Culture of Indonesia

2361:. The sole purpose of the Nias figures was to fulfil ritual needs, whether it is to ensure wealth or to perform specific beneficial rite. Niassan figures vary in size, from as small as 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in height to more than 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall. When an elderly person died, the family would make a wooden statue known as adu zatua. The statue was unveiled on the fourth day after the death of the person. The shape of the wooden statue reflects the status of the person who used them: the more powerful the owner, the more impressive the statue will be made. Nias people believed that the deceased person's spirits reside in the statue, so all events that occurred in the family were shared with the ancestor statues through prayers. Ancestor statues were placed in the main room of the house, sometimes more than a hundred. A missionary work in 1930 had recorded the removal of 'over 2000 "idols" from a house of new northern convert.' Some missionaries even recorded houses collapsing under the weight of these ancestor figures. Small adu zatua were bound together horizontally using a rattan and pegs. 3516: 4307: 3544: 2245: 4963: 3014: 3199: 2798: 2408: 962: 3916: 3172: 2767: 3483: 3530: 2432: 3931: 1694: 3502: 924: 1404: 4581: 3045: 9052: 981: 3130: 4567: 4236: 2728: 2332:. Bisj poles are carved by Asmat religious carvers (wow-ipits) after a member of their tribe or community had been killed and headhunted by an enemy tribe. Carved out of a single piece of a wild mangrove tree, Bisj poles can reach heights of up to 25 feet (7.62 m). Their carvings depict human figures standing on top of each other, as well as animal figures, phallic symbols, and carvings in the shape of a canoe prow. The Asmat participated in headhunting raids and cannibalism as rituals, many rituals involved the Bisj poles, including dancing, masquerading, singing and headhunting—all performed by men. 2528: 1913: 4217: 5215: 2336: 2224: 9019: 5237: 2113: 4255: 1056: 3107: 2752: 1985: 1385: 1713: 4270: 1491:, and many more. These performances are deeply rooted in the cultural heritage of Indonesia and serve not only as entertainment but also as a means of conveying moral and philosophical lessons. The shadow puppets, known as "wayang kulit," are typically crafted from sheets of leather, which are meticulously carved and painted to create intricate designs. These puppets are then mounted on bamboo sticks and manipulated behind a white screen with a light source behind it to cast shadows, creating the illusion of moving figures. Traditional puppet makers, known as " 1199: 3660: 3441: 1014: 1347: 3455: 1370: 3153: 1742: 1656: 2841: 3075: 2390: 1959: 1937: 3966: 1433: 2209: 1675: 943: 5282: 3341: 2041: 8987: 4923: 2191: 4553: 3886: 1447: 4605: 1502:, which translates to "human wayang." This form of Javanese theatre transforms the wayang stories into live dance drama performances featuring human actors. Wayang wong combines elaborate costumes, expressive gestures, and traditional music to bring to life the mythical tales and moral teachings inherent in the wayang tradition. The performers undergo rigorous training to master the precise movements and expressions required to convey the characters' emotions and the story's nuances. 9068: 9003: 4539: 4947: 1318:, a warrior dance, is performed with shields and swords, reflecting the region’s martial traditions.In the northern Maluku, there is a dance called the Gala dance. Gala Dance is a traditional dance originating from the Sula Islands Regency, North Maluku. Gala dance is generally celebrated to welcome guests.In addition to welcoming guests, gala dances are also celebrated during the harvest season, traditional parties, and folk parties and are performed by men and women in pairs. 4777: 2380:, Tau tau is a kind of human statue made of wood or bamboo. Torajans believe that the dead can take their possessions with them to the afterlife, the effigies are usually equipped with small possessions. Traditionally, the effigies were simply carved, only to show the gender of the deceased. However, they have become more and more elaborate, actually attempting to imitate the likeness of the deceased. Nowadays, Tau tau has a photographic likeness to the people they represent. 3568: 2636:, either serve as decorative elements as well as to convey religious symbolic meanings; through describing narrative bas-reliefs. The most exquisite of the temple bas-reliefs can be found in Hindu and Buddhist temples. The first four terraces of Borobudur walls are showcases for bas-relief sculptures. These are exquisite, considered to be the most elegant and graceful in the ancient Buddhist world. The Buddhist scriptures describes as bas-reliefs in Borobudur such as 4979: 8971: 5260: 9663: 8937: 9084: 5715: 425: 2952: 3469: 681: 9673: 3901: 57: 5729: 2454: 2872: 2265: 4336:, each with their own myths and legends. The stories within this system of lore often incorporate supernatural entities and magical creatures which form parts of Indonesian mythology. Others relate to creation myths and place naming legends that are often intertwined with historical figures and events. Ancient rituals for healing and traditional medicine as well as complex philosophies regarding health and disease can also be found. 655: 5051:, where it was awarded Best International Film in 1989. However, the film industry failed to continue its successes in the 1990s, when the number of movies produced decreased significantly, from 115 movies in 1990 to just 37 in 1993. As a result, most movies produced in the 1990s contained adult themes. The industry started to recover in the late 1990s, with the rise of independent directors and many new movies produced, such as 8924: 810: 9125: 3266:. These natural materials were crafted using hands into profitable and aesthetic items. Handicraft manufacturing serves not only as an important economic sector, but also a tradition and has a social function as well. The handicraft industry employs thousands of people in towns and villages across the country. About half a billion dollar worth of handicraft is exported every year, and many more is consumed domestically. 3233: 8955: 1544: 9035: 9141: 4072: 2476: 727:. Beyond its musical complexities, gamelan embodies profound cultural narratives and communal identities, playing a pivotal role in rituals, ceremonies, and local storytelling traditions. The rhythmic patterns and melodic interplays reflect a deep connection to spiritual and social contexts, offering insight into the historical and philosophical underpinnings of Indonesian society. 19: 914:, a genre that emerged in the 1970s, is a blend of local Indonesian music with Indian, Arabic, and Javanese, Malay influences. It is characterized by its distinct drum beat and flute melodies. Dangdut has become one of the most popular music genres in Indonesia, known for its lively rhythms and often performed at various social gatherings and events. 3638:, each of which has representatives of traditional clothing from each province with unique and different designs. National costumes are worn at official occasions and traditional ceremonies. each province in Indonesia – more complete each group in Indonesia, has its own traditional costumes. The costumes of this area are in Indonesian called 1295:. However, controversy erupted in early April 2011 when Malaysian Islamic clerics banned the Poco-Poco dance for Muslims, citing perceived Christian origins and concerns that its steps resembled the sign of the cross, despite this Poco-Poco remains a cherished part of social gatherings and community events in various regions. In 2510:

that has been shaped by a complex fusion of local, indigenous culture combined with foreign customs. Some Indonesian artifacts made from gold and bronze dating back to the 10th century are exhibited in the US. The megalithic sculptures can be found in numerous archaeological sites in Sumatra, Java to

