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838:. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is really an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, some critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is really an expression of the conflict between European
678:). According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between "civilized" and "primitive" or "tribal" cultures.
821:
who were being conquered by
Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized." According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others
685:(1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (
884:. According to this theory, religion evolves from more polytheistic to more monotheistic forms. In the process, he redefined culture as a diverse set of activities characteristic of all human societies. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture.
616:: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged:
853:(as produced by "the folk", i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed
725:(1822–1888) used the word "culture" to refer to an ideal of individual human refinement, of "the best that has been thought and said in the world." This concept of culture is comparable to the
1996:
666:
movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the
5667:
787:. In other words, the idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.
574:
It focuses on how human creativity, rationality, and collective experiences shape cultural identities. It traces the development of cultural thought from
632:, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of
845:
Other 19th-century critics, following
Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and
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2444:
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of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered
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636:: "For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."
5178:
1062:
737:
by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world."
4202:
181:
919:
Immanuel Kant 1784 "Answering the
Question: What is Enlightenment?" (German: "Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?")
1986:
17:
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818:
3828:
693:), are local modifications of the elementary ideas. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture.
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995:
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4385:
998:. argues that contemporary definitions of culture fall into three possibilities or mixture of the following three:
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697:(1858–1942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States.
4533:
4415:
2437:
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772:, which led to identifying a "culture" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between
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was one of the first
English-speaking scholars to use the term culture in an inclusive and universal sense.
760:. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat.
509:
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4999:
4224:
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533:
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654:(1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the
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610:(1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of
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880:(1832–1917) applied these ideas of higher versus lower culture to propose a theory of the
8:
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817:, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the
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discussions on national identity and
Enlightenment ideals, through German and English
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and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified
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1356:
1336:
1331:
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1044:
1007:"the works and practices of intellectual and especially artistic activity".
877:
858:
795:
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773:
384:
328:
595:
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2208:
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1351:
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1001:"a general process of intellectual, spiritual, and aesthetic development"
839:
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399:
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38:
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3525:
3337:
3327:
3322:
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3093:
2653:
2615:
2228:
1627:
27:
Branch of philosophy that examines the essence and meaning of culture
4518:
3228:
46:
5792:
5268:
4994:
4964:
4923:
4918:
4684:
4659:
3833:
3740:
3705:
3663:
3651:
3439:
3233:
3133:
3076:
2880:
2834:
2718:
1004:"a particular way of life, whether of a people, period, or a group"
822:
and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to
769:
442:
5030:
4893:
4674:
4632:
4615:
3460:
3434:
3429:
3371:
3366:
3198:
3086:
3081:
3040:
2862:
2708:
2590:
1099:
803:
659:
612:
568:
639:
5812:
4903:
4873:
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3725:
3646:
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3035:
3025:
2723:
2625:
1410:
1057:
389:
4913:
4908:
4888:
4696:
3541:
3203:
2489:
2422:
745:
394:
4898:
1068:
713:
viewed "culture" as the cultivation of the humanist ideal.
3386:
1041:
A Philosophy of
Culture: The Scope of Holistic Pragmatism
749:
5668:
The Work of Art in the Age of
Mechanical Reproduction
986:
Williams (1983), p.90. Cited in Shuker, Roy (1994).
689:); different cultures, or different "folk ideas" (
670:—developed a more inclusive notion of culture as "
932:Michael Eldridge, "The German Bildung Tradition"
748:ideal and was associated with such activities as
5893:
4534:
2438:
1084:
541:
4776:
4730:
4716:
733:: "...culture being a pursuit of our total
620:, "Dare to be wise!" In reaction to Kant,
4541:
4527:
2445:
2431:
1091:
1077:
585:
548:
534:
968:
966:
802:Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with
567:that examines the essence and meaning of
789:
704:
638:
594:
717:In the 19th century, humanists such as
646:developed a universal model of culture.
14:
5894:
963:
700:
650:In 1795, the linguist and philosopher
602:called attention to national cultures.
4548:
4522:
4184:
2926:
2464:
2426:
1072:
590:
2386:
1987:Role of Christianity in civilization
2398:
24:
662:, especially those concerned with
25:
5918:
1050:
582:, to more scientific approaches.
