2219:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2191:
2174:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2116:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2040:
2033:. Retrieved
2024:
2018:
2005:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1982:the original
1977:
1968:
1958:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1929:
1920:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1874:
1857:
1849:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1811:
1804:
1797:op. cit., p.
1796:
1791:
1783:
1762:
1756:
1736:
1727:
1682:The DOS/360
1681:
1661:
1644:line printer
1640:punched card
1633:
1621:
1609:
1525:inoperative.
1422:
1409:
1357:
1349:are ignored.
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1284:
1268:
1260:
1226:In indexed (
1190:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1153:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1106:
1095:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1008:
1006:
998:line printer
978:1052 Model 7
974:
942:
934:multitasking
926:
897:punched card
867:
858:
843:multitasking
838:
829:
825:
821:
819:
793:
791:
777:
776:
758:
757:
738:
737:
725:
721:
700:
699:
689:
688:
668:
665:
645:
644:
634:
632:
618:DOS versions
591:
590:, or simply
587:
583:
582:
392:VM/SE (SEPP)
286:(SVS) (1972)
210:(1983, 1985)
176:
141:RACS (1965)
3186:SpartaDOS X
2546:workstation
2035:January 24,
1963:GC33-5370-2
1938:(in German)
1410:end of data
1299:end-of-data
1293:which was "
1281:Job control
1096:The use of
1048:, and full
990:card reader
893:core memory
878:Fred Brooks
542:OpenSolaris
509:OpenEdition
502:OpenEdition
3271:Categories
2936:PC-MOS/386
2926:Novell DOS
2823:SISNE plus
2813:Novell DOS
2793:IBM PC DOS
2753:Comparison
2110:(11): 1–2.
1748:References
1550:<nn>
1423:end of job
1291:end-of-job
1249:and IBM's
1135:) and F2 (
1129:background
1113:System/370
1070:transients
1060:Transients
1050:FORTRAN IV
1034:supervisor
994:card punch
921:tape drive
914:disk drive
907:disk drive
870:System/360
713:page table
709:System/370
657:System/360
608:mainframes
606:and later
604:System/370
266:OS/VS1 BPE
3181:SpartaDOS
3136:NewDos/80
3011:Atari TOS
3006:Atari DOS
3001:Apple SOS
2991:Apple DOS
2395:mainframe
2221:April 25,
1978:z/Journal
1842:Newsgroup
1767:MIT Press
1701:Assembler
1668:link edit
1201:compilers
1197:Assembler
1187:Utilities
476:Unix-like
3245:Category
3211:TurboDOS
3176:SmartDOS
3116:MicroDOS
2976:AmigaDOS
2961:TurboDOS
2956:Towns OS
2901:K8918-OS
2896:DOS Plus
2786:MS-DOS 7
2758:Commands
2748:Timeline
2682:Category
2645:Trillian
2640:Monterey
2630:Taligent
2623:Projects
2554:Textpack
2087:(47): 7.
1707:See also
1695:such as
1636:spooling
1630:Spooling
1594:and the
1399:comments
1358:job step
1307:comments
1241:such as
1109:$ $ RAST
1017:IBM 1403
1013:IBM 2540
810:POWER/VS
802:ACF/VTAM
679:IBM 7090
675:IBM 2314
671:IBM 2311
655:for the
500:MVS/ESA
440:TPF line
415:VM/XA SP
409:VM/XA SF
403:VM/XA MA
302:MVS/SE 2
284:OS/VS2R1
157:MUSIC/SP
85:MIT CTSS
3226:Z80-RIO
3196:Top-DOS
3151:RealDOS
3126:MSX-DOS
3061:DOS/360
3056:DIP DOS
3046:CSI-DOS
2951:SCP1700
2941:REAL/32
2931:OpenDOS
2911:MP/M-86
2881:CP/M-86
2856:4690 OS
2851:4680 OS
2833:FreeDOS
2828:PTS-DOS
2818:ROM-DOS
2659:Related
2614:4690 OS
2609:4680 OS
2542:Desktop
2472:VM line
2418:TSS/360
2413:TOS/360
2408:BOS/360
2150:May 31,
2128:June 1,
1942:May 31,
1844::
1821:Jan 24,
1501:SYS002.
1305:", and
1295:/&␢
1205:FORTRAN
1181:private
1131:), F1 (
1009:typical
982:channel
903:BOS/360
899:reader,
889:BPS/360
864:History
816:VSE/ESA
778:SSX/VSE
765:SSX/VSE
739:DOS/VSE
734:DOS/VSE
690:DOS/360
685:DOS/360
646:TOS/360
641:TOS/360
629:BOS/360
623:BOS/360
588:DOS/360
586:, also
514:OS/390
507:VM/ESA
495:AIX/ESA
489:AIX/370
350:VM line
320:MVS/ESA
275:(1967)
256:(1968)
214:VSE/ESA
199:(1979)
197:DOS/VSE
185:DOS/360
153:(1972)
147:(1966)
124:TSS/360
118:TOS/360
112:BOS/360
3254:
3243:
3206:TRSDOS
3201:TR-DOS
3101:iS-DOS
3091:IDEDOS
3086:GEMDOS
3066:DOS XL
3016:BW-DOS
2981:AMSDOS
2906:FlexOS
2861:86-DOS
2842:Other
2803:DR-DOS
2776:MS-DOS
2559:PC DOS
2507:zLinux
2460:OS/390
2445:OS/VS1
2391:Server
2269:
2199:. IBM.