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The 1920s to 1940s were a time of growing nationalism in Indonesia. The previous period of the romanticism movement was not seen as a purely Indonesian movement and did not develop. Painters began to see the natural world for inspiration. Some examples of Indonesian painter during this period are the

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in Java. The temple complex comprises eight main shrines, surrounded by 224 smaller shrines. The majority of Hindu temples in Java were dedicated to Shiva, who Javanese Hindus considered as the God who commands the energy to destroy, recombine and recreate the cycle of life. Small temples were often

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tribes have their own distinct tribal sculpture styles, usually created to depict ancestors, deities and animals. The stone sculpture artform particularly flourished in 8th-to-10th-century Java and Bali, which demonstrate the influences of Hindu-Buddhist culture, both as stand-alone works of art and

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Indonesian painting before the 19th century is mostly restricted to the decorative arts, considered to be a religious and spiritual activity, comparable to the pre-1400 European art. Artists' names are anonymous since the individual human creator was seen as far less important than their creation to

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orchestra, which provides a rich and dynamic musical backdrop. The music, along with the rhythmic narration by the dalang, enhances the overall atmosphere and emotional impact of the story. The dalang, who is both a puppeteer and a storyteller, plays a crucial role in the performance. They not only

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styles introduced during colonization. With over 3,000 distinct dances, each ethnic group contributes its own unique styles and traditions. Indonesian dances can be categorized into three historical eras: the Prehistoric Era, the Hindu-Buddhist Era, and the Islamic Era, and they fall into two main

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and statues of the Buddha. The building is said to incorporate a map of the Buddhist cosmos and is a masterful fusion of didactic narrative relief, spiritual symbolism, monumental design and the serene meditative environs. The whole monument itself resembles a giant stupa, but seen from above it

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is the largest Buddhist temple in the world and is notable for incorporating about 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues into its structure, telling the story of the life of the Buddha. As the visitor ascends through the eight levels of the temple, the story unfolds, the final three levels

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is usually worn during official national events by Indonesian first lady, wives of Indonesian diplomats, and Indonesian ladies. It also worn by Indonesian ladies attending traditional ceremonies and weddings. During Balinese traditional ceremonies, Balinese women wore colorful Balinese style

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is an Indonesian term to refer to ancient temples. Before the rise of Islam, between the 5th to 15th-century Dharmic faiths (Hinduism and Buddhism) were the majority in the Indonesian archipelago, especially in Java and Sumatra. As a result of numerous Hindu temples, locally known as candi,

4623:, and the influence of these roots was felt until well into the twentieth century. The phrase "Indonesian literature" refers to Indonesian as written in the nation of Indonesia, but also covers literature written in an earlier form of the language, i.e. the Malay language written in the 1765:. It is an art for survival and practised throughout the Indonesian archipelago. Centuries of tribal wars in Indonesian history had shaped silat as it was used by the ancient warriors of Indonesia. Silat was used to determine the rank and position of warriors in old Indonesian kingdoms. 6977:

volume 514, pages 223–227 (9 October 2014). "using uranium-series dating of coralloid speleothems directly associated with 12 human hand stencils and two figurative animal depictions from seven cave sites in the Maros karsts of Sulawesi, we show that rock art traditions on this

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settled in Bali, he is often credited with attracting the attention of Western cultural figures to Balinese culture and art. His works have somehow influenced Balinese artists and painters. Today Bali has one of the most vivid and richest painting traditions in Indonesia.

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Under the influence of the Dutch colonial power, a trend toward Western-style painting emerged in the 19th century. In the Netherlands, the term "Indonesian Painting" is applied to the paintings produced by Dutch or other foreign artists who lived and worked in the former

1693: 1598:, a Betawi folk performance, showcases large puppet figures paraded during festivals, symbolizing Jakarta's Betawi community spirit and cultural heritage. These dramas are known for their humor and audience engagement, bringing communities together in celebration. 6987:

made at least 35.4 kyr ago is among the earliest dated figurative depictions worldwide, if not the earliest one. Among the implications, it can now be demonstrated that humans were producing rock art by ~40 kyr ago at opposite ends of the Pleistocene Eurasian

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The bas-reliefs in Borobudur depicted many scenes of daily life in 8th-century ancient Java, from the courtly palace life, hermit in the forest, to those of commoners in the village. It also depicted a temple, marketplace, various flora and fauna, and also

1240:, also known as the “Ramayana Monkey Chant”, is another notable example of Bali's rich dance heritage. This unique dance-drama combines rhythmic chanting and synchronized movements of a large group of male performers, retelling episodes from the Hindu epic 980: 4235: 7473: 4896:

four times, in 1979, 1987, 1997 and 2011, and won the overall champion title in each of these years. As of 2011, Indonesia has won champion titles 10 times overall out of 18 SEA Games it has attended since debuted in 1977. The country also hosted the

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dance. This vibrant and intricate dance involves wearing elaborate masks and costumes designed to represent various spirits. The Hudoq is not merely a performance but a profound spiritual ritual aimed at seeking blessings for a bountiful harvest. The

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mythology was almost entirely supplanted by Islamic mythology. However, belief in local spirits such as the forest guardian, the ghost of water or haunted places still exists, often associated with a jinn or the tormented soul of a deceased human.

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of Toraja, are often bigger than the house they shelter. The fronts of Torajan houses are frequently decorated with buffalo horns, stacked one above another, as an indication of status. The outside walls also frequently feature decorative reliefs.