515:Social and political philosophers
5738:The Closing of the American Mind
5658:Civilization and Its Discontents
5638:A Vindication of Natural Society
4502:
4501:
4488:
2397:
2385:
2374:
2373:
1108:
1056:
59:
45:
2199:Culture and positive psychology
1109:
764:, city). Another facet of the
2452:
1638:High- and low-context cultures
1021:
1012:
980:
945:
926:
913:
628:(1744–1803) argued that human
13:
1:
5628:Oration on the Dignity of Man
4185:
906:
842:and their colonial subjects.
806:; other Europeans, following
5698:The Society of the Spectacle
3974:Ordinary language philosophy
2465:
2204:Culture and social cognition
1189:Cross-cultural communication
768:movement was an interest in
7:
4024:Contemporary utilitarianism
3939:Internalism and externalism
2286:Intercultural communication
1098:
988:Understanding Popular Music
923:, December (Berlin Monthly)
887:
876:In 1870 the anthropologist
10:
5923:
3288:Svatantrika and Prasangika
2927:
1729:Cross cultural sensitivity
1396:Resistance through culture
1034:
5876:
5780:
5768:Intellectuals and Society
5718:The Culture of Narcissism
5609:
5277:
5069:
5018:
4947:
4861:
4854:
4794:
4556:
4482:
4434:
4334:
4296:
4243:
4210:
4201:
4197:
4180:
4130:
4042:
3880:
3871:
3804:
3587:
3578:
3556:
3511:
3453:
3405:
3359:
3350:
3313:
3184:
3049:
2996:
2987:
2937:
2933:
2922:
2861:
2833:
2790:
2742:
2699:
2652:
2624:
2576:
2548:
2510:Philosophy of mathematics
2500:Philosophy of information
2475:
2471:
2460:
2369:
2341:Transformation of culture
2034:
1954:
1774:Cultural environmentalism
1711:
1451:
1314:
1204:Cross-cultural psychology
1199:Cross-cultural psychiatry
1194:Cross-cultural leadership
1171:
1120:
1106:
921:Berlinische Monatsschrift
262:Middle Eastern philosophy
5758:The Malaise of Modernity
5708:The History of Sexuality
4807:Catholic social teaching
2301:Living things in culture
2291:Intercultural competence
2194:Culture and menstruation
1693:Trans-cultural diffusion
953:Today in Science History
709:British poet and critic
5838:Philosophy of education
3979:Postanalytic philosophy
3920:Experimental philosophy
2112:Cultural homogenization
1342:Individualistic culture
1276:Popular culture studies
1261:Intercultural relations
972:Arnold, Matthew. 1869.
958:Encyclopædia Britannica
794:British anthropologist
668:Austro-Hungarian Empire
626:Johann Gottfried Herder
606:The German philosopher
586:Early modern discourses
4777:
4731:
4717:
4112:Social constructionism
3124:Hellenistic philosophy
2540:Theoretical philosophy
2515:Philosophy of religion
2505:Philosophy of language
2047:Archaeological culture
1794:Cultural globalization
1663:Organizational culture
1511:Cultural communication
1469:Cultural appropriation
1256:Intercultural learning
1184:Cross-cultural studies
799:
714:
647:
603:
485:Aesthetic philosophers
5902:Philosophy of culture
5843:Philosophy of history
5833:Philosophy of culture
5728:A Conflict of Visions
4495:Philosophy portal
4014:Scientific skepticism
3994:Reformed epistemology
2520:Philosophy of science
2316:Participatory culture
2107:Cultural evolutionism
1931:Multiracial democracy
1809:Cultural intelligence
1754:Cultural conservatism
1744:Cultural backwardness
1734:Cultural assimilation
1608:Cultural reproduction
1464:Cultural appreciation
1416:Far-right subcultures
1306:Transcultural nursing
1271:Philosophy of culture
1148:Cultural neuroscience
1128:Cultural anthropology
1063:Philosophy of culture
882:evolution of religion
815:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
793:
776:, namely that of the
708:
642:
598:
561:Philosophy of culture
66:Philosophy portal
5848:Political philosophy
5648:Democracy in America
3915:Critical rationalism
3622:Edo neo-Confucianism
3466:Acintya bheda abheda
3445:Renaissance humanism
3156:School of the Sextii
2530:Practical philosophy
2525:Political philosophy
2311:Oppositional culture
2281:Emotions and culture
2189:Cultural sensibility
2179:Cultural translation
2117:Cultural institution
2097:Cultural determinism
1819:Cultural nationalism
1804:Cultural imperialism
1764:Cultural deprivation
1658:Non-material culture
1291:Sociology of culture
1286:Semiotics of culture
1065:at Wikimedia Commons
1027:McClenon, pp.528-529
975:Culture and Anarchy.
