33:
526:, a young state employee who ran a state program to combat adult illiteracy. During the trial, the Klan's image as upholders of law and morality was gravely weakened as it was proven that Stephenson and many of his associates were in private womanizers and alcoholics. The scandal of the charges and trial led to the rapid decline in the "Second Wave" of Klan activity. Stephenson was convicted of the abduction, forced intoxication, and rape of Oberholtzer. His abuse led to her suicide attempt while she was still in his captivity. Because the suicide attempt eventually caused Oberholtzer's death, Stephenson was also charged with murder.
480:, which was predominant in Indiana. Stephenson directed his statewide machine from offices in Indianapolis, Funding came from his share of the initiation fees as well as from his share of the $ 10 for Klan uniforms which was paid by new members. To develop a screening process, he relied on his network of paid Klan organizers in each county. He then created information sheets that contained the names of the candidates who he recommended that his supporters should vote for in both the Republican and Democratic primaries, as well as in the general elections. When
443:
633:
321:, a state education official. His trial, conviction, and imprisonment was a severe blow to the public perception of Klan leaders as law abiding. The case destroyed the Klan as a political force in Indiana, and significantly damaged its standing nationally. Denied a pardon by Governor Jackson, in 1927 he started talking with reporters for the
459:
political power by leading the Klan; agents received a portion of $ 25 initiation fee paid by new recruits, and he began to wield other powers. Evans, who had a monopoly on the sale of Klan uniforms and paraphernalia, appointed
Stephenson as Grand Dragon of the Indiana Klan at a 1923 Fourth of July rally of the Klan in
534:
that eventually reached her lungs. The doctor also testified that she could have been saved if she had been given medical attention sooner. In her dying declaration, Oberholtzer claimed that
Stephenson had refused to give her medical attention unless she agreed to marry him first. The jury convicted
553:
for its investigative reporting.) This publicity and the state's crackdown on Klan activity sped up the decline of the organization by the end of the 1920s. The KKK suffered a dramatic nationwide loss of reputation and its membership rapidly fell from 5 million in 1925; few Klan members remained in
496:
God help the man who issues a proclamation of war against the Klan in
Indiana now ... We are going to Klux Indiana as she has never been Kluxed before ... I'll appeal to the ministers of Indiana to do the praying for the Ku Klux Klan and I'll do the scrapping for it ... And the fiery cross is going
467:
My worthy subjects, citizens of the
Invisible Empire, Klansmen all, greetings. It grieves me to be late. The President of the United States kept me unduly long counseling on matters of state. Only my plea that this is the time and the place of my coronation obtained for me surcease from his prayers
472:
Evans and
Stephenson's relationship soon deteriorated. Evans responded by attempting to remove Stephenson as Grand Dragon in 1923 but Stephenson refused to step down. Encouraged by his success, in September 1923, Stephenson severed his ties with the existing national organization of the KKK, and
415:
had sent from Texas as an agent for organizing in
Evansville, recruited Stephenson to the group's inner circle. The historian Leonard Moore characterized them as both young men on the make. The Evansville Klavern became the most powerful in the state, and Stephenson soon contributed to attracting
591:
was considering granting an early parole to
Stephenson. No parole was approved that year. Stephenson was paroled on March 23, 1950 but violated parole by disappearing on or before September 25, 1950. On December 15, 1950, he was captured in Minneapolis, Minnesota and returned to custody. He was
529:
Stephenson had bitten her many times during his attack, and witnesses said it appeared as if she had been "chewed by a cannibal." The attending doctor described her condition included a deep bite on her breast. He later testified that the bite wounds which
Stephenson inflicted on her were the
484:
ran for governor in 1924, he cut a deal in exchange for
Stephenson's assistance. Stephenson sent out 225,000 letters to Hoosiers in which he urged them to vote for Jackson in the Republican primary. During the 1924 election, candidates who were endorsed by Stephenson, including Jackson, won by
458:
of
Indiana. He also made him head of recruiting for seven other states north of Mississippi. In the 1920s, Klan membership grew dramatically in these states. In Indiana, membership grew to nearly 250,000 or about one third of all white males in the state. Stephenson acquired great wealth and
431:, who led recruiting for the national organization, maintained close ties to state leaders throughout 1921–1922 and he was especially close to Stephenson, because by then, Indiana had the largest state Klan organization. Stephenson backed Evans in November 1922 when he unseated
427:. He quickly recruited new agents and organizers, building on news about the organization. Protestant ministers were offered free membership, and many recommended the new organization. From July 1922 to July 1923, nearly 2,000 new members joined the Klan each week in Indiana.