1264:, which depicts scenes of bravery and heroism, is a significant part of Dayak culture. This dance tells stories of ancient warriors and their battles, using energetic movements and traditional weaponry to convey a sense of valor and strength. 4164:. In addition, Western culture has significantly contributed to the extensive range of dishes. However, the dishes have been transformed to suit Indonesian tastes. For example, steaks are usually served with rice. Popular fast foods such as 2407: 1830:

Efforts have been made to introduce and reintroduce the beauty of silat to Indonesian youth and the world. Exhibitions and promotions by individuals as well as state-sponsored groups helped the growing of silat's popularity, particularly in

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or PERSAGI, 1938–1942) was formed during this period. PERSAGI established a contemporary art philosophy that saw artworks as reflections of the artist's individual or personal view as well as an expression of national cultural thoughts.

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dance, a graceful and elegant performance that involves intricate hand movements and beautiful floral arrangements. This dance is often performed at weddings, celebratory events, and to welcome guests, symbolizing beauty and prosperity.

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Many traditional games are still preserved and popular in Indonesia, although western culture has influenced some parts of them. Among three hundred officially recognised Indonesian cultures, there are many kinds of traditional games:

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area is well known for its refined wood carving culture; they are Jepara in Central Java and Bali. Mas village near Ubud in Bali is renowned for its wood carving art. Balinese woodcarving today has a sustained tourist market in Bali.

1337:. This dance symbolizes bravery and valor, accompanied by rhythmic drumming and chanting, with dancers adorned in traditional attire embellished with feathers and shells, enhancing the visual and cultural impact of the performance. 4881:(men's world team championship) thirteen of the twenty-two times that it has been contested since they entered the series in 1957. In the internationally popular sport of football (soccer), Indonesian teams have been active in the 2364:

Many ancestor figures were destroyed in 1916 by Christian missionary movements which saw them as an old blasphemous religious symbol. Some were sold to collectors and can be found in museum or private collections around the world.

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Modern performing art also developed in Indonesia with its distinct style of drama. Notable theatre, dance, and drama troupe such as Teater Koma are gaining popularity in Indonesia as their drama often portray social and political

3013: 1179:. This dance conveys messages of joy and cultural pride, showcasing Javanese aesthetics and values influenced by Hindu, Buddhist, and Islamic traditions that have shaped Java's artistic landscape over centuries. Folk dances like 3374:

promoted wearing batik shirts on official occasions. In addition to the traditional patterns with their special meanings, used for particular occasions, batik designs have become creative and diverse over the last few years.

3856:. A number of Indonesian nationalist movement activists in the early 20th century, wore a peci to convey their nationalistic sentiments and to demonstrate their Indonesian identity. Indonesian male presidents always wear a 2710:. The images depicted on bas-relief often served as a reference for historians to research certain subjects, such as the study of architecture, weaponry, economy, fashion, and also the mode of transportation of 8th-century 1570:, another traditional Javanese theater form, integrates drama, music, dance, and comedy, often weaving Javanese folklore and moral teachings into its narratives, commonly staged in village squares or traditional markets. 2859:

For centuries, Indonesian vernacular architecture has shaped settlements in Indonesia which commonly took the form of timber structures built on stilts dominated by a large roof. The most dominant foreign influences on

1655: 5960:[Sapeq: One of East Kalimantan's Traditional Musical Instruments of Dayak] (in Indonesian). Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Diplomacy, Directorate General of Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. 2019. 908:, the law was rescinded, and in the 1970s, the Glodok prison was dismantled and replaced with a large shopping mall. The story of Koes Plus highlights Indonesia’s evolving musical landscape and cultural exchanges. 2944:

constructed and dominated the landscape of Java. According to local beliefs, Java valley had thousands of Hindu temples that co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in the massive eruption of

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shirts, which are commonly worn by men in Indonesia (especially in Java), are usually worn during formal occasions; such as attending weddings, traditional ceremonies, formal meetings, communal gatherings, etc.

2690:. People depicted here are the images of king, queen, princes, noblemen, courtier, soldier, servant, commoners, priest and hermit. The reliefs also depicted mythical spiritual beings in Buddhist beliefs such as 7477: 6982:

are at least compatible in age with the oldest European art. The earliest dated image from Maros, with a minimum age of 39.9 kyr, is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world. In addition, a painting of a

5126:(RRI) was founded in 1945. It consists of a network of regional stations located in all provinces of the archipelago. In most cities and large towns there are also many commercial stations. Since 2006, several 9628: 3681:

is a cloth that is traditionally made using a manual wax-resist dyeing technique to form intricate patterns. Traditionally batik cloth is a large piece of intricately decorated cloth used by Javanese women as

7051:"Mythical Beings May Be Earliest Imaginative Cave Art by Humans - The paintings on an Indonesian island are at least 43,900 years old and depict humanoid figures with animal-like features in a hunting scene" 1712: 4254: 3004:

dedicated to Shiva and his family (wife Durga, son Ganesha). Larger temple complexes include temples for Vishnu and Brahma, but the most majestic, sophisticated and central temple was dedicated to Shiva.

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and other Malay-speaking regions, combines elements of drama, music, and dance. It often features romantic or historical narratives, showcasing the region's cultural heritage and its connections to wider

8913: 8891: 2244: 1303:, the graceful Pakarena dance captivates audiences with its intricate storytelling conveyed through elegant movements and traditional costumes, preserving Bugis cultural narratives. Additionally, the 4269: 1384: 1346: 2516:

also incorporated into temples. The most notable sculpture of the classical Hindu-Buddhist era of Indonesia are the hundreds of meters of relief and hundreds of stone buddhas at the temple of

942: 1156:. Bedhaya, considered sacred, features slow, deliberate movements symbolizing harmony between earthly and divine realms. Serimpi emphasizes grace and refinement, often depicting stories from 1984: 1958: 1233:). This dance is not only a cultural ritual but also a captivating theatrical spectacle that mesmerizes audiences with its elaborate costumes, dynamic choreography, and symbolic narrative. 5961: 5935: 3198: 1213:, dance forms a fundamental aspect of the culture, encompassing various genres such as Wali (sacred dances), Bebali (semi-sacred dances), and Balih-balihan (entertainment dances). in 2015 4216: 2109:

were estimated to be even older, at at least 43,900 years old. The finding was noted to be "the oldest pictorial record of storytelling and the earliest figurative artwork in the world".