1795:Pugh,
1773:
1664:loader
1514:LISTIO
1506:LISTIO
1444:OPTION
1436:OPTION
1428:/&
1243:ADABAS
1199:, and
1125:OS/360
1038:sysgen
895:and a
874:OS/360
808:, and
794:VSE/SP
788:VSE/SP
754:VSE/AF
701:DOS/VS
696:DOS/VS
544:(2008)
538:(2001)
531:(2000)
524:(1999)
518:(1996)
511:(1995)
504:(1993)
497:(1991)
491:(1990)
485:(1981)
460:(2005)
454:(1979)
448:(1967)
429:(2000)
423:(1990)
421:VM/ESA
417:(1988)
411:(1985)
405:(1984)
399:(1980)
383:(1972)
381:VM/370
377:(1968)
375:VP/CSS
371:(1967)
362:(1967)
334:(2000)
328:(1995)
326:OS/390
322:(1988)
316:(1983)
314:MVS/XA
308:MVS/SP
304:(1979)
298:(1978)
296:MVS/SE
262:(1972)
260:OS/VS1
254:MFT II
250:(1966)
242:(1966)
228:(2021)
222:(2005)
216:(1991)
208:VSE/SP
193:(1972)
191:DOS/VS
187:(1965)
179:(1966)
159:(1985)
138:(1967)
132:(1967)
126:(1967)
120:(1965)
114:(1965)
87:(1961)
81:(1960)
75:(1959)
69:(1958)
63:(1957)
57:(1955)
18:DOS/VS
3221:Z-DOS
3156:SB-80
3146:PTDOS
3131:MyDOS
3096:IMDOS
2986:ANDOS
2946:SB-86
2808:H-DOS
2798:DOS/V
2763:Games
2724:(DOS)
2571:PC/IX
2564:DOS/V
2527:SRTOS
2497:IBM i
2403:IBSYS
2293:(PDF)
2248:(PDF)
2215:VSE-L
2183:(PDF)
2029:(PDF)
2010:(PDF)
1883:(PDF)
1866:(PDF)
1816:(PDF)
1719:Notes
1697:COBOL
1652:GRASP
1588:TPLAB
1584:XTENT
1576:TPLAB
1490:RESET
1482:RESET
1463:ASSGN
1455:ASSGN
1388:PAUSE
1380:PAUSE
1251:DBOMP
1209:COBOL
1195:, an
1145:batch
1123:Like
1102:$ $ B
1098:$ $ A
1090:$ $ B
1083:$ $ A
1042:COBOL
950:GECOS
855:z/VSE
849:z/VSE
728:z/VSE
534:z/OS
527:z/VM
522:Linux
458:z/TPF
397:VM/SP
366:CP-67
357:CP-40
220:z/VSE
151:MUSIC
136:ORVYL
79:IBSYS
61:BESYS
3256:List
3216:UDOS
3171:RDOS
3141:OS/M
3121:MP/M
3111:MDOS
3106:ISIS
3081:FLEX
3071:Edos
3036:CP/M
2886:CP/K
2866:ADOS
2581:OS/2
2517:DPPX
2512:DPCX
2465:z/OS
2267:ISBN
2223:2017
2152:2012
2130:2011
2037:2022
1990:2019
1944:2012
1823:2022
1771:ISBN
1642:and
1622:DOS
1600:DLBL
1596:DLAB
1592:TLBL
1582:and
1580:DLAB
1555:The
1528:The
1504:The
1480:The
1453:The
1434:The
1421:The
1408:The
1397:The
1378:The
1370:EXEC
1362:EXEC
1354:EXEC
1352:The
1325:The
1313:". (
1275:QTAM
1271:BTAM
1255:DL/I
1253:and
1247:IDMS
1235:BDAM
1228:ISAM
1213:PL/I
1203:for
1100:and
1046:PL/I
996:and
986:2311
806:CICS
798:9370
747:4300
743:4300
673:and
633:The
598:for
474:and
472:UNIX
427:z/VM
369:/CMS
360:/CMS
332:z/OS
279:65MP
67:UMES
3161:SCP
3076:EOS
2844:x86
2743:API
2650:K42
2586:AOS
2576:AIX
2522:SSP
2502:AIX
2487:CPF
2482:TPF
2477:ACP
2455:MVS
2450:SVS
2433:VSE
2423:RAX
2376:CNK
2371:INK
2355:IBM
2353:by
1784:pp.
1699:.
1624:JCL
1565:VOL
1557:VOL
1544:.
1538:MTC
1530:MTC
1520:.
1496:.
1341:.
1335:JOB
1327:JOB
1321:.)
1309:, "
1303:/*␢
1301:, "
1297:",
1157:IPL
880:in
782:RPQ
650:IBM
612:IBM
592:DOS
483:UTS
452:TPF
446:ACP
290:MVS
273:MVT
248:MFT
226:VSE
145:RAX
130:MTS
73:SOS
3273::
2544:,
2393:,
2231:^
2213:.
2108:16
2106:.
2102:.
2085:15
2083:.
2079:.
2062:18
2060:.
2056:.
2039:.
1976:.
1919:.
1900:.
1848:.
1840:.
1769:.
1654:.
1562://
1535://
1511://
1487://
1460://
1441://
1415:/*
1385://
1367://
1332://
1311:*␢
1287://
1245:,
1207:,
1151:.
1056:.
1044:,
1007:A
992:,
804:,
730:.
681:.
602:,
2714:e
2707:t
2700:v
2343:e
2336:t
2329:v
2295:.
2275:.
2250:.
2225:.
2185:.
2154:.
2132:.
1992:.
1961:.
1946:.
1825:.
1779:.
1571:.
1450:.
1405:.
1317:␢
1257:.
1092:.
1085:.
923:.
916:,
909:,
572:e
565:t
558:v
34:.
20:)
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