327:
and released a list of elected and other officials who had been in the pay of the Klan. This led to a wave of indictments in Indiana, more national scandals, the rapid loss of tens of thousands of members, and the end of the second wave of Klan activity in the late 1920s.
501:
Stephenson frequently boasted, "I am the law in Indiana." Nevertheless, when the 1925 state Legislature met, factionalism, confusion, and his poor leadership resulted in a almost total failure to pass significant legislation. The one exception was the success of the
473:
formed a rival KKK that was made up of the chapters which he led. To bolster his legitimacy, Stephenson realigned with William Joseph Simmons and the original leaders of the national organization that had been ousted by Evans in 1922.
557:
The state filed indictments against top politicians including Governor Jackson; George V. "Cap" Coffin, chairman of the Marion County Republican Party; and attorney Robert I. Marsh, charging them with conspiring to bribe Governor
623:
on charges of attempting to sexually assault a 16-year-old girl but he was released after paying a $ 300 fine since the charges were dropped on grounds of insufficient evidence. He was ordered to leave Missouri immediately.
538:
After the conviction, Governor Jackson refused to grant Stephenson clemency or commute his sentence. Stephenson retaliated by releasing secret lists of public officials who had received Klan payments or bribes. The
304:. Amassing wealth and political power in Indiana politics, he was one of the most prominent national Klan leaders. He had close relationships with numerous Indiana politicians, especially Governor
655:
His legal wife Martha Dickinson petitioned for and was granted a divorce in Jackson County Circuit Court in Brownstown in 1971, not knowing that Stephenson had remarried and died in 1966.
1337:
1210:
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736:
993:
652:. Congress later passed restrictions which bar serious sex offenders and individuals who have been convicted of capital crimes from burial in veterans' cemeteries.
1287:
1216:
1362:
1272:
695:. Easterman's novel reflected the documented predatory sexual behavior of Stephenson. He was portrayed as a politically savvy, but unstable ally of
1352:
1307:
1282:
563:
477:
405:
401:
389:
1332:
1241:
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Stephenson of second-degree murder on November 14, 1925, on its first ballot. Stephenson was sentenced to life in prison on November 16, 1925.
339:, led to Congress passing restrictions barring serious sex offenders or those convicted of capital crimes from burial in veterans' cemeteries.
1347:
331:
Stephenson served a total of 31 years in prison for Oberholtzer's murder and for violating his parole after being released. His burial in
1327:
1277:
566:, was convicted and sentenced to jail for 30 days (and barred from political service for four years). Some Republican commissioners of
814:
Rory McVeighn, "Structural incentives for conservative mobilization: Power devaluation and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 1915–1925"
1322:
485:
significant margins. However, they won fewer votes than Republican President Calvin Coolidge received in his reelection campaign.
1049:
592:
sentenced in 1951 to serve 10 years in prison. In 1953, he pleaded for release, denying that he had been a leader of the Klan.
919:
Madge: The life and times of Madge Oberholtzer, the young Irvington woman who brought down D.C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan
463:, with more than 100,000 members and their families in attendance. Stephenson at the rally falsely claimed presidential favor:
393:
219:
963:
926:
370:
and completed officers' training. He never served overseas, but his training proved useful when he organized and led groups.
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729:
1003:
1312:
423:
Building on the momentum, Stephenson set up a base in Indianapolis, where he helped create the Klan's weekly newspaper,
32:
1150:
293:
105:
1267:
863:
789:
595:
On December 22, 1956, the state paroled him on condition that he leave Indiana and never return. Stephenson moved to
550:
981:
1357:
1098:
132:
119:
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and head of Klan recruiting for seven other states. Later that year, he led those groups to independence from the
1317:
1024:
645:
332:
207:
95:
1235:
692:
202:
1342:
1025:
The Dying Declaration Of Madge Oberholtzer: The Key Evidence In The 1925 Trial Of D. C. Stephenson, From
417:
192:
599:, where he soon married Martha Dickinson. They were separated in 1962 when he left and never returned.