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is traditional music genre in Indonesia, featuring guitars and ukuleles. It was introduced by Portuguese traders in the 15th century. Traditional “Keroncong Tugu” groups can be found in

5934:[Sape: The Traditional Musical Instrument of Kalimantan Now Collaborated With Modern Musics] (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Kalimantan Timur . 2021. 6481: 6413: 7525:""Noken multifunctional knotted or woven bag, handcraft of the people of Papua", Inscribed in 2012 (7.COM) on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding" 6057: 4429:

are either given identified as their Hindu counterpart or incorporated into a Java-Bali Hindu pantheon unknown in India. For example, native rice goddess Dewi Sri is identified with

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In 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of

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feature performers mimicking riding horses made of woven bamboo. This energetic dance, accompanied by lively gamelan music, highlights rhythmic movements that captivate audiences.

8906: 7547: 3106: 1299:, the Dero dance promotes community unity through its circular formations and synchronized steps, often accompanied by lively music and chants at local festivals. Meanwhile, in 2128:

decorative art, based on endemic natural motifs such as ferns and hornbills, found decorating the walls of Kenyah longhouses. Another notable traditional art is the geometric

1225:, known for its delicate finger movements, intricate footwork, and expressive gestures that narrate mythical stories and cultural themes. Another iconic Balinese dance is the 1167:(Mask Dance) is another prominent Javanese tradition where dancers wear masks portraying characters from Javanese folklore, history, and mythology. Accompanied by traditional 2132:. Balinese paintings are initially the narrative images to depict scenes of Balinese legends and religious scripts. The classical Balinese paintings are often decorating the 6692: 1325:, the Sajojo dance is wi In addition to welcoming guests, Serving as both entertainment and a profound expression of Papuan cultural identity. Another notable dance is the 4892:(KONI). The committee, along with the government of Indonesia, has set a National Sports Day every 9 September with "Sports for All" as the motto. Indonesia has hosted the 1674: 881:

from West Java, combining Sundanese music with dance. In the Maluku Islands, Sawat Lenso dance music blends Portuguese and local influences, featuring instruments like the

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manipulate the puppets but also provide voices for all the characters, deliver dialogue, and add sound effects, demonstrating remarkable dexterity and vocal versatility.

8899: 5832: 5205:, the statement of two principles that encapsulate the ideology of the Indonesian state, affirms that "The state shall be based on the belief in the one and only God". 4759: 3515: 3390: 2974:

Between 1100 and 1500 additional Hindu temples were built, but abandoned by Hindus and Buddhists as Islam spread in Java circa the 15th to 16th century. The 8th-century

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colonial rule. Unfortunately, after Indonesia achieving their independence, pencak silat became less popular among Indonesian youth compare to foreign martial arts like

1090: 732: 6646: 1864:. It is a modern combat system created by Haji Ahmad Drajat based on his experience as a street fighter. Tarung Drajat has been acknowledged as a national sport by 7870: 7663: 5214: 1369: 8094: 107: 7589: 6451: 3543: 2727: 1936: 707:

holds a central place. Originating in Java, gamelan is renowned for its intricate compositions and unique ensemble of instruments, including metallophones like

6845:""Wayang puppet theatre", Inscribed in 2008 (3.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (originally proclaimed in 2003)" 6545: 5747: 5281: 3634:

has become the political centre and population of Indonesia, the island's folk costume has been raised to national status. As a plural country, Indonesia has

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and is designed to honour ancestors. Many Asmat artefacts have been collected by the world's museums, among the most notable of which are those found in the

4017:), which originated from Java, Madura, and Sumatra, has gained popularity as a street vendor food from Singapore to Thailand. In the 15th century, both the 3152: 1827:. This probably because silat was not taught openly and only passed down among blood relatives, the other reason is the lack of media portrayal of the art. 1221:. The island's dances are characterized by their profound spiritual significance and vibrant artistic expressions. One of the most celebrated dances is the 6313: 1283:, traditional dances serve as vibrant expressions of cultural heritage, offering unique insights into local traditions and values. One such example is the 573:

has influenced Indonesia in science, technology and modern entertainment such as television shows, film and music, as well as political system and issues.

3337:, both modern, cosmopolitan, and industrialised cities—much like Jakarta but on a lesser scale—are creative cities with a variety of innovative startups. 1566:, blends comedy, drama, and audience interaction with improvised dialogue and local humor, making it a favorite among locals for its lively performances. 1307:

dance demonstrates impressive athleticism by blending acrobatic and martial arts-inspired movements, symbolizing cultural pride during festive occasions.

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94Fifty Announces Distribution Partner for Indonesia – Exclusive distributor of 94Fifty Basketball skill technology named for growing basketball market.

7288: 6503: 8927: 7971: 5752: 4643:, a poet and member of the "Generation 45" group of authors who were active in the Indonesian independence movement. Tight information controls during 4306: 2431: 7448: 6921: 5913: 8296: 7222: 3074: 7416: 5236: 3915: 2868:, although European influences have been particularly strong since the 19th century and modern architecture in Indonesia is international in scope. 2797: 1776:

has further enriched silat. Silat reached areas beyond Indonesia mainly through the diaspora of Indonesian people. People from various regions like

1195:, combines dance, drama, and elaborate costumes to depict mythical stories and mystical creatures with powerful movements and mesmerizing displays. 8084: 5957: 5931: 3864:

is approved to be the national head-dress for Indonesian men. It is worn all over Indonesia, especially by government officials and men (usually

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Indonesian dance reflects the rich diversity of culture from the many ethnic groups that compose the nation of Indonesia. The dances showcase

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are known as centres of batik. Cirebon and Jepara are important cities in furniture, producing rattan and carved wood respectively, while

5016:, which has cinemas spread throughout twenty-four cities on the major islands of Indonesia. Many smaller independent cinemas also exist. 6675: 1085:

captivates with its fast-paced rhythm and synchronized movements performed by groups, embodying communal and spiritual values. In 2011,

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made from bamboo, has also received international recognition from UNESCO as part of the intangible cultural heritage. In contrast, the

