239:
5309:
427:
841:, and other members of this drug class. Because COX-2 is usually specific to inflamed tissue, there is much less gastric irritation associated with COX-2 inhibitors, with a decreased risk of peptic ulceration. The selectivity of COX-2 does not seem to negate other side-effects of NSAIDs, most notably an increased risk of
1183:
Arachidonic acid is a component of membrane phospholipids released either in a one-step process, after phospholipase A2 (PLA2) action, or a two-step process, after phospholipase C and DAG lipase actions. Arachidonic acid is then metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase, resulting in the
925:
Caution should be exercised in combining low dose aspirin with COX-2 inhibitors due to potential increased damage to the gastric mucosa. COX-2 is upregulated when COX-1 is suppressed with aspirin, which is thought to be important in enhancing mucosal defense mechanisms and lessening the erosion by
824:
synthesis has the effect of reduced inflammation, as well as antipyretic, antithrombotic and analgesic effects. The most frequent adverse effect of NSAIDs is irritation of the gastric mucosa as prostaglandins normally have a protective role in the gastrointestinal tract. Some NSAIDs are also acidic
958:
This evidence, however, has been contradicted by the 2016 PRECISION (Prospective
Randomized Evaluation of Celecoxib Integrated Safety versus Ibuprofen or Naproxen) trial of 24,081 participants, which shows a lower incidence of cardiovascular death (including hemorrhagic death), nonfatal myocardial
1685:
Nissen SE, Yeomans ND, Solomon DH, Luscher TF, Libby P, Husni ME, Graham DY, Borer JS, Wisniewski LM, Wolski KE, Qiuqing W, Menon V, Ruschitzka F, Gaffney M, Beckerman B, Berger MF, Weihang B, Lincoff AM (December 2016). "Cardiovascular Safety of
Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis".
938:
even with short-term use. A 2006 analysis of 138 randomised trials and almost 150,000 participants showed that selective COX-2 inhibitors are associated with a moderately increased risk of vascular events, mainly due to a twofold increased risk of
1096:
Kurumbail RG, Stevens AM, Gierse JK, McDonald JJ, Stegeman RA, Pak JY, Gildehaus D, Miyashiro JM, Penning TD, Seibert K, Isakson PC, Stallings WC (1996). "Structural basis for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by anti-inflammatory agents".
743:, are frequently called COX-1 and COX-2 in medical literature. The names "prostaglandin synthase (PHS)", "prostaglandin synthetase (PHS)", and "prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthetase (PES)" are older terms still sometimes used to refer to COX.
4927:
4623:
4796:
4832:
1184:
synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, respectively. These intracellular messengers play an important role in the regulation of signal transduction implicated in pain and inflammatory responses.
4901:
4864:
1434:
O'Leary KA, de
Pascual-Teresa S, de Pascual-Tereasa S, Needs PW, Bao YP, O'Brien NM, Williamson G (July 2004). "Effect of flavonoids and vitamin E on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) transcription".
4923:
4696:
2658:
2969:
1638:"Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials"
795:
sterically hinders). Drug molecules, such as DuP-697 and the coxibs derived from it, bind to this alternative site and are considered to be selective inhibitors of COX-2.
775:
COX is a common target for anti-inflammatory drugs. The most significant difference between the isoenzymes, which allows for selective inhibition, is the substitution of
191:
2029:
1289:
Nina M, Bernèche S, Roux B (2000). "Anchoring of a monotopic membrane protein: the binding of prostaglandin H2 synthase-1 to the surface of a phospholipid bilayer".
978:
Inhibition of COX-2 using celecoxib has been shown to reduce the immunosuppressive TGFβ expression in hepatocytes attenuating EMT in human hepatocellular carcinoma
1003:
1239:"Conversion of acetaminophen to the bioactive N-acylphenolamine AM404 via fatty acid amide hydrolase-dependent arachidonic acid conjugation in the nervous system"
3110:
1824:
1523:
Albert D, ZĂĽndorf I, Dingermann T, MĂĽller WE, Steinhilber D, Werz O (December 2002). "Hyperforin is a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 and 5-lipoxygenase".
1364:
Zhang Y, Mills GL, Nair MG (December 2002). "Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant compounds from the mycelia of the edible mushroom
Grifola frondosa".
1399:
Zhang Y, Mills GL, Nair MG (2003). "Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant compounds from the fruiting body of an edible mushroom, Agrocybe aegerita".
3870:
3840:
3671:
1151:
Litalien C, Beaulieu P (2011). "Chapter 117 – Molecular
Mechanisms of Drug Actions: From Receptors to Effectors". In Fuhrman BP, Zimmerman JJ (eds.).
759:, a small 4-helical membrane anchor, and a core heme-peroxidase catalytic domain. Both form dimers. The membrane anchor fixes the proteins into the
2876:
2496:
460:
275:
3723:
3703:
3259:
3209:
755:, respectively, and having 65% amino acid sequence homology and near-identical catalytic sites. Both proteins have three domains: an N-terminal
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3384:
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3249:
3204:
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2191:
1817:
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4173:
4168:
3919:
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2181:
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4138:
4133:
3168:
3015:
2924:
2881:
2432:
2345:
2231:
2211:
2206:
2201:
1723:"Cyclooxygenase-2 and Akt mediate multiple growth-factor-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human hepatocellular carcinoma"
970:
and other conditions as a consequence of the fact that they provide less cardiovascular risk than other treatments including NSAIDs.
4786:
4338:
4242:
4237:
3045:
3010:
2886:
2846:
2015:
203:
4679:
3128:
2977:
1032:
Picot D, Loll PJ, Garavito RM (January 1994). "The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1".
4854:
4593:
1810:
1797:
4951:
1237:
Högestätt ED, Jönsson BA, Ermund A, Andersson DA, Björk H, Alexander JP, Cravatt BF, Basbaum AI, Zygmunt PM (September 2005).
465:
280:
154:
1787:
1176:
1354:
Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., & Aster, J. C. (2017). Robbins Basic
Pathology (10th ed.). Elsevier - Health Sciences Division.