652:Wilhelm von Humboldt
510:Philosophers of mind
5688:One-Dimensional Man
3486:Nimbarka Sampradaya
3397:Korean Confucianism
3144:Academic Skepticism
2162:Culture speculation
2157:Cultural relativism
2087:Cultural competence
1977:Cultural Christians
1849:Cultural Revolution
1839:Cultural radicalism
1814:Cultural liberalism
1749:Cultural Bolshevism
1724:Consumer capitalism
1678:Relational mobility
1618:Cultural technology
1526:Cultural dissonance
1443:Culture by location
1406:Alternative culture
1322:Constructed culture
1301:Theology of culture
1241:Cultural psychology
1221:Cultural entomology
955:; "Adolf Bastian",
901:Theology of culture
701:English Romanticism
520:Women in philosophy
250:Indigenous American
33:Part of a series on
18:Cultural philosophy
5808:Cultural pessimism
5803:Cultural criticism
4702:National character
4107:Post-structuralism
4009:Scientific realism
3964:Quinean naturalism
3944:Logical positivism
3900:Analytical Marxism
3119:Peripatetic school
3031:Chinese naturalism
2558:Aesthetic response
2485:Applied philosophy
2321:Permission culture
2254:Disability culture
2234:Children's culture
2102:Cultural diversity
2062:Circuit of culture
1844:Cultural retention
1824:Cultural pessimism
1779:Cultural exception
1769:Cultural diplomacy
1759:Cultural contracts
1719:Colonial mentality
1648:Manuscript culture
1623:Cultural universal
1593:Cultural pluralism
1573:Cultural landscape
1568:Cultural invention
1536:Cultural framework
1438:Vernacular culture
1236:Cultural mediation
1216:Cultural economics
1211:Cultural analytics
1143:Cultural geography
1133:Cultural astronomy
939:2009-01-23 at the
855:indigenous peoples
836:cultural evolution
832:Lewis Henry Morgan
800:
721:poet and essayist
715:
648:
604:
591:German Romanticism
213:Eastern philosophy
5907:Social philosophy
5889:
5888:
5605:
5604:
4750:Spontaneous order
4740:Social alienation
4589:Cultural heritage
4550:Social philosophy
4516:
4515:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
3895:Analytic feminism
3867:
3866:
3829:Kierkegaardianism
3791:Transcendentalism
3751:Neo-scholasticism
3597:Classical Realism
3574:
3573:
3346:
3345:
3161:Neopythagoreanism
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2535:Social philosophy
2420:
2419:
2249:Death and culture
2142:Cultural movement
2132:Cultural literacy
1992:Eastern Orthodoxy
1904:Dominator culture
1899:Deculturalization
1799:Cultural hegemony
1789:Cultural genocide
1784:Cultural feminism
1603:Cultural property
1598:Cultural practice
1583:Cultural leveling
1578:Cultural learning
1563:Cultural industry
1558:Cultural identity
1541:Cultural heritage
1531:Cultural emphasis
1516:Cultural conflict
1489:Cultural behavior
1479:Cultural artifact
1391:Primitive culture
1367:Political culture
1061:Media related to
1018:Bakhtin 1981, p.4
951:"Adolf Bastian",
687:Elementargedanken
558:
557:
366:
365:
16:(Redirected from
5914:
5853:Social criticism
5773:
5763:
5753:
5743:
5733:
5723:
5713:
5703:
5693:
5683:
5673:
5663:
5653:
5643:
5633:
5623:
4859:
4858:
4841:Frankfurt School
4819:Communitarianism
4782:
4736:
4722:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4505:
4504:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4208:
4207:
4199:
4198:
4182:
4181:
4072:Frankfurt School
4019:Transactionalism
3969:Normative ethics
3949:Legal positivism
3925:Falsificationism
3910:Consequentialism
3905:Communitarianism
3878:
3877:
3746:New Confucianism
3585:
3584:
3392:Neo-Confucianism
3357:
3356:
3166:Second Sophistic
3151:Middle Platonism
2994:
2993:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2767:Epiphenomenalism
2634:Consequentialism
2568:Institutionalism
2473:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2401:
2400:
2389:
2388:
2377:
2376:
2266:Drinking culture
2219:Culture industry
2167:Cultural tourism
2147:Cultural mulatto
2122:Cultural jet lag
2057:Cannabis culture
2014:Cultural Muslims
1936:Pluriculturalism
1919:Multiculturalism
1909:Interculturalism
1884:Culture minister
1874:Cultural Zionism
1869:Cultural subsidy
1864:Cultural silence
1739:Cultural attaché
1698:Transculturation
1653:Material culture
1643:Interculturality
1499:Cultural capital
1484:Cultural baggage
1421:Youth subculture
1362:Official culture
1327:Dominant culture
1266:Internet culture
1231:Cultural mapping
1226:Cultural history
1153:Cultural studies
1138:Cultural ecology
1112:
1111:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1060:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1010:
984:
978:
970:
961:
949:
943:
930:
924:
917:
828:Social Darwinism
819:Native Americans
550:
543:
536:
255:Aztec philosophy
134:Ancient Egyptian
116:
115:
68:
64:
63:
62:
49:
30:
29:
21:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5872:
5798:Critical theory
5776:
5771:
5761:
5751:
5741:
5731:
5721:
5711:
5701:
5691:
5681:
5671:
5661:
5651:
5641:
5631:
5621:
5601:
5279:
5273:
5071:
5065:
5014:
4943:
4850:
4802:Budapest School
4790:
4579:Cosmopolitanism
4552:
4547:
4517:
4512:
4489:
4487:
4466:
4430:
4330:
4292:
4239:
4193:
4192:
4164:
4153:Russian cosmism
4126:
4122:Western Marxism
4087:New Historicism
4052:Critical theory
4038:
4034:Wittgensteinian
3930:Foundationalism
3863:
3800:
3781:Social contract
3637:Foundationalism
3570:
3552:
3536:Illuminationism
3521:Aristotelianism
3507:
3496:Vishishtadvaita
3449:
3401:
3342:
3309:
3180:
3109:Megarian school
3104:Eretrian school
3045:
3006:Agriculturalism
2983:
2929:
2910:
2857:
2829:
2786:
2738:
2695:
2679:Incompatibilism
2648:
2620:
2572:
2544:
2467:
2456:
2451:
2421:
2416:
2365:
2356:Western culture
2351:Welfare culture
2276:Eastern culture
2137:Cultural mosaic
2092:Cultural critic
2082:Cultural center
2030:
2004:Cultural Hindus
1950:
1941:Polyculturalism
1914:Monoculturalism
1889:Culture of fear
1859:Cultural safety
1854:Cultural rights
1834:Cultural racism
1829:Cultural policy
1707:
1613:Cultural system
1588:Cultural memory
1521:Cultural cringe
1447:
1379:Popular culture
1310:
1246:Cultural values
1167:
1116:
1102:
1097:
1053:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
985:
981:
971:
964:
950:
946:
941:Wayback Machine
931:
927:
918:
914:
909:
890:
840:colonial powers
824:Herbert Spencer
754:classical music
744:referred to an
703:
622:German scholars
593:
588:
563:is a branch of
554:
525:
524:
490:Epistemologists
480:
479:
468:
467:
404:
380:
379:
368:
367:
113:
112:
101:
60:
58:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5920:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5858:Social science
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5764:
5754:
5748:Gender Trouble
5744:
5734:
5724:
5714:
5704:
5694:
5684:
5678:The Second Sex
5674:
5664:
5654:
5644:
5634:
5624:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4728:
4723:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4670:Invisible hand
4667:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4546:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4498:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4298:Middle Eastern
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4205:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4062:Existentialism
4059:
4057:Deconstruction
4054:
4048:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3890:Applied ethics
3886:
3884:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3854:Nietzscheanism
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3796:Utilitarianism
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3694:Transcendental
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3632:Existentialism
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3420:Augustinianism
3417:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3333:Zoroastrianism
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3190:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3176:Church Fathers
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3058:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2691:Libertarianism
2688:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2495:Metaphilosophy
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2395:
2383:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:Cultural probe
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2077:Cross-cultural
2074:
2072:Coffee culture
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2042:Animal culture
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1946:Transculturism
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1879:Culture change
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1703:Visual culture
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1683:Safety culture
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1504:Cross-cultural
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
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1163:Culture theory
1160:
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1051:External links
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847:sophistication
723:Matthew Arnold
711:Matthew Arnold
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691:Völkergedanken
676:Weltanschauung
658:, scholars in
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5863:Social theory
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5517:Radhakrishnan
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5305:
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5300:
5298:
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5285:
5284:
5282:
5278:20th and 21st
5276:
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5260:
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5137:
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5115:
5112:
5110:
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5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
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5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5070:18th and 19th
5068:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
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5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
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5017:
5011:
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4925:
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4917:
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4910:
4907:
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4900:
4897:
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4882:
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4437:
4435:Miscellaneous
4433:
4427:
4424:
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4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
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4319:
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4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
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4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
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4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
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4233:
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4218:
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4209:
4206:
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4200:
4196:
4188:
4187:
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4179:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:Miscellaneous
4129:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4117:Structuralism
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:Postmodernism
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:Phenomenology
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Vienna Circle
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Moral realism
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3860:
3857:
3855:
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3847:
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3837:
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3832:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:Phenomenology
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Individualism
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3566:Judeo-Islamic
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3542:ʿIlm al-Kalām
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Shuddhadvaita
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:Scholasticism
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2921:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:Conceptualism
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Particularism
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Functionalism
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:Eliminativism
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Compatibilism
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Particularism
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2361:Youth culture
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Urban culture
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Remix culture
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Media culture
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:Languaculture
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:Culture shock
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Cultural turn
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Bennett scale
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Protestantism
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:Biculturalism
1922:
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1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
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1900:
1897:
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1699:
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1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:Technoculture
1686:
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1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:Print culture
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:Enculturation
1631:
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1626:
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1611:
1609:
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1579:
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1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:Cultural icon