8035: 7555: 5528:, to commemorate three important events in Buddhism; Buddha's birthday, enlightenment and his death. The date varies according to the 1244:. The rhythmic chanting of "cak" creates a hypnotic atmosphere, making Kecak a distinctive and memorable cultural experience in Bali. 8306: 3428: 3401: 2208: 379: 7350: 8490: 4858: 6696: 6227: 3704:

in a fashion similar to women's. Later for men, the batik cloth also is sewn and made into contemporary batik men's shirt. Today,

1592:, features humorous storytelling in the local dialect, often with satire and social commentary reflecting Betawi cultural values. 9577: 8186: 8164: 5807: 5584: 2890:, traditional vernacular architecture in Indonesia is built on stilts, with the significant exceptions of Java and Bali. Notable 596:

Despite the influences of foreign culture, some remote Indonesian regions still preserve uniquely indigenous culture. Indigenous

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in Indonesia was at its peak, and dominated the cinemas in Indonesia with movies that have retained a high reputation, such as

4889: 1865: 5829: 3482: 2389: 1612:, usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals. It incorporates music, singing, dance, drama and the “silek” or 8238: 8114: 8089: 8004: 7799: 6958: 6905: 6877: 5984:""Indonesian Angklung", Inscribed in 2010 (5.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" 3185: 889:. The music of Nias includes unique instruments such as the aramba (a type of gong) and the doli-doli (a type of slit drum). 127: 102: 7176: 1109:

stands out with the elegant Melayu dance, characterized by graceful gestures often seen at ceremonial occasions. Meanwhile,

9302: 7682: 6720:"Eksplorasi Etnomatematika pada Tarian Cakalele Suku Abui di Kabupaten Alor dan Integrasinya dalam Pembelajaran Matematika" 3529: 7967: 6258:""Saman dance", Inscribed in 2011 (6.COM) on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding List" 4263:, a traditional soup made with rich broth, tender meat, and fresh vegetables, often served with rice and various toppings. 9552: 8856: 8465: 8191: 8048: 7922: 6654: 3936: 8074: 7874: 7660: 7258: 7117: 5857: 4978: 4144:

Chinese and Indian cultures have influenced the serving of food and the types of spices used. It is very common to find

2751: 87: 9702: 9182: 8569: 4898: 3189: 2835: 1706:, combining dance, music, and theater to present stories and cultural values through dynamic and engaging performances. 448: 9104: 7815: 7593: 2190: 532:. These influences have created a complex cultural tapestry that often differs from the original indigenous cultures. 9597: 8810: 8793: 8382: 8208: 6795: 6618: 6443: 6241: 6180: 5783: 4874: 4244:, a popular Indonesian dish featuring skewered and grilled meat, served with a savory peanut sauce. Originating from 2230: 1721:, a traditional Balinese performing art that blends dance, drama, and music to depict epic stories and local legends. 1581:

portrays historical or mythological tales through music, dance, and drama, offering insights into Sundanese culture.

7383: 3501: 1990: 8663: 8574: 8440: 8360: 8203: 6504:"Traditional dances, crafts, knowledge and music on the agenda at Intangible Heritage Committee meeting in Namibia" 3250:. Every ethnic group has its own uniqueness, style, and philosophy of crafting. Most of them are made from wooden, 2102: 2044: 275: 7643: 3696:

fitted dress. Traditionally for men, the edge of batik cloth also can be sewn together to make a tubular cloth as

3420: 8401: 8228: 6546:"Tari Barong Keris, Pesan Harmoni dalam Pertunjukan Massal yang Memukau : Kesenian - Situs Budaya Indonesia" 4873:

is a legendary Indonesian badminton player, who won All England titles seven times in a row (1968 through 1974).

4580: 4356: 3993:. However, in return, Indonesian cuisine has also contributed to the cuisines of neighbouring countries, notably 6317: 6032: 6006: 4401:

Hindu-Buddhist mythical beings have a role in Javanese and Balinese mythology, including Hindu gods and heroes,

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cloth. Once on the brink of disappearing, batik and later ikat, found a new lease on life when former President

1077:(Plate Dance) demonstrates skill in balancing plates with graceful movements, symbolizing harmony and elegance. 993:. It features a resonating body made from palm leaves and multiple strings that create a rich, harmonious sound. 8618: 8526: 8333: 8265: 8109: 8064: 8028: 7524: 6257: 5311: 4922: 2079: 806:, traditional music often involves drums and bamboo flutes, reflecting their cultural and spiritual practices. 248: 122: 77: 7310: 6844: 1540:

on 7 November 2003. In return for the acknowledgement, UNESCO required Indonesians to preserve the tradition.

1416:, known for its lively, rhythmic movements and vibrant music. It blends elements of Sundanese dance and music. 9697: 9175: 8771: 8758: 8603: 8504: 8460: 8159: 8134: 8119: 7900: 7577:

Indonesian Batik Inscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

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Sunday, which is the first Sunday after the first Paschal Full Moon following the official vernal equinox

4033:, immigrants from many countries arrived in Indonesia and brought different cultures as well as cuisines. 9633: 9219: 8475: 8260: 8174: 8124: 7409: 5172:, making Indonesia the most populous Muslim-majority nation in the world. The remaining population is 9% 2035: 137: 23: 6759: 6378: 9592: 9497: 9254: 8880: 8803: 8706: 8653: 8450: 8387: 8223: 8198: 5139: 5096: 4854: 4853:. Badminton is one of Indonesia's most successful sports. Indonesian badminton athletes have played in 4333: 2853: 2317: 481: 163: 6571:

Michel Picard (April 1990). "'Cultural Tourism' in Bali: Cultural Performances as Tourist Attraction,

4647:'s presidency suppressed new writing, especially because of its ability to agitate for social reform. 2609:

discovered in Sumatra. Today, the Hindu-Buddhist style stone sculptures are reproduced in villages in

9198: 9051: 8830: 8723: 8693: 8559: 8536: 8338: 8323: 8291: 8181: 8021: 7050: 6279: 5742: 5489: 5057: 4701:

populations, of extemporary, interactive, oral composition of poetry. These poems are referred to as

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rated Indonesian cuisine as the sixth best cuisine in the world. Indonesian cuisine is placed behind

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in central Java. Approximately two miles of exquisite relief sculpture tell the story of the life of

1008: 529: 404: 302: 270: 243: 6785: 6593: 3440: 862:, showcasing strong Portuguese influences. A modern variation of kroncong is known as Pop Kroncong. 577:

has notably influenced Indonesian songs and movies. A popular type of song is the Indian-rhythmical

9602: 9319: 9295: 8748: 8683: 8470: 8435: 5123: 5086: 5044: 3672: 3454: 2018: 1255:

people uphold rich cultural traditions through their captivating performances, one of which is the

480:) has been shaped by the interplay of indigenous customs and diverse foreign influences. With over 253: 6058:"From religious rituals to festive attractions: Indonesians prepare to celebrate Chinese New Year" 3900: 2524:

and illustrate his teachings. The temple was originally home to 504 statues of the seated Buddha.

