255:"flower" shape. When a defective batch of these new design hubs was shipped on new DECtape drives, these hubs would loosen over time. As a result, DECtape reels would fall off the drives, usually when being spun at full speed, as in an end-to-end seek. The reel of tape would fall onto the floor and roll in a straight line or circle, often unspooling and tangling the tape as it went. In spite of this horrifying spectacle, desperate users would carefully untangle that tape and wind it laboriously back onto the tape reel, then re-install it onto the hub, with a paper shim to hold the reel more tightly. The data on the mangled DECtape could often be recovered completely and copied to another tape, provided that the original tape had only been creased multiple times, and not stretched or broken. DEC quickly issued an Engineering Change Order (ECO) to replace the defective hubs, to resolve the problem.
166:
tape formats. While LINCtape supports high-speed bidirectional block search, it only supports actual data read and write operations in the forward direction. DECtape uses a significantly different mark track format to provide for the possibility of read and write operations in either direction, although not all DECtape controllers support reverse read. DEC applied for a patent on the enhanced features incorporated into DECtape in late 1964. The inventor listed on this patent, Thomas
Stockebrand, is also an author of the paper on the TX-2 tape system from which the LINC tape was derived.
1433:
17:
2278:
268:
2288:
2298:
344:
190:
238:
The design of DECtape and its controllers is quite different from any other type of tape drive or controller at the time. The tape is 0.75 in (19 mm) wide, accommodating 6 data tracks, 2 mark tracks, and 2 clock tracks, with data recorded at roughly 350 bits per inch (138 bits per cm). Each
234:
culture developed, adopted multiple DECtape drives to support a primitive software sharing community. The hard disk system (when it was working) was considered a "temporary" file storage device used for speed, not to be trusted to hold files for long-term storage. Computer users would keep their own
330:
In 1974, DEC charged COI with patent infringement. COI, in turn, filed a suit claiming that DEC's patent was invalid on several grounds, including the assertions that DEC had marketed DECtape-based equipment for over a year before filing for the patent, that they had failed to properly disclose the
165:
The tape transport used on the LINC is essentially the same as the Type 555 transport, with the same interface signals and the same physical tape medium. The LINC and DEC controllers, however, are incompatible, and the positions of the supply and take-up reels were reversed between the LINC and DEC
254:
The fundamental durability and reliability of DECtape was underscored when the design of the tape reel mounting hubs was changed in the early 1970s. The original machined metal hub with a retaining spring was replaced by a lower cost single-piece plastic hub with 6 flexible arms in a "starfish" or
162:, even though this involved a change in recording format. The initial specifications for the Type 550 controller discuss a significant advance beyond the LINCtape, the ability to read and write in either direction. By late 1964, the Type 555 transport was being marketed as a DECtape transport.
130:
computer. There are simple LINC instructions for reading and writing tape blocks using a single machine instruction. The design of the LINC, including LINCtape, was placed in the public domain because its development had been funded by the government. LINCtape drives were manufactured by several
258:
Eventually, a heavily used or abused DECtape begins to become unreliable. The operating system is usually programmed to keep retrying a failed read operation, which often succeeds after multiple attempts. Experienced DECtape users learned to notice the characteristic "shoe-shining" motion of a
243:
was used. The clock and mark tracks are written only once, when the tape was formatted; after that, they are read-only. This meant a "drop-out" on one channel could be tolerated; even a hole punched through the tape with a 0.25 in (6.4 mm) hole punch will not cause the read to fail.
251:, rather than being on the surface as was common in other magnetic tape types. This allows the tape to survive many thousands of passes over the tape heads without wearing away the oxide layer, which would otherwise have occurred in heavy swap file use on timesharing systems.
142:
is the direct ancestor of LINCtape, including the use of two redundant sets of five tracks and a direct drive tape transport, but it uses a physically incompatible tape format (½-inch tape on 10-inch reels, where LINC tape and DECtape used ¾-inch tape on 4-inch reels).
441:, a DECtape II cartridge has a capacity of about 256 kilobytes. Unlike the original DECtape media, DECtape II cartridges cannot be formatted on the tape drive transports sold to end-users, and have to be purchased in a factory pre-formatted state.
295:, with only passing reference to its similarity to DECtape. While DECtape and LINC tape are physically interchangeable, the data format COI initially used for 16-bit minicomputers was distinct from both the format used by the
20:
A TU56 dual DECtape unit for a DEC PDP-11. Note the 6-armed "starfish" hubs holding circular white tape reels in place. The vertical aluminium block above each pair of tape reels holds the read/write heads.