1302:
1229:
545:
interviewed Stephenson and proceeded with an extended investigation of the Klan's political ties. (The
447:
1143:
A Fever in the Heartland: The Ku Klux Klan's Plot to Take Over America, and the Woman Who Stopped Them
416:
numerous new members. For example more than 5,400 men, or 23 percent of the native-born white men in
570:
resigned from their posts after being charged with accepting bribes from the Klan and Stephenson.
649:
641:
603:
336:
83:
620:
567:
432:
1175:
Indiana through tradition and change: a history of the Hoosier state and its people 1920–1945
880:
Indiana through tradition and change: a history of the Hoosier state and its people 1920–1945
765:
260:
439:
of the national KKK. Evans had ambitions to make the Klan a political force in the country.
1262:
1257:
1088:"Notre Dame Vs. the Klan: How the Fighting Irish Defeated the Ku Klux Klan". By Todd Tucker
588:
1219:
The Stephenson Trial: Internal Klan Conflicts Linked to Downfall of Second Klan in Indiana
497:
to burn at every crossroads in Indiana, as long as there is a white man left in the state.
8:
608:
579:
385:
356:
313:
982:
STEPHENSON v. STATE: Testimony of Prosecution Witnesses (Excerpts) Oct. 29 -Nov. 4, 1925
408:
in 1922. He had already married and abandoned two women before settling in Evansville.
664:
636:
Grave marker located at USVA Mountain Home National Cemetery in Johnson City, Tennessee
541:
503:
428:
397:
367:
323:
1189:
One Hundred Percent American: The Rebirth and Decline of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s
1196:
Smith, Ron F. "The Klan's Retribution Against an Indiana Editor: A Reconsideration."
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998:
959:
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859:
785:
688:
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318:
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317:(1925) Stephenson was tried for and convicted of the abduction, rape, and murder of
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489:
683:(1997), Stephenson is featured as the sinister power behind the throne after the
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460:
436:
60:
606:(briefly spelled as Jonesboro during this time), where he was employed at the
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559:
519:
442:
1244:
Karen Abbott. smithsonian.com, August 30, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
1238:
Doug Linder, 2010. University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) School of Law.
1002:. CHS 1920s Newspaper Project. November 16, 1925. p. 1. Archived from
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696:
684:
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412:
379:
301:
297:
289:
109:
359:. After some public schooling, he started work as a printer's apprentice.
515:
363:
956:
White Robes and Burning Crosses: A History of the Ku Klux Klan from 1866
614:
married Martha Murray Sutton without having been divorced from Dickinson
506:
in passing one of the strongest anti-liquor laws in the United States.
197:
184:
941:
396:
nomination. Part of his election loss was due to opposition from the
522:
womanhood," Stephenson was tried in 1925 for the rape and murder of
476:
In 1922, Stephenson changed his affiliation from the Democratic to
1242:""Murder Wasn't Very Pretty": The Rise and Fall of D.C. Stephenson"
632:
400:, which would later cause him to change his party affiliation from
348:
264:
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leader, convicted rapist and murderer. In 1923 he was appointed
644:, and as an honorably discharged veteran, he was buried in the
613:
223:
856:
Grand Dragon: D. C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana
771:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997, p. 14
355:, on August 21, 1891, and moved as a child with his family to
893:
Grand Dragon: D.C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana
677:
352:
1168:
Grand Dragon: DC Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana
640:
A few years later, in 1966, Stephenson died at his home in
388:, where he worked for a retail coal company. He joined the
1226:"D.C. Stephenson Collection, 1922-1978" Collection Guide
1182:
Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921–1928
768:
Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921–1928
454:
After Evans won, he officially appointed Stephenson as
392:
and in later 1920, ran unsuccessfully for a Democratic
619:
In 1961, at the age of 70, Stephenson was arrested in
18:
American murderer and Ku Klux Klan leader (1891–1966)
858:. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press.
1338:
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Indiana
1099:"DC Stephenson Guilty of Assault on Missouri Girl"
784:(1995), p 306. Indiana: Indiana University Press.
667:portrayed Stephenson in the television miniseries
288:(August 21, 1891 – June 28, 1966) was an American
1298:American Ku Klux Klan members convicted of murder
1293:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
554:the organization's former Midwestern stronghold.
1249:
1127:, London, England: HarperCollinsPublishers, 1997
953:
1288:American politicians convicted of sex offences
509:
882:(Indiana Historical Society, 1982) pp 56–58.
1363:United States Army personnel of World War I
1184:(University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
977:
975:
342:
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847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
530:leading contributor to her death due to a
31:
1040:
1038:
1036:
492:in Indianapolis, Stephenson pontificated:
1273:American politicians convicted of murder
1018:
972:
916:
895:(Purdue University Press, 1991), p. 137.
853:
730:"D. C. Stephenson Collection, 1922–1978"
676:In Daniel Easterman's alternate history
631:
441:
1353:Child sexual abuse in the United States
1308:Indiana politicians convicted of crimes
1283:American people convicted of kidnapping
1029:by Irving Liebowitz (1964) (pp.195-203)
935:
834:
761:
759:
757:
488:On May 12, 1924, at an assembly in the
1250:
1033:
921:. Irvington Historical Society Press.
872:
658:
384:In 1920 at the age of 29, he moved to
1333:People convicted of murder by Indiana
1077:Indiana through tradition and change,
1064:Indiana through tradition and change,
912:
910:
742:from the original on October 10, 2018
1140:
1048:. Center for History. Archived from
917:Ottinger, Charlotte Halsema (2021).
754:
646:USVA Mountain Home National Cemetery
333:USVA Mountain Home National Cemetery
1348:People from Jonesborough, Tennessee
782:Indiana History: A Book of Readings
13:
1177:(Indiana Historical Society, 1982)
1134:
907:
14:
1374:
1328:People paroled from life sentence
1278:American people convicted of rape
1204:
551:Pulitzer Prize for Public Service
1170:(Purdue University Press, 1991).
1323:People from Maysville, Oklahoma
1236:"D. C. Stephenson Trial (1925)"
1117:
1091:
1082:
1069:
1056:
986:
947:
898:
411:Joseph M. Huffington, whom the
96:Mountain Home National Cemetery
1211:"Indiana and the Ku Klux Klan"
1105:. November 17, 1961. p. 1
1046:"Indiana and the Ku Klux Klan"
885:
821:
808:
795:
774:
735:. Indiana Historical Society.
722:
693:President of the United States
573:
562:. The mayor of Indianapolis,
1:
854:Lutholtz, M. William (1991).
715:
450:in Indianapolis in the 1920s.
7:
1198:Indiana Magazine of History
703:
510:Murder of Madge Oberholtzer
373:
240:Madge Augustine Oberholtzer
10:
1379:
1313:Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragons
1230:Indiana Historical Society
1163:(Prentice Hall Inc., 1964)
944:Accessed December 16, 2013
818:(1999) 77#4 pp: 1461–1496.
448:William H. H. Graham House
377:
958:. McFarland. p. 66.
602:Stephenson then moved to
302:national KKK organization
271:
254:
246:
235:
230:
215:
182:
178:
170:
147:
139:
126:
115:
101:
91:
68:
42:
30:
23:
1268:American anti-communists
954:Newton, Michael (2016).
627:
612:newspaper, and where he
578:On January 7, 1941, the
446:Stephenson lived in the
343:Early life and education
222:with the possibility of
1358:Ku Klux Klan in Indiana
942:Ku Klux Klan in Indiana
904:Madison, pp. 42, 66–68.
650:Johnson City, Tennessee
642:Jonesborough, Tennessee
604:Jonesborough, Tennessee
587:reported that Governor
347:Stephenson was born in
337:Johnson City, Tennessee
226:(1925; paroled in 1950)
84:Jonesborough, Tennessee
47:David Curtis Stephenson
1318:Criminals from Houston
1232:, accessed 2012-10-19.
1200:106#4 (2010): 381–400.
1166:Lutholtz, M. William.
1141:Egan, Timothy (2023).
994:"Stephenson Sentenced"
637:
621:Independence, Missouri
499:
470:
451:
1222:, Columbia University
1103:The Indianapolis Star
891:M. William Lutholtz,
635:
494:
465:
445:
366:, he enlisted in the
1213:, Center for History
1006:on December 10, 2008
609:Herald & Tribune
589:M. Clifford Townsend
478:the Republican Party
193:Second degree murder
163:Martha Murray Sutton
1343:Indiana Republicans
1159:Leibowitz, Irving.
1123:Easterman, Daniel.
659:Cultural references
518:and a defender of "
420:, joined the Klan.
386:Evansville, Indiana
357:Maysville, Oklahoma
314:Stephenson v. State
208:Forced intoxication
1187:Pegram, Thomas R.
1180:Moore, Leonard J.
1173:Madison, James H.
878:James H. Madison,
766:Leonard J. Moore,
638:
542:Indianapolis Times
504:Anti-Saloon League
452:
433:William J. Simmons
429:Hiram Wesley Evans
398:Anti-Saloon League
324:Indianapolis Times
37:Stephenson in 1922
1303:Indiana Democrats
999:Indianapolis News
965:978-1-4766-1719-0
928:978-1-880788-58-5
689:Charles Lindbergh
584:Vidette-Messenger
524:Madge Oberholtzer
319:Madge Oberholtzer
306:Edward L. Jackson
275:
274:
220:Life imprisonment
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1156:
1128:
1125:K is for Killing
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829:Citizen Klansmen
825:
819:
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803:Citizen Klansmen
799:
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780:Gray, Ralph D.;
778:
772:
763:
752:
751:
749:
747:
741:
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681:K is for Killing
597:Seymour, Indiana
490:Cadle Tabernacle
390:Democratic Party
257:
216:Criminal penalty
187:
160:Martha Dickinson
79:
77:
57:
55:
35:
25:D. C. Stephenson
21:
20:
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1135:Further reading
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1052:on May 7, 2015.
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461:Kokomo, Indiana
437:Imperial Wizard
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154:Nettie Hamilton
140:Criminal status
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127:Other political
116:Political party
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1109:November 26,
1107:. Retrieved
1102:
1093:
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1050:the original
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1008:. Retrieved
1004:the original
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746:February 28,
744:. Retrieved
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710:Indiana Klan
697:Adolf Hitler
685:isolationist
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298:Indiana Klan
294:Grand Dragon
290:Ku Klux Klan
285:
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278:David Curtis
277:
276:
261:Indianapolis
129:affiliations
122:(after 1921)
110:Ku Klux Klan
106:Grand Dragon
15:
1263:1966 deaths
1258:1891 births
1145:. Penguin.
1010:January 13,
831:, pp. 17-19
805:, pp. 16–17
691:is elected
574:Later years
564:John Duvall
514:Publicly a
425:Fiery Cross
364:World War I
256:Location(s)
1252:Categories
1161:My Indiana
1027:My Indiana
716:References
665:John Heard
580:Valparaiso
520:Protestant
482:Ed Jackson
418:Evansville
406:Republican
402:Democratic
378:See also:
286:Stephenson
133:Democratic
120:Republican
102:Occupation
76:1966-06-29
54:1891-08-21
1079:pp 70–73.
1075:Madison,
1062:Madison,
242:, aged 28
198:Abduction
80:(aged 74)
737:Archived
704:See also
687:Senator
374:Klansman
171:Children
143:Deceased
673:(1989).
362:During
349:Houston
296:of the
265:Indiana
236:Victims
231:Details
148:Spouses
108:of the
74: (
52: (
1191:(2011)
1149:
1066:p. 74.
962:
925:
862:
788:
549:won a
267:, U.S.
224:parole
86:, U.S.
63:, U.S.
740:(PDF)
733:(PDF)
678:novel
628:Death
547:Times
353:Texas
282:Steve
1147:ISBN
1111:2023
1012:2008
960:ISBN
923:ISBN
860:ISBN
786:ISBN
748:2020
368:Army
247:Date
203:Rape
69:Died
43:Born
648:in
435:as
404:to
335:in
311:In
1254::
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280:"
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56:)
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