1616:

martial art, with performances often based on semi-historical Minangkabau legends and love story.

9547: 9512: 9467: 8820: 8716: 8638: 8633: 8348: 7732: 7499: 5112: 4708: 2861: 2817: 2711: 2687: 1732: 1483:

cultures, is a rich and ancient art form that showcases several mythological legends such as the

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The examples of notable Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist sculptures are; the statues of Hindu deities;

1668:, featuring intricately crafted wooden puppets used to tell stories from folklore and mythology. 9437: 9432: 9327: 8728: 8701: 8648: 8485: 8397: 8328: 8311: 8301: 8147: 6718:

Arba, Hastuti Milinadya Nuhardi; Dominikus, Wara Sabon; Udil, Patrisius A. (10 December 2023).

5426: 5242: 5089:(FFI), inactive for twelve years, and the creation of the Jakarta International Film Festival. 4489: 4297: 4165: 3839: 3635: 2313: 2086:, Indonesia). The oldest types of cave painting are hand stencils and simple geometric shapes. 493: 209: 188: 170: 7943: 6867: 6813:"P. L. Amin Sweeney and Akira Goto (ed.) An International Seminar on the Shadow Plays of Asia" 4946: 2642: 2152:(1807–1877), the first indigenous artist to study in Europe. His art is heavily influenced by 2112: 2090: 9557: 9532: 9447: 9427: 9377: 9347: 9337: 9229: 8786: 8781: 8738: 8733: 8628: 8623: 8516: 8445: 8279: 8129: 8069: 7789: 7151: 6580: 5574:

Public holiday since 2016, marks the date of Sukarno's 1945 address on the national ideology

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criticised the Dutch treatment of the Indonesians, which gained him international attention.

4628: 4599: 4301: 4173: 4172:(spicy sauce) instead of ketchup. Some Indonesian foods have been adopted by the Dutch, like 2849: 2170: 517: 513: 265: 260: 230: 213: 142: 82: 6144: 5033:

and actors like Onky Alexander, Meriam Bellina, Nike Ardilla and Paramitha Rusady. The film

2335: 1815:

Pencak silat was used by Indonesian independence fighters during their struggle against the

1175:

dance, known for its graceful movements, is performed during ceremonies and celebrations in

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or torso wrap. Batik cloth was wrapped around the hips with multiple folds in front called

3282: 3227: 1427: 1055: 1028: 708: 67: 4538: 2714:. One of the famous renderings of an 8th-century Southeast Asian double outrigger ship is 1069:

showcases a rich tapestry of traditional dances that highlight its cultural diversity. In

8: 9617: 9587: 9537: 9492: 9472: 9462: 9362: 9288: 9264: 9244: 9214: 8711: 8658: 8598: 8531: 8455: 7698: 7407: 7343: 6998:

Aubert, M.; et al. (11 December 2019). "Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art".

5983: 5201: 5091: 5071: 5035: 5007: 4698: 4014: 3209: 3158: 3035: 2029: 1036: 485: 473: 352: 7011: 6204: 5889:"The Sustainability and Evolution of Talempong: Pluralism in Minangkabau Gong Practices" 3659: 2527: 2357: 2340: 1857:(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) on 12 December 2019. 1205:, one of the iconic dances in Bali, embodies grace, storytelling, and cultural richness. 1198: 1062:, a traditional dance from East Java, showcases mystical masks and vibrant performances. 9562: 9477: 9457: 9342: 9332: 9269: 9249: 9109: 8865: 8743: 8673: 8643: 8613: 8608: 8593: 8564: 8521: 8248: 8243: 7754: 7576: 7055: 7031: 6112: 6104: 5544: 5246: 5165: 4771: 4728: 4572: 4525: 4376: 4196: 4098: 4049: 4037: 3950: 3891: 3876:

shirt or western-style suits by men in Indonesia for those attending formal occasions.

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carve wood, calling it Pa'ssura (or "the writing"). One of the Toraja wood carvings is

2133: 1976: 1892: 1781: 1605: 1492: 1322: 1229:, a dramatic performance portraying the eternal battle between good (Barong) and evil ( 1157: 1032: 1013: 1004: 990: 841: 803: 751: 649: 555: 525: 363: 342: 334: 324: 320: 238: 220: 198: 42: 5799: 2422:(wooden statue of the deceased) were put in the cave, looking out over the land, from 936:, consisting of a series of small gongs that are played by striking them with mallets. 9672: 9607: 9542: 9507: 9442: 9422: 9412: 9372: 9357: 9352: 9209: 8875: 8798: 8408: 8099: 8000: 7795: 7408:

Puntodewo, Atie; Melati; Achdiawan, Ramadhani; Irawati, Rika Harini; Purnomo, Herry.