574:
239:
track is paired with a non-adjacent track for redundancy by wiring the tape heads in parallel; as a result the electronics only deal with 5 tracks: a clock track, a mark track and 3 data tracks.
154:
computers, both 18-bit machines. DEC advertised the availability of these peripherals in March and May, 1963, and by
November, planning was already underway to offer the product for the 12-bit
564:
A PDP-6 using only DECtape, that formerly supported 4-6 timesharing users could, with a single disk drive, support up to 30 users - p.35, Volume 1, Number 1, The DEC Professional (magazine)
226:
were very expensive, limited in capacity, and notoriously unreliable, so the DECtape was a breakthrough in supporting the first timesharing systems on DEC computers. The legendary PDP-1 at
623:, Digital Equipment Corporation, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. Sidney A. Diamond, Etc., et al., 653 F.2d 701 (1st Cir. 1981), June 12, 1981; see paragraph 5 for the chronology of introduction.
214:
Upon its introduction, DECtape was considered a major improvement over hand-loaded paper tapes, which could not be used to support swap files essential for practical
1380:
459:
Early production TU58s suffered from some reliability and data interchangeability problems, which were eventually resolved. However, rapid advances in low-cost
941:
855:
354:
was introduced around 1978 and has a similar block structure, but uses a much smaller 0.150 in (3.8 mm) tape (the same width as an audio
2332:
2301:
106:
From a programming point of view, because the system is block-oriented and allows random seeking, DECtape behaves like a very slow disk drive.
247:
Another reason for DECtape's unusually high reliability is the use of laminated tape: the magnetic oxide is sandwiched between two layers of
661:
1373:
423:
845:, Digital Equipment Corporation, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. Sidney A. Diamond, Etc., et al., 653 F.2d 701 (1st Cir. 1981), June 12, 1981.
691:
934:
649:
327:
and several other computers in 1974, the drive was priced at $ 1,995 and was explicitly advertised as being DECtape compatible.
2327:
2291:
1366:
633:
91:
inch (19 mm) wide, and formatted into blocks of data that can each be read or written individually. Each tape stores 184K
913:
434:
from a TU58, but the relatively slow access time of the tape drive makes use of the system challenging to an impatient user.
414:, PDP-11/24 and /44 and the VAX-11/730 and /750) as a DEC-standard device for software product distribution, and for loading
1989:
1421:
777:
259:
failing DECtape as it is passed repeatedly back and forth over the tape heads, and would retire the tape from further use.
103:
is 128 12-bit words (for the 12-bit machines), or 256 18-bit words for the other machines (16, 18, 32, or 36-bit systems).
2063:
927:
146:
Digital initially introduced the Type 550 Microtape
Control and Type 555 Dual Microtape Transport as peripherals for the
2068:
2009:
1956:
536:
362:
miniature cartridge consisting of a clear plastic cover mounted on a textured aluminum plate. Cartridge dimensions are
511:
1248:
990:
407:, allowing it to be used with the ordinary serial ports that are very common on Digital's contemporary processors.
2203:
768:, Computer Operations, Inc., Beltsville, MD, Nov. 24, 1971, Doc. No. 112; Section 9.0 describes the tape format.
1823:
589:
R. L. Best and T. C. Stockerbrand, A Computer-Integrated Rapid Access
Magnetic Tape System with Fixed Address,
332:
199:
DECtape was designed to be reliable and durable enough to be used as the main storage medium for a computer's
2093:
1389:
36:
463:
technology, which had an inherent speed advantage, soon outflanked the DECtape II and rendered it obsolete.
2183:
1890:
1441:
842:
706:
620:
2241:
2188:
1971:
1933:
1778:
211:
on a second DECtape drive, so as to not slow down access to the main drive holding the system programs.
134:
In turn, LINCtape's origin can be found in the magnetic tape system for the historic
Lincoln Laboratory
2218:
2004:
1166:
1102:
950:
32:
1521:
664:, Digital Equipment Corporation, H-555, Dec. 1964; The start of Chapter 1 contains the term 'DECtape'.
2252:
1319:
1290:
1125:
864:
829:
726:
1915:
2236:
1278:
1255:
1073:
1055:
1049:
316:
696:, DEC-00-HZTA-D, Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard Mass., Sept. 1968; sections 1.4 and 1.5.