5334:
5329:
810:
4571:
5349:
4754:
681:
484:
299:
1996:
1560:"Mechanisms of vitamin D-mediated growth inhibition in prostate cancer cells: inhibition of the prostaglandin pathway"
5028:
4727:
1952:
651:
472:
287:
4766:
4712:
3005:
148:
1802:
804:
751:
In terms of their molecular biology, COX-1 and COX-2 are of similar molecular weight, approximately 70 and 72 k
130:
135:
5184:
1975:
1198:"Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases: peroxidase hydroperoxide specificity and cyclooxygenase activation"
4552:
1920:
898:
provide alternative fatty acids to arachidonic acid. These acids can be turned into some anti-inflammatory
215:
4995:
4844:
2144:
2087:
1956:
816:
The classical COX inhibitors are not selective and inhibit all types of COX. The resulting inhibition of
477:
292:
123:
5299:
4586:
2567:
2452:
2375:
2268:
4509:
5285:
5272:
5259:
5246:
5233:
5220:
5207:
5169:
4990:
4941:
4913:
4881:
2250:
2069:
1908:
716:
58:
151:
5179:
5133:
5076:
4614:
4346:
4327:
4282:
2724:
1980:
1963:
1915:
1781:
624:
537:
352:
75:
41:
5339:
5081:
4836:
4627:
2052:
1970:
1591:"Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and gastric mucosal protection: why doesn't the stomach digest itself?"
1160:
4975:
4891:
4640:
4388:
4308:
1934:
5102:
5021:
4771:
4744:
4579:
4365:
2821:
2058:
1927:
1871:
940:
869:) was withdrawn in 2004 because of such concerns. Some other COX-2 selective NSAIDs, such as
846:
760:
1152:
542:
357:
111:
5174:
4886:
4849:
4610:
4601:
4504:
3626:
3479:
2949:
1106:
1041:
967:
732:
558:
554:
369:
22:
2787:
2696:
1777:
578:
393:
87:
8:
5344:
5138:
4872:
3454:
1559:
959:
infarction, or nonfatal stroke for
Celecoxib as compared to both Naproxen and Ibuprofen.
669:
373:
53:
46:
1110:
1045:
5071:
4635:
4316:
2044:
1747:
1722:
1662:
1637:
1618:
1590:
1500:
1473:
1314:
1271:
1168:
1130:
1065:
431:
Cyclooxygenase-2 (prostaglandin synthase-2) in complex with a COX-2 selective inhibitor
4781:
1536:
238:
166:
4669:
3850:
3519:
3489:
1752:
1738:
1703:
1667:
1610:
1571:
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1505:
1451:
1416:
1381:
1306:
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1219:
1172:
1153:
1122:
1086:
1057:
1022:
496:
311:
142:
1275:
5117:
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5014:
4532:
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2519:
2511:
2413:
2404:
2326:
2317:
2168:
2106:
1859:
1837:
1742:
1734:
1695:
1657:
1649:
1602:
1532:
1495:
1485:
1443:
1433:
1408:
1373:
1318:
1298:
1253:
1238:
1209:
1164:
1134:
1114:
1069:
1049:
997:
992:
987:
663:
659:
647:
549:
364:
2007:
1792:
1622:
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4312:
4222:
3897:
3875:
3845:
2542:
1866:
1447:
756:
697:
513:
328:
1832:
692:, exert their effects through inhibition of COX. Those that are specific to the
588:
403:
170:
5313:
5202:
5143:
4985:
4965:
4602:
3902:
3855:
2982:
2041:
1606:
903:
842:
186:
1653:
1636:
Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J, Halls H, Emberson JR, Patrono C (June 2006).
5323:
5107:
5066:
4499:
4183:
3968:
3865:
3743:
3728:
3661:
3591:
963:
899:
817:
752:
658:. The specific reaction catalyzed is the conversion from arachidonic acid to
639:
161:
1412:
5056:
4804:
4800:
4039:
3956:
3882:
3860:
3813:
3748:
3718:
3698:
3693:
3616:
3504:
2929:
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2759:
2586:
2422:
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2114:
1772:
1756:
1707:
1671:
1614:
1575:
1544:
1509:
1455:
1420:
1385:
1310:
1267:
1258:
1223:
1214:
1197:
673:
643:
244:
1699:
1126:
1061:
5280:
5215:
5051:
4514:
4416:
4357:
4227:
4212:
4153:
4118:
4096:
4076:
4024:
4009:
3951:
3909:
3835:
3803:
3788:
3621:
3606:
3531:
3469:
3464:
3138:
2811:
2774:
2749:
2744:
2591:
2547:
2506:
2501:
2399:
2335:
2312:
2302:
2221:
2196:
2163:
2129:
1944:
1338:
1332:
858:
821:
788:
705:
635:
627:
525:
340:
99:
1798:
A discussion of the enzymatic mechanism, including interactive 3D models
4936:
4446:
4207:
4178:
4158:
4111:
4106:
4091:
4066:
4034:
4002:
3973:
3929:
3828:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3738:
3651:
3646:
3586:
3571:
3551:
3536:
3509:
3484:
3474:
3459:
3449:
3163:
3118:
3105:
3020:
2806:
2801:
2754:
2691:
2671:
2624:
2216:
2038:
1881:
1841:
1833:
1302:
944:
943:, and also that high-dose regimens of some traditional NSAIDs (such as
935:
915:
909:
850:
838:
776:
631:
520:
335:
243:
Crystallographic structure of prostaglandin H2 synthase-1 complex with
1377:
1196:
Liu J, Seibold SA, Rieke CJ, Song I, Cukier RI, Smith WL (June 2007).
1090:
1026:
966:) have been proposed as a reasonable alternative for the treatment of
912:
has been shown to inhibit COX-1 around 3-18 times as much as aspirin.
501:
316:
5254:
5228:
4905:
4868:
4812:
4606:
4471:
4411:
4143:
4101:
4086:
4081:
4071:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
3961:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3818:
3798:
3793:
3758:
3753:
3713:
3686:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3611:
3566:
3561:
3524:
3514:
3439:
3158:
3065:
2914:
2851:
2764:
2681:
2486:
2471:
2292:
2287:
1118:
1053:
955:) are associated with a similar increase in risk of vascular events.