1551:
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1537:
1534:
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1529:
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1524:
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1519:
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1514:
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1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:Cultural bias
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Cultural area
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Acculturation
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:Super culture
1431:
1427:
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1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:Legal culture
1345:
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1338:
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1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
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1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:Sound culture
1294:
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1075:
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1038:
1024:
1015:
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1003:
1000:
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996:0-415-10723-7
993:
989:
983:
977:
976:
969:
967:
960:
959:
954:
948:
942:
938:
935:
934:UNC Charlotte
929:
922:
916:
912:
902:
899:
897:
896:
892:
891:
885:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:noble savages
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
834:'s theory of
833:
829:
826:'s theory of
825:
820:
816:
812:
811:Thomas Hobbes
809:
805:
797:
792:
788:
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:haute cuisine
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:In practice,
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
712:
707:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:Adolf Bastian
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
645:
644:Adolf Bastian
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:
609:
608:Immanuel Kant
601:
600:Johann Herder
597:
583:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
551:
546:
544:
539:
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532:
531:
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486:
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478:
472:
471:
464:
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459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
448:Phenomenology
446:
444:
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439:
436:
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431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
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372:
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360:
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305:
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268:
265:
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207:
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199:
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180:
179:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
140:
139:Ancient Greek
137:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
126:
125:
124:
121:
118:
117:
111:
105:
104:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
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83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
67:
56:
55:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5832:
5766:
5756:
5746:
5736:
5726:
5716:
5706:
5696:
5686:
5676:
5666:
5656:
5646:
5636:
5626:
5616:
5036:Guicciardini
5019:Early modern
4855:Philosophers
4829:Conservatism
4824:Confucianism
4812:Distributism
4745:Social norms
4733:Sittlichkeit
4719:Ressentiment
4665:Institutions
4643:Human nature
4500:
4486:
4157:
4148:Postcritique
4138:Kyoto School
4097:Posthumanism
4077:Hermeneutics
3932: /
3873:Contemporary
3849:Newtonianism
3812:Cartesianism
3771:Reductionism
3607:Conservatism
3602:Collectivism
3540:
3268:Sarvāstivadā
3246:Anekantavada
3171:Neoplatonism
3139:Epicureanism
3072:Pythagoreans
3011:Confucianism
2977:Contemporary
2967:Early modern
2871:Anti-realism
2825:Universalism
2782:Subjectivism
2578:Epistemology
2409:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2326:Rape culture
2271:Drug culture
2259:Deaf culture
2244:Cyberculture
2214:Culture hero
2127:Cultural lag
2067:Civilization
1967:Christianity
1673:Protoculture
1357:Microculture
1337:High culture
1332:Folk culture
1281:Postcritique
1270:
1045:Morton White
1023:
1014:
987:
982:
974:
956:
952:
947:
928:
920:
915:
894:
878:Edward Tylor
875:
844:
808:philosophers
801:
796:Edward Tylor
781:social group