2208:
1773:
1567:
1516:
1201:
1119:
426:
then being used by
Digital, but a later firmware revision eased the flow-control problems. The
2322:
2281:
1448:
816:
803:
790:
740:
603:
753:
2198:
1966:
1870:
1342:
1154:
452:
system and AI32 robot controller. TU58 driver software is available for modern PCs running
276:
100:
1432:
881:
765:
78:
support for it was implemented but did not become an official part of the product lineup.
8:
2058:
1803:
1457:
1284:
1219:
1172:
1096:
1037:
607:
422:. The first version of the TU58 imposed very severe timing constraints on the unbuffered
410:
Because of its low cost, the TU58 was fitted to several different systems (including the
400:
inch (60 mm × 81 mm × 13 mm). The TU58 DECtape II drive has an
1925:
415:
123:
203:(OS). It is possible, although slow, to use a DECtape drive to run a small OS such as
2035:
1618:
1556:
1551:
1184:
919:
532:
507:
500:
312:
280:
590:
331:
prior art, and that the key claims in the DEC patent were in the public domain. The
2073:
1758:
1061:
1019:
404:
355:
200:
139:
96:
92:
347:
DECtape (top and lower left) and DECtape II (lower right) removable magnetic media
16:
1981:
1409:
1031:
634:
Second Annual
Meeting of the Digital Equipment Corporation User's Society (DECUS)
288:
240:
119:
1358:
2078:
1945:
1939:
1499:
449:
235:
personal work files on DECtapes, as well as software to be shared with others.
173:
supported both LINCtape and DECtape on the same transport. As with the earlier
678:
676:
Thomas C. Stockebrand, Bidirectional
Retrieval of Magnetically Recorded Data,
335:
ruled DEC's patent invalid in 1978. The court case continued into the 1980s.
2316:
2123:
1213:
1207:
1131:
324:
231:
591:
Proceedings of the
Western Joint Computer Conference: Contrasts in Computers
437:
Like its predecessor DECtape, and like the faster RX01 floppies used on the
283:
in the 1970s. Initially, COI offered LINC-tape drives for computers made by
2118:
2014:
1961:
1860:
1025:
284:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1563:
1546:
1415:
1013:
460:
292:
267:
223:
215:
636:, Lawrence Radiation Laboratories, Livermore, Nov. 18-19, 1963; see the
475: – additional material on LINCtape lineage and operation
2176:
1951:
907:
573:
Mary Allen Wilkes and Wesley A. Clark, 18: Magnetic Tape
Instructions,
1768:
902:
2149:
2053:
2024:
1910:
1604:
1599:
1538:
1403:
1313:
445:
419:
304:
219:
208:
978:
472:
2160:
1900:
1895:
1855:
1830:
1634:
1494:
1476:
1471:
1067:
1043:
1007:
972:
916:
at bitsavers.org. Appendix A describes the TU58 interface protocol.
863:, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1979, pp. 1–5, archived from
39:
2213:
2098:
2043:
1994:
1880:
1840:
1835:
1783:
431:
320:
138:
computer, designed by Richard L. Best and T. C. Stockebrand. The
75:
177:, the PDP-12 is a PDP-8 augmented with hardware support for the
2246:
2166:
2154:
2019:
1850:
1845:
1818:
1813:
1788:
1730:
1509:
1090:
739:
Linc Tapes, Operating System Give Users I/O Paper Tape Option,
438:
401:
308:
174:
170:
71:
67:
63:
59:
51:
778:
LINC Tape II - Direct Access Mini-Computer Mass Storage System
632:
Leonard M. Hantman, Microtape: Its Features and Applications,
2263:
2258:
2231:
2223:
2193:
2171:
2144:
2088:
2083:
1999:
1905:
1885:
1808:
1793:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1307:
1272:
1160:
1148:
552:
411:
359:
248:
159:
155:
151:
147:
55:
47:
43:
498:
Bell, C. Gordon; Mudge, J. Craig; McNamara, John E. (1978).
2128:
2113:
2108:
2103:
1798:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1628:
1528:
1504:
551:
A file system was developed for it, and is included in the
502:
COMPUTER ENGINEERING: A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design
427:
296:
204:
178:
135:
127:
343:
207:
or OS/12. The system would be configured to put temporary
1486:
1325:
453:
227:
189:
815:
Martha Blumenthal, Fraud Ruled in 1968 DEC Tape Patent,
444:
The TU58 is also used with other computers, such as the
181:
instruction set and associated laboratory peripherals.
949:
577:, LINC Volume 16, Section 2, June, 1965; pages 80-104.