948:
919:
895:
889:
870:
862:
834:
764:
709:
689:
861:
unbalanced by prostacyclin (which is reduced by COX-2 inhibition).
5308:
4684:
4304:
4299:
4128:
3990:
3985:
3924:
3914:
3892:
3887:
3808:
3783:
3733:
3676:
3666:
3601:
3596:
3556:
2871:
2491:
2297:
1490:
952:
720:
426:
845:, and there is evidence that indicates an increase in the risk of
4980:
4441:
4252:
4019:
3546:
3499:
3444:
2990:
882:
825:
which may cause additional damage to the gastrointestinal tract.
728:
685:
620:
118:
929:
489:
304:
5267:
5037:
4822:
4817:
4776:
4202:
3403:
1845:
1558:
Moreno J, Krishnan AV, Peehl DM, Feldman D (July–August 2006).
1236:
854:
780:
616:
508:
323:
198:
94:
82:
70:
1159:(4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. pp.
1095:
5241:
4969:
4704:
4662:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4014:
1899:
1894:
1522:
866:
740:
736:
701:
693:
445:
418:
260:
230:
4749:
4737:
4732:
4722:
4717:
4700:
4674:
1684:
922:) significantly inhibits the expression of the COX-2 gene.
724:
677:
106:
5006:
1557:
672:
inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of
1635:
934:
COX-2 inhibitors have been found to increase the risk of
1004:
Discovery and development of COX-2 selective inhibitors
731:
because the root symbol "COX" was already used for the
708:
is a COX inhibitor, a fact to which some or all of its
973:
5297:
1720:
1471:
885:, may be able to partially inhibit COX-1 and COX-2.
2145:
2088:
2037:
1195:
3426:
2568:
2453:
2376:
2269:
1721:Ogunwobi OO, Wang T, Zhang L, Liu C (March 2012).
2251:
2070:
1031:
5321:
4347:
4328:
4283:
2725:
1288:
1150:
735:family. Thus, the two isozymes found in humans,
719:"COX" is encountered more often than "PTGS". In
1146:
1144:
723:, "PTGS" is officially used for this family of
4389:
1398:
1363:
5022:
4587:
4366:
2822:
2023:
1818:
1474:"Fish oil: what the prescriber needs to know"
1081:
1079:
930:Cardiovascular side-effects of COX inhibitors
833:Selectivity for COX-2 is the main feature of
2950:
1714:
1678:
1629:
1551:
1467:
1465:
1427:
1392:
1141:
1357:
1230:
873:, and etoricoxib, are still on the market.
5029:
5015:
4594:
4580:
2030:
2016:
1825:
1811:
1727:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1472:Cleland LG, James MJ, Proudman SM (2006).
1366:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1325:
1076:
1015:
630:) that is responsible for biosynthesis of
425:
237:
21:"COX" redirects here. For other uses, see
1780:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1746:
1661:
1499:
1489:
1462:
1257:
1213:
876:
1793:Cyclooxygenase: Proteopedia, life in 3D
1588:
5322:
3421:
5010:
4575:
2011:
1806:
811:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
4787:24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
4044:Selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs):
791:side-pocket in the enzyme (which Ile
787:residue in COX-2 allows access to a
682:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
2153:Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2
2096:Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1
1246:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1202:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
974:Effects of COX on the immune system
902:by COX instead of pro-inflammatory
798:
609:prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase
31:Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase
13:
4015:AM-404 (N-arachidonoylaminophenol)
3833:Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids):
3485:Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid)
2576:Tooltip Prostaglandin EP4 receptor
2461:Tooltip Prostaglandin EP3 receptor
2384:Tooltip Prostaglandin EP2 receptor
2277:Tooltip Prostaglandin EP1 receptor
1169:10.1016/B978-0-323-07307-3.10117-X
892:have been found to inhibit COX-2.
14:
5361:
4505:Îł-Linolenic acid (gamolenic acid)
3851:Meclofenamic acid (meclofenamate)
2260:Tooltip Prostaglandin E2 receptor
2079:Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor
1953:5-Lipoxygenase activating protein
1766:
5307:
4560:Leukotriene signaling modulators
4352:Tooltip Prostaglandin F synthase
4333:Tooltip Prostaglandin E synthase
4292:Tooltip Prostaglandin D synthase
2734:Tooltip Prostaglandin F receptor
1739:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06980.x
1478:Arthritis Research & Therapy
809:The main COX inhibitors are the
4767:Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
4713:Flavin-containing monooxygenase
3871:Talinflumic acid (talinflumate)
3861:Morniflumic acid (morniflumate)
3841:Floctafenic acid (floctafenate)
3824:Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate)
1582:
1516:
828:
770:
4394:Tooltip Thromboxane A synthase
3445:Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
2659:16,16-Dimethyl Prostaglandin E
1348:
1282:
1189:
805:Mechanism of action of aspirin
779:at position 523 in COX-1 with
1:
4553:Receptor/signaling modulators
4375:Tooltip Prostacyclin synthase
3876:Tolfenamic acid (tolfenamate)
3846:Flufenamic acid (flufenamate)
3836:Etofenamic acid (etofenamate)
2892:Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I
2831:Tooltip Prostacyclin receptor
1976:Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
1964:LTA4 hydrolase (B4 synthesis)
1537:10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01387-4
1009:
2959:Tooltip Thromboxane receptor
1921:Prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase
1448:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.01.015
654:family, it is also known as
7:
5335:Genes on human chromosome 1
5330:Genes on human chromosome 9
5036:
4996:Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase
4025:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
3856:Mefenamic acid (mefenamate)
3510:Salicylate (salicylic acid)
1957:Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase
1788:GONUTS Page: Cyclooxygenase
1589:Wallace JL (October 2008).
1291:European Biophysics Journal
981:
652:animal-type heme peroxidase
619:(specifically, a family of
10:
5366:
5350:Integral membrane proteins
3704:Bucloxic acid (blucloxate)
3622:Indometacin (indomethacin)
1773:The Cyclooxygenase Protein
1607:10.1152/physrev.00004.2008
1000:(not functional in humans)
802:
746:
656:prostaglandin G/H synthase
20:
5193:
5185:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
5157:
5126:
5095:
5044:
4991:Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase
4950:
4942:Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
4922:
4914:Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
4900:
4882:Phenylalanine hydroxylase
4863:
4831:
4795:
4695:
4622:
4544:
4489:
4387:
4364:
4345:
4326:
4281:
3866:Niflumic acid (niflumate)
3419:
3402:
3177:
2970:Carbocyclic thromboxane A
2948:
2820:
2723:
2648:
2566:
2451:
2374:
2267:
2249:
2143:
2086:
2068:
2051:
1989:
1943:
1880:
1852:
1654:10.1136/bmj.332.7553.1302
881:Culinary mushrooms, like
783:in COX-2. The smaller Val
700:. The active metabolite (
584:
574:
569:
565:
548:
536:
531:
519:
507:
495:
483:
471:
459:
451:
441:
436:
424:
417:
399:
389:
384:
380:
363:
351:
346:
334:
322:
310:
298:
286:
274:
266:
256:
251:
236:
229:
209:
197:
185:
180:
176:
160:
141:
129:
117:
105:
93:
81:
69:
64:
52:
40:
35:
30:
5077:Diffusion-limited enzyme
4184:Menatetrenone (vitamin K
4007:Aminophenols (anilines):
1782:Medical Subject Headings
1525:Biochemical Pharmacology
4510:Dihomo-Îł-linolenic acid
3907:Enolic acids (oxicams):
3450:Benorilate (benorylate)
1413:10.1078/0944-7113-00272
1155:Pediatric Critical Care
857:through an increase of
607:), officially known as
4976:Squalene monooxygenase
4892:Tryptophan hydroxylase
4641:HIF prolyl-hydroxylase
4309:selenium tetrachloride
1259:10.1074/jbc.M501489200
1215:10.1074/jbc.M701235200
877:Natural COX inhibition
5170:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
5103:Allosteric regulation
4772:Methane monooxygenase
4745:Nitric oxide synthase
3978:Aminonicotinic acids:
1872:Diacylglycerol lipase
1700:10.1056/NEJMoa1611593
1595:Physiological Reviews
941:myocardial infarction
761:endoplasmic reticulum
712:has been attributed.
5180:Lineweaver–Burk plot
4887:Tyrosine hydroxylase
4611:steroid hydroxylases
3627:Indometacin farnesil
3480:Magnesium salicylate
3111:Pinane thromboxane A
2872:Iloprost (ciloprost)
2492:Iloprost (ciloprost)
2298:Iloprost (ciloprost)
968:rheumatoid arthritis
733:cytochrome c oxidase
23:Cox (disambiguation)
4837:iron–sulfur protein
3455:Carbasalate calcium
1564:Anticancer Research
1111:1996Natur.384..644K
1046:1994Natur.367..243P
696:isozyme are called
662:via a short-living
5139:Enzyme superfamily
5072:Enzyme promiscuity
4636:Prolyl hydroxylase
4317:selenium disulfide
3949:4-Aminoquinolines:
1303:10.1007/PL00006649
710:therapeutic effect
684:(NSAIDs), such as
650:. A member of the
5295:
5294:
5004:
5003:
4670:Lysyl hydroxylase
4569:
4568:
4485:
4484:
3520:Sodium salicylate
3490:Methyl salicylate
3413:
3398:
3397:
2719:
2718:
2245:
2244:
2062:
2005:
2004:
1436:Mutation Research
1378:10.1021/jf0257648
1178:978-0-323-07307-3
962:Fish oils (e.g.,
715:In medicine, the
598:
597:
594:
593:
413:
412:
409:
408:
225:
224:
221:
220:
124:metabolic pathway
5357:
5312:
5311:
5303:
5175:Hanes–Woolf plot
5118:Enzyme activator
5113:Enzyme inhibitor
5087:Enzyme catalysis
5031:
5024:
5017:
5008:
5007:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4573:
4572:
4520:Arachidonic acid
4395:
4391:
4376:
4372:
4353:
4349:
4334:
4330:
4293:
4289:
4116:Others/unsorted:
3691:Propionic acids:
3672:Sulindac sulfide
3437:Salicylic acids:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3407:
2960:
2956:
2832:
2828:
2735:
2731:
2577:
2573:
2462:
2458:
2385:
2381:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2154:
2150:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2065:
2056:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2008:
1860:Phospholipase A2
1838:lipid metabolism
1827:
1820:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1648:(7553): 1302–8.
1633:
1627:
1626:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1261:
1252:(36): 31405–12.
1243:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1208:(25): 18233–44.
1193:
1187:
1186:
1158:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1119:10.1038/384644a0
1093:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1054:10.1038/367243a0
1029:
1019:
998:Cyclooxygenase-3
993:Cyclooxygenase-2
988:Cyclooxygenase-1
936:atherothrombosis
799:Classical NSAIDs
698:COX-2 inhibitors
664:prostaglandin G2
660:prostaglandin H2
648:arachidonic acid
567:
566:
429:
419:Cyclooxygenase 2
415:
414:
382:
381:
241:
231:Cyclooxygenase 1
227:
226:
178:
177:
28:
27:
18:Class of enzymes
5365:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5306:
5298:
5296:
5291:
5203:Oxidoreductases
5189:
5165:Enzyme kinetics
5153:
5149:List of enzymes
5122:
5091:
5062:Catalytic triad
5040:
5035:
5005:
5000:
4954:- miscellaneous
4946:
4918:
4896:
4859:
4827:
4791:
4782:14α-demethylase
4691:
4618:
4603:Oxidoreductases
4600:
4570:
4565:
4540:
4536:
4533:Prostaglandin H
4528:
4525:Prostaglandin G
4481:
4393:
4383:
4381:Tranylcypromine
4374:
4370:
4360:
4351:
4341:
4332:
4322:
4313:sodium selenite
4291:
4287:
4277:
4223:Rosmarinic acid
4187:
3995:Sulfonanilides:
3898:Oxyphenbutazone
3424:
3406:
3394:
3173:
3114:
2986:
2973:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2904:
2901:Prostaglandin E
2896:, epoprostenol)
2895:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2791:
2788:Prostaglandin F
2783:
2780:Prostaglandin D
2733:
2729:
2715:
2700:
2697:Prostaglandin F
2662:
2644:
2609:
2606:Prostaglandin E
2600:
2597:Prostaglandin E
2575:
2572:
2562:
2543:Ricinoleic acid
2532:
2529:Prostaglandin E
2523:
2520:Prostaglandin E
2515:
2512:Prostaglandin D
2460:
2457:
2447:
2417:
2414:Prostaglandin E
2408:
2405:Prostaglandin E
2383:
2380:
2370:
2330:
2327:Prostaglandin E
2321:
2318:Prostaglandin E
2276:
2273:
2259:
2255:
2241:
2172:
2169:Prostaglandin D
2152:
2149:
2139:
2110:
2107:Prostaglandin D
2095:
2092:
2078:
2074:
2055:
2047:
2036:
2006:
2001:
1985:
1939:
1876:
1867:Phospholipase C
1848:
1831:
1769:
1764:
1719:
1715:
1683:
1679:
1634:
1630:
1587:
1583:
1570:(4A): 2525–30.
1556:
1552:
1531:(12): 1767–75.
1521:
1517:
1470:
1463:
1442:(1–2): 245–54.
1432:
1428:
1397:
1393:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1287:
1283:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1194:
1190:
1179:
1149:
1142:
1105:(6610): 644–8.
1085:
1084:
1077:
1040:(6460): 243–9.
1021:
1020:
1016:
1012:
984:
976:
932:
879:
831:
807:
801:
794:
786:
773:
757:EGF-like domain
749:
432:
247:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5363:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5340:Prostaglandins
5337:
5332:
5317:
5316:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5276:
5263:
5250:
5237:
5224:
5211:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5127:Classification
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5034:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5011:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4966:Heme oxygenase
4963:
4961:Cyclooxygenase
4957:
4955:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4709:
4707:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4632:
4630:
4628:2-oxoglutarate
4620:
4619:
4599:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4515:Diacylglycerol
4512:
4507:
4502:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4396:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4000:
3988:
3983:
3971:
3959:
3954:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3903:Phenylbutazone
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3414:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2877:Isocarbacyclin
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2610:(dinoprostone)
2607:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:(dinoprostone)
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:Isocarbacyclin
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2418:(dinoprostone)
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:(dinoprostone)
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2049:
2048:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1981:LTD4 hydrolase
1978:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1890:Cyclooxygenase
1886:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1778:Cyclooxygenase
1775:
1768:
1767:External links
1765:
1763:
1762:
1713:
1677:
1628:
1601:(4): 1547–65.
1581:
1550:
1515:
1491:10.1186/ar1876
1461:
1426:
1391:
1372:(26): 7581–5.
1356:
1347:
1324:
1281:
1229:
1188:
1177:
1140:
1075:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
995:
990:
983:
980:
975:
972:
931:
928:
904:prostaglandins
878:
875:
843:kidney failure
830:
827:
800:
797:
792:
784:
772:
769:
748:
745:
670:Pharmaceutical
666:intermediate.
640:prostaglandins
601:Cyclooxygenase
596:
595:
592:
591:
586:
582:
581:
576:
572:
571:
563:
562:
552:
546:
545:
540:
534:
533:
529:
528:
523:
517:
516:
511:
505:
504:
499:
493:
492:
487:
481:
480:
475:
469:
468:
463:
457:
456:
453:
449:
448:
443:
439:
438:
434:
433:
430:
422:
421:
411:
410:
407:
406:
401:
397:
396:
391:
387:
386:
378:
377:
367:
361:
360:
355:
349:
348:
344:
343:
338:
332:
331:
326:
320:
319:
314:
308:
307:
302:
296:
295:
290:
284:
283:
278:
272:
271:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
249:
248:
242:
234:
233:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
207:
206:
201:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
174:
173:
164:
158:
157:
146:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
121:
115:
114:
109:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
44:
38:
37:
33:
32:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5362:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5144:Enzyme family
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5108:Cooperativity
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5067:Oxyanion hole
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5027:
5025:
5020:
5018:
5013:
5012:
5009:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:BH4 dependent
4870:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4585:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:Linoleic acid
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4290:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:Fluproquazone
3967:
3966:Quinazolines:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:Flunoxaprofen
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:Dexketoprofen
3727:
3725:
3724:Dexindoprofen
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:Proglumetacin
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:Difenpiramide
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:Acetic acids:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Fenprostalene
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Delprostenate
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2983:Thromboxane A
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:(alprostadil)
2899:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2604:
2602:
2601:(alprostadil)
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2524:(alprostadil)
2518:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2409:(alprostadil)
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2322:(alprostadil)
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2248:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2010:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:LTC4 synthase
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:PGI2 synthase
1926:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:PGD2 synthase
1907:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:(3): 566–78.
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:(5): 386–90.
1406:
1402:
1401:Phytomedicine
1395:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:(6): 439–54.
1296:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
979:
971:
969:
965:
964:cod liver oil
960:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
927:
923:
921:
917:
913:
911:
907:
905:
901:
900:prostacyclins
897:
893:
891:
888:A variety of
886:
884:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
826:
823:
819:
818:prostaglandin
814:
812:
806:
796:
790:
782:
778:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
590:
587:
583:
580:
577:
573:
568:
564:
561:
560:
556:
553:
551:
547:
544:
541:
539:
535:
530:
527:
524:
522:
518:
515:
512:
510:
506:
503:
500:
498:
494:
491:
488:
486:
482:
479:
476:
474:
470:
467:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:
444:
440:
435:
428:
423:
420:
416:
405:
402:
398:
395:
392:
388:
383:
379:
376:
375:
371:
368:
366:
362:
359:
356:
354:
350:
345:
342:
339:
337:
333:
330:
327:
325:
321:
318:
315:
313:
309:
306:
303:
301:
297:
294:
291:
289:
285:
282:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:
259:
255:
250:
246:
240:
235:
232:
228:
217:
214:
212:
208:
205:
202:
200:
196:
193:
190:
188:
184:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
163:
162:Gene Ontology
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
140:
137:
134:
132:
128:
125:
122:
120:
116:
113:
110:
108:
104:
101:
100:NiceZyme view
98:
96:
92:
89:
86:
84:
80:
77:
74:
72:
68:
63:
60:
57:
55:
51:
48:
45:
43:
39:
34:
29:
24:
16:
5281:Translocases
5278:
5265:
5252:
5239:
5226:
5216:Transferases
5213:
5200:
5057:Binding site
4960:
4805:flavoprotein
4609:, including
4607:dioxygenases
4558:
4551:
4496:
4115:
4043:
4040:Propacetamol
4030:Parapropamol
4006:
3994:
3977:
3965:
3957:Floctafenine
3948:
3906:
3883:Azapropazone
3880:Pyrazolones:
3879:
3832:
3814:Tarenflurbil
3749:Flurbiprofen
3719:Dexibuprofen
3699:Benoxaprofen
3694:Alminoprofen
3690:
3617:Glucametacin
3528:
3505:Salicylamide
3495:Salacetamide
3436:
3420:
3385:Trimoprostil
3380:Tiprostanide
3365:Spiriprostil
3300:Naxaprostene
3250:Esuberaprost
3205:Cobiprostone
3003:Antagonists:
3002:
2966:
2937:Antagonists:
2936:
2930:Treprostinil
2838:
2770:Fluprostenol
2760:Cloprostenol
2741:
2655:
2622:Antagonists:
2621:
2587:Lubiprostone
2583:
2555:Antagonists:
2554:
2468:
2430:Antagonists:
2429:
2423:Treprostinil
2391:
2343:Antagonists:
2342:
2308:Lubiprostone
2284:
2179:Antagonists:
2178:
2160:
2122:Antagonists:
2121:
2115:Treprostinil
2103:
1945:Leukotrienes
1935:TXA synthase
1916:PGE synthase
1889:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1481:
1477:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1343:
1327:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1249:
1245:
1232:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1182:
1154:
1102:
1098:
1037:
1033:
1017:
977:
961:
957:
933:
924:
914:
908:
894:
887:
880:
865:(brand name
847:heart attack
832:
829:Newer NSAIDs
815:
808:
774:
771:Pharmacology
750:
714:
674:inflammation
668:
655:
644:prostacyclin
634:, including
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:
557:
452:Alt. symbols
372:
267:Alt. symbols
245:flurbiprofen
88:BRENDA entry
15:
5052:Active site
4497:Precursors:
4437:Nicogrelate
4417:Furegrelate
4358:Bimatoprost
4268:Trifenagrel
4258:Tiflamizole
4228:Rutecarpine
4213:Resveratrol
4154:Glimepiride
4119:Anitrazafen
4097:Robenacoxib
4077:Lumiracoxib
4010:Acetanilide
3952:Antrafenine
3910:Ampiroxicam
3804:Pranoprofen
3789:Naproxcinod
3682:Zidometacin
3607:Fenclofenac
3532:Aceclofenac
3470:Ethenzamide
3465:Dipyrocetyl
3360:Rosaprostol
3340:Posaraprost
3325:Penprostene
3315:Ornoprostil
3295:Mexiprostil
3290:Meteneprost
3245:Eptaloprost
3220:Dimoxaprost
3185:Arbaprostil
3139:Seratrodast
3031:BMS-180,291
2862:Carbacyclin
2812:Unoprostone
2792:(dinoprost)
2775:Latanoprost
2750:Bimatoprost
2745:Alfaprostol
2701:(dinoprost)
2640:ONO-AE3-208
2592:Misoprostol
2548:Sulprostone
2538:Remiprostol
2507:Misoprostol
2502:Latanoprost
2477:Carbacyclin
2438:PF-04418948
2400:Misoprostol
2336:Sulprostone
2313:Misoprostol
2303:Latanoprost
2237:Vidupiprant
2227:Timapiprant
2222:Setipiprant
2197:Fevipiprant
2164:Indometacin
2135:Vidupiprant
2130:Laropiprant
1882:Prostanoids
1844:metabolism
859:thromboxane
822:thromboxane
789:hydrophobic
717:root symbol
706:paracetamol
636:thromboxane
632:prostanoids
579:Swiss-model
437:Identifiers
394:Swiss-model
252:Identifiers
76:IntEnz view
36:Identifiers
5345:EC 1.14.99
5324:Categories
5255:Isomerases
5229:Hydrolases
5096:Regulation
4937:Tyrosinase
4904:: reduced
4867:: reduced
4835:: reduced
4799:: reduced
4467:Samixogrel
4462:Rolafagrel
4447:Picotamide
4427:Midazogrel
4402:Camonagrel
4263:Timegadine
4208:Pamicogrel
4179:Licofelone
4159:Hyperforin
4124:Clobuzarit
4112:Valdecoxib
4107:Tilmacoxib
4092:Polmacoxib
4067:Etoricoxib
4035:Phenacetin
4003:Nimesulide
3981:Clonixeril
3974:Proquazone
3930:Lornoxicam
3829:Vedaprofen
3779:Miroprofen
3774:Loxoprofen
3769:Ketoprofen
3764:Indoprofen
3739:Fenoprofen
3652:Oxametacin
3647:Nabumetone
3587:Diclofenac
3582:Clometacin
3577:Cinmetacin
3572:Bumadizone
3552:Alclofenac
3537:Acemetacin
3475:Guacetisal
3460:Diflunisal
3410:inhibitors
3375:Tilsuprost
3355:Rivenprost
3350:Rioprostil
3345:Prostalene
3330:Pimilprost
3320:Oxoprostol
3310:Nocloprost
3285:Luprostiol
3275:Lanproston
3270:Froxiprost
3265:Flunoprost
3255:Etiproston
3240:Enisoprost
3235:Eganoprost
3195:Ciprostene
3164:Terutroban
3154:Sulotroban
3134:Samixogrel
3119:Ramatroban
3106:Picotamide
3091:Mipitroban
3086:Linotroban
3071:Imitrodast
3061:ICI-192605
3056:ICI-185282
3041:Domitroban
3021:Argatroban
2920:Taprostene
2842:ACT-333679
2807:Travoprost
2802:Tafluprost
2797:Sulotroban
2755:Carboprost
2711:Taprenepag
2692:Omidenepag
2687:Nocloprost
2677:Evatanepag
2672:Carboprost
2625:Grapiprant
2217:Ramatroban
2125:Asapiprant
2045:modulators
2039:Prostanoid
1842:eicosanoid
1834:Metabolism
1484:(1): 202.
1010:References
951:, but not
945:diclofenac
916:Calcitriol
910:Hyperforin
890:flavonoids
851:thrombosis
839:etoricoxib
803:See also:
777:isoleucine
767:membrane.
575:Structures
570:Search for
559:q25.2-25.3
532:Other data
390:Structures
385:Search for
347:Other data
145:structures
112:KEGG entry
59:9055-65-6
5134:EC number
4906:ascorbate
4869:pteridine
4472:Terbogrel
4452:Pirmagrel
4412:Dazoxiben
4407:Dazmegrel
4300:Retinoids
4218:Romazarit
4164:Itazigrel
4149:FR-122047
4144:Flumizole
4102:Rofecoxib
4087:Parecoxib
4082:Mavacoxib
4072:Firocoxib
4062:Deracoxib
4057:Cimicoxib
4052:Celecoxib
4047:Apricoxib
3998:Flosulide
3962:Glafenine
3945:Tenoxicam
3940:Piroxicam
3935:Meloxicam
3819:Tepoxalin
3799:Pirprofen
3794:Oxaprozin
3759:Ibuproxam
3754:Ibuprofen
3714:Carprofen
3709:Butibufen
3687:Zomepirac
3657:Oxindanac
3642:Mofezolac
3637:Lonazolac
3632:Ketorolac
3612:Fentiazac
3567:Bufexamac
3562:Bromfenac
3542:Aclofenac
3525:Triflusal
3515:Salsalate
3440:Aloxiprin
3390:Viprostol
3335:Piriprost
3305:Nileprost
3280:Limaprost
3230:Ecraprost
3225:Doxaprost
3215:Deprostil
3200:Clinprost
3159:Terbogrel
3149:SQ-29,548
3144:SQ-28,668
3101:ONO-11120
3066:Ifetroban
3036:Daltroban
3026:Bay U3405
2996:Vapiprost
2967:Agonists:
2940:RO1138452
2915:Selexipag
2910:Ralinepag
2867:Cicaprost
2857:BMY-45778
2852:Beraprost
2839:Agonists:
2765:Enprostil
2742:Agonists:
2706:Simenepag
2682:Gemeprost
2656:Agonists:
2630:GW-627368
2584:Agonists:
2487:Enprostil
2482:Cicaprost
2472:Beraprost
2469:Agonists:
2395:Butaprost
2392:Agonists:
2293:Enprostil
2288:Beraprost
2285:Agonists:
2192:Bay U3405
2161:Agonists:
2104:Agonists:
2042:signaling
1990:Ungrouped
1853:Precursor
1094:;
1030:;
949:ibuprofen
926:aspirin.
920:vitamin D
896:Fish oils
871:celecoxib
863:Rofecoxib
835:celecoxib
765:microsome
763:(ER) and
690:ibuprofen
628:1.14.99.1
615:), is an
543:1.14.99.1
538:EC number
514:NM_000963
461:NCBI gene
374:q32-q33.3
358:1.14.99.1
353:EC number
329:NM_080591
276:NCBI gene
65:Databases
47:1.14.99.1
5158:Kinetics
5082:Cofactor
5045:Activity
4548:See also
4457:Ridogrel
4432:Nafagrel
4422:Isbogrel
4305:Selenium
4273:Tropesin
4248:SC-58125
4233:Satigrel
4198:NCX-4040
4174:L-670596
4169:L-655240
4129:Curcumin
3991:Flunixin
3986:Clonixin
3925:Isoxicam
3920:Enolicam
3915:Droxicam
3893:Isopyrin
3888:Dipyrone
3809:Suprofen
3784:Naproxen
3734:Fenbufen
3677:Tolmetin
3667:Sulindac
3602:Felbinac
3597:Etodolac
3557:Bendazac
3370:Tiaprost
3190:Ataprost
3178:Unsorted
3124:Ridogrel
3096:ONO-3708
3081:L-670596
3076:L-655240
3051:GR-32191
2667:Aganepag
2649:Unsorted
2635:L-161982
2615:TCS-2510
2558:L-798106
2443:TG 4-155
2366:SC-51322
2361:SC-51089
2356:SC-19220
2351:ONO-8130
2187:AZD-1981
2182:ADC-3680
2053:Receptor
1757:22097969
1708:27959716
1672:16740558
1615:18923189
1576:16886660
1545:12445866
1510:16542466
1456:15225597
1421:12834003
1386:12475274
1311:11081405
1276:10837155
1268:15987694
1224:17462992
982:See also
953:naproxen
729:proteins
721:genetics
642:such as
621:isozymes
589:InterPro
404:InterPro
216:proteins
204:articles
192:articles
149:RCSB PDB
5314:Biology
5268:Ligases
5038:Enzymes
4952:1.14.99
4930:: other
4924:1.14.18
4902:1.14.17
4865:1.14.16
4833:1.14.15
4797:1.14.14
4697:1.14.13
4624:1.14.11
4477:U63557A
4442:Ozagrel
4253:Tenidap
4193:NCX-466
4139:FK-3311
4134:DuP-697
4020:Bucetin
3547:Amfenac
3500:Salicin
3169:TRA-418
3016:AA-2414
3006:12-HETE
2991:U-46619
2925:TRA-418
2882:MRE-269
2433:AH-6809
2346:AH-6809
2232:TM30089
2212:QAV-680
2207:MK-7246
2202:MK-1029
2059:ligands
1846:enzymes
1748:3288221
1663:1473048
1501:1526555
1344:UniProt
1319:6317524
1163:–1568.
1135:4326310
1127:8967954
1107:Bibcode
1070:4340064
1062:8121489
1042:Bibcode
883:maitake
747:Biology
686:aspirin
646:, from
585:Domains
521:UniProt
400:Domains
336:UniProt
171:QuickGO
136:profile
119:MetaCyc
54:CAS no.
5300:Portal
5242:Lyases
4801:flavin
4680:ALKBH1
4490:Others
4339:HQL-79
4243:SC-560
4238:SC-236
4203:NS-398
3404:Enzyme
3046:EP-045
3011:13-APA
2951:TP (TX
2887:NS-304
2847:AFP-07
1784:(MeSH)
1755:
1745:
1706:
1694:(26).
1670:
1660:
1623:448875
1621:
1613:
1574:
1543:
1508:
1498:
1454:
1419:
1384:
1339:P35354
1333:P23219
1317:
1309:
1274:
1266:
1222:
1175:
1133:
1125:
1099:Nature
1068:
1060:
1034:Nature
855:stroke
853:, and
781:valine
617:enzyme
555:Chr. 1
526:P35354
509:RefSeq
490:600262
442:Symbol
370:Chr. 9
341:P23219
324:RefSeq
305:176805
257:Symbol
199:PubMed
181:Search
167:AmiGO
155:PDBsum
95:ExPASy
83:BRENDA
71:IntEnz
42:EC no.
5194:Types
4970:HMOX1
4705:NADPH
4663:P4HTM
4656:EGLN3
4651:EGLN2
4646:EGLN1
4617:1.14)
3129:S-145
2978:I-BOP
2823:IP (I
2726:FP (F
2252:EP (E
2071:DP (D
1900:PTGS2
1895:PTGS1
1619:S2CID
1315:S2CID
1272:S2CID
1242:(PDF)
1131:S2CID
1066:S2CID
867:Vioxx
741:PTGS2
737:PTGS1
725:genes
704:) of
702:AM404
694:COX-2
550:Locus
455:COX-2
446:PTGS2
365:Locus
270:COX-1
261:PTGS1
131:PRIAM
5286:list
5279:EC7
5273:list
5266:EC6
5260:list
5253:EC5
5247:list
5240:EC4
5234:list
5227:EC3
5221:list
5214:EC2
5208:list
5201:EC1
4986:21A2
4981:17A1
4855:11A1
4850:11B2
4845:11B1
4813:19A1
4760:NOS3
4755:NOS2
4750:NOS1
4738:FMO5
4733:FMO4
4728:FMO3
4723:FMO2
4718:FMO1
4701:NADH
4675:AlkB
4390:TXAS
4348:PGFS
4329:PGES
3427:PTGS
1997:HPGD
1753:PMID
1704:PMID
1688:NEJM
1668:PMID
1611:PMID
1572:PMID
1541:PMID
1506:PMID
1452:PMID
1417:PMID
1382:PMID
1307:PMID
1264:PMID
1220:PMID
1173:ISBN
1161:1553
1123:PMID
1091:6COX
1058:PMID
1027:1CQE
947:and
820:and
739:and
727:and
688:and
678:pain
676:and
638:and
613:PTGS
502:6COX
485:OMIM
478:9605
473:HGNC
466:5743
317:1CQE
300:OMIM
293:9604
288:HGNC
281:5742
211:NCBI
152:PDBe
107:KEGG
4823:2E1
4818:2D6
4803:or
4777:3A4
4703:or
4685:FTO
4367:PGI
4284:PGD
3422:COX
1743:PMC
1735:doi
1696:doi
1692:375
1658:PMC
1650:doi
1646:332
1642:BMJ
1603:doi
1533:doi
1496:PMC
1486:doi
1444:doi
1440:551
1409:doi
1374:doi
1299:doi
1254:doi
1250:280
1210:doi
1206:282
1165:doi
1115:doi
1103:384
1087:PDB
1050:doi
1038:367
1023:PDB
793:523
785:523
605:COX
497:PDB
312:PDB
187:PMC
143:PDB
5326::
4928:19
4699::
4626::
4615:EC
4605::
4315:,
4311:,
4114:;
4042:;
4005:;
3993:;
3976:;
3964:;
3947:;
3905:;
3878:;
3831:;
3689:;
3527:;
2953:A2
2790:2α
2728:2α
2699:2α
2569:EP
2454:EP
2377:EP
2270:EP
2146:DP
2089:DP
1840:–
1836::
1751:.
1741:.
1731:27
1729:.
1725:.
1702:.
1690:.
1666:.
1656:.
1644:.
1640:.
1617:.
1609:.
1599:88
1597:.
1593:.
1568:26
1566:.
1562:.
1539:.
1529:64
1527:.
1504:.
1494:.
1480:.
1476:.
1464:^
1450:.
1438:.
1415:.
1405:10
1403:.
1380:.
1370:50
1368:.
1342:.
1336:,
1313:.
1305:.
1295:29
1293:.
1270:.
1262:.
1248:.
1244:.
1218:.
1204:.
1200:.
1181:.
1171:.
1143:^
1129:.
1121:.
1113:.
1101:.
1089::
1078:^
1064:.
1056:.
1048:.
1036:.
1025::
906:.
849:,
837:,
813:.
753:Da
680:.
625:EC
623:,
169:/
5302::
5288:)
5284:(
5275:)
5271:(
5262:)
5258:(
5249:)
5245:(
5236:)
5232:(
5223:)
5219:(
5210:)
5206:(
5030:e
5023:t
5016:v
4972:)
4968:(
4926:-
4875:)
4871:(
4613:(
4595:e
4588:t
4581:v
4535:2
4527:2
4371:S
4369:2
4319:)
4307:(
4288:S
4286:2
4188:)
4186:2
3429:)
3425:(
3412:)
3408:(
3113:2
2985:2
2972:2
2955:)
2903:1
2894:2
2827:)
2825:2
2782:2
2730:)
2661:2
2608:2
2599:1
2571:4
2531:2
2522:1
2514:2
2456:3
2416:2
2407:1
2379:2
2329:2
2320:1
2272:1
2256:)
2254:2
2171:2
2148:2
2109:2
2091:1
2075:)
2073:2
2061:)
2057:(
2031:e
2024:t
2017:v
1955:/
1826:e
1819:t
1812:v
1759:.
1737::
1710:.
1698::
1674:.
1652::
1625:.
1605::
1578:.
1547:.
1535::
1512:.
1488::
1482:8
1458:.
1446::
1423:.
1411::
1388:.
1376::
1321:.
1301::
1278:.
1256::
1226:.
1212::
1167::
1137:.
1117::
1109::
1072:.
1052::
1044::
918:(
611:(
603:(
25:.
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