774:high culture
761:
741:
739:
730:
716:
690:
686:
680:
675:
656:Romantic era
649:
633:
617:
611:
605:
576:early modern
573:
560:
559:
477:Philosophers
385:Epistemology
206:South Africa
161:Contemporary
110:Philosophies
5823:Historicism
5652:(1835–1840)
5618:De Officiis
5342:de Beauvoir
5312:Baudrillard
5264:Vivekananda
5254:Tocqueville
5169:Kierkegaard
4985:Ibn Khaldun
4955:Alpharabius
4846:Personalism
4755:Stewardship
4712:Reification
4707:Natural law
4628:Familialism
4594:Culturalism
4143:Objectivism
4082:Neo-Marxism
4044:Continental
3954:Meta-ethics
3934:Coherentism
3839:Hegelianism
3776:Rationalism
3736:Natural law
3716:Materialism
3642:Historicism
3612:Determinism
3503:Navya-Nyāya
3278:Sautrāntika
3273:Pudgalavada
3209:Vaisheshika
3062:Presocratic
2962:Renaissance
2901:Physicalism
2886:Materialism
2792:Normativity
2777:Objectivism
2762:Emergentism
2752:Behaviorism
2701:Metaphysics
2667:Determinism
2606:Rationalism
2404:WikiProject
2336:Tea culture
2239:Culturalism
2209:Culture gap
2172:Pop-culture
1972:Catholicism
1894:Culture war
1352:Low culture
1251:Culturomics
1158:Culturology
869:systems of
785:low culture
729:concept of
664:nationalist
618:Sapere aude
580:Romanticism
400:Metaphysics
315:By religion
171:Continental
151:Renaissance
5896:Categories
5828:Humanities
5788:Agnotology
5447:Kołakowski
5010:Ibn Tufayl
4990:Maimonides
4934:Thucydides
4929:Tertullian
4884:Lactantius
4779:Volksgeist
4760:Traditions
4574:Convention
4442:Amerindian
4349:Australian
4288:Vietnamese
4268:Indonesian
3817:Kantianism
3766:Positivism
3756:Pragmatism
3731:Naturalism
3711:Liberalism
3689:Subjective
3627:Empiricism
3531:Avicennism
3476:Bhedabheda
3360:East Asian
3283:Madhyamaka
3263:Abhidharma
3129:Pyrrhonism
2896:Nominalism
2891:Naturalism
2820:Skepticism
2810:Relativism
2800:Absolutism
2729:Naturalism
2639:Deontology
2611:Skepticism
2596:Naturalism
2586:Empiricism
2550:Aesthetics
2454:Philosophy
1401:Subculture
1179:Bioculture
907:References
867:capitalist
851:folk music
735:perfection
695:Franz Boas
630:creativity
565:philosophy
408:Aesthetics
97:Categories
39:Philosophy
5868:Sociology
5818:Historism
5527:Santayana
5497:Oakeshott
5467:MacIntyre
5452:Kropotkin
5427:Heidegger
5280:centuries
5194:Nietzsche
5159:Jefferson
5144:Helvétius
5109:Condorcet
5072:centuries
5056:Montaigne
4879:Confucius
4869:Augustine
4786:Worldview
4680:Modernity
4653:Formation
4321:Pakistani
4283:Taiwanese
4230:Ethiopian
4203:By region
4189:By region
4004:Scientism
3999:Systemics
3859:Spinozism
3786:Socialism
3721:Modernism
3684:Objective
3592:Anarchism
3526:Averroism
3415:Christian
3367:Neotaoism
3338:Zurvanism
3328:Mithraism
3323:Mazdakism
3094:Cyrenaics
3021:Logicians
2654:Free will
2616:Solipsism
2563:Formalism
2229:Culturgen
1997:Mormonism
1955:Religions
1628:Cultureme
1546:Destroyed
1172:Subfields
863:authentic
861:" living
681:In 1860,
672:worldview
500:Logicians
495:Ethicists
453:Political
413:Education
334:Christian
329:Confucian
228:Indonesia
182:By region
120:By period
5881:Category
5793:Axiology
5781:See also
5572:Voegelin
5562:Spengler
5537:Shariati
5492:Nussbaum
5477:Maritain
5437:Irigaray
5417:Habermas
5382:Foucault
5367:Durkheim
5269:Voltaire
5234:de Staël
5209:Rousseau
5134:Franklin
4995:Muhammad
4980:Gelasius
4965:Avempace
4948:Medieval
4924:Polybius
4919:Plutarch
4685:Morality
4660:Ideology
4648:Identity
4557:Concepts
4507:Category
4462:Yugoslav
4452:Romanian
4359:Scottish
4344:American
4273:Japanese
4253:Buddhist
4235:Africana
4225:Egyptian
4067:Feminist
3989:Rawlsian
3984:Quietism
3882:Analytic
3834:Krausism
3741:Nihilism
3706:Kokugaku
3669:Absolute
3664:Idealism
3652:Humanism
3440:Occamism
3407:European
3352:Medieval
3298:Yogacara
3258:Buddhist
3251:Syādvāda
3134:Stoicism
3099:Cynicism
3087:Sophists
3082:Atomists
3077:Eleatics
3016:Legalism
2957:Medieval
2881:Idealism
2835:Ontology
2815:Nihilism
2719:Idealism
2477:Branches
2466:Branches
2380:Category
1962:Buddhism
1712:Politics
1121:Sciences
937:Archived
888:See also
871:the West
770:folklore
766:Romantic
624:such as
458:Religion
443:Ontology
423:Language
377:Branches
324:Buddhist
279:American
201:Ethiopia
166:Analytic
146:Medieval
87:Glossary
72:Contents
5622:(44 BC)
5552:Sombart
5547:Skinner
5532:Scruton
5512:Polanyi
5487:Niebuhr
5472:Marcuse
5407:Gramsci
5402:Gentile
5362:Du Bois
5352:Deleuze
5322:Benoist
5292:Agamben
5249:Thoreau
5239:Stirner
5229:Spencer
5179:Le Play
5129:Fourier
5114:Emerson
5099:Carlyle
5084:Bentham
5061:Müntzer
5031:Erasmus
5005:Plethon
5000:Photios
4960:Aquinas
4894:Mencius
4862:Ancient
4795:Schools
4675:Loyalty
4633:History
4621:Counter
4616:Culture
4584:Customs
4457:Russian
4426:Spanish
4421:Slovene
4411:Maltese
4406:Italian
4386:Finland
4354:British
4336:Western
4326:Turkish
4311:Islamic
4306:Iranian
4258:Chinese
4245:Eastern
4212:African
4159:more...
3844:Marxism
3674:British
3617:Dualism
3513:Islamic
3471:Advaita
3461:Vedanta
3435:Scotism
3430:Thomism
3372:Tiantai
3315:Persian
3303:Tibetan
3293:Śūnyatā
3234:Cārvāka
3224:Ājīvika
3219:Mīmāṃsā
3199:Samkhya
3114:Academy
3067:Ionians
3041:Yangism
2998:Chinese
2989:Ancient
2952:Western
2947:Ancient
2906:Realism
2863:Reality
2853:Process
2734:Realism
2714:Dualism
2709:Atomism
2591:Fideism
2411:Changes
2392:Commons
2035:Related
2026:Sikhism
2021:Judaism
1452:Aspects
1114:Outline
1100:Culture
1035:Sources
990:, p.5.
895:Cultura
804:anarchy
762:civitas
742:culture
731:bildung
719:English
660:Germany
634:bildung
613:bildung
569:culture
463:Science
418:History
344:Islamic
304:Russian
299:Italian
284:British
274:Western
267:Iranian
243:Vietnam
218:Chinese
191:African
129:Ancient
92:History
77:Outline
5813:Ethics
5772:(2010)
5762:(1991)
5752:(1990)
5742:(1987)
5732:(1987)
5722:(1979)
5712:(1976)
5702:(1967)
5692:(1964)
5682:(1949)
5672:(1935)
5662:(1930)
5642:(1756)
5632:(1486)
5577:Walzer
5567:Taylor
5557:Sowell
5542:Simmel
5507:Pareto
5502:Ortega
5412:Guénon
5397:Gehlen
5392:Gandhi
5347:Debord
5332:Butler
5327:Berlin
5317:Bauman
5307:Badiou
5297:Arendt
5287:Adorno
5219:Ruskin
5174:Le Bon
5149:Herder
5124:Fichte
5119:Engels
5089:Bonald
5079:Arnold
5051:Milton
5046:Luther
5026:Calvin
4904:Origen
4874:Cicero
4834:Social
4770:Family
4765:Values
4726:Rights
4690:Public
4638:Honour
4569:Anomie
4564:Agency
4416:Polish
4396:German
4391:French
4376:Danish
4366:Canada
4316:Jewish
4278:Korean
4263:Indian
3805:People
3726:Monism
3679:German
3647:Holism
3580:Modern
3558:Jewish
3481:Dvaita
3454:Indian
3377:Huayan
3229:Ajñana
3186:Indian
3051:Greco-
3036:Taoism
3026:Mohism
2972:Modern
2939:By era
2928:By era
2843:Action
2724:Monism
2644:Virtue
2626:Ethics
1411:Fandom
994:
783:, and
778:ruling
756:, and
727:German
390:Ethics
359:Taoist
354:Jewish
294:German
289:French
223:Indian
156:Modern
5610:Works
5597:Žižek
5582:Weber
5522:Röpke
5482:Negri
5462:Lasch
5432:Hoppe
5387:Fromm
5377:Evola
5357:Dewey
5337:Camus
5244:Taine
5224:Smith
5214:Royce
5204:Renan
5139:Hegel
5104:Comte
5094:Burke
5041:Locke
4975:Dante
4970:Bruni
4939:Xunzi
4914:Plato
4909:Philo
4889:Laozi
4697:Mores
4609:Multi
4599:Inter
4447:Aztec
4401:Greek
4381:Dutch
4371:Czech
4220:Bantu
3657:Anti-
3204:Nyaya
3194:Hindu
3054:Roman
2848:Event
2490:Logic
2009:Islam
1384:Urban
1372:Civic
1315:Types
746:élite
395:Logic
339:Hindu
238:Korea
233:Japan
196:Egypt
82:Lists
5592:Zinn
5587:Weil
5457:Land
5442:Kirk
5302:Aron
5259:Vico
5199:Owen
5189:Mill
5184:Marx
5164:Kant
5154:Hume
4899:Mozi
4604:Mono
3548:Sufi
3382:Chan
3241:Jain
3214:Yoga
2744:Mind
2684:Hard
2672:Hard
1426:list
992:ISBN
857:as "
830:and
813:and
438:Mind
349:Jain
5422:Han
5372:Eco
3822:Neo
3387:Zen
1043:by
750:art
428:Law
5898::
965:^
873:.
752:,
674:"(
571:.
4542:e
4535:t
4528:v
2446:e
2439:t
2432:v
1092:e
1085:t
1078:v
549:e
542:t
535:v
20:)
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