299:
and the format used on DECtape. When COI offered the
650:
555/550 Micro-Tape Dual Transport & Tape Control
358:). The tape is packaged in a special, pre-formatted
714:. Maynard, MA: Digital Equipment Corporation. 1966.
526:
585:
583:
499:
1388:
497:
2314:
832:, Digital Equip. Corp. v. Parker, April 2, 1980.
780:, Computer Operations Inc., Sept. 1974; 5 pages.
672:
670:
580:
169:Eventually, the TC12-F tape controller on the
118:tape system, which was originally designed by
1374:
935:
766:CO 600 NP LINC Tape System for Nova Computers
667:
789:Low Cost Tape Drives made for DEC, DG Gear,
708:Instruction Manual - DECtape Transport TU55
652:, Digital Equipment Corporation, May, 1963.
1431:
1381:
1367:
942:
928:
493:
491:
489:
342:
266:
188:
15:
262:
2333:Computer-related introductions in 1963
2315:
752:Varian 610s Gain Direct-Access Tapes,
724:
486:
1362:
923:
2297:
1990:Digital Storage Systems Interconnect
430:single-user operating system can be
184:
2064:Dynamically Redefined Character Set
13:
2010:Synchronous Backplane Interconnect
725:Koning, Paul (November 12, 2015).
693:TU55 DECtape 55 Instruction Manual
529:Open VMS Operating System Concepts
14:
2344:
896:
506:. Bedford, Mass.: Digital Press.
275:Computer Operations Inc (COI) of
2296:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2276:
857:TU58 DECtape II Technical Manual
802:COI Showing Mass Storage Units,
2204:Maintenance Operations Protocol
1178:
874:
848:
835:
822:
809:
796:
783:
771:
759:
746:
733:
718:
699:
685:
655:
643:
1142:"Eighth" (0.15) inch (3.81 mm)
903:TU56 DECtape Drive Information
626:
613:
596:
567:
558:
545:
520:
333:US Patent and Trademark Office
131:companies, including Digital.
114:DECtape has its origin in the
1:
2328:History of computing hardware
2094:Mass Storage Control Protocol
1390:Digital Equipment Corporation
1155:KC standard, Compact Cassette
593:, May 6–8, 1958; pages 42-46.
479:
338:
37:Digital Equipment Corporation
2184:Digital Federal Credit Union
1406:(founder and CEO, 1957–1992)
527:David Donald Miller (1997).
193:A partially restored LINC-8,
7:
2228:Sequence and Batch Language
2189:Dynamic debugging technique
604:Tape reels and hubs - "fit"
466:
126:as an integral part of the
74:. On DEC's 32-bit systems,
10:
2349:
2219:Record Management Services
2005:Standard Disk Interconnect
1241:Three quarter inch (19 mm)
1167:Tarbell Cassette Interface
951:Magnetic-tape data storage
662:555 DECtape Dual Transport
109:
33:magnetic tape data storage
2272:
2253:The Ultimate Entrepreneur
2137:
2033:
1980:
1924:
1869:
1757:
1617:
1592:
1537:
1485:
1456:
1440:
1429:
1396:
1336:Four millimeter (3.81 mm)
1335:
1300:
1265:
1240:
1233:
1194:
1141:
1112:
1083:
1000:
965:
958:
756:, Oct. 17, 1973; page 19.
743:, Dec. 20, 1972; page 15.
195:including LINCtape drives
1916:DIGITAL Command Language
806:, May 31, 1976; page 56.
793:, June 4, 1975; page 33.
241:Manchester encoding (PE)
2242:Systems Research Center
2237:System Reference Manual
1301:Eight millimeter (8 mm)
1084:Eight millimeter (8 mm)
886:www.sparetimegizmos.com
819:, May 1, 1978; page 65.
608:LINC, LINCtape, DECtape
230:, where early computer
2209:On-line Debugging Tool
1202:Exatron Stringy Floppy
1113:Quarter inch (6.35 mm)
830:Memorandum of Decision
727:"DECtape reliability?"
682:, issued June 4, 1968.
348:
272:
271:COI LINC Tape II drive
196:
35:medium used with many
21:
1195:Stringy (1.58–1.9 mm)
908:DECtape Documentation
679:U.S. patent 3,387,293
346:
303:with support for the
270:
192:
19:
2199:Local Area Transport
1957:National Replacement
610:, November 26, 2013.