7125: 7035: 7023: 6979: 6954: 6901: 6873: 6791: 6741: 6614: 6575:" (Vol. 49 ed.). Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University: 37–74. 6237: 6176: 6154: 6116: 5888: 5779: 5529: 5359: 5341: 4842: 4624: 4493: 4348: 4329: 4226: 4030: 4018: 3994: 3852:

peci has become the national headdress with nationalist connotations made popular by

3627: 2915: 2875: 2512: 2145: 1352: 1122: 870: 821: 586: 399: 112: 9018: 7997:

Art as Politics: Re-crafting Identities, Tourism and Power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia

7106:, Preoccupations of Contemporary Indonesian Painters, Oxford University Press, 1994. 5914:"6 Fakta Menarik Gordang Sambilan, Alat Musik Tradisional Mandailing yang Melegenda" 2101:. In December 2019, however, figurative cave paintings depicting pig hunting in the 1397:, characterized by its fast-paced, synchronized movements and rhythmic handclapping. 562:

regions. Traditional art, music and sport are combined in a martial art form called

9648: 9567: 9527: 9502: 9482: 9417: 9392: 9382: 9367: 8870: 8343: 7015: 6824: 6731: 6096: 5720: 5674: 5669: 5628: 5402: 5391: 4988: 4910: 4906: 4517: 4368: 4188: 4161: 3752: 3740: 3623: 3619: 2691: 2674: 2399: 1968: 1808:

and other islands. They brought silat and passed it down to their descendants. The

1571: 1495:," possess exceptional skills to craft these unique and intricate shadow puppets. 1476: 1296: 767: 666: 429: 289: 6173:

The gender implications of dangdut kampungan: Indonesian "low class" popular music

3965: 2932:. Oversized saddle roofs with large eaves, such as the homes of the Batak and the 1432: 9487: 9452: 9407: 9402: 9311: 9239: 8986: 7686: 7667: 7647: 7180: 6946: 6893: 6608: 5836: 4862: 4817: 4632: 4454: 4426: 4379: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4200: 4184: 4145: 3990: 3982: 3756: 3748: 3468: 3340: 3314: 3139: 3094: 2840: 2463: 2173: 2137: 2040: 1998: 1964: 1946: 1884: 1869: 1840: 1805: 1480: 1472: 1114: 952: 783: 670: 662: 608: 559: 536: 500:

is a melting pot of diversity. Positioned along ancient trade routes between the

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traders arrived in Indonesia with the intention of trading for pepper and other

1741: 9040: 8766: 8588: 7823: 7769: 5734: 5598: 5449: 5025: 4821: 4780: 4735:. In written poetry and prose, a number of traditional forms dominate, mainly: 4620: 4204: 4157: 4005:, where Padang or Minangkabau cuisine from West Sumatra is very popular. Also, 3986: 3325:

also produces furniture and other products and support stores and galleries in

3294: 3177: 3135: 3062: 2968: 2887: 2738: 2715: 2625:, and sold as a garden or pool ornament statues for homes, offices and hotels. 2594: 2521: 2423: 2166: 2071: 2060: 2052: 2012: 1950: 1880: 1861: 1773: 1635: 1315: 1311: 1300: 1288: 1261: 1105:

people, is known for its energetic movements and significant ritualistic role.

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and many others are still practising their ethnic rituals, customs and wearing

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by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).

4339:

These native mythologies are relatively free from foreign influences, such as

4109:. A unique characteristic of some Indonesian food is the application of spicy 1446: 1378:, a classical Javanese dance, known for its intricate and graceful movements. 9691: 9666: 7285:"Cloth and Custom in West Sumatra: The Codification of Minangkabau Worldview" 7251: 7129: 6745: 6158: 6084: 5853: 5637: 5127: 5052: 5020: 4841:

Popular modern sports in Indonesia played at the international level include

4720: 4716: 4680: 4668: 4640: 4192: 4086: 4053: 3274: 3027: 2445: 2348: 2321: 2129: 2125: 1918: 1876: 1836: 1801: 1638:

drama also can be included within the traditional form of Indonesian drama.

1628: 1582: 1551: 1390: 1356: 1272: 1268: 1184: 1126: 1098: 1094: 855: 775: 759: 597: 570: 9167: 9067: 6693:"Malaysia clerics ban 'poco-poco' dance for Muslims | the Jakarta Post" 4604: 3860:

as part of their official presidential attire. Since then, the black velvet

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is quite well-developed in Indonesia. Other than tribal art woodcarvings of

1843:

is one of Indonesian efforts to introduce silat to the international scene.

974:, consisting of wooden bars of varying lengths that are struck with mallets. 9056: 7615: 7027: 5173: 5066: 4969: 4870: 4826: 4813: 4789: 4776: 4724: 4684: 4676: 4652: 4442: 4352: 4310: 4283: 4278:, A traditional Indonesian salad with a mix of fresh vegetables, tofu, and 4130: 4110: 4065: 3921: 3906: 3646:, and are taken from traditional Indonesian textile traditions and crafts. 3572: 3382: 3270: 3090: 2964: 2945: 2903: 2895: 2879: 2695: 2606: 2507: 2325: 2305: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2215: 2157: 1887:

is a form of fighting with a whip or stick. It appears to be indigenous to

1846: 1816: 1754: 1746: 1736: 1718: 1703: 1661: 1613: 1609: 1528: 1522: 1438: 1252: 1226: 1222: 1180: 1176: 1164: 1070: 1017: 933: 901: 795: 739: 624: 620: 612: 563: 521: 7500:"Intangible Heritage Home – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO" 4225:, a classic Indonesian fried rice dish, cooked with vegetables, meat, and 3567: 896:, a leading Indonesian pop group of the 1960s to 1980s, was imprisoned in 9676: 9145: 8825: 7376: 6829: 6812: 5643: 5614: 5438: 5347: 5040: 5013: 4902: 4865:

and won Olympic gold medals since badminton was made an Olympic sport in

4688: 4657: 4613: 4438: 4394: 4260: 4222: 4090: 3668: 3631: 3318: 3019: 2911: 2891: 2757: 2734: 2633: 2437: 2301: 2289: 2251: 2235: 2153: 2149: 1809: 1595: 1547: 1499: 1488: 1459: 1334: 1330: 1237: 1082: 1074: 1044: 845: 616: 604: 547: 509: 489: 9002: 7845: 3969:

In 2011 an online poll by 35,000 people held by CNN International chose

2119:

Palindon Painting detail, an example of Kamasan-style classical painting

9083: 8580: 7640: 7619: 5620: 5470: 5177: 5168:, with almost 88% of Indonesians declared Muslim according to the 2000 5082: 4953: 4878: 4850: 4831: 4812:

about up to 1.5 m high and was originally used to train warriors.

4809: 4631:

was Indonesia's most internationally celebrated author, having won the

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as the number one dish of their 'World's 50 Most Delicious Foods' list.