602:Herbert R. Johnson,
575:Programming the LINC
277:Beltsville, Maryland
263:On non-DEC computers
95:PDP-8 words or 144K
27:, originally called
2059:Digital Linear Tape
1418:(VP of engineering)
1266:Half inch (12.7 mm)
1220:Rotronics Wafadrive
1173:Commodore Datasette
1001:Half inch (12.7 mm)
841:Levin H. Campbell,
619:Levin H. Campbell,
416:diagnostic programs
2282:Computers template
349:
279:offered a DECtape
273:
197:
124:Lincoln Laboratory
22:
2310:
2309:
1613:
1612:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1229:
1228:
966:Wide (19–25.4 mm)
640:section, page 15.
313:Data General Nova
185:Technical details
2340:
2300:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2074:Flip-Chip module
1967:Special Graphics
1454:
1453:
1435:
1424:(CEO, 1992–1998)
1383:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1238:
1237:
1020:TX-2 Tape System
963:
962:
944:
937:
930:
921:
920:
910:at bitsavers.org
890:
889:
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517:
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405:serial interface
399:
398:
394:
389:
388:
384:
381:
375:
374:
370:
367:
356:compact cassette
201:operating system
140:TX-2 Tape System
90:
89:
85:
42:, including the
2348:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2268:
2133:
2029:
1976:
1936:(Multinational)
1920:
1872:
1865:
1760:
1753:
1620:
1609:
1588:
1533:
1481:
1447:
1443:
1442:Instruction set
1436:
1427:
1410:Harlan Anderson
1392:
1387:
1357:
1348:
1331:
1296:
1261:
1225:
1190:
1185:IBM PC Cassette
1137:
1108:
1079:
996:
954:
948:
899:
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893:
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867:
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539:
531:. p. 440.
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386:
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379:
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289:Hewlett-Packard
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112:
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83:
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12:
11:
5:
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2186:
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2169:
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2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2138:Related topics
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2126:
2121:
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2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
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2038:
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2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1946:Code page 1288
1943:
1940:Code page 1287
1937:
1934:Code page 1100
1930:
1928:
1926:Character sets
1922:
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1919:
1918:
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1903:
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882:"TU58 Driver"
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870:on 2010-08-07
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817:Computerworld
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53:
49:
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41:
38:
34:
30:
26:
18:
2323:DEC hardware
2251:
2159:
2119:Star coupler
2048:
2015:TURBOchannel
1861:Digital UNIX
1412:(co-founder)
1279:Redwood SD-3
984:
914:VT103 manual
885:
876:
865:the original
856:
850:
843:Court ruling
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621:Court ruling
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569:
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547:
528:
522:
501:
458:
443:
436:
432:bootstrapped
409:
351:
350:
329:
301:LINC Tape II
300:
285:Data General
274:
257:
253:
246:
237:
213:
198:
168:
164:
145:
133:
120:Wesley Clark
115:
113:
105:
80:
28:
24:
23:
1871:Programming
1584:Alpha 21464
1579:Alpha 21364
1574:Alpha 21264
1564:Alpha 21164
1547:Alpha 21064
1416:Gordon Bell
1097:IBM 3570 MP
1062:LTO Ultrium
1014:IBM 7-track
606:section of
461:floppy disk
448:Autovision
224:drum drives
216:timesharing
158:and 36-bit
122:at the MIT
2317:Categories
2177:HP-Interex
1600:MicroPRISM
1449:processors
1397:Key people
1179:DECtape II
480:References
439:VAX-11/780
352:DECtape II
339:DECtape II
209:swap files
101:Block size
70:, and the
2150:AltaVista
2054:DECwriter
2025:VAXBI bus
1972:Technical
1948:(Turkish)
1911:VAX MACRO
1873:languages
1759:Operating
1641:VT50/VT52
1621:terminals
1605:StrongARM
1404:Ken Olsen
446:Automatix
420:microcode
305:DEC PDP-8
220:hard disk
40:computers
29:Microtape
2292:Category
2161:CPU Wars
2079:Gold key
2036:hardware
1962:RADIX 50
1901:MACRO-11
1896:MACRO-10
1619:Computer
1068:IBM 3592
1044:IBM 3590
1032:IBM 3480
1008:UNISERVO
979:LINCtape
973:IBM 7340
555:monitor.
467:See also
218:. Early
116:LINCtape
2302:Commons
2214:PALcode
2099:PALcode
2069:Firefly
2049:DECtape
2044:DECtalk
1995:Massbus
1942:(Greek)
1881:BASIC-8
1841:VAX/VMS
1836:TOPS-20
1784:TOPS-10
1761:systems
1568:21164PC
1343:DDS/DAT
1314:Mammoth
1234:Helical
1026:9-track
991:CDC 626
985:DECtape
953:formats
395:⁄
385:⁄
371:⁄
321:HP 2100
110:Origins
99:words.
86:⁄
76:VAX/VMS
31:, is a
25:DECtape
2247:TD/SMP
2167:DECnet
2155:Compaq
2034:Other
2020:Unibus
1952:Hebrew
1851:Ultrix
1846:VAXELN
1831:DSM-11
1819:RSX-11
1814:RSTS/E
1804:DOS-11
1789:RSX-15
1774:4K DMS
1769:DECsys
1745:(1994)
1739:(1993)
1733:(1990)
1731:VT1000
1727:(1990)
1711:(1987)
1695:(1983)
1659:(1978)
1643:(1975)
1637:(1972)
1631:(1970)
1522:Mariah
1465:LSI-11
1458:PDP-11
1345:(1989)
1328:(1999)
1322:(1996)
1316:(1994)
1310:(1987)
1293:(2003)
1287:(19xx)
1281:(1995)
1275:(1992)
1258:(1992)
1254:Ampex
1251:(19xx)
1222:(1984)
1216:(1984)
1210:(1983)
1204:(1979)
1187:(1981)
1181:(1979)
1175:(1977)
1169:(1976)
1163:(1976)
1157:(1975)
1151:(1971)
1134:(1992)
1128:(1986)
1122:(1972)
1105:(1999)
1099:(1997)
1093:(1995)
1091:Travan
1076:(2006)
1074:T10000
1070:(2003)
1064:(2000)
1058:(2000)
1052:(1998)
1046:(1995)
1040:(1984)
1034:(1984)
1028:(1964)
1022:(1958)
1016:(1952)
1010:(1951)
993:(1966)
987:(1963)
981:(1962)
975:(1961)
959:Linear
535:
510:
402:RS-232
309:PDP-11
293:Varian
232:hacker
175:LINC-8
171:PDP-12
97:18-bit
93:12-bit
72:PDP-15
68:PDP-12
64:PDP-11
60:PDP-10
52:LINC-8
2264:WPS-8
2259:VT640
2232:Sixel
2224:ReGIS
2194:FX!32
2172:DECUS
2145:AdvFS
2089:LK421
2084:LK201
2000:Q-Bus
1906:MUMPS
1891:FOCAL
1886:DIBOL
1809:RT-11
1794:TSS/8
1749:VT525
1743:VT520
1737:VT510
1725:VT420
1720:VT340
1715:VT330
1709:VT320
1704:VT241
1699:VT240
1693:VT220
1688:VT180
1683:VT131
1678:VT105
1673:VT103
1668:VT102
1663:VT101
1657:VT100
1593:Other
1557:21068
1552:21066
1539:Alpha
1517:Rigel
1308:Data8
1273:ArVid
1247:Sony
1161:DC100
1149:D/CAS
1132:Ditto
1056:T9940
1050:T9840
868:(PDF)
861:(PDF)
712:(PDF)
553:PDP-6
424:UARTs
412:VT103
360:DC150
281:clone
249:mylar
160:PDP-6
156:PDP-5
152:PDP-4
148:PDP-1
56:PDP-9
48:PDP-8
44:PDP-6
2129:TU81
2114:RL02
2109:RK05
2104:RA90
1856:MICA
1799:OS/8
1652:VT62
1647:VT55
1635:GT40
1629:VT05
1529:NVAX
1505:CVAX
1495:V-11
1477:J-11
1472:T-11
1468:F-11
1291:SAIT
533:ISBN
508:ISBN
473:LINC
428:RT11
418:and
297:LINC
291:and
222:and
205:OS/8
179:LINC
150:and
136:TX-2
128:LINC
1824:IAS
1779:COS
1510:SOC
1487:VAX
1326:VXA
1320:AIT
1285:DTF
1256:DST
1249:DIR
1126:SLR
1120:QIC
1103:ADR
1038:DLT
454:DOS
390:by
376:by
228:MIT
2319::
884:.
669:^
582:^
488:^
456:.
387:16
323:,
319:,
315:,
311:,
307:,
287:,
66:,
62:,
58:,
54:,
50:,
46:,
1570:)
1566:(
1446:,
1382:e
1375:t
1368:v
943:e
936:t
929:v
888:.
729:.
541:.
516:.
397:2
393:1
383:3
380:+
378:3
373:8
369:3
366:+
364:2
88:4
84:3
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