3780: 3310: 3290: 3247: 3113: 3054: 3031: 2979: 2960: 2823: 2658: 2602: 2200: 1248: 1149: 791: 724: 695:

Indonesia treasures a diverse range of traditional music, notably from

505: 6108: 5932:"Sape, Alat Musik Kalimantan Mampu Berkolaborasi Dengan Musik Moderen" 2951: 904:, for playing Western-style music. After the resignation of President 680: 542:

belief. Balinese dances have stories about ancient Buddhist and Hindu

8970: 8936: 8931: 8044: 8013: 5691: 5649: 5062: 5047:. It was also the first Indonesian movie chosen for screening at the 4938: 4846: 4672: 4661: 4434: 4322: 4275: 4114: 4045: 3998: 3844: 3772: 3744: 3405: 3117: 3080: 3066: 3050: 2996: 2975: 2956: 2920: 2773: 2703: 2663: 2618: 2598: 2590: 2578: 2547: 2531: 2517: 2503: 2499: 2480: 2395: 2329: 2309: 2094: 2064: 1942: 1824: 1665: 1619: 1578: 1574: 1563: 1413: 1409: 1360: 1326: 1284: 1192: 1160:

and royal traditions with elegant movements and intricate patterns.

1153: 1130: 1021: 967: 929: 893: 878: 833: 817: 743: 674: 497: 56: 5773: 3301:

and other natural fabrics. Wood art produced by the Asmat people of

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In Eastern Indonesia, there is a type of martial art hitting with a

1812:

are also credited as the first to have brought the art into Europe.

1121:

dance, seamlessly blending Arabic influences with local traditions.

9110:

List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding

9007: 7775: 7753: 7616:"These are the 100 Best Cuisines in 2023 - TasteAtlas Awards 23/24" 6984: 6973:

M. Aubert et al., "Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia",

6922:"'Pencak silat' given UNESCO intangible world heritage distinction" 6100: 5663: 5551: 5507: 5379: 5372: 5228: 5224: 5193: 5181: 5143: 5135: 4740: 4544: 4422: 4388: 4079: 3535: 3334: 3322: 3205: 3181: 2929: 2668: 2614: 2610: 2369: 2106: 2083: 1924: 1793: 1567: 1484: 1292: 1280: 1241: 1188: 1172: 866: 851: 829: 813: 771: 654: 543: 501: 9280: 9124: 7729:"Sepuluh Tahun Terakhir Perfilman Indonesia - Sabtu, 02 Juli 2005" 5728: 2498:

Indonesia has a long history of stone, bronze and Iron Ages arts.

1035:

tribal dance forms, and influences from foreign countries such as

809: 9088: 8954: 8923: 8364: 5958:"Sapeq Kalimantan Timur, Salah Satu Alat Musik Tradisional Dayak" 5608: 5594: 5131: 5077: 4801: 4744: 4697:

has a long tradition in Indonesia, particularly among ethnically

4644: 4513: 4446: 4430: 4414: 4340: 4153: 4149: 4138: 4118: 4061: 3970: 3853: 3799: 3776: 3602: 3521: 3460: 3416: 3371: 3367: 3351: 3330: 3306: 3232: 2989: 2781: 2777: 2699: 2574: 2570: 2418: 2377: 2116: 1762: 1684: 1643: 1589: 1506: 1454: 1450: 1375: 1168: 1145: 1141: 1066: 986: 911: 905: 886: 874: 837: 763: 747: 704: 684: 658: 578: 551: 539: 7249: 6367:. Jakarta: Buku Antar Bangsa Terjemahan Karsono. pp. 76–77. 4586: 2666:

the Hindu scriptures is describes in its bas-relief panels; the

2148:. The most famous indigenous 19th-century Indonesian painter is 1993:

or tarung sarong, a duel in a sarong using a badik, is found in

1543: 9072: 9023: 8959: 7282: 6508: 6414:"Kuda Lumping: A Spirited, Glass-Eating Javanese Game of Horse" 5681:

1st day of the Muharram, the beginning of the new Islamic year

5457: 5365: 5267: 5169: 5100: 4835: 4797: 4712: 4703: 4609: 4470: 4410: 4402: 4314: 4279: 4169: 4141:

also gives a uniquely crisp texture to some Indonesian dishes.

4106: 4075: 4026: 4002: 3865: 3849: 3784: 3764: 3735: 3718: 3697: 3684: 3615: 3584: 3424: 3409: 3379: 3298: 3255: 3239: 3058: 2984: 2925: 2899: 2803: 2789: 2785: 2707: 2648: 2586: 2582: 2562: 2558: 2543: 2488: 2484: 2413: 2373: 2293: 2196: 2098: 1972: 1900: 1888: 1854: 1832: 1820: 1699: 1680: 1601: 1585: 1559: 1513: 1468: 1304: 1230: 1214: 1202: 1086: 1048: 955:, known for its distinctive shape and melodic, resonant sound. 897: 882: 728: 720: 712: 582: 31: 9140: 9034: 7968:

Bulan Maulid Memuat Nilai Nilai dan Sejarah Penting Umat Islam

5800:"Learn the History Behind Gamelan, Indonesian Music and Dance" 4044:

as the main dish, with a wide range of vegetables and meat as

1291:, which has transcended borders to become popular, notably in 1133:

Empire through its rhythmic music and intricate choreography.

9129: 8991: 8975: 7705:. International Basketball Federation FIBA. 26 September 2011 5538: 5517: 5445: 5415: 5189: 4748: 4736: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4485: 4418: 4406: 4094: 4071: 4006: 3768: 3678: 3611: 3578: 3549: 3446: 3397: 3359: 3346: 3263: 3259: 3236: 3223: 3098: 3023: 2865: 2742: 2566: 2554: 2459: 2441: 2308:

art consists of elaborate stylized wood carvings such as the

2056: 1994: 1789: 1769: 1256: 1118: 1110: 1102: 948: 799: 779: 755: 600: 4121:

satay. Another unique aspect of Indonesian cuisine is using

2776:, the divine tree of life guarded by the mythical creatures 2475: 1171:

music, the dance combines dramatic and theatrical elements.

865:

Other notable traditional music genres in Indonesia include

512:, the country has absorbed cultural practices influenced by 4934: 4805: 4793: 4760: